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Abdelkarim O, El-Gyar N, Shalaby AM, Aly M. The Effects of a School-Based Physical Activity Program on Physical Fitness in Egyptian Children: A Pilot Study from the DELICIOUS Project. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:842. [PMID: 39062291 PMCID: PMC11276202 DOI: 10.3390/children11070842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring the physical fitness of Egyptian children is of paramount importance to their overall well-being, given the unique socio-cultural and educational barriers they face that may hinder their active participation. As part of the DELICIOUS project, the "Be Fit Program" aims to increase the level of physical fitness among Egyptian school-aged children. This study explores the effectiveness of a structured, six-week physical activity (PA) program in improving various facets of physical fitness in children, including body composition, speed, coordination, muscular strength, and cardiovascular endurance. With the increasing prevalence of sedentary lifestyles, such efforts are imperative to improve overall health outcomes. METHODS A cohort of 125 children, aged 8.50 to 12.25 y (mean age 10.19 ± 1.03 y), participated in the study. Their body composition, speed, coordination, strength, and aerobic fitness were assessed before and after the Be Fit Program using the revised International Physical Performance Test Profile. Paired t-tests were used to detect changes between the pre- and post-tests. RESULTS Following the six-week intervention, statistical analyses revealed significant improvements in coordination and lower body strength (p < 0.01). Aerobic endurance showed marginal improvements, approaching statistical significance (p = 0.06). Conversely, there were no statistically significant changes in body composition, speed, or upper body strength (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study confirms that tailored, non-competitive physical activities can positively influence specific fitness components in Egyptian children. However, achieving holistic improvements across all targeted fitness domains may require further strategic adjustments or a longer program duration. This pilot study underscores the importance of culturally tailored, school-based PA programs and highlights the continued need for research and program refinement to comprehensively improve children's fitness in the Egyptian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdelkarim
- Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Noha El-Gyar
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Amira M. Shalaby
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aly
- Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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Monyeki MA, Veldsman T, Coetzee B, Sparks M, Moss SJ, Pienaar C, Swanepoel M, Malan L, Kruger HS. Relationships between Iron Status and Selected Physical Fitness Components of South African Adolescents: The PAHL-Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:659. [PMID: 38929238 PMCID: PMC11202035 DOI: 10.3390/children11060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poor iron status is detrimental to physical and cognitive performance in adolescents. Due to the limited studies investigating the association between iron status and physical fitness components in adolescents from low- and middle-income countries, we aimed to determine the association of iron status with selected physical fitness components in South African adolescents. A cross-sectional study design, including 178 adolescents (102 girls and 76 boys) from the Physical Activity and Health Longitudinal Study (PAHLS), was followed. Height and weight were measured to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Subsequently, WHO BMI-for-age-specific categorised body fatness. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined with a 20-m shuttle run test (V˙O2max), and lower-body explosive power by the standing broad jump (SBJ). Fasting haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were analysed from blood samples. Correlation analyses determine the association between iron status, explosive power and cardiorespiratory fitness. Of the 178 participants, 18.5% (n = 33) had low Hb, and 14% (n = 25) iron deficiency without anaemia. Significant positive correlations were found between the selected physical fitness components, ferritin, and Hb. In boys, a positive association was found between Hb and SBJ (r = 0.30, p = 0.006), whilst in girls, positive associations were found between ferritin (r = 0.25, p = 0.04) and SBJ, and Hb with both SBJ (r = 0.21, p = 0.03) and V˙O2max (r = 0.32, p = 0.001). Hb concentration remained associated with V˙O2max and SBJ in girls after adjustment for age, whilst in boys, Hb concentration was associated with SBJ. Higher iron status in South African adolescents is associated with higher lower-limb explosive power and cardiorespiratory fitness. We suggest monitoring of haematological parameters, and interventions to improve the iron status of South African adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makama Andries Monyeki
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Tamrin Veldsman
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Ben Coetzee
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Martinique Sparks
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Sarah Johanna Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Cindy Pienaar
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
- Department of Sport Studies, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4000, South Africa
| | - Mariette Swanepoel
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (T.V.); (B.C.); (M.S.); (S.J.M.); (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Linda Malan
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (L.M.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Herculina Salome Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (L.M.); (H.S.K.)
- Medical Research Council Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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McKiel A, Woods S, Gabriel DA, Vandenboom R, Falk B. Post-activation potentiation and potentiated motor unit firing patterns in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1561-1574. [PMID: 38159138 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-activation potentiation (PAP) describes the enhancement of twitch torque following a conditioning contraction (CC) in skeletal muscle. In adults, PAP may be related to muscle fibre composition and is accompanied by a decrease in motor unit (MU) firing rates (MUFRs). Muscle fibre composition and/or activation is different between children and adults. This study examined PAP and MU firing patterns of the potentiated knee extensors in boys and men. METHODS Twenty-three boys (10.5 ± 1.3 years) and 20 men (23.1 ± 3.3 years) completed familiarization and experimental sessions. Maximal isometric evoked-twitch torque and MU firing patterns during submaximal contractions (20% and 70% maximal voluntary isometric contraction, MVIC) were recorded before and after a CC (5 s MVIC). PAP was calculated as the percent-increase in evoked-twitch torque after the CC. MU firing patterns were examined during submaximal contractions before and after the CC using Trigno Galileo surface electrodes (Delsys Inc) and decomposition algorithms (NeuroMap, Delsys Inc). MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPamp) and MUFRs were calculated for each MU and exponential MUFR-MUAPamp relationships were calculated for each participant and trial. RESULTS PAP was higher in men than in boys (98.3 ± 37.1% vs. 68.8 ± 18.3%, respectively; p = 0.002). Following potentiation, the rate of decay of the MUFR-MUAPamps relationship decreased in both contractions, with a greater decrease among boys during the high-intensity contractions. CONCLUSION Lower PAP in the boys did not coincide with smaller changes in potentiated MU firing patterns, as boys had greater reductions in MUFRs with potentiation compared with men in high-intensity contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKiel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rene Vandenboom
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Bishop C. Influence of Maturation and Determinants of Repeated-Sprint Ability in Youth Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:325-333. [PMID: 37815244 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gonzalo-Skok, O, and Bishop, C. Influence of maturation and determinants of repeated-sprint ability in youth basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 325-333, 2024-The main aims of the current study were (a) to determine the main predictors of general and specific repeated-sprint ability (RSA) tests, (b) to analyze the relationships between RSA tests and independent measures of physical performance, (c) to examine whether between-age differences exist, and (d) to assess whether maturation affects those mentioned above in young basketball players. Thirty-five young (U-14 to U-16), highly trained basketball players performed a linear sprint test (5, 10, and 25 m), an incremental running test, and 2 repeated-sprint tests (general [RSG]: 6 × 25 m; specific [RSS]: 6 × 5 + 5 m with a 45° change of direction and 20 seconds of passive recovery in both tests). Anthropometric variables were measured and used to calculate age at peak height velocity (APHV), which was used to determine maturation. The main determinants of RSA tests were aerobic performance and linear sprinting for RSS ( R2 = 0.84) and adding the percentage of body fat for RSG ( R2 = 0.94). Almost perfect relationships ( r = 0.93-0.99) were found between all RSA variables (i.e., the best [RSG b and RSS b ] and mean time [RSG m and RSS m ]). As age increased, performance in RSA was evident, as shown by improved best and mean scores. When APHV was controlled for, no significant differences were apparent in the comparison from U-14 and U-16 in 25 m, RSG b , and RSG m . By contrast, significant differences ( p < 0.05) were still evident with APHV controlled between U-14 and U-16 in 5 m, 10 m, RSS b , and RSS m . In conclusion, maturation positively affects linear sprinting and linear RSA performance, whereas specific (multidirectional) RSA seems to be related to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Szczepan S, Wróblewska Z, Klich S, Michalik K, Gonjo T, Olstad BH, Rejman M. Reliability of a semi-tethered front crawl sprint performance test in adolescent swimmers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1260346. [PMID: 38156067 PMCID: PMC10753824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1260346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a sprint performance test with semi-tethered front crawl swimming to indirectly assess the current potential to perform at maximal anaerobic effort in adolescent swimmers. Eight adolescent swimmers participated in this study (gender: females (n = 4) aged 13.0 ± 0.8 years, body height 1.6 ± 0.0 m, body mass 50.1 ± 4.5 kg; and males (n = 4) aged 13.3 ± 1.3 years, body height 1.7 ± 0.1 m, body mass 59.0 ± 8.2 kg. The testing protocol consisted of two trials of 25 m semi-tethered front crawl swimming with maximal effort and with 1 kg resisted isotonic load. Velocity data were recorded automatically by the 1080 Sprint device for 15 m (between 3 m and 18 m). The Fast Fourier Transform algorithm filtered raw instantaneous swimming velocity data in distance (time) function. A third-degree polynomial was used to extract the individual velocity profile, from which the following variables were chosen for test-retest reliability and the assessment of sprint performance: ttrial15, vmax, vmin, tvto max, tvat max, Dto vmax, Dat vmax, fatigue index. Parameters such as vmax, vmin, and ttrial15 were estimated from swimming velocity profiles and considered as reliable. The CV showed low variance <5%; while ICC2,1 demonstrated respectively good (ICC2,1: 0.88), very good (ICC2,1: 0.95), and excellent (ICC2,1: 0.98) rate of relative reliability; and the Bland-Altman index revealed an acceptable agreement (LoA ≤5%) between two measurements. The sprint performance test based on semi-tethered front crawl swimming confirmed that ttrial15, vmax, and vmin were reliable variables to indirectly indicate a potential to perform the maximal anaerobic effort among adolescent swimmers. The evaluation of the swimming velocity profiles allows coaches to monitor the adaptive changes of performance during the training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Szczepan
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wróblewska
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marek Rejman
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Almeida-Neto PFD, Baxter-Jones A, de Medeiros JA, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Are there differences in anaerobic relative muscle power between upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers: A blinded study. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:290-298. [PMID: 38314042 PMCID: PMC10831378 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Success in speed swimming depends on the efficiency of the anaerobic system for the production of cellular energy, especially during muscle power production. In the adolescent athletes much is unknown with regards to the relationships between relative power of upper and lower limbs with speed swimming performance. The aim the present study was to identify differences in relative muscle power of upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers and relate these to speed swimming performances. Sixty adolescents, of both sexes (50% female, 50% male, 30 swimmers and 30 controls), were recruited. The relative upper limb power (ULP[W/kg]) was assessed by a medicine ball test and the relative lower limbs power (LLP[W/kg]) by a jump test on a jumping platform. Lean mass of the upper and lower limbs was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (g). Sport performance was assessed during national level competition (50-m swimming time [in seconds]). Biological maturation (BM) was indexed by years from attainment of peak height velocity. ULP(W/kg) was higher than LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). Upper and lower limb lean mass (g) correlated significantly with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) correlated with 50-m swimming performance (s), in both sexes (p < 0.05). Advanced BM was associated with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05), and with 50-m swimming performance (s) in both sexes (p < 0.05). We concluded that ULP(W/kg) is higher than LLP (W/kg) in adolescent swimmers. Upper and lower limb lean mass and BM were both positively associated with increased ULP (W/kg) and LLP (W/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Michel MF, Girard O, Guillard V, Brechbuhl C. Well-being as a performance pillar: a holistic approach for monitoring tennis players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1259821. [PMID: 37789864 PMCID: PMC10544573 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1259821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective article aims to discuss the usefulness of tools that can assist tennis professionals effectively manage the well-being of their players. This includes identifying and monitoring meaningful metrics (i.e., training load, training intensity, heart rate variability), as well as careful planning of training and competition schedules with appropriate recovery periods. The use of innovative training methods (i.e., repeated-sprint training in hypoxia and heat training), and proper dietary practices, along with biometric assessment for young players, represents should be considered. Adopting a holistic approach to decision-making about training and competition, balancing both health and performance considerations, is crucial for tennis players and their support teams. More research is needed to refine best practices for enhancing tennis performance while prioritizing the well-being of players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Florine Michel
- Faculty of Sports Science, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- French Tennis Federation, Stade Roland-Garros, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Cyril Brechbuhl
- French Tennis Federation, Stade Roland-Garros, Paris, France
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Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC. Physiological Responses and Fatigue during a Repeated Shuttle-Sprint Running Test in Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Comparison between Sexes and Fatigue Calculation Methods. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1041. [PMID: 37371272 DOI: 10.3390/children10061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined physiological responses and fatigue in adolescent boys and girls during a repeated shuttle-sprint running test in a school setting. We also compared three calculation methods to assess fatigue during repeated sprints: the fatigue index (FI), the percent sprint decrement (Sdec), and the slope of performance decrement (SlopeD). Twenty-six adolescent students (10 girls and 16 boys, age: 15.3 ± 0.5 y) performed six 30 m sprints with a 180° change of direction at 15 m, interspersed with 10 s of recovery. Blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and countermovement jump performance (CMJ) were measured before and after the sprint test. Boys achieved significantly faster sprint times (11.7% to 14.8% faster than girls in all sprints, p < 0.01), and had higher post-test BL compared with girls (14.0 ± 2.9 vs. 11.3 ± 3.2 mmol/L; p = 0.02; d = 0.93). However, all fatigue indices (FI, Sdec and SlopeD) were similar in boys and girls (FI = 11.5 ± 5.0 vs. 11.5 ± 5.0; SlopeD = 10.6 ± 4.8 vs. 14.5 ± 5.1; Sdec = 5.6 ± 2.2 vs. 7.3 ± 2.2, in boys and girls, respectively, p > 0.05 for all) and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.86 to 0.97, p < 0.01). CMJ was higher in boys (p < 0.05), but CMJ performance dropped similarly from pre- to post-test in boys and girls (13.7 ± 7.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, neuromuscular fatigue during and after repeated shuttle-sprint running is similar in boys and girls, despite the faster sprint times, higher CMJ and higher BL in boys. SlopeD may be used as an alternative index to quantify fatigue during repeated shuttle-sprinting, as it takes into account performance in all sprints and may provide an average sprint-by-sprint performance drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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de Almeida-Neto PF, de Morais Ferreira AB, Baxter-Jones A, de Medeiros JA, Felipe da Silva L, Silva Dantas PM, Cabral BGDAT. Physiological mechanisms of muscle strength and power are dependent on the years post obtaining peak height velocity in elite juniors rowers: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286687. [PMID: 37285362 PMCID: PMC10246840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not yet known whether the years after peak height velocity (PHV) are associated with the physiological mechanisms of muscle strength and power in Juniors rowers. OBJECTIVE To identify the association between years post PHV (YPPHV) with muscle power and strength in Juniors rowers. METHODS We tested 235 Brazilian rowing athletes (male: 171, female: 64, Juniors category). We measured: power (indoor rowing over 100-m, 500-m, 2,000-m and 6,000-m) and muscle strength (one repetition maximum (1RM) test in squat, deadlift, bench press and bent row on the bench). Biological maturation was index by age of PHV. The sample was divided into groups considering YPPHV recent (2.5 to 3.9), median (2.51 to 4.9) and veteran (>4.9). We use a Baysian approach to data handling. RESULTS When compared to their peers in the recent and median post PHV groups, the male veteran group were superior in muscle power (Absolute: 100-m (BF10: 2893.85), 500-m (BF10: 553.77) and 6,000-m (BF10: 22.31). Relative: (100-m (BF10: 49.9)) and strength (BF10≥10.0 in squat, bench press and deadlift), and in the female the veteran group were superior in test time (500-m, BF10: 88.4). CONCLUSION In elite Juniors rowers the increasing YPPHV are associated with muscle power performance in both sexes and muscle strength performance in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Podstawski R, Borysławski K, Alföldi Z, Ferenc I, Wąsik J. The effect of confounding variables on the relationship between anthropometric and physiological features in 2000-m rowing ergometer performance. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1195641. [PMID: 37334050 PMCID: PMC10270737 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1195641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Anthropometric and physiological characteristics are often considered as potential variables that are significantly related with motor performance. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify and weigh the key anthropometric and physiological characteristics that are associated with 2000-m rowing ergometer performance in male and female athletes. Methods: The study involved 70 best female and 130 best male rowers from the seven largest Hungarian rowing clubs, classified into one of the following age categories: juniors (36 women and 55 men, age range: 15-16 years), older juniors (26 women and 52 men, age range: 17-18 years), and seniors (8 women and 23 men, age range: over 18 years). Anthropometric and body composition measurements were determined by the bioelectrical impedance method proposed by Weiner and Lourie (1969), and skin fold measurements were conducted to estimate relative body fat content. The countermovement jump test and the 2000-m maximal rowing ergometer test were used for physiological measurements. Results: An increase in skeletal muscle mass was correlated (r = -.39, p <.001) with a significant decrease in rowing time over a distance of 2000 m, whereas a significant increase in rowing time was noted with an increase in sitting height (only in men, r = .33, p <.001), body mass (in women and men: r = .24, p = .013 and r = .31, p = .009), and body fat percentage (r = .26, p < .030). Rowing time was also bound by a significant correlation with maximal force (r = -.79 and -.90, p <.001) and relative maximal power (r = -.54 and -.78, p <.001) in both sexes, with relative peak power in males (r = -.51, p < .001), and with estimated relative maximal aerobic capacity in females (r = -.43, p <.001). Conclusion: Rowing performance over a distance of 2000 m is significantly negatively correlated with the skeletal muscle mass, maximal force, relative maximal power, relative peak power, and estimated relative maximal aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Podstawski
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Borysławski
- Institute of Health, Angelus Silesius University of Applied Sciences, Wałbrzych, Poland
| | - Zoltán Alföldi
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ihász Ferenc
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Jacek Wąsik
- Department Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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11
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Influence of advancing biological maturation in months on muscle power and sport performance in young swimming athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Souron R, Carayol M, Martin V, Piponnier E, Duché P, Gruet M. Differences in time to task failure and fatigability between children and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1026012. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1026012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by many physiological processes impacting exercise performance. Performance fatigability and time to task failure are commonly used to capture exercise performance. This review aimed to determine the differences in fatigability and TTF between youth (including both children and adolescents) and young adults, and to evaluate the influence of exercise modalities (i.e., exercise duration and type of exercise) on these differences. Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library were searched. Thirty-four studies were included. The meta-analyses revealed that both children (SMD −1.15; p < 0.001) and adolescents (SMD −1.26; p = 0.022) were less fatigable than adults. Additional analysis revealed that children were less fatigable during dynamic exercises (SMD −1.58; p < 0.001) with no differences during isometric ones (SMD –0.46; p = 0.22). Children (SMD 0.89; p = 0.018) but not adolescents (SMD 0.75; p = 0.090) had longer TTF than adults. Additional analyses revealed 1) that children had longer TTF for isometric (SMD 1.25; p < 0.001) but not dynamic exercises (SMD −0.27; p = 0.83), and 2) that TTF differences between children and adults were larger for short- (SMD 1.46; p = 0.028) than long-duration exercises (SMD 0.20; p = 0.64). Children have higher endurance and are less fatigable than adults. These differences are influenced by the exercise modality, suggesting distinct physiological functioning during exercise between children and adults. The low number of studies comparing these outcomes between adolescents versus children and adults prevents robust conclusions and warrants further investigations in adolescent individuals.
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Bar‐Yoseph R, Radom‐Aizik S, Coronato N, Moradinasab N, Barstow TJ, Stehli A, Brown D, Cooper DM. Heart rate and gas exchange dynamic responses to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB) in early- and late-pubertal boys and girls. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15397. [PMID: 35923083 PMCID: PMC9349595 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural patterns of physical activity in youth are characterized by brief periods of exercise of varying intensity interspersed with rest. To better understand systemic physiologic response mechanisms in children and adolescents, we examined five responses [heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2 ), and minute ventilation (V̇E), measured breath-by-breath] to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). Two groups of healthy participants (early pubertal: 17 female, 20 male; late-pubertal: 23 female, 21 male) performed five consecutive 2-min bouts of constant work rate cycle-ergometer exercise interspersed with 1-min of rest during separate sessions of low- or high-intensity (~40% or 80% peak work, respectively). For each 2-min on-transient and 1-min off-transient we calculated the average value of each cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable (Y̅). There were significant MBEB changes in 67 of 80 on- and off-transients. Y̅ increased bout-to-bout for all CPET variables, and the magnitude of increase was greater in the high-intensity exercise. We measured the metabolic cost of MBEB, scaled to work performed, for the entire 15 min and found significantly higher V̇O2 , V̇CO2 , and V̇E costs in the early-pubertal participants for both low- and high-intensity MBEB. To reduce breath-by-breath variability in estimation of CPET variable kinetics, we time-interpolated (second-by-second), superimposed, and averaged responses. Reasonable estimates of τ (<20% coefficient of variation) were found only for on-transients of HR and V̇O2 . There was a remarkable reduction in τHR following the first exercise bout in all groups. Natural patterns of physical activity shape cardiorespiratory responses in healthy children and adolescents. Protocols that measure the effect of a previous bout on the kinetics of subsequent bouts may aid in the clinical utility of CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Bar‐Yoseph
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Pediatric Pulmonary DivisionRuth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care CenterHaifaIsrael
| | - Shlomit Radom‐Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicholas Coronato
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- United States Military AcademyWest PointNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Annamarie Stehli
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Don Brown
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Dan M. Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, and Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Diry A, Ratel S, Nevill A, Maciejewski H. What is the physiological impact of reducing the 2,000 m Olympic distance in rowing to 1,500 m and 1,000 m for French young competitive rowers? Insights from the energy system contribution. Front Physiol 2022; 13:896975. [PMID: 35923235 PMCID: PMC9340205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
French rowing federation reduced the competition distance to 1,500 and 1,000 m in rowers under 16- (U16) and 14-year-old (U14) respectively, to prepare them progressively to the Olympic 2,000 m distance in under 18-year-old (U18). This study aimed to check the hypothesis that relative aerobic (%EAe) and anaerobic (%EAn) energy contributions would be comparable between the competition distances since the more oxidative profile of younger age categories could offset the greater anaerobic contribution induced by shorter rowing races. Thirty-one 12- to 17-year-old competitive rowers performed a race of 2,000, 1,500, or 1,000 m on a rowing ergometer according to their age category. %EAe and %EAn were estimated from oxygen consumption, changes in blood lactate concentration and their energy equivalents. %EAe was lower in U16 than U18 (84.7 vs. 87.0%, p < 0.01), and in U14 than U16 (80.6 vs. 84.7%, p < 0.001). %EAn was higher in U16 than U18 (15.3 vs. 13.0%, p < 0.01), and in U14 than U16 (19.4 vs. 15.3%, p < 0.01). The results did not confirm our initial hypothesis since %EAe and %EAn were significantly different between the race distances, and thus age categories. However, %EAn in U18, U16 and U14 were found to be in the range of values previously found in adult rowers over the 2,000 m Olympic distance (12–30%). Therefore, on a practical level, the strategy implemented by the French rowing federation to reduce the competition distance in the younger age categories could be relevant to progressively prepare them to the physiological requirements encountered over the Olympic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- AME2P—EA 3533, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Maciejewski
- French Rowing Federation, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Hugo Maciejewski,
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Borkertienė V, Valonytė-Burneikienė L. Normal Weight 6-12 Years Boys Demonstrate Better Cognitive Function and Aerobic Fitness Compared to Overweight Peers. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58030423. [PMID: 35334599 PMCID: PMC8953475 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study evaluated and compared the cognitive function (CF) and aerobic fitness (AF) of 15 normal-weight (NW) and 15 overweight (OW) children, aged 6−12 years. In addition, the relationship between CF and AF was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The ANAM4 battery was used to evaluate CF, and a constant treadmill walking exercise (6 km/h for 6 min) and a progressive treadmill exercise (modified Balke test) were used to assess pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2). Results: The OW children displayed worse attention and visual tracking (88.95 ± 4.45% and 93.75 ± 3.16%), response inhibition (90.27 ± 1.54% and 93.67 ± 2%), and speed of processing (93.65 ± 1.5% and 94.4 ± 1.54%) than the NW children (p < 0.05). The VO2 max was higher and the time constant of VO2 kinetics was shorter in NW children (56.23 ± 3.53 mL/kg/min and 21.73 ± 1.57 s, respectively) than in OW children (45.84 ± 1.89 mL/kg/min and 33.46 ± 2.9 s, respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The OW children aged 6−12 years demonstrated poorer CF and lower AF than their NW peers. An association between AF and CF indicators was identified in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaida Borkertienė
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6111-0072
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Theos A, Bogdanis GC, Jansson D, Nevill AM, Papaspyrou A, Maridaki M. Oxygen Uptake in Repeated Cycling Sprints Against Different Loads Is Comparable Between Men and Preadolescent Boys. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814056. [PMID: 35360252 PMCID: PMC8963450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children recover faster than adults in repeated sprints, but it is unclear if their aerobic responses differ.PurposeThis study tested the hypothesis that aerobic response (VO2) during repeated sprints is greater in preadolescent boys than in men. Further, this study compared normalization with conventional ratio-scaling and scaling with the use of body mass (BM) as a covariate.MethodsNine boys (age: 11.8 ± 0.6 years, swimmers) and 11 men (age: 21.7 ± 0.6 years, recreational athletes) performed 10 maximal 6-s cycling sprints separated by 24-s of passive recovery, against two loads (optimum and 50% of optimum). Oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured continuously.ResultsMen’s mean power output (MPO) was greater than boys in each sprint, both in absolute (unscaled) values ( p < 0.05) and when adjusted for lean leg volume ( p < 0.05). Children had lower absolute VO2 ( p < 0.05) than men, but when it was adjusted for BM or power-output, VO2 was comparable between men and boys. Thus, most of the difference in VO2 between men and boys was due to body size and power-output differences.ConclusionOur results suggest that men and boys have similar VO2 during repeated sprints when appropriately adjusted to body mass or power output. Results highlight the importance of using appropriate scaling methods to compare adults’ and children’s aerobic responses to high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Theos
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Apostolos Theos,
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Jansson
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alan M. Nevill
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, Wolverhampton University, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aggeliki Papaspyrou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Maridaki
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Perkins DR, Talbot JS, Lord RN, Dawkins TG, Baggish AL, Zaidi A, Uzun O, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA, Cooper SM, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Shave RE, Stembridge M. The influence of maturation on exercise-induced cardiac remodelling and haematological adaptation. J Physiol 2021; 600:583-601. [PMID: 34935156 DOI: 10.1113/jp282282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It has long been hypothesised that cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training is augmented following puberty. We investigated whether differences in cardiac and haematological variables exist, and to what extent, between endurance-trained vs. untrained, pre- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) children, and how these central factors relate to maximal oxygen consumption. Using echocardiography to quantify left ventricular (LV) morphology and carbon monoxide rebreathing to determine blood volume and haemoglobin mass, we identified that training-related differences in LV morphology are evident in pre-PHV children, with haematological differences also observed between pre-PHV girls. However, the breadth and magnitude of cardiovascular remodelling was more pronounced post-PHV. Cardiac and haematological measures provide significant predictive models for maximal oxygen consumption in children that are much stronger post-PHV, suggesting that other important determinants within the oxygen transport chain could account for the majority of variance in before puberty. ABSTRACT Cardiovascular and haematological adaptations to endurance training facilitate greater maximal oxygen consumption, and such adaptations maybe augmented following puberty. Therefore, we compared left ventricular (LV) morphology (echocardiography), blood volume, haemoglobin (Hb) mass (CO-rebreathe) and in endurance-trained and untrained boys (n = 42, age = 9.0-17.1 years, = 61.6±7.2 mL∙kg∙min, and n = 31, age = 8.0-17.7 years, O2max = 46.5±6.1 mL∙kg∙min, respectively) and girls (n = 45, age = 8.2-17.0 years, O2max = 51.4±5.7 mL∙kg∙min and n = 36, age = 8.0-17.6 years, O2max = 39.8±5.7 mL∙kg∙min, respectively). Pubertal stage was estimated via maturity offset, with participants classified as pre- or post-peak height velocity (PHV). Pre-PHV, only a larger LV end-diastolic volume/lean body mass (EDV/LBM) for trained boys (+0.28 mL∙kgLBM , P = 0.007) and a higher Hb mass/LBM for trained girls (+1.65 g∙kgLBM , P = 0.007) were evident compared to untrained controls. Post-PHV, LV mass/LBM (boys:+0.50 g∙kgLBM , P = 0.0003; girls:+0.35 g∙kgLBM , P = 0.003), EDV/LBM (boys:+0.35 mL∙kgLBM , P<0.0001; girls:+0.31 mL∙kgLBM, P = 0.0004), blood volume/LBM (boys:+12.47 mL∙kgLBM , P = 0.004; girls:+13.48 mL∙kgLBM , P = 0.0002.) and Hb mass/LBM (boys:+1.29 g∙kgLBM , P = 0.015; girls:+1.47 g∙kgLBM , P = 0.002) were all greater in trained vs. untrained groups. Pre-PHV, EDV (R2 adj = 0.224, P = 0.001) in boys, and Hb mass and interventricular septal thickness (R2 adj = 0.317, P = 0.002) in girls partially accounted for the variance in O2max . Post-PHV, stronger predictive models were evident via the inclusion of LV wall thickness and EDV in boys (R2 adj = 0.608, P<0.0001), and posterior wall thickness and Hb mass in girls (R2 adj = 0.490, P<0.0001). In conclusion, cardiovascular adaptation to exercise training is more pronounced post-PHV, with evidence for a greater role of central components for oxygen delivery. Abstract figure legend: Schematic diagram depicting cardiac structural and haematological differences between trained and untrained boys and girls, pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV alongside cardiac and haematological variables contributions to the variance in O2max . Cardiac and haematological variables are greater in trained vs. untrained pre-pubertal children, and a greater number and magnitude of differences are observed at post-PHV. These variables provide significant predictive models for maximal oxygen consumption in children and are much stronger post-PHV, suggesting that other important determinants within the oxygen transport chain could account for the majority of variance in O2max before puberty. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R Perkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Abbas Zaidi
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Orhan Uzun
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rob E Shave
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Post-exercise heart rate recovery and parasympathetic reactivation are comparable between prepubertal boys and well-trained adult male endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:345-355. [PMID: 34705108 PMCID: PMC8548865 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study tested the hypothesis that prepubertal boys, but not untrained men, would exhibit a similar post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation as well-trained adult male endurance athletes.
Methods Twelve prepubertal boys (12.3 ± 1.6 years), 14 untrained men (21.8 ± 2.2 years) and 16 well-trained adult male endurance athletes (24.5 ± 4.8 years) completed an incremental maximal run field test on a track. Immediately after exercise completion, heart rate recovery (HRR) was assessed in the supine position for 5 min. Heart rate variability was analyzed in the time domain, and log-transformed values of the root mean square of successive differences in heart beats (Ln RMSSD30) were calculated over consecutive 30 s windows. Results Prepubertal children and well-trained adult endurance athletes showed significantly faster HRR than untrained adults from 30 s post-exercise until the end of recovery (p < 0.05). Ln RMSSD30 was significantly higher in prepubertal children and athletes than untrained adults over the post-exercise time interval 60–150 s (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for HRR and Ln RMSSD30 between prepubertal children and athletes. Conclusion Prepubertal children and well-trained adult endurance athletes exhibited comparable and faster HRR and parasympathetic reactivation than untrained adults following maximal exercise. This indirectly suggests that oxidative profile may be preserved by exercise training during growth and maturation to offset the decline in post-exercise HRR, parasympathetic reactivation and aspects of metabolic health.
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Relationship between Anthropometric, Physical and Hormonal Parameters among Pre-Pubertal Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18199977. [PMID: 34639279 PMCID: PMC8507650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aims of our study were to investigate the changes in anthropometric and physical parameters and fasting hormonal levels among pre-pubertal female handball players (n = 14, age: 11.53 ± 0.58 yrs, height: 153.36 ± 5.12 cm, body mass: 43.59 ± 6.14 kg) in the pre-season period following 8 weeks of handball training, and to analyze the contribution of hormones, physical performance and anthropometric parameters. Methods: Prior to and immediately following the training period, several anthropometric, strength, and cardiorespiratory variables, including fasting hormonal concentrations (plasma cortisol, estradiol, testosterone and growth hormones) were measured. Athletes performed concurrent resistance and aerobic exercises, including game-based trainings during the 8-week training period. Results: Significant elevations were found in all strength parameters (maximal handgrip strength dominant (D): 16.40%, p < 0.01; non-dominant (ND): 25.15%, p < 0.05; maximal concentric (MVC) torque of quadriceps D: 13.82%, p < 0.05; ND: 12.61%, p < 0.05; MVC torque of hamstring D: 12.14%, p < 0.01; ND: 12.44%, p < 0.01), including plasma cortisol levels (C, 34.30%, p < 0.05) and peak respiratory quotient (5.24%, p < 0.05). Body composition and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) remained unchanged. Percentage changes in thigh (r = 0.316, p < 0.05), hand (r = 0.361, p < 0.05), and hip circumference (r = 0.297, p < 0.05) correlated with C changes. Percentage changes in plasma growth hormone levels (GH) contributed to the magnitude of gains in handgrip strength (r = 0.553, p < 0.05). Percentage changes in maximal exercise pulmonary ventilation (MVE) correlated with elevated C (r = −0.592, p < 0.05). Discussion: Changes in anthropometric variables and fasting hormone levels (estradiol, testosterone and cortisol) were poor indicators of developing VO2max and strength during pre-pubertal years. Physical adaptation may not be explained in consideration of the athletes’ hormonal or anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: Gradually increased training volume followed by a summer break should be applied to youth handball, considering the anti-hypertrophic responses and the inhibitory effect of elevating C on pre-pubertal maturation.
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21
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The development of accumulated O 2 deficit and power in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2647-2649. [PMID: 34041589 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dotan R, Woods S, Contessa P. On the reliability and validity of central fatigue determination. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2393-2411. [PMID: 33966110 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical performance fatigue can be ascribed to both peripheral and central components. Central fatigue, however, is an elusive entity, consisting of cognitive/sensory component and presumably also a neuro-physiological component that are difficult to tease apart and assess independently of each other. The most widely accepted method for the assessment of central fatigue is based on the premise that decreasing volitional muscle activation (VA), as determined by the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) in fatiguing muscles, reflects increasing central fatigue. Suffering its own shortcomings, the validity of VA determination under fatigued conditions has never been proven and is only assumed. This review presents evidence that questions ITT's reliability and validity in reflecting VA in the fatiguing muscle and, consequently, VA's validity for central fatigue assessment. Specifically highlighted is the paradox of children and endurance athletes, who share striking endurance characteristics, being claimed as more centrally fatigable than untrained adults. Further research and new directions are needed for confirming and quantifying central fatigue and teasing apart its psychologic and neuromotor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Dotan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada.
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
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Nikitakis IS, Toubekis AG. Lactate Threshold Evaluation in Swimmers: The Importance of Age and Method. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:818-824. [PMID: 33506445 DOI: 10.1055/a-1342-7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to define the most appropriate method for the calculation of the speed corresponding to lactate threshold (sLT) in male swimmers. Eight boys and eight adolescents (age: 11.4±0.5 and 15.8±0.8 years) performed 7×200-m swimming front-crawl and after drawing the speed vs. lactate curve, the sLTs were calculated using five methods: i) the intersection of two linear regression lines, ii) visual inspection, iii) D-max, iv) D-max modified, v) intersection of combined linear and exponential regression lines. All methods were compared to the speed corresponding to maximal lactate steady state (sMLSS). Two to four 30-min efforts of continuous swimming at imposed constant pace were used for sMLSS calculation. In both groups, speed of D-max modified was similar to sMLSS (children, 1.061±0.073 vs. sMLSS: 1.071±0.072 m·s-1; p>0.05; effect size: ES=0.15, small; adolescents, 1.318±0.060 vs. sMLSS: 1.284±0.047 m·s-1; p>0.05; ES=0.64, medium). In adolescents, sLT calculated by intersection of two regression lines and by visual inspection presented medium ES (0.22-0.24) and were no different to sMLSS (1.296 ± 0.051, 1.295±0.053 m·s-1, p>0.05). When testing children, D-max modified is the most appropriate method to estimate sMLSS. The intersection of the linear regression lines and visual inspection are suggested for sMLSS determination in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Nikitakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hannon MP, Flueck JL, Gremeaux V, Place N, Kayser B, Donnelly C. Key Nutritional Considerations for Youth Winter Sports Athletes to Optimize Growth, Maturation and Sporting Development. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:599118. [PMID: 33585814 PMCID: PMC7873521 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.599118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a wealth of sport nutrition guidelines for adult athletes, there are currently no nutrition guidelines for youth winter sports athletes. Whilst it may be pragmatic to apply nutrition guidelines for adult athletes to youth winter sports athletes, it is inappropriate. Due to a paucity of research on youth athletes, it is impossible to provide evidence-based guidelines for this population, so careful extrapolation from the theoretical and practical considerations that apply to other athletic groups is necessary. Youth winter sport athletes undergo rapid biological growth and maturation which influences their nutritional requirements. A varied and balanced diet that ensures sufficient energy availability for optimal growth and maturation as well as sporting performance is the cornerstone of youth athlete nutrition and should also allow for youth athletes to meet their micronutrient requirements. In some cases, micronutrient status (e.g., vitamin D and iron) should be monitored and optimized if appropriate by a medical professional. Dietary supplement use is prevalent amongst youth athletes, however is often unnecessary. Education of youth athletes, their parents and coaches on best nutritional practices as well as the risks associated with dietary supplements is vital for their long-term athletic development. Further research in youth winter sports athletes across different stages of growth and maturation competing in a variety of sports is urgently required in order to inform nutritional guidelines for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P. Hannon
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Donnelly
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Small-Sided Games Are Not as Effective as Intermittent Running to Stimulate Aerobic Metabolism in Prepubertal Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:273-279. [PMID: 32820134 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the soccer pitch area during small-sided games (SSG) in prepubertal children on physiological and technical demands, and to compare them, for the physiological demands, to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS Ten young soccer players (13.0 [0.3] y) performed a HIIT and 3 SSG of various field sizes (30 × 20 m, 42 × 38 m, and 51 × 34 m). Each SSG was performed with 5 players per team, during 4 × 4-minutes interspaced with 1 minute of passive recovery in between. HIIT also followed a 4 × 4-minute protocol with running speed set on an individual basis. Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during training sessions. For each exercise modality, time spent above 90% of HRmax (T≥90%,HRmax) was calculated, and technical actions were quantified during SSG by video analysis. RESULTS T≥90%,HRmax was similar between the 3 SSG (∼587 [276] s; P > .2) but 24% to 37% lower than during HIIT (826 [140] s, P < .05). Coefficients of variations in T≥90%,HRmax were 2.3 to 3.5 times larger in SSG compared with HIIT. For technical actions, greater number of possessions (21 [6] vs ∼14 [4]), and lower ball touches per possession (2.4 [0.6] vs ∼2.9 [0.6]) were found in the small SSG compared with larger SSG, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSION The 3 SSG led to lower acute stimulation of the aerobic metabolism, suggesting a lower potential for chronic aerobic adaptations, compared with HIIT. Moreover, interindividual variability in the physiological response was substantially greater in SSG compared with HIIT, indicating increased heterogeneity among players performing the same training protocol.
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Van Hooren B, De Ste Croix M. Sensitive Periods to Train General Motor Abilities in Children and Adolescents: Do They Exist? A Critical Appraisal. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Salagas A, Donti O, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. Heart Rate Responses during Sport-Specific High-Intensity Circuit Exercise in Child Female Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E68. [PMID: 32443574 PMCID: PMC7281297 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined heart rate (HR) responses during a sport-specific high-intensity circuit training session to indirectly assess cardiorespiratory stress in child athletes. Seventeen, female gymnasts, aged 9-11 years performed two 5-min 15 s sets of circuit exercise, interspersed by a 3 min rest interval. Each set included five rounds of five gymnastic exercises (7 s work, 7 s rest) executed with maximal effort. During the first circuit training set, peak heart rate (HR) was 192 ± 7 bpm and average HR was 83 ± 4% of maximum HR (HRmax), which was determined in a separate session. In the second set, peak HR and average HR were increased to 196 ± 8 bpm (p < 0.001, d = 0.55) and to 89 ± 4% HRmax (p < 0.001, d = 2.19), respectively, compared with the first set. HR was above 80% HRmax for 4.1 ± 1.2 min during set 1 and this was increased to 5.1 ± 0.4 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 1.15). Likewise, HR was above 90% of HRmax for 2.0 ± 1.2 min in set 1 and was increased to 3.4 ± 1.7 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 0.98). In summary, two 5-min 15 s sets of high-intensity circuit training using sport-specific exercises, increased HR to levels above 80% and 90% HRmax for extended time periods, and thus may be considered as an appropriate stimulus, in terms of intensity, for improving aerobic fitness in child female gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (O.D.); (C.K.)
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Backward Running: Acute Effects on Sprint Performance in Preadolescent Boys. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8040055. [PMID: 32340126 PMCID: PMC7240527 DOI: 10.3390/sports8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of backward running (BwR) during warm-up on a 20-m sprint of boys’ performance, compared to forward running (FwR). Fourteen recreationally active preadolescent boys (aged 12.5 ± 0.5 years) were examined in 3 protocols: warm-up (control condition), warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional BwR sprints and warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional FwR sprints. Participants were evaluated 4 minutes after each protocol on a 20-m sprint and intermediate distances, as well as the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Sprint speed across 10-20 m was significantly higher for the BwR warm-up compared to the regular warm-up (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher RPE after the BwR and FwR protocols compared to the control condition was recorded (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected across the distances 0–5, 5–10, 0–10 and 0–20 m. Although adding 3 × 10-m sprints of BwR or FwR after the warm-up did not enhance performance in a 20 m sprint of preadolescent boys, the positive effect of BwR across 10–20 m distance suggests that BwR could be an alternative means for enhancing performance for certain phases of a sprint for this age. However, preadolescent boys’ response to different sprint conditioning exercise stimuli and the optimization of rest time to maximize performance remain to be determined.
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Fillon A, Miguet M, O’Malley G, Mathieu ME, Masurier J, Julian V, Cardenoux C, Pereira B, Rey O, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Is the SPARTACUS 15-15 test an accurate proxy for the assessment and tracking of maximal aerobic capacities in adolescents with obesity? J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:281-287. [PMID: 32273651 PMCID: PMC7113421 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] While there is a need for reliable field tests for the evaluation of physical fitness in pediatric obesity, the present work i) evaluates the validity of the Spartacus 15-15 test in indirectly assessing maximal aerobic capacity in adolescents with obesity and ii) evaluates its sensibility to weight loss. [Participants and Methods] Fifty-five 11-16 year-old adolescents with obesity (Tanner 3-4) were enrolled in a 12-week weight-management intervention. Maximal Aerobic fitness (VO2peak test + Spartacus test) and body composition (Dual X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. [Results] Moderate correlations were found at baseline between VO2peak (2,231.90 ± 465.6 mL/min) and Spartacus stage (6.83 ± 1.8 stage, r=0.52; p≤0.05), speed (12.85 ± 1.8 km/h, r=0.52 ; p≤0.05) and time (20.6 ± 5.4 min; r=0.50; p≤0.05). The intervention favored significant improvements for VO2peak, Spartacus Rate of Perceived Exertion final stage, maximal speed and time. Change over time in VO2peak and Spartacus variables were not correlated. [Conclusion] The Spartacus test can be used as a proxy for VO2peak at baseline and can be used to estimate VO2peak using the proposed equation. The Spartacus 15-15 test might be a better indicator for changes in functional capacity than an indicator of VO2peak changes in youth with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University: EA 3533, Laboratory of the
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P),
Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, France
- UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hospital, France
| | - Maud Miguet
- Clermont Auvergne University: EA 3533, Laboratory of the
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P),
Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Grace O’Malley
- School of Physiotherapy, Division of Population Health
Sciences, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- School of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Canada
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Canada
| | | | - Valérie Julian
- INRA, France
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations,
Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, France
- UFR Medicine, University Clermont Auvergne, France
| | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University
Hospital, France
| | - Olivier Rey
- Clermont Auvergne University: EA 3533, Laboratory of the
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P),
Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- INRA, France
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations,
Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, France
- UFR Medicine, University Clermont Auvergne, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- INRA, France
- UFR Medicine, University Clermont Auvergne, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, France
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand
University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, France
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University: EA 3533, Laboratory of the
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P),
Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, France
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Piponnier E, Martin V, Chalchat E, Bontemps B, Julian V, Bocock O, Duclos M, Ratel S. Effect of Muscle-Tendon Unit Length on Child-Adult Difference in Neuromuscular Fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1961-1970. [PMID: 31415444 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensor muscles at different muscle-tendon unit (MTU) lengths during repeated maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) between boys and men. METHODS Twenty-two prepubertal boys (9-11 yr) and 22 men (18-30 yr) performed three knee extensor fatigue protocols at short (SHORT), optimal (OPT), and long (LONG) MTU lengths, consisting of repeating 5-s MVIC interspersed with 5-s passive recovery periods until torque reached 60% of the initial MVIC torque. The etiology of neuromuscular fatigue was identified using noninvasive methods such as surface electromyography, near-infrared spectroscopy, magnetic nerve stimulation and twitch interpolation technique. RESULTS The number of repetitions was significantly lower in men at OPT (14.8 ± 3.2) and LONG (15.8 ± 5.8) than boys (39.7 ± 18.4 and 29.5 ± 10.2, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas no difference was found at SHORT between both age groups (boys, 33.7 ± 15.4; men, 40.9 ± 14.2). At OPT and LONG boys showed a lower reduction in the single potentiated twitch (Qtwpot) and a greater decrease in the voluntary activation level than men. At SHORT, both populations displayed a moderate Qtwpot decrement and a significant voluntary activation reduction (P < 0.001). The differences in maximal torque between boys and men were almost twice greater at OPT (223.9 N·m) than at SHORT (123.3 N·m) and LONG (136.5 N·m). CONCLUSIONS The differences in neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults are dependent on MTU length. Differences in maximal torque could underpin differences in neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults at OPT and SHORT. However, at LONG these differences do not seem to be explained by differences in maximal torque. The origins of this specific effect of MTU length remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Piponnier
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Vincent Martin
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Emeric Chalchat
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | | | | | - Olivia Bocock
- Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | | | - Sébastien Ratel
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
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31
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Ušaj A, Mekjavic IB, Kapus J, McDonnell AC, Jaki Mekjavic P, Debevec T. Muscle Oxygenation During Hypoxic Exercise in Children and Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1385. [PMID: 31787903 PMCID: PMC6854007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While hypoxia is known to decrease peak oxygen uptake ( V . o 2 max) and maximal power output in both adults and children its influence on submaximal exercise cardiorespiratory and, especially, muscle oxygenation responses remains unclear. METHODS Eight pre-pubertal boys (age = 8 ± 2 years.; body mass (BM) = 29 ± 7 kg) and seven adult males (age = 39 ± 4 years.; BM = 80 ± 8 kg) underwent graded exercise tests in both normoxic (PiO2 = 134 ± 0.4 mmHg) and hypoxic (PiO2 = 105 ± 0.6 mmHg) condition. Continuous breath-by-breath gas exchange and near infrared spectroscopy measurements, to assess the vastus lateralis oxygenation, were performed during both tests. The gas exchange threshold (GET) and muscle oxygenation thresholds were subsequently determined for both groups in both conditions. RESULTS In both groups, hypoxia did not significantly alter either GET or the corresponding V . o 2 at GET. In adults, higher V . E levels were observed in hypoxia (45 ± 6 l/min) compared to normoxia (36 ± 6 l/min, p < 0.05) at intensities above GET. In contrast, in children both the hypoxic V . E and V . o 2 responses were significantly greater than those observed in normoxia only at intensities below GET (p < 0.01 for V . E and p < 0.05 for V . o 2). Higher exercise-related heart rate (HR) levels in hypoxia, compared to normoxia, were only noted in adults (p < 0.01). Interestingly, hypoxia per se did not influence the muscle oxygenation thresholds during exercise in neither group. However, and in contrast to adults, the children exhibited significantly higher total hemoglobin concentration during hypoxic as compared to normoxic exercise (tHb) at lower exercise intensities (30 and 60 W, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that in adults, hypoxia augments exercise ventilation at intensities above GET and might also maintain muscle blood oxygenation via increased HR. On the other hand, children exhibit a greater change of muscle blood perfusion, oxygen uptake as well as ventilation at exercise intensities below GET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ušaj
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor B Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jernej Kapus
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adam C McDonnell
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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Piponnier E, Martin V, Bourdier P, Biancarelli B, Kluka V, Garcia-Vicencio S, Jegu AG, Cardenoux C, Morio C, Coudeyre E, Ratel S. Maturation-related changes in the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2545-2555. [PMID: 31562535 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of maturation on the etiology of neuromuscular fatigue induced by repeated maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). METHODS Nine prepubertal boys (9.9 ± 1.3 years), eight male adolescents (13.6 ± 1.3 years) and eleven men (23.4 ± 3.0 years) performed a series of repeated isometric MVICs of the knee extensors until the MVIC torque reached 60% of its initial value. Magnetic stimulations were delivered to the femoral nerve every five MVICs to follow the course of voluntary activation level (VA) and the potentiated twitch torque (Qtwpot). RESULTS Task failure was reached after 52.9 ± 12.7, 42.6 ± 12.5, and 26.6 ± 6.3 repetitions in boys, adolescents and men, respectively. VA remained unchanged in men whereas it decreased significantly and similarly in boys and adolescents (p < 0.001). In contrast, Qtwpot remained unchanged in boys and decreased significantly less in adolescents than adults (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents experience less peripheral and more central fatigue than adults. However, adolescents experience more peripheral fatigue than children for a comparable amount of central fatigue. This finding supports the idea that the tolerance of the central nervous system to peripheral fatigue could increase during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Piponnier
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brice Biancarelli
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Virginie Kluka
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Decathlon SportsLab, Villeneuve d'Asq, France
| | - Sebastian Garcia-Vicencio
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire AME2P (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shoemaker ME, Gillen ZM, Mckay BD, Bohannon NA, Gibson SM, Koehler K, Cramer JT. Sex-specific relationships among iron status biomarkers, athletic performance, maturity, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:42. [PMID: 31533743 PMCID: PMC6751686 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among biomarkers of iron status, athletic performance, growth and development, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent male and female athletes. METHODS Two-hundred and forty-nine male (n = 179) (mean ± standard deviation for age = 12.0 ± 2.1 years, height = 156.3 ± 13.9 cm, and weight = 49.1 ± 16.5 kg) and female (n = 70) (12.0 ± 2.2 years, 152.4 ± 12.3 cm, 45.3 ± 14.5 kg) athletes volunteered for capillary blood sample, anthropometric, athletic performance, and dietary intake assessments. Outcomes included maturity offset from peak height velocity, percent body fat, estimated muscle cross-sectional areas, vertical jump height (VJ), broad jump distance (BJ), pro-agility time (PA), L-cone time, 20-yard dash time (20YD), power push up (PPU) force, dietary intakes, and ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. RESULTS Athletic performance was consistently correlated with Hb in males (r = .237-.375, p < 0.001-0.05) and with sTfR (r = .521-.649, p < 0.001-0.004) and iron intake (r = .397-.568, p = 0.001-0.027) in females. There were no relationships between dietary intakes and ferritin, sTfR, or Hb (p > 0.05). After partialing out age and height, VJ, PA, LC, and 20YD remained correlated with Hb in males (|rHb,y.Age| = .208-.322, p = 0.001-0.041; |rHb,y.Height| = .211-.321, p = 0.001-0.038). After partialing out iron intake, PA and LC remained correlated with sTfR in females (|rsTfR,y.ironintake| = .516-.569, p = 0.014-0.028). CONCLUSIONS Iron status biomarkers demonstrated sex-specific relationships with anaerobic exercise performance in youth athletes, which may be more dependent on maturity status and dietary intake than age. Moderate relationships between sTfR and athletic performance in adolescent female athletes emphasizes the importance of iron intake in this demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E. Shoemaker
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Zachary M. Gillen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Brianna D. Mckay
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Nicholas A. Bohannon
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Sydney M. Gibson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Joel T. Cramer
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
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Merlet AN, Chatel B, Hourdé C, Ravelojaona M, Bendahan D, Féasson L, Messonnier LA. How Sickle Cell Disease Impairs Skeletal Muscle Function: Implications in Daily Life. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:4-11. [PMID: 30095751 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most frequent life-threatening genetic hemoglobinopathy in the world and occurs due to the synthesis of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). hemoglobin S-containing red blood cells (RBC) are fragile, leading to hemolysis and anemia, and adhere to the endothelium, leading to hemorheological and hemodynamical disturbances. In its deoxygenated form, HbS may polymerize, leading to sickling of red blood cells and potentially to vasoocclusive crises. Recent findings observed that SCD patients demonstrate significant skeletal muscle remodeling and display reduced muscle functional capacities, contributing to exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. Although acute high-intensity exercise is not recommended for SCD patients because it may increase the risk of sickling, regular moderate-intensity physical activity could have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle and more generally on the well-being of SCD patients. This article reviews the literature regarding the impact of the disease on muscular tissue characteristics and function, as well as the corresponding implications for SCD patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle N Merlet
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Benjamin Chatel
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, FRANCE.,Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FRANCE
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, FRANCE
| | - Marion Ravelojaona
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE.,Myology Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | | | - Léonard Féasson
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE.,Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, FRANCE.,Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FRANCE.,Myology Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, FRANCE
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Abstract
Pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V˙O2 ) kinetics, which describes the aerobic response to near instantaneous changes in metabolic demand, provides a valuable insight into the control and coordination of oxidative phosphorylation during exercise. Despite their applicability to the highly sporadic habitual physical activity and exercise patterns of children, relatively little is known regarding the influence of internal and external stimuli on the dynamic V˙O2 response. Although insufficient evidence is available during moderate-intensity exercise, an age-related slowing of the phase 2 time constant (τ) and augmentation of the V˙O2 slow component appears to manifest during heavy-intensity exercise, which may be related to changes in the muscle phosphate controllers of oxidative phosphorylation, muscle oxygen delivery and utilization, and/or muscle fiber type recruitment patterns. Similar to findings in adults, aerobic training is associated with a faster phase 2 τ and smaller V˙O2 slow component in youth, independent of age or maturity, indicative of an enhanced oxidative metabolism. However, a lack of longitudinal or intervention-based training studies limits our ability to attribute these changes to training per se. Further, methodologically rigorous studies are required to fully resolve the interaction(s) between age, sex, biological maturity, and external stimuli, such as exercise training and exercise intensity and the dynamic V˙O2 response at the onset and offset of exercise.
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Bontemps B, Piponnier E, Chalchat E, Blazevich AJ, Julian V, Bocock O, Duclos M, Martin V, Ratel S. Children Exhibit a More Comparable Neuromuscular Fatigue Profile to Endurance Athletes Than Untrained Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:119. [PMID: 30828304 PMCID: PMC6384268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared neuromuscular fatigue profiles between children, untrained adults and adult endurance athletes during repeated maximal muscle contractions. Eighteen prepubertal boys, 19 untrained men and 13 endurance male athletes performed 5-s maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor contractions (MVICs) interspersed with 5-s recovery until MVIC reached 60% of its initial value. Single and doublet magnetic stimulations were delivered to the femoral nerve to quantify the time course of potentiated twitch amplitude (Ttw,pot), high-frequency torque (T100 Hz) and the low-to-high frequency torque ratio (T10 Hz/T100 Hz), i.e., indicators of peripheral fatigue. M-wave-normalized EMG amplitudes (EMG/M) and the maximal voluntary activation level (VA) were calculated to quantify central fatigue. Adults (15.9 ± 3.9 repetitions) performed fewer MVICs than children (40.4 ± 19.7) and endurance athletes (51.7 ± 19.6), however, no difference was observed between children and athletes (P = 0.13). Ttw,pot (∼52%, P < 0.001), T100 Hz (∼39%, P < 0.001) and T10 Hz/T100 Hz (∼23%, P < 0.001) decreased only in adults. Similar decrements in vastus medialis and vastus lateralis EMG/M were observed in children and endurance athletes (range: 40-50%), and these were greater than in adults (∼15%). Whilst VA decreased more in children (-38.4 ± 22.5%, P < 0.001) than endurance athletes (-20.3 ± 10.1%, P < 0.001), it did not change in adults. Thus, children fatigued more slowly than adults and as much as endurance athletes. They developed less peripheral and more central fatigue than adults and, although central fatigue appeared somewhat higher in children than endurance athletes, both children and endurance athletes experienced greater decrements than adults. Therefore, children exhibit a more comparable neuromuscular fatigue profile to endurance athletes than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enzo Piponnier
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emeric Chalchat
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Valérie Julian
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivia Bocock
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Onset of Accelerated Muscle Deoxygenation During the 20-m Shuttle Run Test in Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:474-479. [PMID: 30004296 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the relative exercise intensity at which the onset of accelerated muscle deoxygenation occurs during the 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT) between boys and men and to examine whether the timing of the onset of acceleration appearance is related to 20mSRT performance in boys. METHODS Twenty-four boys performed the 20mSRT, during which concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin (ΔOxy-Hb and ΔDeoxy-Hb, respectively) in the m. vastus lateralis were monitored using a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device. The boys' data were compared with those of 29 men in a previous study. RESULTS An onset of accelerated decrease in Δ[Oxy-Hb - Deoxy-Hb] was found in 11 of the 24 boys (45.8%) and 20 of the 29 men (69.0%) and was found at a higher relative exercise intensity in the boys than in the men. The number of laps at which the onset of acceleration occurred correlated with total laps in the boys (r = .87). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the onset of accelerated muscle deoxygenation during the 20mSRT occurs at a higher relative exercise intensity in boys than in men. Our findings also show that the timing of the onset of acceleration appearance is associated with 20mSRT performance in boys.
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Birat A, Bourdier P, Piponnier E, Blazevich AJ, Maciejewski H, Duché P, Ratel S. Metabolic and Fatigue Profiles Are Comparable Between Prepubertal Children and Well-Trained Adult Endurance Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:387. [PMID: 29740332 PMCID: PMC5928424 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether prepubertal children are metabolically comparable to well-trained adult endurance athletes and if this translates into similar fatigue rates during high-intensity exercise in both populations. On two different occasions, 12 prepubertal boys (10.5 ± 1.1 y), 12 untrained men (21.2 ± 1.5 y), and 13 endurance male athletes (21.5 ± 2.7 y) completed an incremental test to determine the power output at VO2max (PVO2max) and a Wingate test to evaluate the maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and relative decrement in power output (i.e., the fatigue index, FI). Furthermore, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and capillary blood lactate concentration ([La]) were measured to determine (i) the net aerobic contribution at 5-s intervals during the Wingate test, and (ii) the post-exercise recovery kinetics of VO2, HR, and [La]. The Pmax-to-PVO2max ratio was not significantly different between children (1.9 ± 0.5) and endurance athletes (2.1 ± 0.2) but lower than untrained men (3.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.001 for both). The relative energy contribution derived from oxidative metabolism was also similar in children and endurance athletes but greater than untrained men over the second half of the Wingate test (p < 0.001 for both). Furthermore, the post-exercise recovery kinetics of VO2, HR, and [La] in children and endurance athletes were faster than those of untrained men. Finally, FI was comparable between children and endurance athletes (-35.2 ± 9.6 vs. -41.8 ± 9.4%, respectively) but lower than untrained men (-51.8 ± 4.1%, p < 0.01). To conclude, prepubertal children were observed to be metabolically comparable to well-trained adult endurance athletes, and were thus less fatigable during high-intensity exercise than untrained adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Birat
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Enzo Piponnier
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Pascale Duché
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Exercise-induced fatigue in young people: advances and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:899-910. [PMID: 29441401 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent decades, the interest for exercise-induced fatigue in youth has substantially increased, and the effects of growth on the peripheral (muscular) and central (neural) mechanisms underpinning differences in neuromuscular fatigue between healthy children and adults have been described more extensively. The purpose of this review is to retrieve, report, and analyse the findings of studies comparing neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. Objective measures of the evaluation of the physiological mechanisms are discussed. METHOD Major databases (PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science) were systematically searched and limited to English language from inception to September 2017. RESULT Collectively, the analyzed studies indicate that children experience less muscular and potentially more neural fatigue than adults. However, there are still many unknown aspects of fatigue regarding neural (supraspinal and spinal) and peripheral mechanisms that should be more thoroughly examined in children. CONCLUSION Suitable methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, functional magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, tendon vibration, H-reflex, and ultrasound are recommended in the research field of fatigue in youth. By designing studies that test the fatigue effects in movements that replicate daily activities, new knowledge will be acquired. The linkage and interaction between physiological, cognitive, and psychological aspects of human performance remain to be resolved in young people. This can only be successful if research is based on a foundation of basic research focused on the mechanisms of fatigue while measuring all three above aspects.
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Armstrong N. Response to Commentary on the Special Topic: Top 10 Research Questions Related to Youth Aerobic Fitness. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:384-390. [PMID: 28967834 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1371547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Comment on: "Are Prepubertal Children Metabolically Comparable to Well-Trained Adult Endurance Athletes?". Sports Med 2017; 47:1903-1905. [PMID: 28493062 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ratel S, Blazevich AJ. Authors' Reply to Dotan and Falk: "Are Prepubertal Children Metabolically Comparable to Well-Trained Adult Endurance Athletes?". Sports Med 2017; 47:1907-1909. [PMID: 28493063 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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