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Mavaie P, Holder L, Skinner M. Identifying unique exposure-specific transgenerational differentially DNA methylated region epimutations in the genome using hybrid deep learning prediction models. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2023; 9:dvad007. [PMID: 38130880 PMCID: PMC10735314 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants can lead to epimutations in the genome and an increase in differential DNA methylated regions (DMRs) that have been linked to increased susceptibility to various diseases. However, the unique effect of particular toxicants on the genome in terms of leading to unique DMRs for the toxicants has been less studied. One hurdle to such studies is the low number of observed DMRs per toxicants. To address this hurdle, a previously validated hybrid deep-learning cross-exposure prediction model is trained per exposure and used to predict exposure-specific DMRs in the genome. Given these predicted exposure-specific DMRs, a set of unique DMRs per exposure can be identified. Analysis of these unique DMRs through visualization, DNA sequence motif matching, and gene association reveals known and unknown links between individual exposures and their unique effects on the genome. The results indicate the potential ability to define exposure-specific epigenetic markers in the genome and the potential relative impact of different exposures. Therefore, a computational approach to predict exposure-specific transgenerational epimutations was developed, which supported the exposure specificity of ancestral toxicant actions and provided epigenome information on the DMR sites predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mavaie
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2752, USA
| | - Lawrence Holder
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2752, USA
| | - Michael Skinner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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2
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Holzhausen EA, Kupsco A, Chalifour BN, Patterson WB, Schmidt KA, Mokhtari P, Lurmann F, Baccarelli AA, Goran MI, Alderete TL. Human milk EV-miRNAs: a novel biomarker for air pollution exposure during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, HEALTH : ERH 2023; 1:035002. [PMID: 37692372 PMCID: PMC10486183 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/ace075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient and near-roadway air pollution during pregnancy has been linked with several adverse health outcomes for pregnant women and their babies. Emerging research indicates that microRNA (miRNA) expression can be altered by exposure to air pollutants in a variety of tissues. Additionally, miRNAs from breast tissue and circulating miRNAs have previously been proposed as a biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the associations between pregnancy exposures to ambient (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3) and near-roadway air pollution (total NOx, freeway NOx, non-freeway NOx) with breast milk extracellular vesicle miRNA (EV-miRNA), measured at 1-month postpartum, in a cohort of 108 Latina women living in Southern California. We found that PM10 exposure during pregnancy was positively associated with hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, and hsa-let-7c-5p, and was negatively associated with hsa-miR-378d. We also found that pregnancy PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with hsa-miR-200c-3p and hsa-miR-200b-3p. First and second trimester exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 was associated with several EV-miRNAs with putative messenger RNA targets related to cancer. This study provides preliminary evidence that air pollution exposure during pregnancy is associated with human milk EV-miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Holzhausen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,
United States of America
| | - Allison Kupsco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public
Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Bridget N Chalifour
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,
United States of America
| | - William B Patterson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,
United States of America
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United
States of America
| | - Pari Mokhtari
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United
States of America
| | | | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public
Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United
States of America
| | - Tanya L Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,
United States of America
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3
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Blechter B, Cardenas A, Shi J, Wong JYY, Hu W, Rahman ML, Breeze C, Downward GS, Portengen L, Zhang Y, Ning B, Ji BT, Cawthon R, Li J, Yang K, Bozack A, Dean Hosgood H, Silverman DT, Huang Y, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Lan Q. Household air pollution and epigenetic aging in Xuanwei, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108041. [PMID: 37354880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from indoor combustion of solid fuel is a global health burden linked to lung cancer. In Xuanwei, China, lung cancer rate for nonsmoking women is among the highest in the world and largely attributed to high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are produced from combustion of smoky (bituminous) coal used for cooking and heating. Epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), a DNA methylation-based biomarker of aging, has been shown to be highly correlated with biological processes underlying the susceptibility of age-related diseases. We aim to assess the association between HAP exposure and EAA. METHODS We analyzed data from 106 never-smoking women from Xuanwei, China. Information on fuel type was collected using a questionnaire, and validated exposure models were used to predict levels of 43 HAP constituents. Exposure clusters were identified using hierarchical clustering. EAA was derived for five epigenetic clocks defined as the residuals resulting from regressing each clock on chronological age. We used generalized estimating equations to test associations between exposure clusters derived from predicted levels of HAP exposure, ambient 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), a PAH previously found to be associated with risk of lung cancer, and EAA, while accounting for repeated-measurements and confounders. RESULTS We observed an increase in GrimAge EAA for clusters with 31 and 33 PAHs reflecting current (β = 0.77 y per standard deviation (SD) increase, 95 % CI:0.36,1.19) and childhood (β = 0.92 y per SD, 95 % CI:0.40,1.45) exposure, respectively. 5-MC (ng/m3-year) was found to be associated with GrimAge EAA for current (β = 0.15 y, 95 % CI:0.05,0.25) and childhood (β = 0.30 y, 95 % CI:0.13,0.47) exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposure to PAHs from indoor smoky coal combustion, particularly 5-MC, is associated with GrimAge EAA, a biomarker of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batel Blechter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junming Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jason Y Y Wong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad L Rahman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles Breeze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bofu Ning
- Xuanwei Center of Diseases Control, Xuanwei, Yunnan, China
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Cawthon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jihua Li
- Quijing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Quijing, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Anne Bozack
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Department of Biostatistics, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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4
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Kumar P, Singh AB, Arora T, Singh S, Singh R. Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162163. [PMID: 36781134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of the fundamental elements affecting people's health and well-being. Currently, there is a lack of awareness among people about the quantification, identification, and possible health effects of IAQ. Airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) microbial spores, pollen, allergens, etc. primarily contribute to IAQ deterioration. This review discusses the sources of major indoor air pollutants, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and their effects on cardiovascular, ocular, neurological, women, and foetal health. Additionally, contemporary strategies and sustainable methods for regulating and reducing pollutant concentrations are emphasized, and current initiatives to address and enhance IAQ are explored, along with their unique advantages and potentials. Due to their longer exposure times and particular physical characteristics, women and children are more at risk for poor indoor air quality. By triggering many toxicity mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA methylation, epigenetic modifications, and gene activation, indoor air pollution can cause a range of health issues. Low birth weight, acute lower respiratory tract infections, Sick building syndromes (SBS), and early death are more prevalent in exposed residents. On the other hand, the main causes of incapacity and early mortality are lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disorders. It's crucial to acknowledge anticipated research needs and implemented efficient interventions and policies to lower health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India
| | - A B Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road Campus, Delhi 07, India
| | - Taruna Arora
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sevaram Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India; Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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5
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Scott JL, Lee-Johnson NM, Danos D. Place, Race, and Case: Examining Racialized Economic Segregation and COVID-19 in Louisiana. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:775-787. [PMID: 35239176 PMCID: PMC8893059 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early COVID-19 pandemic data suggested racial/ethnic minority and low-income earning people bore the greatest burden of infection. Structural racism, the reinforcement of racial and ethnic discrimination via policy, provides a framework for understanding disparities in health outcomes like COVID-19 infection. Residential racial and economic segregation is one indicator of structural racism. Little attention has been paid to the relationship of infection to relative overall concentrations of risk (i.e., segregation of the most privileged from the most disadvantaged). We used ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models to evaluate the relationship between racial and economic segregation, measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes, and COVID-19 cases in Louisiana. We found a significant global association between racial segregation and cumulative COVID-19 case rate in Louisiana and variation across the state during the study period. The northwest and central regions exhibited a strong negative relationship indicating greater risk in areas with high concentrations of Black residents. On the other hand, the southeastern part of the state exhibited more neutral or positive relationships indicating greater risk in areas with high concentrations of White residents. Our findings that the relationship between racial segregation and COVID-19 cases varied within a state further support evidence that social and political determinants, not biological, drive racial disparities. Small area measures and measures of polarization provide localized information better suited to tailoring public health policy according to the dynamics of communities at the census tract level, which may lead to better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Scott
- School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, 2167 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Natasha M Lee-Johnson
- School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, 2167 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Denise Danos
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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6
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Tuazon JA, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Oldfield LM, Wiscovitch-Russo R, Dunigan-Russell K, Fedulov AV, Oestreich KJ, Gowdy KM. Emerging Insights into the Impact of Air Pollution on Immune-Mediated Asthma Pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2022; 22:77-92. [PMID: 35394608 PMCID: PMC9246904 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in ambient levels of air pollutants have been linked to lung inflammation and remodeling, processes that lead to the development and exacerbation of allergic asthma. Conventional research has focused on the role of CD4+ T helper 2 (TH2) cells in the pathogenesis of air pollution-induced asthma. However, much work in the past decade has uncovered an array of air pollution-induced non-TH2 immune mechanisms that contribute to allergic airway inflammation and disease. RECENT FINDINGS In this article, we review current research demonstrating the connection between common air pollutants and their downstream effects on non-TH2 immune responses emerging as key players in asthma, including PRRs, ILCs, and non-TH2 T cell subsets. We also discuss the proposed mechanisms by which air pollution increases immune-mediated asthma risk, including pre-existing genetic risk, epigenetic alterations in immune cells, and perturbation of the composition and function of the lung and gut microbiomes. Together, these studies reveal the multifaceted impacts of various air pollutants on innate and adaptive immune functions via genetic, epigenetic, and microbiome-based mechanisms that facilitate the induction and worsening of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tuazon
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - B Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - L M Oldfield
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Synthetic Genomics, Replay Holdings LLC, San Diego, 92121, USA
| | - R Wiscovitch-Russo
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - K Dunigan-Russell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - A V Fedulov
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - K J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - K M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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7
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Valacchi G, Pambianchi E, Coco S, Pulliero A, Izzotti A. MicroRNA Alterations Induced in Human Skin by Diesel Fumes, Ozone, and UV Radiation. J Pers Med 2022; 12:176. [PMID: 35207665 PMCID: PMC8880698 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are a driving force of the carcinogenesis process. MicroRNAs play a role in silencing mutated oncogenes, thus defending the cell against the adverse consequences of genotoxic damages induced by environmental pollutants. These processes have been well investigated in lungs; however, although skin is directly exposed to a great variety of environmental pollutants, more research is needed to better understand the effect on cutaneous tissue. Therefore, we investigated microRNA alteration in human skin biopsies exposed to diesel fumes, ozone, and UV light for over 24 h of exposure. UV and ozone-induced microRNA alteration right after exposure, while the peak of their deregulations induced by diesel fumes was reached only at the end of the 24 h. Diesel fumes mainly altered microRNAs involved in the carcinogenesis process, ozone in apoptosis, and UV in DNA repair. Accordingly, each tested pollutant induced a specific pattern of microRNA alteration in skin related to the intrinsic mechanisms activated by the specific pollutant. These alterations, over a short time basis, reflect adaptive events aimed at defending the tissue against damages. Conversely, whenever environmental exposure lasts for a long time, the irreversible alteration of the microRNA machinery results in epigenetic damage contributing to the pathogenesis of inflammation, dysplasia, and cancer induced by environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Research Campus Kannapolis, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (G.V.); (E.P.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Research Campus Kannapolis, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (G.V.); (E.P.)
| | - Simona Coco
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | | | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- UOC Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genova, Italy
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8
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Mukherjee S, Dasgupta S, Mishra PK, Chaudhury K. Air pollution-induced epigenetic changes: disease development and a possible link with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55981-56002. [PMID: 34498177 PMCID: PMC8425320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious threat to our health and has become one of the major causes of many diseases including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. The association between air pollution and various diseases has long been a topic of research interest. However, it remains unclear how air pollution actually impacts health by modulating several important cellular functions. Recently, some evidence has emerged about air pollution-induced epigenetic changes, which are linked with the etiology of various human diseases. Among several epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation represents the most prominent epigenetic alteration underlying the air pollution-induced pathogenic mechanism. Several other types of epigenetic changes, such as histone modifications, miRNA, and non-coding RNA expression, have also been found to have been linked with air pollution. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), one of the most prevalent forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), is triggered by the inhalation of certain organic and inorganic substances. HP is characterized by inflammation in the tissues around the lungs' airways and may lead to irreversible lung scarring over time. This review, in addition to other diseases, attempts to understand whether certain pollutants influence HP development through such epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Sanjukta Dasgupta
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462030, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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9
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Ali MU, Yu Y, Yousaf B, Munir MAM, Ullah S, Zheng C, Kuang X, Wong MH. Health impacts of indoor air pollution from household solid fuel on children and women. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126127. [PMID: 34492921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inefficient and incomplete combustion of solid fuel (SF) is associated with high levels of indoor air pollutants leading to 3.55 million deaths annually. The risk is higher in women and children, due to their higher exposure duration and unique physical properties. The current article aims to provide a critical overview regarding the use of solid fuel, its associated pollutants, their toxicity mechanisms and, most importantly the associated health impacts, especially in women and children. Pollutants associated with SF mostly include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, and their concentrations are two- to threefold higher in indoor environments. These pollutants can lead to a variety of health risks by inducing different toxicity mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, DNA methylation, and gene activation. Exposed children have an increased prevalence of low birth weight, acute lower respiratory tract infections, anemia and premature mortality. On the other hand, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of disability and premature death in women. Indoor air pollution resulting from SF combustion is a major public health threat globally. To reduce the risks, it is important to identify future research gaps and implement effective interventions and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yangmei Yu
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Environment Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Mehr Ahmed Mujtaba Munir
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Forestry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xingxing Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in Wood Fire and LPG Cookstove Homes of Nepali Brick Workers. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to particles ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The toxicity of PM2.5, however, depends on its physical properties and chemical composition. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the chemical composition of PM2.5 in brick workers’ homes (n = 16) based on use of wood cooking fire or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves. We collected samples using RTI International particulate matter (PM) exposure monitors (MicroPEMs). We analyzed filters for 33 elements using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and, for black (BC) and brown carbon (BrC), integrating sphere optical transmittance. Wood fire homes had significantly higher concentrations of BC (349 µg/m3) than LPG homes (6.27 µg/m3, p < 0.0001) or outdoor air (5.36 µg/m3, p = 0.002). Indoor chlorine in wood fire homes averaged 5.86 µg/m3, which was approximately 34 times the average level in LPG homes (0.17 µg/m3, p = 0.0006). Similarly, potassium in wood fire homes (4.17 µg/m3) was approximately four times the level in LPG homes (0.98 µg/m3, p = 0.001). In all locations, we found aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, silicon, and titanium in concentrations exceeding those shown to cause respiratory effects in other studies. Our findings suggest the need for multi-faceted interventions to improve air quality for brick workers in Nepal.
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Liang Y, Hu L, Li J, Liu F, Jones KC, Li D, Liu J, Chen D, You J, Yu Z, Zhang G, Dong G, Ma H. Short-term personal PM 2.5 exposure and change in DNA methylation of imprinted genes: Panel study of healthy young adults in Guangzhou city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116601. [PMID: 33549891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a significant role in deleterious health effects inflicted by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the human body. Recent studies have reported that DNAm of imprinted control regions (ICRs) in imprinted genes may be a sensitive biomarker of environmental exposure. Less is known about specific biomarkers of imprinted genes after PM2.5 exposure. The relationship between PM2.5 and its chemical constituents and DNAm of ICRs in imprinted genes after short-term exposure was investigated to determine specific human biomarkers of its adverse health effects. A panel study was carried out in healthy young people in Guangzhou, China. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the influence of PM2.5 and its constituent exposure on DNAm while controlling for potential confounders. There was no significant correlation between DNAm and personal PM2.5 exposure mass. DNAm changes in eight ICRs (L3MBTL1, NNAT, PEG10, GNAS Ex1A, MCTS2, SNURF/SNRPN, IGF2R, and RB1) and a non-imprinted gene (CYP1B1) were significantly associated with PM2.5 constituents. Compared to non-imprinted genes, imprinted gene methylation was more susceptible to interference with PM2.5 constituent exposure. Among those genes, L3MBTL1 was the most sensitive to personal PM2.5 constituent exposure. Moreover, transition metals derived from traffic sources (Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni) significantly influenced DNAm of the imprinted genes, suggesting the importance of more targeted measures to reduce toxic constituents. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that imprinted genes (RB1) may be correlated with pathways and diseases (non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, and bladder cancer). The present study suggests that screening the imprinted gene for DNAm can be used as a sensitive biomarker of PM2.5 exposure. The results will provide data for prevention of PM2.5 exposure and a novel perspective on potential mechanisms on an epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
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12
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Lee JT. Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:3-11. [PMID: 32517422 PMCID: PMC7806407 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature on the adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. Children are more adversely affected by air pollution due to their biological susceptibility and exposure patterns. This review summarized the accumulated epidemiologic evidence with emphasis on studies conducted in Korea and heterogeneity in the literature. Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consistent evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and children's health, especially respiratory health and adverse birth outcomes, and growing evidence on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Despite these existing studies, the mechanism of the adverse health effects of air pollution and the critical window of susceptibility remain unclear. There is also a need to identify causes of heterogeneity between studies in terms of measurement of exposure/outcome, study design, and the differential characteristics of air pollutants and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Tae Lee
- Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Wajda A, Łapczuk-Romańska J, Paradowska-Gorycka A. Epigenetic Regulations of AhR in the Aspect of Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6404. [PMID: 32899152 PMCID: PMC7504141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to autoimmune disease manifestation, and as regarded today, AhR has become an important factor in studies of immunomodulation. Besides immunological aspects, AhR also plays a role in pharmacological, toxicological and many other physiological processes such as adaptive metabolism. In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms have provided new insight into gene regulation and reveal a new contribution to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin alterations, microRNA and consequently non-genetic changes in phenotypes connect with environmental factors. Increasing data reveals AhR cross-roads with the most significant in immunology pathways. Although study on epigenetic modulations in autoimmune diseases is still not well understood, therefore future research will help us understand their pathophysiology and help to find new therapeutic strategies. Present literature review sheds the light on the common ground between remodeling chromatin compounds and autoimmune antibodies used in diagnostics. In the proposed review we summarize recent findings that describe epigenetic factors which regulate AhR activity and impact diverse immunological responses and pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wajda
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Łapczuk-Romańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
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14
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Lee J, Papa F, Jaini PA, Alpini S, Kenny T. An Epigenetics-Based, Lifestyle Medicine-Driven Approach to Stress Management for Primary Patient Care: Implications for Medical Education. Am J Lifestyle Med 2020; 14:294-303. [PMID: 32477032 PMCID: PMC7232902 DOI: 10.1177/1559827619847436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 75% of patients in the primary care setting present with stress-related complaints. Curiously, patients and health care providers all too often see stress as a relatively benign sequela of many common illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, lung disease, dementia, diabetes, and mental illness. Unfortunately, various day-to-day lifestyle choices and environmental factors, unrelated to the presence of any disease, can cause stress sufficient to contribute to the development of various diseases/disorders and suboptimal health. There is evidence suggesting that counseling in stress management-oriented therapeutic interventions (as offered by lifestyle medicine-oriented practitioners) may prevent or reduce the onset, severity, duration, and/or overall burden of stress-related illnesses. Such counseling often involves considerations such as the patient's nutrition, physical activity, interest in/capacity to meditate, drug abuse/cessation, and so on. Unfortunately, lifestyle medicine-oriented approaches to stress management are rarely offered in primary care-the patient care arena wherein such counseling would likely be best received by patients. Would health care outcomes improve if primary care providers offered counseling in both stress management and positive lifestyle choices? The purpose of this article is to provide both primary care practitioners and educators in health care training programs with an introductory overview of epigenetics. An emerging field of science offering insights into how factors such as stress and lifestyle choices interact with our genes in ways that can both positively and negatively impact the various micro (eg, cellular) through macro (eg, physiologic, pathophysiologic) processes that determine our tendencies toward illness or wellness. A deeper understanding of epigenetics, as provided herein, should enable primary care providers and medical educators to more confidently advocate for the primary benefits associated with counseling in both stress reduction and the pursuit of healthy lifestyle choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lee
- Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California (JL)
- UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (FP, SA, TK)
- John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (PJ)
| | - Frank Papa
- Frank Papa, DO, PhD, Medical Education, UNT Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107; e-mail:
| | - Paresh Atu Jaini
- Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California (JL)
- UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (FP, SA, TK)
- John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (PJ)
| | - Sarah Alpini
- Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California (JL)
- UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (FP, SA, TK)
- John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (PJ)
| | - Tim Kenny
- Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California (JL)
- UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (FP, SA, TK)
- John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (PJ)
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Abstract
Autism is a polysemous concept. It is defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is diagnosed based on an assessment of behaviour and dysfunction. Autism also refers to a specific way of information or sensorial processing. For those diagnosed with autism, it is a real and shared experience. In this paper, I sketch the moral work that biological conceptions of autism perform. They help to conceptualize the diagnosis and associated challenges as real and they remove some of the blame from the diagnosed person and/or their parents. But such approaches also risk neglecting the role of behaviour as a meaningful reaction to experiences. In thinking about the ethics of autism research, diagnosis of autism, and autism care, the recent findings of epigenetics and systems biology may help us overcome the dichotomy between biology and psyche, and point the way to a more nuanced and ethical view. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The meaning of 'autism' has different layers and as such autism is a polysemous concept. The lived experience of autistic people matters in research.
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Belleau P, Deschênes A, Scott-Boyer MP, Lambrot R, Dalvai M, Kimmins S, Bailey J, Droit A. Inferring and modeling inheritance of differentially methylated changes across multiple generations. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:e85. [PMID: 29750268 PMCID: PMC6101575 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput methylation sequencing enables genome-wide detection of differentially methylated sites (DMS) or regions (DMR). Increasing evidence suggests that treatment-induced DMS can be transmitted across generations, but the analysis of induced methylation changes across multiple generations is complicated by the lack of sound statistical methods to evaluate significance levels. Due to software design, DMS detection was usually made on each generation separately, thus disregarding stochastic effects expected when a large number of DMS is detected in each generation. Here, we present a novel method based on Monte Carlo sampling, methylInheritance, to evaluate that the number of conserved DMS between several generations is associated to an effect inherited from a treatment and not randomness. Moreover, we developed an inheritance simulation package, methInheritSim, to demonstrate the performance of the methylInheritance method and to evaluate the power of different experimental designs. Finally, we applied methylInheritance to a DNA methylation dataset obtained from early-life persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exposed Sprague-Dawley female rats and their descendants through a paternal transmission. The results show that metylInheritance can efficiently identify treatment-induced inherited methylation changes. Specifically, we identified two intergenerationally conserved DMS at transcription start site (TSS); one of those persisted transgenerationally. Three transgenerationally conserved DMR were found at intra or integenic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Belleau
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire - Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, bureau 4633, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Astrid Deschênes
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Scott-Boyer
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Romain Lambrot
- Department of Animal Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9 × 3V9 Canada and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dalvai
- Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle - Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarah Kimmins
- Department of Animal Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9 × 3V9 Canada and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janice Bailey
- Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle - Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire - Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, bureau 4633, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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17
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Shukla A, Bunkar N, Kumar R, Bhargava A, Tiwari R, Chaudhury K, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Air pollution associated epigenetic modifications: Transgenerational inheritance and underlying molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:760-777. [PMID: 30530146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the leading causes of deaths in Southeast Asian countries including India. Exposure to air pollutants affects vital cellular mechanisms and is intimately linked with the etiology of a number of chronic diseases. Earlier work from our laboratory has shown that airborne particulate matter disturbs the mitochondrial machinery and causes significant damage to the epigenome. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species possess the ability to trigger redox-sensitive signaling mechanisms and induce irreversible epigenomic changes. The electrophilic nature of reactive metabolites can directly result in deprotonation of cytosine at C-5 position or interfere with the DNA methyltransferases activity to cause alterations in DNA methylation. In addition, it also perturbs level of cellular metabolites critically involved in different epigenetic processes like acetylation and methylation of histone code and DNA hypo or hypermethylation. Interestingly, these modifications may persist through downstream generations and result in the transgenerational epigenomic inheritance. This phenomenon of subsequent transfer of epigenetic modifications is mainly associated with the germ cells and relies on the germline stability of the epigenetic states. Overall, the recent literature supports, and arguably strengthens, the contention that air pollution might contribute to transmission of epimutations from gametes to zygotes by involving mitochondrial DNA, parental allele imprinting, histone withholding and non-coding RNAs. However, larger prospective studies using innovative, integrated epigenome-wide metabolomic strategy are highly warranted to assess the air pollution induced transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and associated human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajat Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Irina Y Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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18
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Gilbertson M, Brophy J. Causality Advocacy: Workers' Compensation Cases as Resources for Identifying and Preventing Diseases of Modernity. New Solut 2018; 28:704-725. [PMID: 30463468 DOI: 10.1177/1048291118810900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An appeal process for an injured worker compensation case is a unique opportunity to debate and integrate evidence concerning a potential causal relationship between observations of occupational disease and exposures to various putative risk factors that may also be of significance in public health protection. Through application of Hill's indicia to the evidence presented in a recent appeal process concerning a breast cancer case for a female border guard, a novel epidemic, tentatively called "occupational BRCAness" has been identified and a causal relationship with exposures to traffic-related air pollution and shift work and possibly secondhand tobacco smoke is inferred. Application of the audit method by worker advocates to other compensation appeals processes for other diseases might similarly yield causal relations with exposures to occupational risk factors with relevance to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gilbertson
- 1 Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health and Population Health Research, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - James Brophy
- 1 Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health and Population Health Research, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.,2 Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Commodore A, Mukherjee N, Chung D, Svendsen E, Vena J, Pearce J, Roberts J, Arshad SH, Karmaus W. Frequency of heavy vehicle traffic and association with DNA methylation at age 18 years in a subset of the Isle of Wight birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy028. [PMID: 30697444 PMCID: PMC6343046 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of changes in DNA methylation (DNA-m) has the potential to identify adverse environmental exposures. To examine DNA-m among a subset of participants (n = 369) in the Isle of Wight birth cohort who reported variable near resident traffic frequencies. We used self-reported frequencies of heavy vehicles passing by the homes of study subjects as a proxy measure for TRAP, which were: never, seldom, 10 per day, 1-9 per hour and >10 per hour. Methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotide sequences in the DNA was assessed from blood samples collected at age 18 years (n = 369) in the F1 generation. We conducted an epigenome wide association study to examine CpGs related to the frequency of heavy vehicles passing by subjects' homes, and employed multiple linear regression models to assess potential associations. We repeated some of these analysis in the F2 generation (n = 140). Thirty-five CpG sites were associated with heavy vehicular traffic. After adjusting for confounders, we found 23 CpGs that were more methylated, and 11 CpGs that were less methylated with increasing heavy vehicular traffic frequency among all subjects. In the F2 generation, 2 of 31 CpGs were associated with traffic frequencies and the direction of the effect was the same as in the F1 subset while differential methylation of 7 of 31 CpG sites correlated with gene expression. Our findings reveal differences in DNA-m in participants who reported higher heavy vehicular traffic frequencies when compared to participants who reported lower frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Commodore
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - N Mukherjee
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - D Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E Svendsen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Pearce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S H Arshad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - W Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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20
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Mei M, Song H, Chen L, Hu B, Bai R, Xu D, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Chen C. Early-life exposure to three size-fractionated ultrafine and fine atmospheric particulates in Beijing exacerbates asthma development in mature mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29540228 PMCID: PMC5851307 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have suggested that elevated levels of air pollution contribute to an increased incidence or severity of asthma. Although late-onset adult asthma seems to be more attributable to environmental risk factors, limited data is available on the impact of early-life exposure to size-fractionated ambient particulate matter (PM) on asthma in adults. We aimed to determine the effect on the development and exacerbation of asthma in the adult after the mice were exposed as juveniles to three size-fractionated ambient particulates collected from Beijing. METHODS The three size-fractionated ambient particulates were collected from urban Beijing in winter, heavily affected by traffic and coal-fired emissions. The typical morphological and major chemical components of the PM were characterized first. Oxidative stress and expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were then examined in vitro and in the lungs of mouse pups 48 h after exposure to PM by oropharyngeal aspiration. When the exposed and control juvenile mice matured to adulthood, an antigen-induced asthma model was established and relevant bio-indices were assessed. RESULTS PM with different granularities can induce oxidative stress; in particular, F1, with the smallest size (< 0.49 μm), decreased the mRNA expression of DNMTs in vitro and in vivo the most significantly. In an asthma model of adult mice, previous exposure as juveniles to size-fractionated PM caused increased peribronchiolar inflammation, increased airway mucus secretion, and increased production of Th2 cytokines and chemokines. In general, F1 and F2 (aerodynamic diameter < 0.95 μm) particulates affected murine adult asthma development more seriously than F3 (0.95-1.5 μm). Moreover, F1 led to airway inflammation in the form of both increased neutrophils and eosinophils in BALF. The activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2 and Smad3/Stat3 signaling pathways leading to airway fibrosis was more profoundly induced by F1. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient PM in juvenile mice enhanced adult asthma development, as shown by increased Th2 responses, which might be associated with the persistent effects resulting from the oxidative stress and decreased gene expression of DNMTs induced by PM exposure. The observed differences between the effects of three size-fractionated particulates were attributed to particle sizes and chemical constituents, including heavy metals and also PAHs, since the amounts of PAH associated with more severe toxicity were enriched equivalently in the F1 and F2 fractions. Relative to the often mentioned PM2.5, PM with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.95 μm had a more aggravating effect on asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haojun Song
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lina Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Diandou Xu
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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21
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Brook RD, Newby DE, Rajagopalan S. Air Pollution and Cardiometabolic Disease: An Update and Call for Clinical Trials. Am J Hypertens 2017; 31:1-10. [PMID: 28655143 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. The largest portion of deaths is now known to be due to cardiovascular disorders. Several air pollutants can trigger acute events (e.g., myocardial infarctions, strokes, heart failure). However, mounting evidence additionally supports that longer-term exposures pose a greater magnified risk to cardiovascular health. One explanation may be that PM2.5 has proven capable of promoting the development of chronic cardiometabolic conditions including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an updated overview of recent major studies regarding the impact of PM2.5 on cardiometabolic health and outline key remaining scientific questions. We discuss the relevance of emerging trials evaluating personal-level strategies (e.g., facemasks) to prevent the harmful effects of PM2.5, and close with a call for large-scale outcome trials to allow for the promulgation of formal evidence-base recommendations regarding their appropriate usage in the global battle against air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, USA
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, USA
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Air Pollution and the Epigenome: A Model Relationship for the Exploration of Toxicoepigenetics. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 6:18-25. [PMID: 33869910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of toxicoepigenetics is rapidly emerging to provide new insights into the relationship between environmental factors, the epigenome, and public health. Toxicoepigenetic data have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of environmental exposure effects and susceptibility. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that exposure to air pollution alters epigenetic modification states; however, continued advancement of the field is limited by the intrinsic complexity of the epigenome and inherent limitations of different types of studies (epidemiological, clinical, and in vitro) that are used in toxicoepigenetics. Overcoming these challenges will require a concerted and collaborative effort between molecular and cellular biologists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors to develop a thorough and practical understanding of the relationship between air pollution exposure, the epigenome, and health effects. Here we review the current state of air pollution epigenetics and discuss perspectives on the necessary steps to move the field forward to determine the role that the epigenome plays in air pollution exposure effects and susceptibility.
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Naidoo P, Naidoo RN, Ramkaran P, Asharam K, Chuturgoon AA. The Tyr113His T/C rs1051740 and 'very slow' phenotype of the EPHX1 gene alters miR-26b-5p and miR-1207-5p expression in pregnancy. Gene 2017; 633:71-81. [PMID: 28789952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental insults and microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Tyr113His T/C rs1051740 and His139Arg A/G rs2234922, aberrantly alters microRNA (miR) expression and are linked to low birthweights (LBW). OBJECTIVES To investigate the interplay between pollution, EPHX1 SNPs and miRs during pregnancy and associated LBW outcomes. METHODS South African pregnant women (n=241) were recruited in the MACE birth cohort study in Durban, a city with high levels of industry and traffic related pollutants. EPHX1 SNPs were genotyped using PCR-RFLP and grouped into their respective phenotypes, i.e. normal (N), slow (S), very slow (VS) and fast (F). EPHX1, miR-26b-5p, miR-193b-3p and miR-1207-5p expression were determined using quantitative PCR. RESULTS Mothers with the Tyr113His SNP had low iron levels [TT vs. TC+CC: mean difference (MD)=0.67g/dl; p=0.0167], LBW [TT vs. TC+CC: MD=189.30g; p=0.0067], and low EPHX1 expression; p<0.0001. miR-26b-5p and miR-1207-5p expression were significantly higher in the CC genotypes compared to TT+TC groups; p<0.0001. The opposite trend occurred for miR-193b-3p; p=0.0045. Mothers with the VS phenotype had low iron levels [N vs. VS and VS vs. F: MD=2.03 and -1.96g/dl; p=0.0021, respectively], decreased gestational age [VS vs. F: MD=-2.14weeks; p=0.0051, respectively], and LBW [N vs. VS, VS vs. F and S vs. VS: MD=1000, -940.30 and 968.80g; p<0.0001, respectively]; F phenotype had the highest EPHX1 expression [N vs. F, VS vs. F and S vs. F: MD=-1.067, -1.854 and -1.379; p=0.0002, respectively]; and N phenotype had low miR-26b-5p [N vs. VS: MD=-0.6100; p=0.0159] and miR-1207-5p [N vs. VS and VS vs. F: MD=-0.834 and 1.103; p=0.0007, respectively] expression. miR-193b-3p expression between phenotypes remained unchanged. CONCLUSION The Tyr113His T/C variant of rs1051740 and VS phenotype alters EPHX1, miR-26b-5p and miR-1207-5p expression, and contributes towards low blood iron levels and LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragalathan Naidoo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajen N Naidoo
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prithiksha Ramkaran
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kareshma Asharam
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Romano A, De Giorgio B, Parolini M, Favero C, Possenti CD, Iodice S, Caprioli M, Rubolini D, Ambrosini R, Gianfranceschi L, Saino N, Bollati V. Methylation of the circadian Clock gene in the offspring of a free-living passerine bird increases with maternal and individual exposure to PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:29-37. [PMID: 27712846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of exposure to particulate matter (PM) have been thoroughly investigated in humans and other model species, but there is a dearth of studies of the effects of PM on physiology and life-history traits of non-human organisms living in natural or semi-natural environments. Besides toxicological relevance, PM has been recently suggested to exert epigenetic effects by altering DNA methylation patterns. Here, we investigated for the first time the association between the exposure to free-air PM10 and DNA methylation at two loci ('poly-Q exon' and '5'-UTR') of the Clock gene in blood cells of the nestlings of a synanthropic passerine bird, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The Clock gene is a phylogenetically highly conserved gene playing a major role in governing circadian rhythms and circannual life cycles of animals, implying that change in its level of methylation can impact on important fitness traits. We found that methylation at both loci significantly increased with PM10 levels recorded few days before blood sampling, and also with PM10 exposure experienced by the mother during or shortly before egg laying. This study is the first where methylation at a functionally important gene has been shown to vary according to the concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in any animal species in the wild. Since early-life environmental conditions produce epigenetic effects that can transgenerationally be transmitted, DNA methylation of genes controlling photoperiodic response can have far reaching consequences for the ecology and the evolution of wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara De Giorgio
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via San Barnaba 8, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via San Barnaba 8, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simona Iodice
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via San Barnaba 8, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Caprioli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicola Saino
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via San Barnaba 8, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
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Breton CV, Yao J, Millstein J, Gao L, Siegmund KD, Mack W, Whitfield-Maxwell L, Lurmann F, Hodis H, Avol E, Gilliland FD. Prenatal Air Pollution Exposures, DNA Methyl Transferase Genotypes, and Associations with Newborn LINE1 and Alu Methylation and Childhood Blood Pressure and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in the Children's Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1905-1912. [PMID: 27219456 PMCID: PMC5132634 DOI: 10.1289/ehp181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to ambient air pollutants increases cardiovascular disease risk in adults little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure. Genetic variation and epigenetic alterations are two mechanisms that may influence the effects of early-life exposures on cardiovascular phenotypes. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether genetic and epigenetic variation modify associations between prenatal air pollution on markers of cardiovascular risk in childhood. METHODS We used linear regression analysis to investigate the associations between prenatal pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3), long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE1) and AluYb8 DNA methylation levels measured in newborn blood spot tests, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and blood pressure (BP) in 459 participants as part of the Children's Health Study. Interaction terms were also included to test for effect modification of these associations by genetic variation in methylation reprogramming genes. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to NO2 in the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with higher systolic BP in 11-year-old children. Prenatal exposure to multiple air pollutants in the first trimester was associated with lower DNA methylation in LINE1, whereas later exposure to O3 was associated with higher LINE1 methylation levels in newborn blood spots. The magnitude of associations with prenatal air pollution varied according to genotype for 11 SNPs within DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNA methyltransferase 3 Beta (DNMT3B), Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), and Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) genes. Although first-trimester O3 exposure was not associated with CIMT and systolic BP overall, associations within strata of DNMT1 or DNMT3B were observed, and the magnitude and the direction of these associations depended on DNMT1 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic and epigenetic variation in DNA methylation reprogramming genes and in LINE1 retrotransposons may play important roles in downstream cardiovascular consequences of prenatal air pollution exposure. Citation: Breton CV, Yao J, Millstein J, Gao L, Siegmund KD, Mack W, Whitfield-Maxwell L, Lurmann F, Hodis H, Avol E, Gilliland FD. 2016. Prenatal air pollution exposures, DNA methyl transferase genotypes, and associations with newborn LINE1 and Alu methylation and childhood blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in the Children's Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1905-1912; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
- Address correspondence to C.V. Breton, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto St., Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Telephone: (323) 442-7383. E-mail:
| | - Jin Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
| | | | - Lu Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
| | | | - Wendy Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lora Whitfield-Maxwell
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA
| | - Howard Hodis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ed Avol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
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26
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Ji H, Biagini Myers JM, Brandt EB, Brokamp C, Ryan PH, Khurana Hershey GK. Air pollution, epigenetics, and asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016; 12:51. [PMID: 27777592 PMCID: PMC5069789 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been implicated in asthma development, persistence, and exacerbation. This exposure is highly significant as large segments of the global population resides in zones that are most impacted by TRAP and schools are often located in high TRAP exposure areas. Recent findings shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms by which exposure to traffic pollution may contribute to the development and persistence of asthma. In order to delineate TRAP induced effects on the epigenome, utilization of newly available innovative methods to assess and quantify traffic pollution will be needed to accurately quantify exposure. This review will summarize the most recent findings in each of these areas. Although there is considerable evidence that TRAP plays a role in asthma, heterogeneity in both the definitions of TRAP exposure and asthma outcomes has led to confusion in the field. Novel information regarding molecular characterization of asthma phenotypes, TRAP exposure assessment methods, and epigenetics are revolutionizing the field. Application of these new findings will accelerate the field and the development of new strategies for interventions to combat TRAP-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave. MLC 7037, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA ; Pyrosequencing lab for Genomic and Epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave. MLC 7037, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Eric B Brandt
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave. MLC 7037, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Cole Brokamp
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Patrick H Ryan
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave. MLC 7037, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
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Abstract
An individual's risk of developing a common disease typically depends on an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic research is uncovering novel ways through which environmental factors such as diet, air pollution, and chemical exposure can affect our genes. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most commonly studied epigenetic mechanisms. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in epigenetic processes has been more recently highlighted. LncRNAs are defined as transcribed RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length with little or no protein-coding capability. While few functional lncRNAs have been well characterized to date, they have been demonstrated to control gene regulation at every level, including transcriptional gene silencing via regulation of the chromatin structure and DNA methylation. This review aims to provide a general overview of lncRNA function with a focus on their role as key regulators of health and disease and as biomarkers of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Breton CV, Gao L, Yao J, Siegmund KD, Lurmann F, Gilliland F. Particulate matter, the newborn methylome, and cardio-respiratory health outcomes in childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw005. [PMID: 29492287 PMCID: PMC5804519 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is associated with adverse health outcomes including cardio-respiratory diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation may play a role in driving such associations. We investigated the effects of prenatal particulate matter (PM) exposure on DNA methylation of 178,309 promoter regions in 240 newborns using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, using a generalized linear regression model with a quasi-binomial link family, adjusted for gender, plate, and cell types. PM-associated CpG loci were then investigated for their associations with childhood asthma, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and blood pressure (BP) using logistic or linear regression. Thirty-one loci were associated with either PM10 or PM2.5 using FDR-corrected p-values of less than 0.15. Two loci were evaluated for replication in a separate population of 280 Children's Health Study (CHS) subjects using Pyrosequencing, of which one successfully replicated (COLEC11 cg03579365). Three of the 31 loci were also associated with physician-diagnosed asthma at 6 years old, two were associated with CIMT and one with systolic BP at 10 years old. A higher methylation level in TM9SF2 (cg02015529) and UBE2S (cg00035623), respectively, was associated with a 2SD increase in prenatal PM and was also associated with 36% and 98% increased odds of asthma; whereas methylation of TDRD6 (cg22329831) was negatively associated with PM and a 24% decreased odds of asthma. Prenatal PM exposure was associated with altered DNA methylation in newborn blood in a small number of gene promoters, some of which were also associated with cardio-respiratory health outcomes later in childhood. Keywords: methylation, particulate matter, air pollution, asthma, cardiovascular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie V. Breton
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- *Correspondence address: Carrie Breton, ScD., Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA. Tel: +1 (323) 442-7383; Fax: +1 (323) 442-3272; E-mail:
| | - Lu Gao
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jin Yao
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Siegmund
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology Inc, 1455 N. McDowell Blvd, Suite D, Petaluma, CA 94954-6503, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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29
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Brockmeyer S, D'Angiulli A. How air pollution alters brain development: the role of neuroinflammation. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:24-30. [PMID: 28123818 PMCID: PMC5017593 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review synthesizes lines of emerging evidence showing how several samples of children populations living in large cities around the world suffer to some degree neural, behavioral and cognitive changes associated with air pollution exposure. The breakdown of natural barriers warding against the entry of toxic particles, including the nasal, gut and lung epithelial barriers, as well as widespread breakdown of the blood-brain barrier facilitatethe passage of airborne pollutants into the body of young urban residents. Extensive neuroinflammation contributes to cell loss within the central nervous system, and likely is a crucial mechanism by which cognitive deficits may arise. Although subtle, neurocognitive effects of air pollution are substantial, apparent across all populations, and potentially clinically relevant as early evidence of evolving neurodegenerative changes. The diffuse nature of the neuroinflammation risk suggests an integrated neuroscientific approach incorporating current clinical, cognitive, neurophysiological, radiological and epidemiologic research. Neuropediatric air pollution research requires extensive multidisciplinary collaborations to accomplish the goal of protecting exposed children through multidimensional interventions having both broad impact and reach. While intervening by improving environmental quality at a global scale is imperative, we also need to devise efficient strategies on how the neurocognitive effects on local pediatric populations should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Brockmeyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (Child Studies), 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (Child Studies), 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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30
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Olden K, Olden HA, Lin YS. The Role of the Epigenome in Translating Neighborhood Disadvantage Into Health Disparities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:163-70. [PMID: 26231365 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The possible causal role of the environment in health disparities is not well understood, even though it has been a national priority for many years. Progress to investigate the relationship between genetics, environmental exposures, and health outcomes has been hampered by the lack of analytical tools to quantify the combined or cumulative effect of multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors on gene expression. The studies cited here provide a strong rationale for using epigenomic analysis to assess cumulative risk from multiple environmental exposures over the life course. The environment-specific "imprints" on the genome, coupled with transcriptomics and metabolomics, can be used to advance our understanding of the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Olden
- Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code: 8601P, Washington, DC, 20460, USA,
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31
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Ruiz-Hernandez A, Kuo CC, Rentero-Garrido P, Tang WY, Redon J, Ordovas JM, Navas-Acien A, Tellez-Plaza M. Environmental chemicals and DNA methylation in adults: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:55. [PMID: 25984247 PMCID: PMC4433069 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence supports the notion that environmental exposures are associated with DNA-methylation and expression changes that can impact human health. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of epidemiologic studies evaluating the association between environmental chemicals with DNA methylation levels in adults. After excluding arsenic, recently evaluated in a systematic review, we identified a total of 17 articles (6 on cadmium, 4 on lead, 2 on mercury, 1 on nickel, 1 on antimony, 1 on tungsten, 5 on persistent organic pollutants and perfluorinated compounds, 1 on bisphenol A, and 3 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The selected articles reported quantitative methods to determine DNA methylation including immunocolorimetric assays for total content of genomic DNA methylation, and microarray technologies, methylation-specific quantitative PCR, Luminometric Methylation Assay (LUMA), and bisulfite pyrosequencing for DNA methylation content of genomic sites such as gene promoters, LINE-1, Alu elements, and others. Considering consistency, temporality, strength, dose-response relationship, and biological plausibility, we concluded that the current evidence is not sufficient to provide inference because differences across studies and limited samples sizes make it difficult to compare across studies and to evaluate sources of heterogeneity. Important questions for future research include the need for larger and longitudinal studies, the validation of findings, and the systematic evaluation of the dose-response relationships. Future studies should also consider the evaluation of epigenetic marks recently in the research spotlight such as DNA hydroxymethylation and the role of underlying genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruiz-Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ; Area of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, Institute for Biomedical Research Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA, Av. Menendez Pelayo 4, Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chin-Chi Kuo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
| | - Pilar Rentero-Garrido
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Institute for Biomedical Research INCLIVA, Av. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Wan-Yee Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Josep Redon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ; Area of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, Institute for Biomedical Research Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA, Av. Menendez Pelayo 4, Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain ; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111-1524 USA ; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 2024 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, 21205 MD USA
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Area of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, Institute for Biomedical Research Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA, Av. Menendez Pelayo 4, Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain ; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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32
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Carmona JJ, Sofer T, Hutchinson J, Cantone L, Coull B, Maity A, Vokonas P, Lin X, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA. Short-term airborne particulate matter exposure alters the epigenetic landscape of human genes associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase network: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2014; 13:94. [PMID: 25395096 PMCID: PMC4273424 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air particulate matter is known to elevate blood biomarkers of inflammation and to increase cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Major components of airborne particulate matter typically include black carbon from traffic and sulfates from coal-burning power plants. DNA methylation is thought to be sensitive to these environmental toxins and possibly mediate environmental effects on clinical outcomes via regulation of gene networks. The underlying mechanisms may include epigenetic modulation of major inflammatory pathways, yet the details remain unclear. METHODS We sought to elucidate how short-term exposure to air pollution components, singly and/or in combination, alter blood DNA methylation in certain inflammation-associated gene networks, MAPK and NF-κB, which may transmit the environmental signal(s) and influence the inflammatory pathway in vivo. To this end, we utilized a custom-integrated workflow-molecular processing, pollution surveillance, biostatical analysis, and bioinformatic visualization-to map novel human (epi)gene pathway-environment interactions. RESULTS Specifically, out of 84 MAPK pathway genes considered, we identified 11 whose DNA methylation status was highly associated with black carbon exposure, after adjusting for potential confounders-age, sulfate exposure, smoking, blood cell composition, and blood pressure. Moreover, after adjusting for these confounders, multi-pollutant analysis of synergistic DNA methylations significantly associated with sulfate and BC exposures yielded 14 MAPK genes. No associations were found with the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Exposure to short-term air pollution components thus resulted in quantifiable epigenetic changes in the promoter areas of MAPK pathway genes. Bioinformatic mapping of single- vs. multi-exposure-associated epigenetic changes suggests that these alterations might affect biological pathways in nuanced ways that are not simply additive or fully predictable via individual-level exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Carmona
- />Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- />Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- />Program in Quantitative Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- />Program in Quantitative Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - John Hutchinson
- />Center for Health Bioinformatics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laura Cantone
- />Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Brent Coull
- />Program in Quantitative Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Arnab Maity
- />Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- />VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- />Program in Quantitative Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- />Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- />Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- />Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- />Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- />Program in Quantitative Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
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Espín-Pérez A, Krauskopf J, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC. ‘OMICS-based’ Biomarkers for Environmental Health Studies. Curr Environ Health Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tellez-Plaza M, Tang WY, Shang Y, Umans JG, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Ledesma M, Leon M, Laclaustra M, Pollak J, Guallar E, Cole SA, Fallin MD, Navas-Acien A. Association of global DNA methylation and global DNA hydroxymethylation with metals and other exposures in human blood DNA samples. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:946-54. [PMID: 24769358 PMCID: PMC4154208 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between human blood DNA global methylation and global hydroxymethylation has not been evaluated in population-based studies. No studies have evaluated environmental determinants of global DNA hydroxymethylation, including exposure to metals. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between global DNA methylation and global DNA hydroxymethylation in 48 Strong Heart Study participants for which selected metals had been measured in urine at baseline and DNA was available from 1989-1991 (visit 1) and 1998-1999 (visit 3). METHODS We measured the percentage of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in samples using capture and detection antibodies followed by colorimetric quantification. We explored the association of participant characteristics (i.e., age, adiposity, smoking, and metal exposure) with both global DNA methylation and global DNA hydroxymethylation. RESULTS The Spearman's correlation coefficient for 5-mC and 5-hmC levels was 0.32 (p = 0.03) at visit 1 and 0.54 (p < 0.001) at visit 3. Trends for both epigenetic modifications were consistent across potential determinants. In cross-sectional analyses, the odds ratios of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA were 1.56 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.57) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.88), respectively, for the comparison of participants above and below the median percentage of dimethylarsinate. The corresponding odds ratios were 1.64 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.65) and 1.16 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.94), respectively, for the comparison of participants above and below the median cadmium level. Arsenic exposure and metabolism were consistently associated with both epigenetic markers in cross-sectional and prospective analyses. The positive correlation of 5-mC and 5-hmC levels was confirmed in an independent study population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that both epigenetic measures are related at the population level. The consistent trends in the associations between these two epigenetic modifications and the characteristics evaluated, especially arsenic exposure and metabolism, suggest the need for understanding which of the two measures is a better biomarker for environmental epigenetic effects in future large-scale epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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