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Núñez J, Boersma A, Koldeweij R, Trimboli J. A Portable Infrared System for Identification of Particulate Matter. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2288. [PMID: 38610499 PMCID: PMC11014306 DOI: 10.3390/s24072288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to airborne dust is responsible for numerous respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Because of these hazards, air samples are regularly collected on filters and sent for laboratory analysis to ensure compliance with regulations. Unfortunately, this approach often takes weeks to provide a result, which makes it impossible to identify dust sources or protect workers in real time. To address these challenges, we developed a system that characterizes airborne dust by its spectro-chemical profile. In this device, a micro-cyclone concentrates particles from the air and introduces them into a hollow waveguide where an infrared signature is obtained. An algorithm is then used to quantitate the composition of respirable particles by incorporating the infrared features of the most relevant chemical groups and compensating for Mie scattering. With this approach, the system can successfully differentiate mixtures of inorganic materials associated with construction sites in near-real time. The use of a free-space optic assembly improves the light throughput significantly, which enables detection limits of approximately 10 µg/m3 with a 10 minute sampling time. While respirable crystalline silica was the focus of this work, it is hoped that the flexibility of the platform will enable different aerosols to be detected in other occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Trimboli
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.N.); (A.B.); (R.K.)
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Gavito-Covarrubias D, Ramírez-Díaz I, Guzmán-Linares J, Limón ID, Manuel-Sánchez DM, Molina-Herrera A, Coral-García MÁ, Anastasio E, Anaya-Hernández A, López-Salazar P, Juárez-Díaz G, Martínez-Juárez J, Torres-Jácome J, Albarado-Ibáñez A, Martínez-Laguna Y, Morán C, Rubio K. Epigenetic mechanisms of particulate matter exposure: air pollution and hazards on human health. Front Genet 2024; 14:1306600. [PMID: 38299096 PMCID: PMC10829887 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1306600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution nowadays has not only a direct correlation with human health changes but a direct social impact. Epidemiological studies have evidenced the increased damage to human health on a daily basis because of damage to the ecological niche. Rapid urban growth and industrialized societies importantly compromise air quality, which can be assessed by a notable accumulation of air pollutants in both the gas and the particle phases. Of them, particulate matter (PM) represents a highly complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds of the most variable size, composition, and origin. PM being one of the most complex environmental pollutants, its accumulation also varies in a temporal and spatial manner, which challenges current analytical techniques used to investigate PM interactions. Nevertheless, the characterization of the chemical composition of PM is a reliable indicator of the composition of the atmosphere, the quality of breathed air in urbanized societies, industrial zones and consequently gives support for pertinent measures to avoid serious health damage. Epigenomic damage is one of the most promising biological mechanisms of air pollution-derived carcinogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the implication of PM exposure in diverse molecular mechanisms driving human diseases by altered epigenetic regulation. The presented findings in the context of pan-organic cancer, fibrosis, neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases may provide valuable insights into the toxicity effects of PM components at the epigenomic level and may serve as biomarkers of early detection for novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcemaría Gavito-Covarrubias
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Ramírez-Díaz
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Josué Guzmán-Linares
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Dulce María Manuel-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Molina-Herrera
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Coral-García
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Estela Anastasio
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Arely Anaya-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Primavera López-Salazar
- Centro de Investigaciones en Dispositivos Semiconductores (CIDS), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Juárez-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Dispositivos Semiconductores (CIDS), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Javier Martínez-Juárez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Dispositivos Semiconductores (CIDS), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julián Torres-Jácome
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alondra Albarado-Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ygnacio Martínez-Laguna
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carolina Morán
- Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Karla Rubio
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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González Serrano V, Lin EZ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Licina D. Adequacy of stationary measurements as proxies for residential personal exposure to gaseous and particle air pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116197. [PMID: 37224948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
People are exposed to myriad of airborne pollutants in their homes. Owing to diverse potential sources of air pollution and human activity patterns, accurate assessment of residential exposures is complex. In this study, we explored the relationship between personal and stationary air pollutant measurements in residences of 37 participants working from home during the heating season. Stationary environmental monitors (SEMs) were located in the bedroom, living room or home office and personal exposure monitors (PEMs) were worn by the participants. SEMs and PEMs included both real-time sensors and passive samplers. During three consecutive weekdays, continuous data were obtained for particle number concentration (size range 0.3-10 μm), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), while passive samplers collected integrated measures of 36 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The personal cloud effect was detected in >80% of the participants for CO2 and >50% participants for PM10. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a single CO2 monitor placed in the bedroom efficiently represented personal exposure to CO2 (R2 = 0.90) and moderately so for PM10 (R2 = 0.55). Adding a second or third sensor in a residence did not lead to improved exposure estimates for CO2, with only 6-9% improvement for particles. Selecting data from SEMs when participants were in the same room improved personal exposure estimates by 33% for CO2 and 5% for particles. Out of 36 detected VOCs and SVOCs, 13 had at least 50% higher concentrations in personal versus stationary samples. Findings from this study aid improved understanding of the complex dynamics of gaseous and particle pollutants and their sources in residences, and could support the development of refined procedures for residential air quality monitoring and inhalation exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana González Serrano
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Li D, Zhu S, Gao J. Effectiveness evaluation of water-sprinkling in controlling urban fugitive road dust based on TRAKER method: A case study in Baoding, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:735-744. [PMID: 36182178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fugitive road dust (FRD) contributes a great deal to urban rainwater and air pollution and is commonly controlled by water-sprinkling in most Chinese cities. However, there is a lack of information on its effectiveness. We used the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) method to monitor different types of roads in Baoding city before and within 1 hr after water-sprinkling and obtained the road dirtiness index (a) and PM concentration in the road environment (TT*), to evaluate the removal efficiency for PM deposited on the road surface (ηa) and the reduction efficiency for the PM concentration in the road environment (ηPM). The results give that the ηa for three types of roads is ranked: branch road (87%--100%) > major arterial road (80%-83%) > minor arterial road (68%-77%), and the ηPM ranked: minor arterial road (70%) > branch road (46%-58%) > major arterial road (37%-53%). The ηa and ηPM varied non-linearly with time and presented a quadratic curve. The average effective control time (ηa> 0) was 62 min on the major and minor arterial roads, and much longer than 1 hr on branch roads. The ηPM values diminished completely by 72 min on average from the end of sprinkling for the three types of roads. Water-sprinkling can remove PM10 particles from the road surface and reduce their concentration in the road environment more thoroughly than PM2.5. Our findings could be helpful for controlling urban FRD emissions more efficiently and precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Heintzelman A, Filippelli GM, Moreno-Madriñan MJ, Wilson JS, Wang L, Druschel GK, Lulla VO. Efficacy of Low-Cost Sensor Networks at Detecting Fine-Scale Variations in Particulate Matter in Urban Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1934. [PMID: 36767298 PMCID: PMC9915248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The negative health impacts of air pollution are well documented. Not as well-documented, however, is how particulate matter varies at the hyper-local scale, and the role that proximal sources play in influencing neighborhood-scale patterns. We examined PM2.5 variations in one airshed within Indianapolis (Indianapolis, IN, USA) by utilizing data from 25 active PurpleAir (PA) sensors involving citizen scientists who hosted all but one unit (the control), as well as one EPA monitor. PA sensors report live measurements of PM2.5 on a crowd sourced map. After calibrating the data utilizing relative humidity and testing it against a mobile air-quality unit and an EPA monitor, we analyzed PM2.5 with meteorological data, tree canopy coverage, land use, and various census variables. Greater proximal tree canopy coverage was related to lower PM2.5 concentrations, which translates to greater health benefits. A 1% increase in tree canopy at the census tract level, a boundary delineated by the US Census Bureau, results in a ~0.12 µg/m3 decrease in PM2.5, and a 1% increase in "heavy industry" results in a 0.07 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations. Although the overall results from these 25 sites are within the annual ranges established by the EPA, they reveal substantial variations that reinforce the value of hyper-local sensing technologies as a powerful surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrah Heintzelman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Filippelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Wilson
- Department of Geography, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory K. Druschel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Palomeque-Mangut S, Meléndez F, Gómez-Suárez J, Frutos-Puerto S, Arroyo P, Pinilla-Gil E, Lozano J. Wearable system for outdoor air quality monitoring in a WSN with cloud computing: Design, validation and deployment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135948. [PMID: 35963375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Breathing poor-quality air is a global threat at the same level as unhealthy diets or tobacco smoking, so the availability of affordable instrument for the measurement of air pollutant levels is highly relevant for human and environmental protection. We developed an air quality monitoring platform that comprises a wearable device embedding low-cost metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors, a PM sensor, and a smartphone for collecting the data using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication. Our own developed app displays information about the air surrounding the user and sends the gathered geolocalized data to a cloud, where the users can map the air quality levels measured in the network. The resulting device is small-sized, light-weighted, compact, and belt-worn, with a user-friendly interface and a low cost. The data collected by the sensor array are validated in two experimental setups, first in laboratory-controlled conditions and then against referential pollutant concentrations measured by standard instruments in an outdoor environment. The performance of our air quality platform was tested in a field testing campaign in Barcelona with six moving devices acting as wireless sensor nodes. Devices were trained by means of machine learning algorithms to differentiate between air quality index (AQI) referential concentration values (97% success in the laboratory, 82.3% success in the field). Humidity correction was applied to all data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Palomeque-Mangut
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Félix Meléndez
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Suárez
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Samuel Frutos-Puerto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Patricia Arroyo
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pinilla-Gil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jesús Lozano
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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Faour A, Abboud M, Germanos G, Farah W. Assessment of the exposure to PM 2.5 in different Lebanese microenvironments at different temporal scales. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:21. [PMID: 36279025 PMCID: PMC9589677 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The weak potential of using the sole outdoor concentrations to represent personal exposure to PM2.5 is confirmed by the literature; therefore, it is important to account for a person's movements over time when estimating the short-term personal air pollution exposure within different microenvironments (MEs). This study is an example of applying an assessment method of the exposure to PM2.5 in different microenvironments at different temporal scales. A low-cost particle counter (the Dylos 1700) was used; its performance was validated in comparison with equivalent instruments such the SidePak AM520 Personal Aerosol Monitor (R2 = 0.89). This validation also provided a function to convert measured particle number concentrations (PNCs) into calculated particle mass concentrations. The 150 profiles that was collected on a minute-by-minute basis regarding PM2.5 concentration from December 2018 to May 2021 highlight the influence of individual activities and contextual factors on the air quality, so that Lebanon's annual PM2.5 mean (24.2 µg⁄m3) is 142% higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) annual mean guideline (10 µg⁄m3). Winter is the most polluted period due to the increased application of space heating devices. Additionally, the occurrence of dusty winds during the spring period leads to the elevated levels of dispersed PM2.5. Simultaneously, the rural zones are more polluted than urban ones due to the usage of more traditional heating equipment, in addition to the usage of chemical products like pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities in such areas. Furthermore, the (outdoor-indoor-transport) MEs indicate that the transport and indoor MEs have similar levels of suspended fine particulates, while outdoor MEs are less polluted. Studies based on the personal exposure to PM2.5 were generally applied on specific and limited places such as schools, workplaces, or residences. The study aims to shed light on the modern method in an attempt to estimate the personal exposure to PM2.5 and to inspire similar studies to achieve the maximum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Faour
- Center for Research and Analysis, Laboratory of Environment and Sustainable Development, Research Unit: Environment, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Maher Abboud
- Center for Research and Analysis, Laboratory of Environment and Sustainable Development, Research Unit: Environment, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Georges Germanos
- Center for Research and Analysis, Laboratory of Environment and Sustainable Development, Research Unit: Environment, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Wehbeh Farah
- Center for Research and Analysis, Laboratory of Environment and Sustainable Development, Research Unit: Environment, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon
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Yu YT, Xiang S, Zhang T, You Y, Si S, Zhang S, Wu Y. Evaluation of City-Scale Disparities in PM 2.5 Exposure Using Hyper-Localized Taxi-Based Mobile Monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13584-13594. [PMID: 36124860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been directed to pollution control of fine particles (PM2.5) because exposure to PM2.5 could result in adverse health effects. However, PM2.5 exposure disparities persisted even with largely declined concentrations. Here, we applied taxi-based measurements to characterize hyper-localized PM2.5 exposures (30 m resolution) in Xi'an in December 2019 and July 2020. A big data set was derived from the taxi-based measurements (∼6 × 106 hourly PM2.5) and was used to evaluate the performance of existing regulatory measurements in urban and rural regions. Results from regulatory measurements tend to alleviate PM2.5 exposure disparities compared with taxi-based measurements. The taxi-based measurements reported higher population-weighted average (PWA) exposure in December 2019 (90 μg/m3) and July 2020 (27 μg/m3) compared to regulatory measurements (76 and 24 μg/m3 in December and July, respectively) with a wider range of relative disparities. Results indicate that the urban region would be overrepresented by regulatory measurements, where regulatory measurements reported that 60.0-84.7% of inhabitants were exposed to PM2.5 higher than PWA, while taxi-based ones reported a smaller portion (22.6-35.2%). Significant seasonal variability in PM2.5 exposure levels was found by taxi-based measurements but not regulatory measurements. The results highlight the need for providing complementary measurements (e.g., low-cost) for exposure assessment because the rural regions could be disproportionately exposed and overlooked by existing regulatory measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ting Yu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Sheng Xiang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Environment, Xi'an Ecological Environment Bureau, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yan You
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Shuchun Si
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Anastasiou E, Vilcassim MJR, Adragna J, Gill E, Tovar A, Thorpe LE, Gordon T. Feasibility of low-cost particle sensor types in long-term indoor air pollution health studies after repeated calibration, 2019-2021. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14571. [PMID: 36028517 PMCID: PMC9411839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have explored using calibrated low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors, but important research gaps remain regarding long-term performance and reliability. Evaluate longitudinal performance of low-cost particle sensors by measuring sensor performance changes over 2 years of use. 51 low-cost particle sensors (Airbeam 1 N = 29; Airbeam 2 N = 22) were calibrated four times over a 2-year timeframe between 2019 and 2021. Cigarette smoke-specific calibration curves for Airbeam 1 and 2 PM sensors were created by directly comparing simultaneous 1-min readings of a Thermo Scientific Personal DataRAM PDR-1500 unit with a 2.5 µm inlet. Inter-sensor variability in calibration coefficient was high, particularly in Airbeam 1 sensors at study initiation. Calibration coefficients for both sensor types trended downwards over time to < 1 at final calibration timepoint [Airbeam 1 Mean (SD) = 0.87 (0.20); Airbeam 2 Mean (SD) = 0.96 (0.27)]. We lost more Airbeam 1 sensors (N = 27 out of 56, failure rate 48.2%) than Airbeam 2 (N = 2 out of 24, failure rate 8.3%) due to electronics, battery, or data output issues. Evidence suggests degradation over time might depend more on particle sensor type, rather than individual usage. Repeated calibrations of low-cost particle sensors may increase confidence in reported PM levels in longitudinal indoor air pollution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle Anastasiou
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - M J Ruzmyn Vilcassim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, 205-934-8927, USA
| | - John Adragna
- Department of Environmental Science, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Emily Gill
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Albert Tovar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Science, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Kephart JL, Williams KN, Shade T, Adekunle T, Steenland K, Naeher LP, Moulton LH, Gonzales GF, Chiang M, Hossen S, Chartier RT, Koehler K, Checkley W. Household Air Pollution Concentrations after Liquefied Petroleum Gas Interventions in Rural Peru: Findings from a One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial Followed by a One-Year Pragmatic Crossover Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:57007. [PMID: 35549716 PMCID: PMC9097958 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel combustion remains a leading environmental risk factor for morbidity worldwide. OBJECTIVE Measure the effect of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) interventions on HAP exposures in Puno, Peru. METHODS We conducted a 1-y randomized controlled trial followed by a 1-y pragmatic crossover trial in 180 women age 25-64 y. During the first year, intervention participants received a free LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and regular behavioral messaging, whereas controls continued their biomass cooking practices. During the second year, control participants received a free LPG stove, regular behavioral messaging, and vouchers to obtain LPG tanks from a nearby distributor, whereas fuel distribution stopped for intervention participants. We collected 48-h kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 ), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) at baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months post randomization. RESULTS Baseline mean [ ± standard deviation ( SD ) ] PM 2.5 (kitchen area concentrations 1,220 ± 1,010 vs. 1,190 ± 880 μ g / m 3 ; personal exposure 126 ± 214 vs. 104 ± 100 μ g / m 3 ), CO (kitchen 53 ± 49 vs. 50 ± 41 ppm ; personal 7 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 8 ppm ), and BC (kitchen 180 ± 120 vs. 210 ± 150 μ g / m 3 ; personal 19 ± 16 vs. 21 ± 22 μ g / m 3 ) were similar between control and intervention participants. Intervention participants had consistently lower mean ( ± SD ) concentrations at the 12-month visit for kitchen (41 ± 59 μ g / m 3 , 3 ± 6 μ g / m 3 , and 8 ± 13 ppm ) and personal exposures (26 ± 34 μ g / m 3 , 2 ± 3 μ g / m 3 , and 3 ± 4 ppm ) to PM 2.5 , BC, and CO when compared to controls during the first year. In the second year, we observed comparable HAP reductions among controls after the voucher-based intervention for LPG fuel was implemented (24-month visit PM 2.5 , BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of 34 ± 74 μ g / m 3 , 3 ± 5 μ g / m 3 , and 6 ± 6 ppm and personal exposures of 17 ± 15 μ g / m 3 , 2 ± 2 μ g / m 3 , and 3 ± 4 ppm , respectively), and average reductions were present among intervention participants even after free fuel distribution stopped (24-month visit PM 2.5 , BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of 561 ± 1,251 μ g / m 3 , 82 ± 124 μ g / m 3 , and 23 ± 28 ppm and personal exposures of 35 ± 38 μ g / m 3 , 6 ± 6 μ g / m 3 , and 4 ± 5 ppm , respectively). DISCUSSION Both home delivery and voucher-based provision of free LPG over a 1-y period, in combination with provision of a free LPG stove and longitudinal behavioral messaging, reduced HAP to levels below 24-h World Health Organization air quality guidelines. Moreover, the effects of the intervention on HAP persisted for a year after fuel delivery stopped. Such strategies could be applied in LPG programs to reduce HAP and potentially improve health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josiah L. Kephart
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kendra N. Williams
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy Shade
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Temi Adekunle
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luke P. Naeher
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Moulton
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Gonzales
- Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Marilu Chiang
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
| | - Shakir Hossen
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cardiopulmonary outcomes and Household Air Pollution (CHAP) Trial Investigators
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
- RTI International, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Charalampopoulos A, Damialis A, Vokou D. Spatiotemporal assessment of aeromycoflora under differing urban green space, sampling height, and meteorological regimes: the atmospheric fungiscape of Thessaloniki, Greece. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:895-909. [PMID: 35147779 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the diversity and abundance of the airborne fungal spores in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, for two consecutive years. Air samples were collected at one rooftop station (at 30 m) and six near-ground stations (at 1.5 m) that differed in the size and composition of adjacent green spaces. The effects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore concentrations were also explored. Cladosporium spores were dominant everywhere in the air of the city. The total concentration of the airborne fungal spores at 30 m was 10 times lower than near the ground. Differences in concentration and composition were far less pronounced among near-ground stations. The attributes of the fungal spore season did not change in a consistent way among stations and years. Concentrations at the near-ground stations matched the grouping of the latter into stations of high, intermediate, and low urban green space. Minimum air temperature was the primary meteorological factor affecting spore abundance, followed by relative humidity. Airborne fungal spores are more homogeneously distributed in the air of the city, but their concentrations decrease more rapidly with height than pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Charalampopoulos
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Hamzai L, Lopez Galvez N, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Quintana PJ. A systematic review of the use of silicone wristbands for environmental exposure assessment, with a focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:244-258. [PMID: 34302044 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure assessment is critical for connecting environmental pollutants to health outcomes and evaluating impacts of interventions or environmental policies. Silicone wristbands (SWBs) show promise for multi-pollutant exposure assessment, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a ubiquitous class of toxic environmental pollutants. OBJECTIVE To review published studies where SWBs were worn on the wrist for human environmental exposure assessments and evaluate the ability of SWBs to capture personal exposures, identify gaps which need to be addressed to implement this tool, and make recommendations for future studies to advance the field of exposure science through utilization of SWBs. METHODS We performed a systematic search and a cited reference search in Scopus and extracted key study descriptions. RESULTS Thirty-nine unique studies were identified, with analytes including PAHs, pesticides, flame retardants, and tobacco products. SWBs were shipped under ambient conditions without apparent analyte loss, indicating utility for global exposure and health studies. Nineteen articles detected a total of 60 PAHs in at least one SWB. Correlations with other concurrent biological and air measurements indicate the SWB captures exposure to flame retardants, tobacco products, and PAHs. SIGNIFICANCE SWBs show promise as a simple-to-deploy tool to estimate environmental and occupational exposures to chemical mixtures, including PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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13
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Narayana MV, Jalihal D, Nagendra SMS. Establishing A Sustainable Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Setup: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:394. [PMID: 35009933 PMCID: PMC8749853 DOI: 10.3390/s22010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors (LCS) are becoming popular for air quality monitoring (AQM). They promise high spatial and temporal resolutions at low-cost. In addition, citizen science applications such as personal exposure monitoring can be implemented effortlessly. However, the reliability of the data is questionable due to various error sources involved in the LCS measurement. Furthermore, sensor performance drift over time is another issue. Hence, the adoption of LCS by regulatory agencies is still evolving. Several studies have been conducted to improve the performance of low-cost sensors. This article summarizes the existing studies on the state-of-the-art of LCS for AQM. We conceptualize a step by step procedure to establish a sustainable AQM setup with LCS that can produce reliable data. The selection of sensors, calibration and evaluation, hardware setup, evaluation metrics and inferences, and end user-specific applications are various stages in the LCS-based AQM setup we propose. We present a critical analysis at every step of the AQM setup to obtain reliable data from the low-cost measurement. Finally, we conclude this study with future scope to improve the availability of air quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Jalihal
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras 600036, India;
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14
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Abbass RA, Kumar P, El-Gendy A. Fine particulate matter exposure in four transport modes of Greater Cairo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148104. [PMID: 34126484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The number of daily commuters in Greater Cairo has exceeded 15 million nevertheless personal exposure studies in transport microenvironments are limited. The aim of this study is to quantify PM2.5 exposure during peak hours in four transport modes of Greater Cairo - car (windows-open, windows-closed with recirculation and AC-on), microbus (windows-open), cycling and walking - and understand its underlying drivers. Data was collected using a pDR-1500 monitor and analysed to capture concentration variations, spatial variability, exposure doses, commuting costs versus inhaled doses, health burden and economic losses. Car with recirculation resulted in the least average PM2.5 concentrations (32 ± 6 μg/m3), followed by walking (77 ± 35 μg/m3), car with windows-open (82 ± 32 μg/m3), microbus with windows-open (96 ± 29 μg/m3) and cycling (100 ± 28 μg/m3). Evening hours observed average PM2.5 concentrations by 26-58% lesser than morning. Spatial variability analysis showed that 75th-90th percentile PM2.5 concentrations coincided with congested spots. Cycling and walking lanes are rare hence commuters are exposed to surges in PM2.5 concentrations when passing near construction and solid waste burning sites. Cycling and walking also resulted in inhaling 40-times and 32-times higher PM2.5 dose per kilometre than for car with recirculation. Commuting by microbus cost (with windows-open) ~45% of car cost (with recirculation) but it resulted in 4-times higher inhaled PM2.5 dose. As expected due to the lowest PM2.5 exposure concentrations, health burden resulting from car travel (with recirculation) caused the least death rates of 0.07 (95% CI 0.07-0.08) prematures deaths per 100,000 commuters/year while microbus with windows-open resulted in the highest death rates; 0.52 (95% CI 0.49-0.56). Microbus deaths represent 57% of national economic losses due to PM2.5 exposure amongst the four transport modes. This study provides real-time exposure data and analyses its implications on commuter health as a first step in informed decision-making and better urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Alaa Abbass
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ahmed El-Gendy
- Department of Construction Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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15
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Nicklin D, Gohari Darabkhani H. Techniques to measure particulate matter emissions from stationary sources: A critical technology review using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113167. [PMID: 34237670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of the commercially available methods to measure particulate matter (PM) from stationary sources, focusing on techniques to measure mass concentration. Mass concentration is the requirement for the majority of current regulations not only in the UK and Europe but also Worldwide. The process of particulate emission monitoring has been used and developed over the last 30 years as a result of increasing demands of legislation development and clean air initiatives. When deciding upon the measurement technique, the operator must consider; range of device, portability, usability, installation requirements, expected concentration, purpose of measurement, particle characteristics, cost and diameter of stack. This review aims to; give direction to operators looking for a measurement technique to measure mass concentration of particulate matter emissions, give direction to researchers working within the field of particulate measurement with a view to improving existing and developing new techniques and give strategy for selection of equipment. A literature review, industrial survey and Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used for comprehensive analysis of nine measurement techniques operating in a full range of applications, highlighting the importance of matching a suitable device with the intended application. There is currently no suitable method available to measure mass both directly and continuously, resulting in using either the Standard Reference Method (SRM) or a continuous particulate monitor which requires calibration to its application using the SRM to obtain meaningful results. There is currently no single continuous particulate monitor available suitable for all applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicklin
- Department of Engineering, School of Digital, Technologies and Arts (DTA), Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, United Kingdom.
| | - Hamidreza Gohari Darabkhani
- Department of Engineering, School of Digital, Technologies and Arts (DTA), Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, United Kingdom.
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16
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Yin H, Parsnejad S, Ashoori E, Wan H, Li W, Mason AJ. Size-fractionated electrochemical quantification for compact monitoring of fine particulate matter. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Lee UN, van Neel TL, Lim FY, Khor JW, He J, Vaddi RS, Ong AQW, Tang A, Berthier J, Meschke JS, Novosselov IV, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Miniaturizing Wet Scrubbers for Aerosolized Droplet Capture. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11433-11441. [PMID: 34379402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols dispersed and transmitted through the air (e.g., particulate matter pollution and bioaerosols) are ubiquitous and one of the leading causes of adverse health effects and disease transmission. A variety of sampling methods (e.g., filters, cyclones, and impactors) have been developed to assess personal exposures. However, a gap still remains in the accessibility and ease-of-use of these technologies for people without experience or training in collecting airborne samples. Additionally, wet scrubbers (large non-portable industrial systems) utilize liquid sprays to remove aerosols from the air; the goal is to "scrub" (i.e., clean) the exhaust of industrial smokestacks, not collect the aerosols for analysis. Inspired by wet scrubbers, we developed a device fundamentally different from existing portable air samplers by using aerosolized microdroplets to capture aerosols in personal spaces (e.g., homes, offices, and schools). Our aerosol-sampling device is the size of a small teapot, can be operated without specialized training, and features a winding flow path in a supersaturated relative humidity environment, enabling droplet growth. The integrated open mesofluidic channels shuttle coalesced droplets to a collection chamber for subsequent sample analysis. Here, we present the experimental demonstration of aerosol capture in water droplets. An iterative study optimized the non-linear flow manipulating baffles and enabled an 83% retention of the aerosolized microdroplets in the confined volume of our device. As a proof-of-concept for aerosol capture into a liquid medium, 0.5-3 μm model particles were used to evaluate aerosol capture efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate that the device can capture and keep a bioaerosol (bacteriophage MS2) viable for downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulri N Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiayang He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ravi S Vaddi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Angelo Q W Ong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Anthony Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John S Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Igor V Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States.,Institute of Nano-Engineering Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351654, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Assessment of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor Systems against Optical and Gravimetric Methods in a Field Co-Location in Norway. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased availability of commercially-available low-cost air quality sensors combined with increased interest in their use by citizen scientists, community groups, and professionals is resulting in rapid adoption, despite data quality concerns. We have characterized three out-the-box PM sensor systems under different environmental conditions, using field colocation against reference equipment. The sensor systems integrate Plantower 5003, Sensirion SPS30 and Alphasense OCP-N3 PM sensors. The first two use photometry as a measuring technique, while the third one is an optical particle counter. For the performance evaluation, we co-located 3 units of each manufacturer and compared the results against optical (FIDAS) and gravimetric (KFG) methods for a period of 7 weeks (28 August to 19 October 2020). During the period from 2nd and 5th October, unusually high PM concentrations were observed due to a long-range transport episode. The results show that the highest correlations between the sensor systems and the optical reference are observed for PM1, with coefficients of determination above 0.9, followed by PM2.5. All the sensor units struggle to correctly measure PM10, and the coefficients of determination vary between 0.45 and 0.64. This behavior is also corroborated when using the gravimetric method, where correlations are significantly higher for PM2.5 than for PM10, especially for the sensor systems based on photometry. During the long range transport event the performance of the photometric sensors was heavily affected, and PM10 was largely underestimated. The sensor systems evaluated in this study had good agreement with the reference instrumentation for PM1 and PM2.5; however, they struggled to correctly measure PM10. The sensors also showed a decrease in accuracy when the ambient size distribution was different from the one for which the manufacturer had calibrated the sensor, and during weather conditions with high relative humidity. When interpreting and communicating air quality data measured using low-cost sensor systems, it is important to consider such limitations in order not to risk misinterpretation of the resulting data.
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Smith JW, O'Meally RN, Ng DK, Chen JG, Kensler TW, Cole RN, Groopman JD. Biomonitoring of Ambient Outdoor Air Pollutant Exposure in Humans Using Targeted Serum Albumin Adductomics. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1183-1196. [PMID: 33793228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution, a spatially and temporally complex mixture, is a human carcinogen. However, ambient measurements may not reflect subject-level exposures, personal monitors do not assess internal dose, and spot assessments of urinary biomarkers may not recapitulate chronic exposures. Nucleophilic sites in serum albumin-particularly the free thiol at Cys34-form adducts with electrophiles. Due to the 4-week lifetime of albumin in circulation, accumulating adducts can serve as intermediate- to long-residence biomarkers of chronic exposure and implicate potential biological effects. Employing nanoflow liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), we have developed and validated a novel targeted albumin adductomics platform capable of simultaneously monitoring dozens of Cys34 adducts per sample in only 2.5 μL of serum, with on-column limits of detection in the low-femtomolar range. Using this platform, we characterized the magnitude and impact of ambient outdoor air pollution exposures with three repeated measurements over 84 days in n = 26 nonsmoking women (n = 78 total samples) from Qidong, China, an area with a rising burden of lung cancer incidence. In concordance with seasonally rising ambient concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM10 measured at stationary monitors, we observed elevations in concentrations of Cys34 adducts of benzoquinone (p < 0.05), benzene diol epoxide (BDE; p < 0.05), crotonaldehyde (p < 0.01), and oxidation (p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed significant elevations in oxidation and BDE adduct concentrations of 300% to nearly 700% per doubling of ambient airborne pollutant levels (p < 0.05). Notably, the ratio of irreversibly oxidized to reduced Cys34 rose more than 3-fold during the 84-day period, revealing a dramatic perturbation of serum redox balance and potentially serving as a portent of increased pollution-related mortality risk. Our targeted albumin adductomics assay represents a novel and flexible approach for sensitive and multiplexed internal dosimetry of environmental exposures, providing a new strategy for personalized biomonitoring and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Robert N O'Meally
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu 226200, China
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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20
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Chrisinger BW. The Quantified Self-in-Place: Opportunities and Challenges for Place-Based N-of-1 Datasets. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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21
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Chojer H, Branco PTBS, Martins FG, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Sousa SIV. Development of low-cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138385. [PMID: 32498203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of low-cost sensor technology to monitor air pollution has made remarkable strides in the last decade. The development of low-cost devices to monitor air quality in indoor environments can be used to understand the behaviour of indoor air pollutants and potentially impact on the reduction of related health impacts. These user-friendly devices are portable, require low-maintenance, and can enable near real-time, continuous monitoring. They can also contribute to citizen science projects and community-driven science. However, low-cost sensors have often been associated with design compromises that hamper data reliability. Moreover, with the rapidly increasing number of studies, projects, and grey literature based on low-cost sensors, information got scattered. Intending to identify and review scientifically validated literature on this topic, this study critically summarizes the recent research pertinent to the development of indoor air quality monitoring devices using low-cost sensors. The method employed for this review was a thorough search of three scientific databases, namely: ScienceDirect, IEEE, and Scopus. A total of 891 titles published since 2012 were found and scanned for relevance. Finally, 41 research articles consisting of 35 unique device development projects were reviewed with a particular emphasis on device development: calibration and performance of sensors, the processor used, data storage and communication, and the availability of real-time remote access of sensor data. The most prominent finding of the study showed a lack of studies consisting of sensor performance as only 16 out of 35 projects performed calibration/validation of sensors. An even fewer number of studies conducted these tests with a reference instrument. Hence, a need for more studies with calibration, credible validation, and standardization of sensor performance and assessment is recommended for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chojer
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - P T B S Branco
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - F G Martins
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M C M Alvim-Ferraz
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - S I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Keogh RH, Shaw PA, Gustafson P, Carroll RJ, Deffner V, Dodd KW, Küchenhoff H, Tooze JA, Wallace MP, Kipnis V, Freedman LS. STRATOS guidance document on measurement error and misclassification of variables in observational epidemiology: Part 1-Basic theory and simple methods of adjustment. Stat Med 2020; 39:2197-2231. [PMID: 32246539 PMCID: PMC7450672 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Measurement error and misclassification of variables frequently occur in epidemiology and involve variables important to public health. Their presence can impact strongly on results of statistical analyses involving such variables. However, investigators commonly fail to pay attention to biases resulting from such mismeasurement. We provide, in two parts, an overview of the types of error that occur, their impacts on analytic results, and statistical methods to mitigate the biases that they cause. In this first part, we review different types of measurement error and misclassification, emphasizing the classical, linear, and Berkson models, and on the concepts of nondifferential and differential error. We describe the impacts of these types of error in covariates and in outcome variables on various analyses, including estimation and testing in regression models and estimating distributions. We outline types of ancillary studies required to provide information about such errors and discuss the implications of covariate measurement error for study design. Methods for ascertaining sample size requirements are outlined, both for ancillary studies designed to provide information about measurement error and for main studies where the exposure of interest is measured with error. We describe two of the simpler methods, regression calibration and simulation extrapolation (SIMEX), that adjust for bias in regression coefficients caused by measurement error in continuous covariates, and illustrate their use through examples drawn from the Observing Protein and Energy (OPEN) dietary validation study. Finally, we review software available for implementing these methods. The second part of the article deals with more advanced topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Keogh
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Gustafson
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veronika Deffner
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin W Dodd
- Biometry Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Department of Statistics, Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael P Wallace
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Biometry Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Biostatistics and Biomathematics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Information Management Services Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
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23
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Carlsten C, Salvi S, Wong GWK, Chung KF. Personal strategies to minimise effects of air pollution on respiratory health: advice for providers, patients and the public. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1902056. [PMID: 32241830 PMCID: PMC7270362 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02056-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As global awareness of air pollution rises, so does the imperative to provide evidence-based recommendations for strategies to mitigate its impact. While public policy has a central role in reducing air pollution, exposure can also be reduced by personal choices. Qualified evidence supports limiting physical exertion outdoors on high air pollution days and near air pollution sources, reducing near-roadway exposure while commuting, utilising air quality alert systems to plan activities, and wearing facemasks in prescribed circumstances. Other strategies include avoiding cooking with solid fuels, ventilating and isolating cooking areas, and using portable air cleaners fitted with high-efficiency particulate air filters. We detail recommendations to assist providers and public health officials when advising patients and the public regarding personal-level strategies to mitigate risk imposed by air pollution, while recognising that well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed to better establish and validate interventions that benefit respiratory health in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gary W K Wong
- Dept of Pediatrics and School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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24
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Qin X, Hou L, Gao J, Si S. The evaluation and optimization of calibration methods for low-cost particulate matter sensors: Inter-comparison between fixed and mobile methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136791. [PMID: 32014763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the air pollution control, the low-cost sensors are widely used in air quality monitoring, while the data quality of these sensors is always the most concern for users. In this study, data from nine air monitoring stations with standard PM instruments were used as reference and compared with the data of mobile and fixed PM sensors in Jinan, the capital city of Shandong Province, China. Data quality of PM sensors was checked by the cross-comparison among standard method, fixed and mobile sensors. And the impacts of relative humidity and size distribution (PM2.5/PM10) on the performance of PM sensors were evaluated as well. To optimize the calibration method for both fixed and mobile PM sensors, a two-step model was designed, in which the RH and PM2.5/PM10 ratio were both used as input parameters. We firstly calibrated the sensors with five independent models, and then all the calibrated data were linearly fitted by the LR-final model. In comparison with standard instruments, the LR-final model increased the R2 values of the PM2.5 and PM10 measured by fixed sensors from 0.89 and 0.79 to 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The R2 values of PM2.5 and PM10 measured by the mobile sensors both increased to 0.99 from 0.79 and 0.62. Overall, the two-step calibration model appeared to be a promising approach to solve the poor performance of low-cost sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lujian Hou
- Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Shandong Province, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shuchun Si
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
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Burrowes VJ, Piedrahita R, Pillarisetti A, Underhill LJ, Fandiño‐Del‐Rio M, Johnson M, Kephart JL, Hartinger SM, Steenland K, Naeher L, Kearns K, Peel JL, Clark ML, Checkley W. Comparison of next-generation portable pollution monitors to measure exposure to PM 2.5 from household air pollution in Puno, Peru. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:445-458. [PMID: 31885107 PMCID: PMC7217081 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of personal exposure to PM2.5 is critical for understanding intervention effectiveness and exposure-response relationships in household air pollution studies. In this pilot study, we compared PM2.5 concentrations obtained from two next-generation personal exposure monitors (the Enhanced Children MicroPEM or ECM; and the Ultrasonic Personal Air Sampler or UPAS) to those obtained with a traditional Triplex Cyclone and SKC Air Pump (a gravimetric cyclone/pump sampler). We co-located cyclone/pumps with an ECM and UPAS to obtain 24-hour kitchen concentrations and personal exposure measurements. We measured Spearmen correlations and evaluated agreement using the Bland-Altman method. We obtained 215 filters from 72 ECM and 71 UPAS co-locations. Overall, the ECM and the UPAS had similar correlation (ECM ρ = 0.91 vs UPAS ρ = 0.88) and agreement (ECM mean difference of 121.7 µg/m3 vs UPAS mean difference of 93.9 µg/m3 ) with overlapping confidence intervals when compared against the cyclone/pump. When adjusted for the limit of detection, agreement between the devices and the cyclone/pump was also similar for all samples (ECM mean difference of 68.8 µg/m3 vs UPAS mean difference of 65.4 µg/m3 ) and personal exposure samples (ECM mean difference of -3.8 µg/m3 vs UPAS mean difference of -12.9 µg/m3 ). Both the ECM and UPAS produced comparable measurements when compared against a cyclone/pump setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Burrowes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Environmental HealthEmory University Rollins School of Public HealthAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Lindsay J. Underhill
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño‐Del‐Rio
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Josiah L. Kephart
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Stella M. Hartinger
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Facultad de Salud Pública y AdministraciónUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteBaselSwitzerland
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental HealthEmory University Rollins School of Public HealthAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Luke Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of Georgia College of Public HealthAthensGAUSA
| | - Katie Kearns
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of Georgia College of Public HealthAthensGAUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityCOUSA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityCOUSA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Global Non‐Communicable Disease Research and TrainingSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
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26
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Bulot FMJ, Russell HS, Rezaei M, Johnson MS, Ossont SJJ, Morris AKR, Basford PJ, Easton NHC, Foster GL, Loxham M, Cox SJ. Laboratory Comparison of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors to Measure Transient Events of Pollution. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2219. [PMID: 32326452 PMCID: PMC7218914 DOI: 10.3390/s20082219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure has been identified as a key environmental risk factor, associated especially with diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular system and with almost 9 million premature deaths per year. Low-cost optical sensors for PM measurement are desirable for monitoring exposure closer to the personal level and particularly suited for developing spatiotemporally dense city sensor networks. However, questions remain over the accuracy and reliability of the data they produce, particularly regarding the influence of environmental parameters such as humidity and temperature, and with varying PM sources and concentration profiles. In this study, eight units each of five different models of commercially available low-cost optical PM sensors (40 individual sensors in total) were tested under controlled laboratory conditions, against higher-grade instruments for: lower limit of detection, response time, responses to sharp pollution spikes lasting <1 min , and the impact of differing humidity and PM source. All sensors detected the spikes generated with a varied range of performances depending on the model and presenting different sensitivity mainly to sources of pollution and to size distributions with a lesser impact of humidity. The sensitivity to particle size distribution indicates that the sensors may provide additional information to PM mass concentrations. It is concluded that improved performance in field monitoring campaigns, including tracking sources of pollution, could be achieved by using a combination of some of the different models to take advantage of the additional information made available by their differential response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Michel Jacques Bulot
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.J.O.); (P.J.B.); (S.J.C.)
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Hugo Savill Russell
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
- Airlabs Denmark, Lersø Park Allé 107, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
- Department of Environmental Science, Atmospheric Measurement, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mohsen Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
| | - Matthew Stanley Johnson
- Airlabs Denmark, Lersø Park Allé 107, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
| | - Steven James Johnston Ossont
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.J.O.); (P.J.B.); (S.J.C.)
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Philip James Basford
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.J.O.); (P.J.B.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Natasha Hazel Celeste Easton
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Gavin Lee Foster
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Matthew Loxham
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon James Cox
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.J.O.); (P.J.B.); (S.J.C.)
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK; (N.H.C.E.); (G.L.F.); (M.L.)
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27
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Novak R, Kocman D, Robinson JA, Kanduč T, Sarigiannis D, Horvat M. Comparing Airborne Particulate Matter Intake Dose Assessment Models Using Low-Cost Portable Sensor Data. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1406. [PMID: 32143455 PMCID: PMC7085603 DOI: 10.3390/s20051406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors can be used to improve the temporal and spatial resolution of an individual's particulate matter (PM) intake dose assessment. In this work, personal activity monitors were used to measure heart rate (proxy for minute ventilation), and low-cost PM sensors were used to measure concentrations of PM. Intake dose was assessed as a product of PM concentration and minute ventilation, using four models with increasing complexity. The two models that use heart rate as a variable had the most consistent results and showed a good response to variations in PM concentrations and heart rate. On the other hand, the two models using generalized population data of minute ventilation expectably yielded more coarse information on the intake dose. Aggregated weekly intake doses did not vary significantly between the models (6-22%). Propagation of uncertainty was assessed for each model, however, differences in their underlying assumptions made them incomparable. The most complex minute ventilation model, with heart rate as a variable, has shown slightly lower uncertainty than the model using fewer variables. Similarly, among the non-heart rate models, the one using real-time activity data has less uncertainty. Minute ventilation models contribute the most to the overall intake dose model uncertainty, followed closely by the low-cost personal activity monitors. The lack of a common methodology to assess the intake dose and quantifying related uncertainties is evident and should be a subject of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Novak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (J.A.R.); (T.K.); (M.H.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (J.A.R.); (T.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Johanna Amalia Robinson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (J.A.R.); (T.K.); (M.H.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (J.A.R.); (T.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Dimosthenis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- University School of Advanced Study IUSS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.); (J.A.R.); (T.K.); (M.H.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Everson F, Martens DS, Nawrot TS, Goswami N, Mthethwa M, Webster I, Mashele N, Charania S, Kamau F, De Boever P, Strijdom H. Personal exposure to NO 2 and benzene in the Cape Town region of South Africa is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length in women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108993. [PMID: 31830692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a major global health concern and has been associated with molecular aging. Unfortunately, the situation has not received much attention in the African region. The aim of this study was to investigate whether current personal ambient NO2 and benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes (ortho (o)-, meta (m)- and para (p)-xylene (BTEX) exposure is associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of molecular ageing, in apparently healthy women (mean ± SD age: 42.5 ± 13.4 years) residing in the Cape Town region of South Africa. The repeated measures study collected data from 61 women. Seven-day median (interquartile range (IQR)) personal NO2 and BTEX exposure levels were determined via compact passive diffusion samplers carried on the person prior to baseline (NO2: 14.2 (9.4-17.2) μg/m³; Benzene: 3.1 (2.1-5.3) μg/m³) and 6-month follow-up (NO2: 10.6 (6.6-13.6) μg/m³; Benzene: 2.2 (1.3-4.9) μg/m³) visits. LTL was measured at baseline and follow-up using a real-time PCR method. Multiple linear mixed model analyses (adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, employment status, level of education and assessment visit) showed that each IQR increment increase in NO2 (7.0 μg/m³) and benzene (3.3 μg/m³) was associated with -7.30% (95% CI: -10.98 to -3.46%; p < 0.001) and -6.78% (95% CI: -11.88 to -1.39%; p = 0.015) difference in LTL, respectively. The magnitude of these effects of NO2 and benzene corresponds to the effect of an increase of 10.3- and 6.0-year in chronological age on LTL. Our study shows that personal exposures to NO2 and benzene are associated with molecular ageing as indicated by LTL in healthy women residing in the Cape Town region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Everson
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Immunity and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Mashudu Mthethwa
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Webster
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Nyiko Mashele
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Sana Charania
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Festus Kamau
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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29
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Brucker N, do Nascimento SN, Bernardini L, Charão MF, Garcia SC. Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility in occupational exposure to traffic-related air pollution: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:722-736. [PMID: 31960485 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a well-recognized association between environmental air pollution exposure and several human diseases. However, the relationship between diseases related to occupational air pollution exposure on roads and high levels of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) is less substantiated. Biomarkers are essential tools in environmental and occupational toxicology, and studies on new biomarkers are increasingly relevant due to the need to determine early biomarkers to be assessed in exposure conditions. This review aimed to investigate the main advances in the biomonitoring of subjects occupationally exposed to air pollution, as well as to summarize the biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility. Furthermore, we discuss how biomarkers could be used to complement the current application of methods used to assess occupational exposures to xenobiotics present in air pollution. The databases used in the preparation of this review were PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Considering the significant deleterious effects on health associated with chronic occupational exposure to xenobiotics, this topic deserves attention. As it is difficult to avoid occupational exposure to TRAPs, biomonitoring should be applied as a strategy to reduce the toxic effects of workplace exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Brucker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Nunes do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bernardini
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, University Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Nyarku M, Buonanno G, Ofosu F, Jayaratne R, Mazaheri M, Morawska L. Schoolchildren's personal exposure to ultrafine particles in and near Accra, Ghana. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105223. [PMID: 31654915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution is a significant health risk, and children who are exposed to it are likely to have lifelong consequences. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are emitted by all combustion sources, and can be used as a proxy for the presence of combustion products. The present study, the first of its kind to be conducted in Africa, assessed schoolchildren's exposure to UFPs, and apportioned their daily exposure to seven different microenvironments that they inhabited on a typical school day. The personal exposure of 61 pupils attending three junior high schools was measured for 24 h each using wearable monitors over a period of 10 weeks. Two of the schools were located in suburbs of Accra and the third in Berekuso, a nearby rural community. The results of our study revealed the complex nature of children's UFP exposure and its overall high to very high levels, significantly influenced by the locality (suburb) of residence and the type of activities in which the children were engaged. The mean (±standard error) daily exposure to UFPs (cm-3) was6.9×104(±6.8×103),4.9(±1.0)×104 and 1.6×104±1.9×103for pupils attending the Ashia Mills, Faith Baptist and Berekuso Basic Schools, respectively. Pupils attending the schools in urban Accra received higher exposure than those attending the school in the rural environment of Berekuso. The highest mean microenvironmental exposure was registered in the Home other microenvironment in an urban school and in Bedroom in another urban school and the rural school. The high exposure in Home other was due to pupils conducting trash burning and encountering environmental tobacco smoke, and the high exposure in Bedroom microenvironment was due to the burning of mosquito coils at night to prevent malaria. The principal sources that heightened exposure to UFPs were emissions from cooking (using firewood and charcoal), vehicular traffic and combustion of biomass and trash. All pupils recorded the highest exposure intensity in the Kitchen microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawutorli Nyarku
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Francis Ofosu
- National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Zuidema C, Stebounova LV, Sousan S, Thomas G, Koehler K, Peters TM. Sources of error and variability in particulate matter sensor network measurements. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:564-574. [PMID: 31251121 PMCID: PMC6954050 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1628965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The quality of mass concentration estimates from increasingly popular networks of low-cost particulate matter sensors depends on accurate conversion of sensor output (e.g., voltage) into gravimetric-equivalent mass concentration, typically using a calibration procedure. This study evaluates two important sources of variability that lead to error in estimating gravimetric-equivalent mass concentration: the temporal changes in sensor calibration and the spatial and temporal variability in gravimetric correction factors. A 40-node sensor network was deployed in a heavy vehicle manufacturing facility for 8 months. At a central location in the facility, particulate matter was continuously measured with three sensors of the network and a traditional, higher-cost photometer, determining the calibration slope and intercept needed to translate sensor output to photometric-equivalent mass concentration. Throughout the facility, during three intensive sampling campaigns, respirable mass concentrations were measured with gravimetric samplers and photometers to determine correction factors needed to adjust photometric-equivalent to gravimetric-equivalent mass concentration. Both field-determined sensor calibration slopes and intercepts were statistically different than those estimated in the laboratory (α = 0.05), emphasizing the importance of aerosol properties when converting voltage to photometric-equivalent mass concentration and the need for field calibration to determine slope. Evidence suggested the sensors' weekly field calibration slope decreased and intercept increased, indicating the sensors were deteriorating over time. The mean correction factor in the cutting and shot blasting area (2.9) was substantially and statistically lower than that in the machining and welding area (4.6; p = 0.01). Therefore, different correction factors should be determined near different occupational processes to accurately estimate particle mass concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zuidema
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Larissa V. Stebounova
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sinan Sousan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University/North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Geb Thomas
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M. Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Tanzer R, Malings C, Hauryliuk A, Subramanian R, Presto AA. Demonstration of a Low-Cost Multi-Pollutant Network to Quantify Intra-Urban Spatial Variations in Air Pollutant Source Impacts and to Evaluate Environmental Justice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142523. [PMID: 31311099 PMCID: PMC6678618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Air quality monitoring has traditionally been conducted using sparsely distributed, expensive reference monitors. To understand variations in PM2.5 on a finely resolved spatiotemporal scale a dense network of over 40 low-cost monitors was deployed throughout and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Monitor locations covered a wide range of site types with varying traffic and restaurant density, varying influences from local sources, and varying socioeconomic (environmental justice, EJ) characteristics. Variability between and within site groupings was observed. Concentrations were higher near the source-influenced sites than the Urban or Suburban Residential sites. Gaseous pollutants (NO2 and SO2) were used to differentiate between traffic (higher NO2 concentrations) and industrial (higher SO2 concentrations) sources of PM2.5. Statistical analysis proved these differences to be significant (coefficient of divergence > 0.2). The highest mean PM2.5 concentrations were measured downwind (east) of the two industrial facilities while background level PM2.5 concentrations were measured at similar distances upwind (west) of the point sources. Socioeconomic factors, including the fraction of non-white population and fraction of population living under the poverty line, were not correlated with increases in PM2.5 or NO2 concentration. The analysis conducted here highlights differences in PM2.5 concentration within site groupings that have similar land use thus demonstrating the utility of a dense sensor network. Our network captures temporospatial pollutant patterns that sparse regulatory networks cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tanzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Atmospheric and Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carl Malings
- Center for Atmospheric and Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- OSU-EFLUVE, CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Aliaksei Hauryliuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Atmospheric and Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - R Subramanian
- Center for Atmospheric and Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- OSU-EFLUVE, CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Albert A Presto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Atmospheric and Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Bulot FMJ, Johnston SJ, Basford PJ, Easton NHC, Apetroaie-Cristea M, Foster GL, Morris AKR, Cox SJ, Loxham M. Long-term field comparison of multiple low-cost particulate matter sensors in an outdoor urban environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7497. [PMID: 31097728 PMCID: PMC6522472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality, associated with up to 8.9 million deaths/year worldwide. Measurement of personal exposure to PM is hindered by poor spatial resolution of monitoring networks. Low-cost PM sensors may improve monitoring resolution in a cost-effective manner but there are doubts regarding data reliability. PM sensor boxes were constructed using four low-cost PM micro-sensor models. Three boxes were deployed at each of two schools in Southampton, UK, for around one year and sensor performance was analysed. Comparison of sensor readings with a nearby background station showed moderate to good correlation (0.61 < r < 0.88, p < 0.0001), but indicated that low-cost sensor performance varies with different PM sources and background concentrations, and to a lesser extent relative humidity and temperature. This may have implications for their potential use in different locations. Data also indicates that these sensors can track short-lived events of pollution, especially in conjunction with wind data. We conclude that, with appropriate consideration of potential confounding factors, low-cost PM sensors may be suitable for PM monitoring where reference-standard equipment is not available or feasible, and that they may be useful in studying spatially localised airborne PM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin M J Bulot
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven J Johnston
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Philip J Basford
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Natasha H C Easton
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Gavin L Foster
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Simon J Cox
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Loxham
- Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Dobson R, Rosen LJ, Semple S. Monitoring secondhand tobacco smoke remotely in real-time: A simple low-cost approach. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:18. [PMID: 31582929 PMCID: PMC6751989 DOI: 10.18332/tid/104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke (SHS) in the home is a serious cause of ill-health, especially for children. SHS indoors can be indirectly measured using particulate matter monitors, and interventions have been developed using feedback from these monitors to encourage smoke-free homes. These interventions often use data that are several days out of date, as the data must be downloaded manually from monitors. It would be advantageous to access this information remotely in real-time to provide faster feedback to intervention participants. METHODS Using off-the-shelf computer components and the Dylos DC1700 air quality monitor, a portable internet-connected monitor was developed that can send data to a server remotely. Four of these monitors were tested in homes in Israel to test the reliability of the connection. Data were downloaded from the monitor's onboard memory and compared to the data sent to the server. RESULTS Eight homes were monitored for 4 to 6 days, with a combined total count of 44 days. Less than 1% of data was lost, with no outage lasting longer than 1 hour 45 minutes. There was no significant difference in the mean concentrations measured in homes between mobile-transmitted data and data downloaded directly. CONCLUSIONS This system appears to be a reliable way to monitor remotely home air quality for use in intervention studies, and could potentially have applications in other related research. Laboratories that own Dylos DC1700s may wish to consider converting them to such a system to obtain a cost-effective way of overcoming limitations in the Dylos design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Rosen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Johnston SJ, Basford PJ, Bulot FMJ, Apetroaie-Cristea M, Easton NHC, Davenport C, Foster GL, Loxham M, Morris AKR, Cox SJ. City Scale Particulate Matter Monitoring Using LoRaWAN Based Air Quality IoT Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E209. [PMID: 30626131 PMCID: PMC6339063 DOI: 10.3390/s19010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Air Quality (AQ) is a very topical issue for many cities and has a direct impact on citizen health. The AQ of a large UK city is being investigated using low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, and the results obtained by these sensors have been compared with government operated AQ stations. In the first pilot deployment, six AQ Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been designed and built, each with four different low-cost PM sensors, and they have been deployed at two locations within the city. These devices are equipped with LoRaWAN wireless network transceivers to test city scale Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) coverage. The study concludes that (i) the physical device developed can operate at a city scale; (ii) some low-cost PM sensors are viable for monitoring AQ and for detecting PM trends; (iii) LoRaWAN is suitable for city scale sensor coverage where connectivity is an issue. Based on the findings from this first pilot project, a larger LoRaWAN enabled AQ sensor network is being deployed across the city of Southampton in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Johnston
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK.
| | - Philip J Basford
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK.
| | - Florentin M J Bulot
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK.
| | | | - Natasha H C Easton
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Charlie Davenport
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK.
| | - Gavin L Foster
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Matthew Loxham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Simon J Cox
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK.
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Ueberham M, Schlink U. Wearable sensors for multifactorial personal exposure measurements - A ranking study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:130-138. [PMID: 30199668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental stressors during their daily life. Studies of adverse health effects and their etiology as well as recommendations for a healthier life style demand for an assessment of multifactorial personal exposure, according to the exposome concept. A challenge is to record exposure while people are moving in heterogeneous urban environments. Therefore wearable sensor technologies are becoming a promising way to measure personal exposure continuously: indoors, outdoors and even on the move. So far, studies which test the accuracy and usability of wearable sensors for multiple stressors are lacking. Performance evaluations are important and should take place beforehand, especially to ensure the success of citizens-oriented studies. For the first time we rigorously examined the accuracy and application suitability of wearable sensors for acoustic noise, heat (temp), particle number counts (PNC) and geo-location (GPS) in different environments. We present an extensive device inter-comparison and a ranking of the sensors based on performance measures, Taylor diagrams, Bland-Altman plots, and ease-of-use aspects. The sensors showed moderate to high correlations with precision reference devices (r = 0.4-0.99). Differences between errors outdoors and indoors suggest that environmental conditions have impact upon the accuracy of the sensors. Reaction time, recording interval, and sensor ventilation are features that play a crucial role for both ease-of-use and accuracy. We conclude with a final performance () ranking: (GPS) > (noise) > (temp) > (PNC). The results are relevant for future epidemiological studies of multifactorial exposure of individuals and their health and should guide the selection of wearables when persons are involved that are technically untaught. Inferences from multifactorial data are based on the performance of all sensors and the weakest chain links are PNC and temp sensors for which our article recommends urgent improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ueberham
- Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe Schlink
- Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Quinn C, Miller-Lionberg DD, Klunder KJ, Kwon J, Noth EM, Mehaffy J, Leith D, Magzamen S, Hammond SK, Henry CS, Volckens J. Personal Exposure to PM 2.5 Black Carbon and Aerosol Oxidative Potential using an Automated Microenvironmental Aerosol Sampler (AMAS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11267-11275. [PMID: 30200753 PMCID: PMC6203932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for measuring personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are cumbersome and lack spatiotemporal resolution; methods that are time-resolved are limited to a single species/component of PM. To address these limitations, we developed an automated microenvironmental aerosol sampler (AMAS), capable of resolving personal exposure by microenvironment. The AMAS is a wearable device that uses a GPS sensor algorithm in conjunction with a custom valve manifold to sample PM2.5 onto distinct filter channels to evaluate home, school, and other (e.g., outdoors, in transit, etc.) exposures. Pilot testing was conducted in Fresno, CA where 25 high-school participants ( n = 37 sampling events) wore an AMAS for 48-h periods in November 2016. Data from 20 (54%) of the 48-h samples collected by participants were deemed valid and the filters were analyzed for PM2.5 black carbon (BC) using light transmissometry and aerosol oxidative potential (OP) using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The amount of inhaled PM2.5 was calculated for each microenvironment to evaluate the health risks associated with exposure. On average, the estimated amount of inhaled PM2.5 BC (μg day-1) and OP [(μM min-1) day-1] was greatest at home, owing to the proportion of time spent within that microenvironment. Validation of the AMAS demonstrated good relative precision (8.7% among collocated instruments) and a mean absolute error of 22% for BC and 33% for OP when compared to a traditional personal sampling instrument. This work demonstrates the feasibility of new technology designed to quantify personal exposure to PM2.5 species within distinct microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Quinn
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Daniel D. Miller-Lionberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kevin J. Klunder
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaymin Kwon
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fresno, California 93740, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Noth
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Mehaffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - David Leith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Lovinsky-Desir S, Lawrence J, Jung KH, Rundle AG, Hoepner LA, Yan B, Perera F, Perzanowski MS, Miller RL, Chillrud SN. Assessment of exposure to air pollution in children: Determining whether wearing a personal monitor affects physical activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:340-343. [PMID: 29913435 PMCID: PMC6330888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal air pollution monitoring in research studies should not interfere with usual patterns of behavior and bias results. In an urban pediatric cohort study we tested whether wearing an air monitor impacted activity time based on continuous watch-based accelerometry. The majority (71%) reported that activity while wearing the monitor mimicked normal activity. Correspondingly, variation in activity while wearing versus not wearing the monitor did not differ greatly from baseline variation in activity (P = 0.84).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 3959 Broadway CHC-745, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Jennifer Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health, Box 43, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, NY 10964, United States
| | - Federica Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Matthew S Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Steve N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, NY 10964, United States
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Stebounova LV, Gonzalez-Pech NI, Park JH, Anthony TR, Grassian VH, Peters TM. Particle Concentrations in Occupational Settings Measured with a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:699-710. [PMID: 29788211 PMCID: PMC6775226 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to evaluate concentrations of nanoparticles in occupational settings due to their potential negative health effects. The Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) personal sampler was developed to collect nanoparticles separately from larger particles in the breathing zone of workers, while simultaneously providing a measure of respirable mass concentration. This study compared concentrations measured with the NRD sampler to those measured with a nano Micro Orifice Uniform-Deposit Impactor (nanoMOUDI) and respirable samplers in three workplaces. The NRD sampler performed well at two out of three locations, where over 90% of metal particles by mass were submicrometer particle size (a heavy vehicle machining and assembly facility and a shooting range). At the heavy vehicle facility, the mean metal mass concentration of particles collected on the diffusion stage of the NRD was 42.5 ± 10.0 µg/m3, within 5% of the nanoMOUDI concentration of 44.4 ± 7.4 µg/m3. At the shooting range, the mass concentration for the diffusion stage of the NRD was 5.9 µg/m3, 28% above the nanoMOUDI concentration of 4.6 µg/m3. In contrast, less favorable results were obtained at an iron foundry, where 95% of metal particles by mass were larger than 1 µm. The accuracy of nanoparticle collection by NRD diffusion stage may have been compromised by high concentrations of coarse particles at the iron foundry, where the NRD collected almost 5-fold more nanoparticle mass compared to the nanoMOUDI on one sampling day and was more than 40% different on other sampling days. The respirable concentrations measured by NRD samplers agreed well with concentrations measured by respirable samplers at all sampling locations. Overall, the NRD sampler accurately measured concentrations of nanoparticles in industrial environments when concentrations of large, coarse mode, particles were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Stebounova
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Natalia I Gonzalez-Pech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jae Hong Park
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T Renee Anthony
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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He J, Beck NK, Kossik AL, Zhang J, Seto E, Meschke JS, Novosselov I. Evaluation of micro-well collector for capture and analysis of aerosolized Bacillus subtilis spores. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197783. [PMID: 29847559 PMCID: PMC5976188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosol sampling and identification are vital for the assessment and control of airborne pathogens, allergens, and toxins. In-situ analysis of chemical and biological particulate matter can significantly reduce the costs associated with sample preservation, transport, and analysis. The analysis of conventional filters is challenging, due to dilute samples in large collection regions. A low-cost cartridge for collection and analysis of aerosols is developed for use in epidemiological studies and personal exposure assessments. The cartridge collects aerosol samples in a micro-well which reduces particles losses due to the bounce and does not require any coating. The confined particle collection area (dwell~1.4 mm) allows reducing the elution volume for subsequent analysis. The performance of the cartridge is validated in laboratory studies using aerosolized bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis). Colony forming unit analysis is used for bacterial spore enumeration. Cartridge collection efficiency is evaluated by comparison with the reference filters and found to be consistent with tested flow rates. Sample recovery for the pipette elution is ~80%. Due to the high density of the collected sample, the cartridge is compatible with in-situ spectroscopic analysis and sample elution into the 10-20 μl liquid volume providing a significant increase in sample concentration for subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang He
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nicola K. Beck
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. Kossik
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edmund Seto
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - John Scott Meschke
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Igor Novosselov
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Abstract
The technological ability to make personal measurements of toxicant exposures is growing rapidly. While this can decrease measurement error and therefore help reduce attenuation of effect estimates, we argue that as measures of exposure or dose become more personal, threats to validity of study findings can increase in ways that more proxy measures may avoid. We use directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to describe conditions where confounding is introduced by use of more personal measures of exposure and avoided via more proxy measures of personal exposure or target tissue dose. As exposure or dose estimates are more removed from the individual, they become less susceptible to biases from confounding by personal factors that can often be hard to control, such as personal behaviors. Similarly, more proxy exposure estimates are less susceptible to reverse causation. We provide examples from the literature where adjustment for personal factors in analyses that use more proxy exposure estimates have little effect on study results. In conclusion, increased personalized exposure assessment has important advantages for measurement accuracy, but it can increase the possibility of biases from personal factors and reverse causation compared with more proxy exposure estimates. Understanding the relation between more and less proxy exposures, and variables that could introduce confounding are critical components to study design.
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Curto A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Barrera-Gómez J, Marshall JD, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Wellenius GA, Tonne C. Performance of low-cost monitors to assess household air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:53-63. [PMID: 29426028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to household air pollution is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. However, due to the lack of validated low-cost monitors with long-lasting batteries in indoor environments, most epidemiologic studies use self-reported data or short-term household air pollution assessments as proxies of long-term exposure. We evaluated the performance of three low-cost monitors measuring fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in a wood-combustion experiment conducted in one household of Spain for 5 days (including the co-location of 2 units of HAPEX and 3 units of TZOA-R for PM2.5 and 3 units of EL-USB-CO for CO; a total of 40 unit-days). We used Spearman correlation (ρ) and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) to assess accuracy of low-cost monitors versus equivalent research-grade devices. We also conducted a field study in India for 1 week (including HAPEX in 3 households and EL-USB-CO in 4 households; a total of 49 unit-days). Correlation and agreement at 5-min were moderate-high for one unit of HAPEX (ρ = 0.73 / CCC = 0.59), for one unit of TZOA-R (ρ = 0.89 / CCC = 0.62) and for three units of EL-USB-CO (ρ = 0.82-0.89 / CCC = 0.66-0.91) in Spain, although the failure or malfunction rate among low-cost units was high in both settings (60% of unit-days in Spain and 43% in India). Low-cost monitors tested here are not yet ready to replace more established exposure assessment methods in long-term household air pollution epidemiologic studies. More field validation is needed to assess evolving sensors and monitors with application to health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Curto
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - D Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Barrera-Gómez
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G A Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
| | - C Tonne
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Chambers L, Finch J, Edwards K, Jeanjean A, Leigh R, Gonem S. Effects of personal air pollution exposure on asthma symptoms, lung function and airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2018. [PMID: 29526044 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that air pollution increases the risk of asthma hospitalizations and healthcare utilization, but the effects on day-to-day asthma control are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We undertook a prospective single-centre panel study to test the hypothesis that personal air pollution exposure is associated with asthma symptoms, lung function and airway inflammation. METHODS Thirty-two patients with a clinical diagnosis of asthma were provided with a personal air pollution monitor (Cairclip NO2 /O3 ) which was kept on or around their person throughout the 12-week follow-up period. Ambient levels of NO2 and particulate matter were modelled based upon satellite imaging data. Directly measured ozone, NO2 and particulate matter levels were obtained from a monitoring station in central Leicester. Participants made daily electronic records of asthma symptoms, peak expiratory flow and exhaled nitric oxide. Spirometry and asthma symptom questionnaires were completed at fortnightly study visits. Data were analysed using linear mixed effects models and cross-correlation. RESULTS Cairclip exposure data were of good quality with clear evidence of diurnal variability and a missing data rate of approximately 20%. We were unable to detect consistent relationships between personal air pollution exposure and clinical outcomes in the group as a whole. In an exploratory subgroup analysis, total oxidant exposure was associated with increased daytime symptoms in women but not men. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We did not find compelling evidence that air pollution exposure impacts on day-to-day clinical control in an unselected asthma population, but further studies are required in larger populations with higher exposure levels. Women may be more susceptible than men to the effects of air pollution, an observation which requires confirmation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chambers
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - J Finch
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - K Edwards
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - A Jeanjean
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - R Leigh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Gonem
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Bai Y, Bové H, Nawrot TS, Nemery B. Carbon load in airway macrophages as a biomarker of exposure to particulate air pollution; a longitudinal study of an international Panel. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29540230 PMCID: PMC5853150 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon load in airway macrophages (AM) has been proposed as an internal marker to assess long-term exposure to combustion-derived pollutant particles. However, it is not known how this biomarker is affected by changes in exposure. We studied the clearance kinetics of black carbon (BC) in AM, obtained by sputum induction, in a one-year panel study. Methods AM BC was measured 8 times with 6 weeks intervals in healthy young subjects: 15 long-term residents in Leuven, Belgium (BE, mean annual PM10 20–30 μg/m3) and 30 newcomers having arrived recently (< 3 weeks) in Leuven from highly polluted cities (mean annual PM10 > 50 μg/m3) in low and middle-income countries (LMIC, n = 15), or from low to moderately polluted cities in high-income countries (HIC, n = 15). The median and 90th percentile values of AM BC were quantified by image analysis of 25 macrophages per sputum sample; the carbonaceous nature of the black inclusions in AM was verified by Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Microscopy in 30 macrophages. We used a Bayesian hierarchical single-exponential decay model to describe the evolution of AM BC. Results In the LMIC group, the mean (95% credible interval) initial quantity (R0) of median AM BC [1.122 (0.750–1.509) μm2] was higher than in the HIC group [0.387 (0.168–0.613) μm2] and BE group [0.275 (0.147–0.404) μm2]. Median AM BC content decreased in the LMIC group (decay constant 0.013 μm2/day), but remained stable over one year in the other two groups. In the LMIC group, clearance half-lives of 53 (30–99) and 116 (63–231) days, were calculated for median and 90th percentile AM BC, respectively. Conclusions In this real-life study of an international panel of healthy young subjects, we demonstrated that carbon load in airway macrophages obtained by induced sputum reflects past long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Values of AM BC do not change over one year when exposure remains stable, but AM BC decreases upon moving from high to moderate exposure, with average half-lives of 53 and 116 days depending on the carbon load. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0250-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 1, box 706, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 1, box 706, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 1, box 706, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Rai AC, Kumar P, Pilla F, Skouloudis AN, Di Sabatino S, Ratti C, Yasar A, Rickerby D. End-user perspective of low-cost sensors for outdoor air pollution monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:691-705. [PMID: 28709103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensor technology can potentially revolutionise the area of air pollution monitoring by providing high-density spatiotemporal pollution data. Such data can be utilised for supplementing traditional pollution monitoring, improving exposure estimates, and raising community awareness about air pollution. However, data quality remains a major concern that hinders the widespread adoption of low-cost sensor technology. Unreliable data may mislead unsuspecting users and potentially lead to alarming consequences such as reporting acceptable air pollutant levels when they are above the limits deemed safe for human health. This article provides scientific guidance to the end-users for effectively deploying low-cost sensors for monitoring air pollution and people's exposure, while ensuring reasonable data quality. We review the performance characteristics of several low-cost particle and gas monitoring sensors and provide recommendations to end-users for making proper sensor selection by summarizing the capabilities and limitations of such sensors. The challenges, best practices, and future outlook for effectively deploying low-cost sensors, and maintaining data quality are also discussed. For data quality assurance, a two-stage sensor calibration process is recommended, which includes laboratory calibration under controlled conditions by the manufacturer supplemented with routine calibration checks performed by the end-user under final deployment conditions. For large sensor networks where routine calibration checks are impractical, statistical techniques for data quality assurance should be utilised. Further advancements and adoption of sophisticated mathematical and statistical techniques for sensor calibration, fault detection, and data quality assurance can indeed help to realise the promised benefits of a low-cost air pollution sensor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash C Rai
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Pilla
- Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas N Skouloudis
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability TP263, via E Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA I-20127, Italy
| | - Silvana Di Sabatino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Ratti
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SENSEable City Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ansar Yasar
- Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 5 bus 6, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David Rickerby
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability TP263, via E Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA I-20127, Italy
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Asbach C, Alexander C, Clavaguera S, Dahmann D, Dozol H, Faure B, Fierz M, Fontana L, Iavicoli I, Kaminski H, MacCalman L, Meyer-Plath A, Simonow B, van Tongeren M, Todea AM. Review of measurement techniques and methods for assessing personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials in workplaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:793-806. [PMID: 28431758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne agents needs to be assessed in the personal breathing zone by the use of personal measurement equipment. Specific measurement devices for assessing personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials have only become available in the recent years. They can be differentiated into direct-reading personal monitors and personal samplers that collect the airborne nanomaterials for subsequent analyses. This article presents a review of the available personal monitors and samplers and summarizes the available literature regarding their accuracy, comparability and field applicability. Due to the novelty of the instruments, the number of published studies is still relatively low. Where applicable, literature data is therefore complemented with published and unpublished results from the recently finished nanoIndEx project. The presented data show that the samplers and monitors are robust and ready for field use with sufficient accuracy and comparability. However, several limitations apply, e.g. regarding the particle size range of the personal monitors and their in general lower accuracy and comparability compared with their stationary counterparts. The decision whether a personal monitor or a personal sampler shall be preferred depends strongly on the question to tackle. In many cases, a combination of a personal monitor and a personal sampler may be the best choice to obtain conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Asbach
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Carla Alexander
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Simon Clavaguera
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Dirk Dahmann
- Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF), 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hélène Dozol
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Bertrand Faure
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Martin Fierz
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fontana
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), 00168 Rome, Italy; University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Heinz Kaminski
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Laura MacCalman
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Asmus Meyer-Plath
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Simonow
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ana Maria Todea
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Kim M, Park S, Namgung HG, Kwon SB. Estimation of inhaled airborne particle number concentration by subway users in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:663-670. [PMID: 28846987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) causes several diseases in the human body. The smaller particles, which have relatively large surface areas, are actually more harmful to the human body since they can penetrate deeper parts of the lungs or become secondary pollutants by bonding with other atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides. The purpose of this study is to present the number of PM inhaled by subway users as a possible reference material for any analysis of the hazards to the human body arising from the inhalation of such PM. Two transfer stations in Seoul, Korea, which have the greatest number of users, were selected for this study. For 0.3-0.422 μm PM, particle number concentration (PNC) was highest outdoors but decreased as the tester moved deeper underground. On the other hand, the PNC between 1 and 10 μm increased as the tester moved deeper underground and showed a high number concentration inside the subway train as well. An analysis of the particles to which subway users are actually exposed to (inhaled particle number), using particle concentration at each measurement location, the average inhalation rate of an adult, and the average stay time at each location, all showed that particles sized 0.01-0.422 μm are mostly inhaled from the outdoor air whereas particles sized 1-10 μm are inhaled as the passengers move deeper underground. Based on these findings, we expect that the inhaled particle number of subway users can be used as reference data for an evaluation of the hazards to health caused by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhae Kim
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Sechan Park
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gyu Namgung
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Soon-Bark Kwon
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea.
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Shi J, Chen F, Cai Y, Fan S, Cai J, Chen R, Kan H, Lu Y, Zhao Z. Validation of a light-scattering PM2.5 sensor monitor based on the long-term gravimetric measurements in field tests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185700. [PMID: 29121101 PMCID: PMC5679553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Portable direct-reading instruments by light-scattering method are increasingly used in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) monitoring. However, there are limited calibration studies on such instruments by applying the gravimetric method as reference method in field tests. Methods An 8-month sampling was performed and 96 pairs of PM2.5 data by both the gravimetric method and the simultaneous light-scattering real-time monitoring (QT-50) were obtained from July, 2015 to February, 2016 in Shanghai. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) were recorded. Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test and Spearman correlation were used to investigate the differences between the two measurements. Multiple linear regression (MLR) model was applied to set up the calibration model for the light-scattering device. Results The average PM2.5 concentration (median) was 48.1μg/m3 (min-max 10.4–95.8μg/m3) by the gravimetric method and 58.1μg/m3 (19.2–315.9μg/m3) by the light-scattering method, respectively. By time trend analyses, they were significantly correlated with each other (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.889, P<0.01). By MLR, the calibration model for the light-scattering instrument was Y(calibrated) = 57.45 + 0.47 × X(the QT – 50 measurements) – 0.53 × RH – 0.41 × Temp with both RH and temperature adjusted. The 10-fold cross-validation R2 and the root mean squared error of the calibration model were 0.79 and 11.43 μg/m3, respectively. Conclusion Light-scattering measurements of PM2.5 by QT-50 instrument overestimated the concentration levels and were affected by temperature and RH. The calibration model for QT-50 instrument was firstly set up against the gravimetric method with temperature and RH adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei’er Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunfei Cai
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichen Fan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA, United States of America
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Commodore A, Wilson S, Muhammad O, Svendsen E, Pearce J. Community-based participatory research for the study of air pollution: a review of motivations, approaches, and outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:378. [PMID: 28685368 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood level air pollution represents a long-standing issue for many communities that, until recently, has been difficult to address due to the cost of equipment and lack of related expertise. Changes in available technology and subsequent increases in community-based participatory research (CBPR) have drastically improved the ability to address this issue. However, much still needs to be learned as these types of studies are expected to increase in the future. To assist, we review the literature in an effort to improve understanding of the motivations, approaches, and outcomes of air monitoring studies that incorporate CBPR and citizen science (CS) principles. We found that the primary motivations for conducting community-based air monitoring were concerns for air pollution health risks, residing near potential pollution sources, urban sprawl, living in "unmonitored" areas, and a general quest for improved air quality knowledge. Studies were mainly conducted using community led partnerships. Fixed site monitoring was primarily used, while mobile, personal, school-based, and occupational sampling approaches were less frequent. Low-cost sensors can enable thorough neighborhood level characterization; however, keeping the community involved at every step, understanding the limitations and benefits of this type of monitoring, recognizing potential areas of debate, and addressing study challenges are vital for achieving harmony between expected and observed study outcomes. Future directions include assessing currently unregulated pollutants, establishing long-term neighborhood monitoring sites, performing saturation studies, evaluating interventions, and creating CS databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwoa Commodore
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St., CS303, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Sacoby Wilson
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Omar Muhammad
- Low Country Alliance for Model Communities, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Erik Svendsen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St., CS303, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - John Pearce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St., CS303, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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