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Boyd DT, Quinn CR, Durkee MI, Williams EDG, Constant A, Washington D, Butler-Barnes ST, Ewing AP. Perceived discrimination, mental health help-seeking attitudes, and suicide ideation, planning, and attempts among black young adults. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2019. [PMID: 39075376 PMCID: PMC11285399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing an understanding of the negative impact of discrimination is critical when examining the suicidality of Black young adults in the US. Suicide rates among Black young adults have increased at alarming rates. One of the reasons for this increase is the disparities related to access to mental health services, which has long-term health consequences. This study addresses a significant gap in the literature by examining associations between experiences of everyday discrimination, attitudes towards mental health help-seeking attitudes, on the outcomes suicide ideation, planning to die by suicide, and suicide attempts. METHODS The data came from a national study of the experiences of Black young adults regarding mental, physical, and sexual health. Participants were recruited from across the Midwestern region of the United States through Qualtrics Panels, an online survey delivery service used to recruit study participants. The total sample for this study was N = 362, and the average age of the sample was 21 (SD: 1.96). We used a logistic regression analysis to examine the role of everyday discrimination, mental health support-seeking attitudes, and covariates on the outcomes: suicide ideation, planning to die by committing suicide, and suicide attempts. RESULTS Black young adults with positive mental health help-seeking attitudes were 34% less likely to attempt suicide (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.96) and 35% less likely to experience suicide ideation (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.89). However, those young adults who experienced discrimination daily were more likely to report having attempted suicide (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.15). CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer valuable insights into the complex interplay between experiences of discrimination, attitudes toward seeking mental health support, and suicidal behaviors. However, our research also underscores how experiences of discrimination can significantly exacerbate feelings of isolation, hopelessness, and inadequacy, further contributing to suicidal behaviors in this population. By promoting positive mental health help-seeking behaviors, actively addressing discrimination, and applying an intersectional approach to suicide prevention efforts, we can take significant strides towards building a more supportive and inclusive society. This approach aims to empower individuals to seek help, reduce the risk of suicidal behaviors, and create a more welcoming environment for all members of our community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte T Boyd
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1047 College RD, #325K, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA.
- Center for Equitable Family & Community Well-Being, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Camille R Quinn
- Center for Equitable Family & Community Well-Being, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Myles I Durkee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrea Constant
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Aldenise P Ewing
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Cahill M, Illback R, Peiper N. Perceived Racial Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescence: Secondary Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from a Statewide Youth Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1011. [PMID: 38786419 PMCID: PMC11121279 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental, clinical, and epidemiological research have demonstrated the salience of perceived racial discrimination (PRD) as a contributor to negative mental health outcomes in adolescence. This article summarizes secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from a large-scale youth survey within a predominantly rural state, to estimate the prevalence and strength of the association between PRD and serious psychological distress (SPD), suicidal ideation, and prior suicidal attempts. Data from 93,812 students enrolled in 6th, 8th, 10th, or 12th grade within 129 school districts across Kentucky were examined, to determine prevalence rates for subgroups within the cohort. Logistic regression analyses assessed the differences and established comparative strength of the association among these variables for racial/ethnic subgroups. PRD was self-reported at high rates across several demographic subgroups and was most evident among Black (24.5%) and Asian (22.1%) students. Multiracial students experienced the highest rates of both SPD and suicidality (ideation and prior attempt). Both for the entire cohort and for each racial/ethnic subgroup, PRD was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of negative mental health outcomes, although the strength of these associations varied across the subgroups and developmental levels. The implications for early intervention and prevention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Peiper
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Douglas RD, Alli JO, Gaylord-Harden N, Opara I, Gilreath T. Examining the integrated model of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and intersectionality theory among Black male adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024:10.1111/sltb.13066. [PMID: 38411036 PMCID: PMC11347718 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guided by Opara et al.'s (2022), Integrated Model of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory, the current study examined contextual stressors experienced disparately by Black youth (racial discrimination, poverty, and community violence) as moderators of the association between individual motivating factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and hopelessness) and active suicidal ideation. METHOD Participants were 457 Black adolescent boys (mean age = 15.31, SD = 1.26) who completed self-report surveys. RESULTS As predicted, the association between perceived burdensomeness and active suicidal ideation was significantly moderated by economic stress. In addition, the association between peer belongingness and suicidal ideation was significantly moderated by racial discrimination, but there were no moderating effects for school belongingness. Finally, the association between hopelessness and suicidal ideation was significantly moderated by both racial discrimination and witnessing community violence. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the need for research, interventions, and policy work devoted to using integrated approaches of individual and socioeconomically relevant patterns of suicidal thoughts and behaviors to support Black youth exposed to various forms of structural oppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn D. Douglas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jasmine O. Alli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Noni Gaylord-Harden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ijeoma Opara
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tamika Gilreath
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Dai HD, Thiel G, Hafer D. Perceived racism and discrimination and youth substance use in the United States - Intersections with sex and ethnicity. Prev Med 2024; 178:107811. [PMID: 38081420 PMCID: PMC10928724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine associations between U.S. adolescents' perceived racism and discrimination (PRD) at school and current substance use. METHODS Data were drawn from the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES), a probability sample of U.S. high school students in 2021 (n = 7705). Multivariable regression models were conducted to examine associations of PRD with current (past 30-day) use of tobacco products, marijuana, alcohol, and prescription opioid misuse. Interaction effects of PRD and demographic factors were tested. RESULTS Among participants in the 2021 ABES, PRD was associated with higher odds of current use of tobacco (AOR = 1.3, p = 0.03), marijuana (AOR = 1.3, p = 0.03), alcohol (AOR = 1.2, p = 0.03), and misuse of prescription opioids (AOR = 1.6, p = 0.004). The effects of PRD on current tobacco and alcohol use differed by Hispanic and non-Hispanic adolescents (interaction effect = 0.007 and 0.01, respectively) with higher odds among Hispanic youth than among non-Hispanic counterparts. The associations of PRD and current tobacco use, marijuana use, alcohol use, and misuse of prescription opioids were moderated by sex with more pronounced effects on males than females. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to promote awareness and create support environments that value diversity and inclusivity at school are needed to mitigate adolescent exposure to racism and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Daisy Dai
- College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Grace Thiel
- College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Dylan Hafer
- College of Public Health University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Gabarrell-Pascuet A, Lloret-Pineda A, Franch-Roca M, Mellor-Marsa B, Alos-Belenguer MDC, He Y, Hafi-Elmokhtari RE, Villalobos F, Bayes-Marin I, Aparicio Pareja L, Álvarez Bobo O, Espinal Cabezas M, Osorio Y, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narvaez P. Impact of perceived discrimination and coping strategies on well-being and mental health in newly-arrived migrants in Spain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294295. [PMID: 38134016 PMCID: PMC10745147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how perceived discrimination impacts the emotional well-being and mental health of newly-arrived migrants in Spain; and to identify the coping strategies and behavioral changes used to deal with perceived discrimination. DESIGN 102 individual audio-recorded in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS Negative emotions related to perceived discrimination included disgust, sadness, fear, loneliness, humiliation, sense of injustice, rage, feeling undervalued or vulnerable, and mixed emotions. Change in behaviors due to perceived discrimination comprised westernization or cultural assimilation, creating a good image, avoiding going out or leaving alone, hypervigilance, stop participating in politics, self-sufficiency, a positive adaptation, and paradoxically, becoming an oppressor. The identified coping strategies to deal with perceived discrimination were ignoring or not responding, isolation, self-medication, engagement in intellectual activities, leisure and sport, talking or insulting the oppressor, denouncement, physical fight or revenge, seeking comfort, increasing solidarity with others, crying, or using humor. Discrimination-related stress and related mental health problems were conveyed, as challenges related to substance abuse and addictive behaviors, mood, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Findings establish initial evidence of the great impact of perceived discrimination on the health, emotional well-being, and behavior of newly-arrived migrants in Spain, alerting to the need for targeted policies and services to address the effects of discrimination in this population. Further research is needed to explore more closely the causes and effects of perceived discrimination on mental health, to develop more targeted and effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Gabarrell-Pascuet
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Lloret-Pineda
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Franch-Roca
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Mellor-Marsa
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yuelu He
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachid El Hafi-Elmokhtari
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Villalobos
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivet Bayes-Marin
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lola Aparicio Pareja
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Álvarez Bobo
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espinal Cabezas
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Osorio
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Equip Salut Mental Sense Sostre (ESMES), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narvaez
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Esie P, Bates LM. At the intersection of race and immigration: a comprehensive review of depression and related symptoms within the US Black population. Epidemiol Rev 2023; 45:105-126. [PMID: 37310121 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the literature on the differences between Black people and White people in terms of differences in major depressive disorder and related self-reported symptoms is robust, less robust is the literature on how these outcomes are patterned within the US Black population and why differences exist. Given increased ethnic diversity of Black Americans due to increases in immigration, continued aggregation may mask differences between Black ethnic-immigrant groups and Black Americans with more distant ancestral ties to Africa (African Americans). The purpose of this narrative review was to comprehensively synthesize the literature on depression and related symptoms within the US Black population across immigration- and ethnicity-related domains and provide a summary of mechanisms proposed to explain variation. Findings revealed substantial variation in the presence of these outcomes within the US Black population by nativity, region of birth, age at immigration, and Caribbean ethnic origin. Racial context and racial socialization were identified as important, promising mechanisms for better understanding variations by region of birth and among those born or socialized in the United States, respectively. Findings warrant data collection efforts and measurement innovation to better account for within-racial differences in outcomes under study. A greater appreciation of the growing ethnic-immigrant diversity within the US Black population may improve understanding of how racism differentially functions as a cause of depression and related symptoms within this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Esie
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa M Bates
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
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Zarei K, Kahle L, Buckman DW, Ohlis A, Aradhya S, Choi K, Williams F. Parent-Child Nativity, Race, Ethnicity, and Common Mental Health Conditions Among United States Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2023; 263:113618. [PMID: 37473992 PMCID: PMC10794602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between race, ethnicity, and parent-child nativity, and common mental health conditions among U.S. children and adolescents. METHODS Data were from 2016 to 2019 National Survey of Children's Health, a US population-based, serial cross-sectional survey, and restricted to children who had access to health care. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White, Other-race); mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and behavior/conduct problems) stratified by household generation; and between household generation and outcomes stratified by race and ethnicity, adjusting for demographics (age, sex, family income to poverty ratio, parental education), and an adverse childhood experience (ACE) score. RESULTS When stratifying by household generation, racial and ethnic minority children generally had similar to lower odds of outcomes compared with White children, with the exception of higher odds of behavior/conduct problems among third + -generation Black children. When stratifying by race and ethnicity, third + generation children had increased odds of depression compared to their first-generation counterparts. Third + generation, racial and ethnic minority children had increased odds of anxiety and behavior/conduct problems compared with their first-generation counterparts. The associations generally remained significant after adjusting for the ACE score. CONCLUSIONS Lower odds of common mental health conditions in racial and ethnic minority children could be due to factors such as differential reporting, and higher estimates, including those in third + generation children, could be due to factors including discrimination; systemic racism; and other factors that vary by generation and need further investigation to advance health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Zarei
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Kahle
- Information Management Services, Inc, Calverton, MD
| | | | - Anna Ohlis
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddartha Aradhya
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Demography Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD
| | - Faustine Williams
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD
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Morrison L, Frank CJ. Social Determinants of Mental and Behavioral Health. Prim Care 2023; 50:679-688. [PMID: 37866840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Both mental illness and overall mental health are determined by a complicated interplay of life experiences and genetic predisposition. While genetic predisposition is difficult to modify, many of the life experiences that worsen mental health and exacerbate serious mental illness are associated with social policies and cultural norms that are changeable. Now that we have identified these associations, it is time to rigorously test scalable interventions to address these risks. These interventions will need to focus on high-impact stages in life (like childhood) and will need to address risk beyond the individual by focusing on the family and community.
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Jackson AB, Gibbons FX, Fleischli ME, Haeny AM, Bold KW, Suttiratana SC, Fagan P, Krishnan-Sarin S, Gerrard M. Association of racial discrimination in health care settings and use of electronic cigarettes to quit smoking among Black adults. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 155:208985. [PMID: 36822270 PMCID: PMC10442461 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.208985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black people are disproportionately burdened by tobacco-related diseases and are less successful at cigarette cessation with current treatments. We know little about the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation method compared to currently approved methods in Black adults who smoke. Many Black adults report experiencing racial discrimination in health care, but if discrimination is related to utilization of smoking cessation aids including e-cigarettes and success with smoking cessation in this population is unclear. Therefore, this exploratory study aimed to understand how negative experiences and racial discrimination in health care influence use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation and success with cigarette cessation among Black adults. METHODS The study interviewed 201 Black adults who used cigarettes and tried to quit in their lifetime from the Family and Community Health Study in 2016. The study asked if they had tried and successfully quit cigarettes with e-cigarettes vs. other methods (support groups, medications, nicotine replacement therapies, call-in help lines, cold turkey [quit on their own], counseling) and asked about their negative experiences and racial discrimination in health care. We performed separate logistic regressions that evaluated the association of negative experiences and racial discrimination in health care with 1) use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation vs. other quitting methods and 2) success with cigarette cessation using any method among Black adults while controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, health insurance status, and age of onset of cigarette use. RESULTS More reported negative experiences and racial discrimination in health care were associated with ever trying to quit with e-cigarettes compared to other methods (OR:1.75, 95 % CI [1.05-2.91]), but negative experiences and racial discrimination in health care were not associated with cigarette quitting success. Interestingly, trying e-cigarettes was associated with being less successful at quitting compared to using other methods to quit smoking (OR: 0.40, 95 % CI [0.20, 0.81]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that educating health care professionals that anticipated discrimination in health care settings may be driving Black adults who smoke to engage in non-evidence-based smoking cessation practices, such as e-cigarettes instead of those that are evidence-based, and may be more effective in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti B Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary E Fleischli
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Krysten W Bold
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Sakinah C Suttiratana
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States of America
| | | | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, United States of America
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Baiden P, Onyeaka HK, Aneni K, Wood B, LaBrenz CA, Muoghalu C, Peoples JE, Szlyk HS, Gobodzo EC, Baiden JF, Adeku Y, Mets VE, Brown FA, Cavazos-Rehg P. Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109894. [PMID: 37167795 PMCID: PMC11003345 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polysubstance use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, yet most studies on adolescent substance use focus on a singular substance. This study is one of the first to investigate the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents using a nationally representative sample. METHODS Data was from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey. The sample included 4145 racial/ethnic minority adolescents (52.8% female). Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. RESULTS About 12% of racial/ethnic minority adolescents engaged in polysubstance use and 23.4% reported experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always. Controlling for other factors, experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always was associated with 1.52 times higher odds of polysubstance use when compared to adolescents who never experienced PRD in school (OR=1.52, p=.044, 95% CI=1.01-2.30). Cyberbullying victimization, symptoms of depression, and being emotionally abused by a parent during COVID-19 were also associated with polysubstance use. CONCLUSION Controlling for demographic characteristics and psychosocial stressors, PRD in school was significantly associated with higher odds of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. The findings of this study could inform clinicians and policymakers of the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use, which could contribute to early identification of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA.
| | - Henry K Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02115, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02115, USA; McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02478, USA
| | | | - Bethany Wood
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA
| | - Catherine A LaBrenz
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA
| | - Chioma Muoghalu
- Plains Regional Medical Center, Clovis, New Mexico, NM88101, USA
| | - JaNiene E Peoples
- The Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO63130, USA
| | - Hannah S Szlyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO63110, USA
| | | | - John F Baiden
- East Airport International School, P.O. Box KAPM 57, KIA, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yvonne Adeku
- Western University, Department of Sociology, Social Science Centre, Room 5306, London, OntarioN6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Vera E Mets
- University of Ghana, Legon, Department of Social Work, P.O. Box LG 419, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fawn A Brown
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr, Box 19528, Arlington, TX76019, USA
| | - Patricia Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO63110, USA
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Ojukwu EN, Okoye HU, Saewyc E. Social Correlates of HIV-Risky Behaviours among African Canadian Adolescents Living in British Columbia, Canada: A Secondary Data Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6031. [PMID: 37297635 PMCID: PMC10252849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have linked HIV-risky behaviours among young people to several socio-contextual factors. However, the social factors that might increase African Canadian adolescents' exposure to HIV-risky behaviours, including unprotected sex and forced or multiple-sexual partnerships, have received little or no attention in the literature. Using data from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Surveys (2003-2018) and guided by intersectionality and socio-ecological frameworks, we examined the social determinants of HIV-risky behaviours (HRB) among African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia. We observed a general decline in HRB from 2008 to 2018. However, more than half (54.5%) of the 1042 who were sexually experienced in 2018 reported having 2 or more sexual partners, and nearly half reported condom-less sex. Our results demonstrate an important need to evaluate the impacts of several social factors on health outcomes for a unique, marginalized population.
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Spriggs MJ, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Bornemann J, Thurgur H, Schlag AK. ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1119115. [PMID: 37251069 PMCID: PMC10211333 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of psychedelic assisted therapy (PAT) is growing at an unprecedented pace. The immense pressures this places on those working in this burgeoning field have already begun to raise important questions about risk and responsibility. It is imperative that the development of an ethical and equitable infrastructure for psychedelic care is prioritized to support this rapid expansion of PAT in research and clinical settings. Here we present Access, Reciprocity and Conduct (ARC); a framework for a culturally informed ethical infrastructure for ARC in psychedelic therapies. These three parallel yet interdependent pillars of ARC provide the bedrock for a sustainable psychedelic infrastructure which prioritized equal access to PAT for those in need of mental health treatment (Access), promotes the safety of those delivering and receiving PAT in clinical contexts (Conduct), and respects the traditional and spiritual uses of psychedelic medicines which often precede their clinical use (Reciprocity). In the development of ARC, we are taking a novel dual-phase co-design approach. The first phase involves co-development of an ethics statement for each arm with stakeholders from research, industry, therapy, community, and indigenous settings. A second phase will further disseminate the statements for collaborative review to a wider audience from these different stakeholder communities within the psychedelic therapy field to invite feedback and further refinement. By presenting ARC at this early stage, we hope to draw upon the collective wisdom of the wider psychedelic community and inspire the open dialogue and collaboration upon which the process of co-design depends. We aim to offer a framework through which psychedelic researchers, therapists and other stakeholders, may begin tackling the complex ethical questions arising within their own organizations and individual practice of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg J. Spriggs
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Murphy
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- South West London and St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Bornemann
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Science, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne K. Schlag
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Science, London, United Kingdom
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Jackson A, Fleischli ME, Haeny AM, Rose SW, Fagan P, Krishnan-Sarin S, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX. Association of Non-Cigarette Tobacco Advertisements and Racial Discrimination With Non-Cigarette Tobacco Product Use Among Black Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:781-787. [PMID: 36169563 PMCID: PMC10032198 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black communities are targeted by more cigarette advertisements than White communities and racial discrimination among Black people is related to cigarette use. However, little is known about these factors with non-cigarette tobacco product use among Black adults. Therefore, this study assessed the association of non-cigarette advertisement exposure and racial discrimination with use of non-cigarette tobacco products among Black adults. AIMS AND METHODS Black adults (n = 533) from The Family and Community Health Study in 2016 were asked if they had seen advertisements for e-cigarettes, snus pouches, filtered cigars, large cigars, cigarillos, dissolvable tobacco, smokeless tobacco, hookah, and tobacco pipe and if they used these in the past month. For products with the highest past month use and significant correlations with advertisement exposure, separate logistic regression models were performed that evaluated the association between advertisement exposure, racial discrimination, and non-cigarette tobacco product use while controlling for cigarette use, sex, socioeconomic status, and age. RESULTS Use of cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah were higher than other non-cigarette tobacco products assessed. Logistic regressions revealed that more advertisement exposure in the past month was associated with higher odds of using cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah (p < .01). More experiences of racial discrimination were associated with past month cigarillo use, but not hookah or large cigars (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Non-cigarette tobacco advertisement exposure was associated with the use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Experiences of racial discrimination were associated with the most used non-cigarette tobacco product among Black adults, cigarillos. IMPLICATIONS This is the first time that a specific type of cigar (ie cigarillos) has been associated with experiences of racial discrimination among Black adults. Efforts to reduce non-cigarette tobacco marketing and eradicate exposure to racial discrimination among Black adults may aid in eliminating tobacco-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary E Fleischli
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Efird CR, Matthews DD, Muessig KE, Barrington CL, Metzl JM, Lightfoot AF. Rural and nonrural racial variation in mentally unhealthy days: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in North Carolina, 2015–2019. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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15
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Davis A, Solomon M, Belcher H. Examination of Race and Autism Intersectionality Among African American/Black Young Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2022; 4:306-314. [PMID: 36777378 PMCID: PMC9908282 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background African American/Black (AA/B) young adults with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders rarely are studied in a way that acknowledges both their racial identity and their autism diagnosis. Little is known about intersectional oppression in the lives of these young adults. Early adulthood is a time when a young people of color may come to terms with a society that may not treat them fairly and equally due to their race. Autistic AA/B young adults may be even more vulnerable to stress and psychological disempowerment due to the added impact of negative experiences of being Black and having an autism diagnosis. Methods Thirty-two autistic and 30 non-autistic AA/B young adults took part in an online survey examining risk factors of everyday discrimination, perceived stress and potential protective factors of psychological empowerment, and Black identity. Differences in score measures for the autistic and non-autistic samples were examined along with the predictors of perceived stress assessed. Frequencies of intersectional discrimination experiences were also examined. Results Autistic AA/B participants reported significantly less everyday discriminatory experiences than non-autistic AA/B participants, whereas perceived stress was not significantly different between the two groups. The majority of non-autistic AA/B participants endorsed race as their prime source of experiences of discrimination, whereas autistic AA/B participants also cited being autistic as a major contributor to reports of discrimination. Although the autistic group had significantly lower reports of self-determination, they reported higher on the Black identity, private regard scale, pertaining to feelings about group membership, which can be considered a protective factor. There is heterogeneity in reasons for discriminatory experiences for autistic AA/B young adults whereby some of the participants (12%-30%) endorsed race + disability as dual reasons for experiencing regular discrimination. Conclusions Mental health clinicians and other direct service providers working with autistic AA/B young adults should understand that intersecting identities of race and disability may be at play when they are working with these individuals, and that treatment should consider these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Harolyn Belcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pederson AB, Hawkins D, Lartey L. Differences in psychosocial factors of mental health in an ethnically diverse Black adult population. J Public Health Policy 2022; 43:670-684. [PMID: 36434052 PMCID: PMC9702608 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-022-00379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in a convenient sample of Black adults in the United States (n = 269, ages 18-65) from diverse ethnic backgrounds (African-Americans, African immigrants, Afro-Caribbean immigrants). We examined mean differences in self-reported medical mistrust, use of mental health services, depression symptom severity, mental health knowledge and stigma behavior (or a desire for separation away from people living with a mental illness) according to ethnicity, citizenship status, age group, and gender. African Americans with moderate to severe depression symptoms had greater stigma behavior (mean = 12.2, SD = 3.2) than African Americans who screened in the minimal to mild depression range (mean = 13.1, SD = 3.5). Across the spectrum of depression, immigrants showed greater stigma than African Americans (p = 0.037). This is a pilot study that explores heterogeneity in the Black population in depression symptom severity and psychosocial factors related to mental health. Understanding these differences may contribute to how we approach needs and health system practices and policies at the individual, systemic, and structural level of mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke Bamgbose Pederson
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- One Bowdoin Square, 6th floor, Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Devan Hawkins
- Public Health Program, School of Arts and Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynette Lartey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Reck A, Seaton E, Oshri A, Kogan S. Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Black American Adolescents: Sociocultural, Racism and Familial Predictors. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36383042 PMCID: PMC10185710 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2140432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of depressive symptoms often increases in adolescence, and for Black American youth, can result in disproportionately long-lasting and deleterious outcomes. Despite the epidemiological trend, scant research has examined the longitudinal development of heterogeneous patterns of depressive symptoms among Black American youth. Moreover, less is known on the impact of contextual covariates on depressive symptom trajectories among Black American youth. The investigation into within-group differences of depressive symptoms is crucial for culturally informed interventions. METHODS The sample consisted of 472 Black American youth and their primary caregivers from eight counties in Georgia who provided data at five time points (i.e., youth ages 11 to 15). Hypotheses were tested with latent class growth analysis to investigate multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms, and examine sociocultural and familial covariates of trajectory group, including caregiver depressive symptoms, involved vigilant parenting, racial discrimination experiences, Black pride, and internalized racism. RESULTS Four-classes of depressive symptoms were identified including stable low (58.4%); high start, decreasing (20%); later onset (13%); and high and increasing (8.5%). Family and race-related predictors differentiated youth's depressive symptom trajectories class and identified warning signs for high-symptomology trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide novel insights into developmental patterns of depressive symptoms and the role of contextual and sociocultural factors within a sample of Black American youth. Implications include treatment and prevention recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Reck
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia
| | - Eleanor Seaton
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia
| | - Steven Kogan
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia
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18
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Profiles of civic assets among youth of color: Relations with civic action. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Perceived racial discrimination and suicidal behaviors among racial and ethnic minority adolescents in the United States: Findings from the 2021 adolescent behaviors and experiences survey. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114877. [PMID: 36244159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the prevalence of perceived racial discrimination (PRD) in school, among racial/ethnic minority adolescents, and (2) the association between PRD and suicidal behaviors among racial/ethnic minority adolescents in the United States. Data from a sample of 3241 racial/ethnic minority adolescents (53.7% female) from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Controlling for other factors, racial/ethnic minority adolescents who experienced PRD had 1.57 times higher odds of experiencing suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.57, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.09-2.25), 1.64 times higher odds of making a suicide plan (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.09-2.49), and 1.67 times higher odds of attempting suicide (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.04-2.68) during the past year. Other factors associated with suicidal behaviors included self-identifying as lesbian/gay, bisexual, or other/questioning; experiencing cyberbullying; feeling sad or hopeless; and poor mental health during the pandemic. The findings of this study extend past research and demonstrate that racial/ethnic minority adolescents who experienced PRD were more likely to report suicidal behaviors over and above other well-established risk factors for suicidal behaviors. Future studies that employ longitudinal designs are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying these associations.
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20
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Salami B, Idi Y, Anyieth Y, Cyuzuzo L, Denga B, Alaazi D, Okeke-Ihejirika P. Factors that contribute to the mental health of Black youth. CMAJ 2022; 194:E1404-E1410. [PMID: 36280243 PMCID: PMC9616134 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.212142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Black people are a growing population in Canada, but limited data are available on the factors that contribute to the mental health of Black youth in Canada. We sought to explore the factors that contribute to the mental health of Black youth in Alberta, Canada. Methods: Using a youth-led participatory action research approach and an intersectional feminist theoretical perspective, we collected data from a diverse sample of Black youth (aged 16–30 yr) in Alberta. We conducted individual interviews and conversation cafés with Black youth. Results: We completed 30 individual interviews and 4 conversation cafés with a total of 99 Black youth. Participants identified the dominant factors contributing to mental health problems as racial discrimination, the intergenerational gap in families, microaggression and stigma, academic expectations, financial stress, lack of identity, previous traumatic events and religion. They also identified factors that contributed positively to mental health, including a sense of accomplishment, openness about mental health, positive relationships, sense of community and spirituality. Interpretation: Black youth in Alberta reported that anti-Black racism and intergenerational tensions are major factors that contribute to their mental health, which suggests a need to address anti-Black racism and ensure more equitable approaches for Black youth in Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
| | - Yawa Idi
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Yar Anyieth
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Lisa Cyuzuzo
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Benjamin Denga
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Dominic Alaazi
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Philomina Okeke-Ihejirika
- Faculty of Nursing (Salami, Idi, Anyieth, Cyuzuzo, Denga, Alaazi) and Department of Women and Gender Studies (Okeke-Ihejirika), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
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21
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Bernard DL, Halliday CA, Are F, Banks DE, Danielson CK. Rumination as a Mediator of the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Depression Among Black Youth. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:1937-1945. [PMID: 34410607 PMCID: PMC8857306 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial discrimination constitutes a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms among Black youth. Rumination, a maladaptive self-regulatory stress response, is a notable pathway by which racial discrimination contributes to depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minority adults. Yet, examinations of the mechanistic nature of rumination in the context of racial discrimination among racial/ethnic minority youth remain limited. The present study investigated rumination as a mediator of the association between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black youth. METHODS Data for the current study were drawn from baseline questionnaire responses of community recruited Black pre-and-early adolescents (N = 158, 53% female, Mage = 11.50) in the southeast USA participating in an ongoing longitudinal study examining the effects of interpersonal stressors on youth mental health outcomes. RESULTS After adjusting for age and gender, mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through rumination, estimate = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [0.12, 0.47]. Racial discrimination was positively associated with rumination (b = .74, SE = .23, p = .001), and rumination, in turn, was positively associated with depressive symptoms (b = .40, SE = .06, p < .001). CONCLUSION Consistent with previous research, we found racial discrimination to be directly and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms among Black youth. Findings provide evidence of the cognitive burden of discriminatory experiences and suggest that rumination represents a potential pathway that can be targeted at early developmental stages to reduce the deleterious impact of racism-related stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte L Bernard
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Colleen A Halliday
- Center for Global and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Funlola Are
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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22
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Majcherek D, Kowalski AM, Lewandowska MS. Lifestyle, Demographic and Socio-Economic Determinants of Mental Health Disorders of Employees in the European Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11913. [PMID: 36231214 PMCID: PMC9565551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring the health and well-being of workers should be a top priority for employers and governments. The aim of the article is to evaluate and rank the importance of mental health determinants: lifestyle, demographic factors and socio-economic status. The research study is based on EHIS 2013-2015 data for a sample of N = 140,791 employees from 30 European countries. The results obtained using machine learning techniques such as gradient-boosted trees and SHAPley values show that the mental health of European employees is strongly determined by the BMI, age and social support from close people. The next vital features are alcohol consumption, an unmet need for health care and sports activity, followed by the affordability of medicine or treatment, income and occupation. The wide range of variables clearly indicates that there is an important role for governments to play in order to minimize the risk of mental disorders across various socio-economic groups. It is also a signal for businesses to help boost the mental health of their employees by creating holistic, mentally friendly working conditions, such as offering time-management training, implementing morning briefings, offering quiet areas, making employees feel valued, educating them about depression and burnout symptoms, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Majcherek
- Department of International Management, Collegium of World Economy, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
- World Economy Research Institute, Collegium of World Economy, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stefania Lewandowska
- Department of International Management, Collegium of World Economy, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland
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Kogan CS, Noorishad PG, Ndengeyingoma A, Guerrier M, Cénat JM. Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms among Black people in Canada: A significant role for everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions. J Affect Disord 2022; 308:545-553. [PMID: 35460740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent worldwide but vary significantly by country and ethnoracial background. Minimal published data exist on the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety among Black people in Canada and none using validated measures. Therefore, this study sought to establish the frequency of clinically significant anxiety symptoms among a sample of Black people living in Canada as well as examine the association with two forms of racism (racial discrimination and racial microaggressions). METHODS Data collected from the Black Community Mental Health project in Canada was analyzed. Participants provided (N= 845) sociodemographic information and completed measures assessing anxiety symptomology (GAD-7), everyday racial discrimination, racial microaggressions, and resilience. Prevalence of anxiety symptomatology was determined across sociodemographic variables as well as categories of everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions. Two regression models were conducted to examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms and the two forms of racism controlling for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Overall, nearly a third of participants endorsed clinically significant levels of anxiety symptoms, with higher rates observed among men, unemployed people, those with higher education, people who are separated, and those with no reported family history of mental health problems. Logistic regression models demonstrated that, except for those reporting the greatest frequency of racial discrimination, there is a general linear trend such that those experiencing higher levels of racial discrimination or racial microaggressions are increasingly more likely to present with anxiety symptoms when compared to those reporting low levels of discrimination or microaggressions. Psychological resilience afforded nominal protection but only against exposure to racial microaggressions. CONCLUSIONS Rates of clinically significant anxiety are higher among Black people in Canada than reported previously. Both racial discrimination and racial microaggressions predicted higher rates of anxiety symptoms. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings from the US that report similar findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Ahmed N, De Silva D, Kanaya AM, Kandula NR. Psychological Symptoms as Mediators in the Association between Discrimination and Health among South Asian Americans. JOURNAL OF ASIAN HEALTH 2022; 2:e202209. [PMID: 36304714 PMCID: PMC9605410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To examine psychological symptoms (symptoms of depression, anger, anxiety) as potential mediators between discrimination and health outcomes among South Asian Americans. We hypothesized that psychological symptoms would be significant mediators in the pathways between discrimination and health. Research Design and Methods The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study examines risk factors for heart disease among South Asian Americans using self-reported and medical data collected from participants in the San Francisco Bay Area and Chicago regions of the U.S. (N=1164). For this study we assessed the associations among the everyday discrimination scale, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, and health outcomes using structural equation modeling. Results We found significant positive associations between discrimination and symptoms of depression (ß .69, p<.0001), anger (ß .38, p<.0001), and anxiety (ß .64, p<.0001). Exposure to discrimination had a direct negative association with HDL level (ß -.37, p=.01). Indirect associations between discrimination and health outcomes were seen via depression (tobacco use: ß 1.08, p=.007), via anger (triglyceride level: 11.88, p=.03; alcohol consumption: ß 1.66, p=.002; calories consumed per day: ß 108.04, p=.02), and via anxiety (tobacco use: ß -1.05, p=.004; alcohol consumption: ß -1.88, p=.03). Conclusion Our hypothesis was partially confirmed with proximate health indicators (tobacco use, alcohol consumption, caloric intake) and triglyceride levels. These results suggest that psychological symptoms mediate the association between discrimination and adverse health risk behaviors among South Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Ahmed
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, 2242 Valley Dr, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Dane De Silva
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, 2242 Valley Dr, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Zimmerman GM, Trovato D, Miller-Smith A. Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in the Incidence and Adverse Effects of Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Chicago Youth. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 15:1-24. [PMID: 35601816 PMCID: PMC9106986 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research links interpersonal racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Yet, studies examining the relevance of neighborhood context for discrimination are sparse. This study examines neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of perceived racial and ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior, violent behavior, and substance use. Hierarchical regression models on a sample of 1333 African American and Hispanic youth (52.44% female; x̄ = 13.03 years, SD = 3.25 at wave 1) residing in 238 Chicago neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicated little to no neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of discrimination. Findings suggest that the experience of discrimination among youth of color is ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Zimmerman
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Daniel Trovato
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ayanna Miller-Smith
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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26
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Smith NC, Nicholson HL. Perceived discrimination and mental health among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents: ethnic differences in processes and effects. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:687-704. [PMID: 32977736 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1814998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Although the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among Black youth is well-documented, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Drawing from the stress process model, this study examines two psychosocial mediators - self-esteem and self-efficacy - in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. This research addresses three primary research questions: First, how is perceived discrimination associated with mental health? Second, to what extent do self-esteem and self-efficacy mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health? Finally, do these relationships and processes differ between African American and Caribbean Black adolescents?Design: Data for these analyses come from the National Survey of American Life - Adolescent Supplement. We use generalized structural equation modeling to examine relationships among perceived discrimination, psychosocial resources, and mental health.Results: For both African American and Caribbean Black adolescents, more frequent perceptions of discriminatory events were associated with greater depressive symptoms and a higher likelihood of having an anxiety disorder diagnosis. However, the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for Caribbean Black adolescents. Generally, self-esteem and self-efficacy were found to be significant mediators in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health, although mechanisms varied between African American and Caribbean Black youth.Conclusion: African American and Caribbean Black adolescents are highly susceptible to experiences of discrimination that negatively affect their mental health. Heterogeneity among Black youth populations must be considered when developing interventions to reduce exposure to and the effects of discrimination among these adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Smith
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mpofu JJ, Cooper AC, Ashley C, Geda S, Harding RL, Johns MM, Spinks-Franklin A, Njai R, Moyse D, Underwood JM. Perceived Racism and Demographic, Mental Health, and Behavioral Characteristics Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021. MMWR Suppl 2022; 71:22-27. [PMID: 35358163 PMCID: PMC8979604 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.su7103a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived racism in school (i.e., a student’s report of being treated badly or unfairly because of their race or ethnicity) is an important yet understudied determinant of adolescent health and well-being. Knowing how perceived racism influences adolescent health can help reduce health inequities. CDC’s 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES), an online survey of a probability-based, nationally representative sample of U.S. public- and private-school students in grades 9–12 (N = 7,705), was conducted during January–June 2021 to assess student behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. CDC analyzed data from ABES to measure perceived racism and the extent to which perceptions of racism are associated with demographic, mental health, and behavioral characteristics. Mental health and behavioral characteristics analyzed included mental health status; virtual connection with others outside of school; serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions; and feeling close to persons at school. Demographic characteristics analyzed included sex, race and ethnicity, and grade. Prevalence of perceived racism and associations between perceived racism and demographic, mental health, and behavioral characteristics are reported overall and stratified by race and ethnicity. Approximately one third (35.6%) of U.S. high school students reported perceived racism. Perceived racism was highest among Asian (63.9%), Black (55.2%), and multiracial students (54.5%). Students who reported perceived racism had higher prevalences of poor mental health (38.1%); difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (44.1%); and not feeling close to persons at school (40.7%). Perceived racism was higher among those students who reported poor mental health than those who did not report poor mental health during the pandemic among Asian (67.9% versus 40.5%), Black (62.1% versus 38.5%), Hispanic (45.7% and 22.9%), and White students (24.5% versus 12.7%). A better understanding of how negative health outcomes are associated with student experiences of racism can guide training for staff and students to promote cultural awareness and antiracist and inclusivity interventions, which are critical for promoting safe school environments for all students.
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Cooper SM, Burnett M, Golden A, Butler-Barnes S, Inniss-Thompson M. School Discrimination, Discipline Inequities, and Adjustment Among Black Adolescent Girls and Boys: An Intersectionality-Informed Approach: Dismantling Systems of Racism and Oppression during Adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:170-190. [PMID: 35040213 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Employing an intersectionality-informed approach, this investigation examines how school discrimination and disciplinary inequities shape Black adolescent boys' and girls' adjustment. One hundred and twenty-six adolescents (M = 11.88 years; SD = 1.02) residing in the Southeastern United States comprised the study sample. Results indicated that school discrimination was associated with greater depressive symptoms, lower academic persistence, and lower school satisfaction (at 1-year follow-up). In a counterintuitive pattern, adolescents' perceptions of disciplinary inequities were associated with greater persistence. This investigation provided partial support for gender variation. Perceptions of school disciplinary inequities were associated with lower educational aspirations for girls, whereas systemic school discrimination was more strongly associated with boys' educational aspirations. Overall, our study suggests that school-specific systemic discrimination and disciplinary practices shape Black adolescents' adjustment.
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29
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Smith NA, McDonald A, Wei W, Johnson SA, Adeji D, Witherspoon DP. Embracing Race, Resisting Oppression: African American Parents as Experienced Guides for Navigating Racial Oppression: Dismantling Systems of Racism and Oppression during Adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:115-133. [PMID: 34939723 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how discrimination experiences, beliefs, and coping in middle adolescence contributed to heterogeneity in African American parent-adolescent relationship (PAR) profiles three years later. Data were from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study in which 589 African American caregivers (92% female; Mage = 39.15, SD = 6.72; range = 27-74 years old) were interviewed when youth were in 8th and 11th grades. We used previously identified profiles of ethnic-racial socialization, general parenting practices, and relationship quality: No-nonsense High Socializers, Indulgent Average Socializers, Unengaged Silent Socializers, and Authoritative Cultural Socializers. Results indicated that parents' discrimination experiences, racial coping self-efficacy, and racial coping socialization when youth were in the 8th grade predicted membership in PAR profiles three years later controlling for youth gender, parent marital status, and family socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Wei
- The Pennsylvania State University
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McLoyd VC. Spotlighting Black Adolescent Development in the Shadow of Racism: A Commentary. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:295-301. [PMID: 35195316 PMCID: PMC9306958 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The special issue brings together scholarship that expands our understanding of the adverse effects of interpersonal, online, and vicarious racial discrimination on Black adolescents' psychosocial well-being and sociocultural factors (e.g., racial socialization and positive racial identity) that mitigate these effects. It also focuses attention on ways that adolescents' behavior and characteristics shape racial socialization. Some of the critical tasks that lie ahead include elevating a developmental perspective, documenting developmental pathways, directly assessing proximal mediating processes, giving more attention to the robustness and replicability of findings, and expanding levels of analyses and outcomes to include both macro-structural indicators and indicators of physiological and neuropsychological functioning.
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Ehmke MD, Katare B, Kiesel K, Bergtold JS, Penn JM, Boys KA. U.S. agricultural university students' mental well-being and resilience during the first wave of COVID-19: Discordant expectations and experiences across genders. APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY 2022; 44:129-161. [PMID: 35573057 PMCID: PMC9082004 DOI: 10.1002/aepp.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's first wave led to declining mental health and life satisfaction outcomes for college students, especially women. While women in undergraduate agricultural programs outperformed men academically prior to and during the pandemic, the achievement may have come at personal cost, especially for those women with fewer personal and environmental resiliency resources. Our research objective was to expand on personal, social, and environmental factors linked with lower mental health and life satisfaction scores for students in agriculture during the pandemic. We measured the influence of such factors across gender-based mental health and life satisfaction outcomes. Our data were collected from 2030 students using an on-line survey across six land-grant university college of agriculture in agriculturally as many distinct regions of the United States. We estimated OLS and Ordered Probit models of their mental health and life satisfaction self-assessments. Our findings reveal students' mental health and life satisfaction were reduced due to a paucity of personal (e.g., less future orientation or graduate school aspirations, food and housing insecurity, and personal health risks) and environmental (e.g., lower quality on-line learning experiences, isolation, family health risk, discrimination experiences) resiliency resources. Our results suggest women were more likely than men to be adversely affected by reduced resiliency resources. These findings suggest university emergency response policies need to address students' needs for housing and food security, on-line course development and delivery, tele health and mental health resources, broad social inclusion and diversity to decrease risk of female attrition and support all students in agricultural degree programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah D. Ehmke
- Food Economics DivisionUSDA Economic Research ServiceKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | | | - Kristin Kiesel
- Agricultural and Resource EconomicsUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jason S. Bergtold
- Department of Agricultural EconomicsKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Jerrod M. Penn
- Department of Agricultural Economics and AgribusinessLouisiana State University and LSU Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Kathryn A. Boys
- Agricultural and Resource EconomicsNorth Caroline State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Dunbar AS. Black Lives and Black Research Matter: How our Collective Emotions Continue to Drive a Movement. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:307-313. [PMID: 35224807 PMCID: PMC9305767 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The author discusses (1) how the collective emotional experience of the Black community has propelled two parallel movements, Black Lives Matter and Black Research Matters, (2) the state of developmental science as it pertains to Black youth, and (3) suggestions for future research to integrate across fields and to evolve beyond Black pain to incorporate Black joy. The author suggests that the palpable anger collectively felt and expressed as a community has propelled a host of social-political actions to dismantle anti-Black systems of oppression, including within academia. She highlights that the scholarship on Black youth development has driven innovations in theory and methodology that have influenced the field of developmental science broadly and recommends future research areas for consideration.
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Ta Park VM, Dougan MM, Meyer OL, Nam B, Tzuang M, Park LG, Vuong Q, Bang J, Tsoh JY. Discrimination Experiences during COVID-19 among a National, Multi-Lingual, Community-Based Sample of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: COMPASS Findings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:924. [PMID: 35055744 PMCID: PMC8776140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reports of escalated discrimination among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) due to COVID-19 are alarming, making this a public health priority. However, there are limited empirical studies on the scope and impact of COVID-19-related discrimination among AAPIs. Using the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of AAPI Survey Study (COMPASS) data (N = 4971; survey period: October 2020-February 2021), which is a U.S.-wide multi-lingual survey, we examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with discrimination experiences attributable to being an AAPI during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 60.7% reported experiencing discrimination; the group prevalence ranged from 80.0% (Hmong) to 40.5% (Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that COVID-19-related factors were associated with many discrimination experiences: having a shelter-in-place order of ≥1 month, living in areas with perceived similar/higher COVID-19 severity, and negative impact in family income/employment due to COVID-19. Additionally, being Asian American (versus Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders), females, non-heterosexuals, younger, more severe effect on family income, living in the non-West, and poorer health were significantly correlated with discrimination experiences. Findings may assist in formulating anti-AAPI-discrimination policies and programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Culturally appropriate programs and policies to combat this are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van M Ta Park
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Asian American Research Center on Health (ARCH), University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcelle M Dougan
- Department of Public Health and Recreation, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Oanh L Meyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Bora Nam
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marian Tzuang
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda G Park
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Quyen Vuong
- International Children Assistance Network (ICAN), 532 Valley Way, Milpitas, CA 95035, USA
| | - Joon Bang
- Iona Senior Services, 4125 Albemarle Street NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Janice Y Tsoh
- Asian American Research Center on Health (ARCH), University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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34
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Butler AM, Brown SD, Carreon SA, Smalls BL, Terry A. Equity in Psychosocial Outcomes and Care for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Socioeconomically Disadvantaged People With Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2022; 35:276-283. [PMID: 36082019 PMCID: PMC9396713 DOI: 10.2337/dsi22-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of social determinants of health (SDOH) in promoting equity in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and outcomes continues to be documented in the literature. Less attention has focused on disparities in psychosocial aspects of living with diabetes and the role of SDOH in promoting equity in psychosocial outcomes and care. In this review, the authors describe racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in psychosocial aspects of living with diabetes, discuss promising approaches to promote equity in psychosocial care, and provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Ashley M. Butler,
| | - Susan D. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Brittany L. Smalls
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Amanda Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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35
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Wedel AV, Goodhines PA, Zaso MJ, Park A. Prospective Associations of Discrimination, Race, and Sexual Orientation with Substance Use in Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:263-272. [PMID: 34809528 PMCID: PMC9132580 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Adolescents are at high risk for alcohol and cannabis use. Emerging evidence suggests that discrimination exposure is prospectively associated with risk for alcohol use among adolescents of marginalized race, sexual orientation, or gender identity. However, it is unknown whether prospective discrimination-substance use associations among marginalized adolescents are also present for cannabis use. This study examined prospective associations of race, sexual orientation, and discrimination exposure with alcohol and cannabis use over one year. Methods: Data were drawn from a two-wave longitudinal health survey study of 9-11th graders (n = 350 for the current analyses; Year 1 Mage=15.95 [SD = 1.07, range = 13-19]; 44% male; 44% Black, 22% White, 18% Asian, 16% Multiracial; 16% LGB; 10% Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity) at an urban high school. Two multinomial logistic regressions examined associations of Year 1 race, sexual orientation, and discrimination experiences with Year 2 alcohol and cannabis consumption separately. Results: Year 1 Discrimination exposure was associated with increased risk for Year 2 past-year alcohol use among Asian (OR = 1.34) and past-month alcohol use among Multiracial (OR = 1.30) adolescents, but not Black or LGB adolescents. Discrimination exposure was not associated with any cannabis use pattern in any group. Independent of discrimination, LGB adolescents were at greater risk for monthly alcohol (OR = 3.48) and cannabis use (OR = 4.07) at Year 2. Conclusions: Discrimination exposure is prospectively associated with risk for alcohol use among adolescents of understudied (Asian, Multiracial) racial backgrounds, and should be considered in alcohol prevention and intervention strategies. Risk factors for alcohol and cannabis use among LGB adolescents should continue to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia V Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Michelle J Zaso
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Aesoon Park
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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36
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Zimmerman GM, Miller-Smith A. The impact of anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial and ethnic discrimination on depression and suicidal behavior among Chicago youth. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2022; 101:102623. [PMID: 34823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research linking racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Beyond experienced racial and ethnic discrimination, this study considers the relevance of anticipated and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination for depression and suicidal behavior. Hierarchical regression models on a diverse sample of 1147 youth (50.31 % female) within 79 neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicated that experienced, anticipated, and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination were associated with an increased risk of depression and suicidal behavior. Additionally, African American and Hispanic youth were disproportionately exposed to-but not differentially impacted by-racial and ethnic discrimination. Findings suggest that developmental research should account for experienced, anticipated, and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Zimmerman
- Big Data and Quantitative Methods Initiatives | College of Social Sciences and Humanities | School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Northeastern University, 431 Churchill Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Ayanna Miller-Smith
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 204 Churchill Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Hutchins HJ, Barry CM, Wanga V, Bacon S, Njai R, Claussen AH, Ghandour RM, Lebrun-Harris LA, Perkins K, Robinson LR. Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Physical and Mental Health Conditions in Childhood, and the Relative Role of Other Adverse Experiences. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2022; 3:181-194. [PMID: 37181947 PMCID: PMC10174208 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor health. Childhood experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and other forms of racism may underlie or exacerbate other ACEs. We explored health-related associations with perceived racial/ethnic discrimination relative to other ACEs, using data from 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health, an annual cross-sectional, nationally representative survey. Parent responses for 88,183 children ages 6-17 years with complete data for ACEs (including racial/ethnic discrimination) were analyzed for associations between racial/ethnic discrimination, other ACEs, demographics, and physical and mental health conditions with weighted prevalence estimates and Wald chi-square tests. To assess associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and health conditions relative to other ACEs, we used weighted Poisson regressions, adjusted for exposure to other ACEs, age, and sex. We assessed effect modification by race/ethnicity. Prevalence of other ACEs was highest among children with racial/ethnic discrimination, and both racial/ethnic discrimination and other ACEs were associated with having one or more health conditions. Adjusted associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and health conditions differed by race/ethnicity (interaction P-values < 0.001) and were strongest for mental health conditions among Hispanic/Latino (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-2.10) and non-Hispanic/Latino Asian American (aPR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.37-3.71) children. Results suggest racial/ethnic discrimination and other ACEs are associated with child health conditions, with differences in relative associations by race/ethnicity. Public health efforts to prevent childhood adversity, including racial/ethnic discrimination and other forms of racism could be associated with improvements in child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J. Hutchins
- Child Development Studies Team, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research Participation Programs, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
| | | | - Valentine Wanga
- Child Development Studies Team, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Sarah Bacon
- Office of Strategy and Innovation, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Rashid Njai
- Minority Health and Health Equity Science Team, Office of Minority Health and Health Equity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Angelika H. Claussen
- Child Development Studies Team, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Reem M. Ghandour
- Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
| | - Lydie A. Lebrun-Harris
- Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
| | - Kiana Perkins
- Oglethorpe University, 4484 Peachtree Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30319, USA
| | - Lara R. Robinson
- Child Development Studies Team, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy S106-4, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
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Dunbar AS, HaRim Ahn L, Coates EE, Smith-Bynum MA. Observed dyadic racial socialization disrupts the association between frequent discriminatory experiences and emotional reactivity among Black adolescents. Child Dev 2022; 93:39-57. [PMID: 34585381 PMCID: PMC8865630 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which racism degrades mental health and the factors that disrupt these mechanisms is paramount. Black adolescents (Mage = 15.5) and their mothers (Mage = 44) were observed discussing a hypothetical discriminatory situation and surveyed about their discriminatory experiences (N = 110). Results indicated that adolescents' submissive emotional reactivity (e.g., sadness, embarrassment) in direct response to discrimination, rather than dominant reactivity (e.g., anger, frustration), was the primary mechanism explaining the link between discrimination and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Maternal advocacy combined with high levels of dyadic warmth and emotion expression reduced girls' submissive reactivity, whereas a more directive "no-nonsense" advocacy approach reduced boys' submissive reactivity. Findings demonstrate how racial socialization can disrupt the pain of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel S. Dunbar
- African American Studies Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia HaRim Ahn
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Erica E. Coates
- Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mia A. Smith-Bynum
- Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Ahn LH, Dunbar AS, Coates EE, Smith-Bynum MA. Cultural and Universal Parenting, Ethnic Identity, and Internalizing Symptoms Among African American Adolescents. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00957984211034290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested a path model that addressed two questions regarding the connection between one aspect of racial socialization (cultural pride reinforcement), communication between mothers and their adolescent children, adolescent ethnic identity, and mental health. First, we tested whether quality of communication moderated the relationship between cultural pride reinforcement and ethnic identity affirmation and anxiety/depressive/withdrawn symptoms. Then, we examined whether cultural pride reinforcement and quality of communication with mothers were directly linked to increased ethnic identity affirmation and in turn lower anxiety/depressive symptoms and withdrawn behaviors. Our sample included 111 African American adolescents (58.2% female; ages 14–17) in the mid-Atlantic region. Results of the path analysis indicated that cultural pride reinforcement and quality of communication independently and uniquely related to internalizing symptoms through ethnic identity affirmation. Findings contribute to a novel understanding of how both cultural (cultural pride reinforcement) and universal (quality of communication) are important factors to foster African American adolescents’ healthy adjustment and sense of self.
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Paradela RS, Ferreira NV, Nucci MP, Cabella B, Martino LM, Torres LA, Costa DID, Consolim-Colombo FM, Suemoto CK, Irigoyen MC. Relation of a Socioeconomic Index with Cognitive Function and Neuroimaging in Hypertensive Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:815-826. [PMID: 34092639 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic factors are important contributors to brain health. However, data from developing countries (where social inequalities are the most prominent) are still scarce, particularly about hypertensive individuals. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic index, cognitive function, and cortical brain volume, as well as determine whether white matter hyperintensities are mediators of the association of the socioeconomic index with cognitive function in hypertensive individuals. METHODS We assessed 92 hypertensive participants (mean age = 58±8.6 years, 65.2%female). Cognitive evaluation and neuroimaging were performed and clinical and sociodemographic data were collected using questionnaires. A socioeconomic index was created using education, income, occupation (manual or non-manual work), and race. The associations of the socioeconomic index with cognitive performance and brain volume were investigated using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, time of hypertension since diagnosis, and comorbidities. A causal mediation analysis was also conducted. RESULTS Better socioeconomic status was associated with better visuospatial ability, executive function, and global cognition. We found associations between a better socioeconomic index and a higher parietal lobe volume. White matter hyperintensities were also not mediators in the relationship between the socioeconomic index and cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic disadvantages are associated with worse cognitive performance and brain volume in individuals with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Silva Paradela
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Naomi Vidal Ferreira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Adventist University of São Paulo, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Penteado Nucci
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Brenno Cabella
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, São Paulo State University (IFT-UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Menoni Martino
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Aló Torres
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Irigoyen da Costa
- Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Suleiman AR, Afify O, Whitfield KE. The Effect of Stress, Acculturation, and Heritage Identity on Depression in Arab Americans. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021; 11:433-438. [PMID: 34211644 PMCID: PMC8221121 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1929050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Arab Americans are significantly affected by depression with prevalence as high as 50%. Our study assesses whether unique causes of depression such as stress, acculturation, and heritage identity play a role in the high prevalence of depression in Arab Americans. Methods: We surveyed 142 self-identified Arab Americans using a convenience model. Participants answered questions about their level of perceived stress, everyday discrimination, and acculturative stress. They also answered questions regarding their level of acculturation and heritage identity. Finally, participants answered questions regarding their depressive symptoms. A score of 16+ on the depression scale was used as the cut-off for depression. Results: The prevalence of depression in our sample was 60%. In our logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI and education, we found that perceived stress (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.10, 1.33, p < 0.01) and acculturative stress (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.05, p < 0.05) were associated with greater odds of having depression in Arab Americans. We did not find that everyday discrimination, acculturation, or heritage identity were associated with depression in Arab Americans (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study shows that perceived stress and acculturative stress increase the odds of depression in Arab Americans and therefore may play a role in the high prevalence of depression in this population. We hope our findings inform clinicians on the important underlying causes that may be causing depression in their Arab American patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Afify
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Keith E Whitfield
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
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42
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Musa GJ, Geronazzo-Alman L, Fan B, Cheslack-Postava K, Bavley R, Wicks J, Bresnahan M, Amsel L, Fiano E, Saxe G, Kummerfeld E, Ma S, Hoven CW. Neighborhood characteristics and psychiatric disorders in the aftermath of mass trauma: A representative study of New York City public school 4th-12th graders after 9/11. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:584-590. [PMID: 33992981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and childhood/adolescent psychopathology in large samples examined one outcome only, and/or general (e.g., 'psychological distress') or aggregate (e.g., 'any anxiety disorder') measures of psychopathology. Thus, in the only representative sample of New York City public school 4th-12th graders (N = 8202) surveyed after the attacks of 9/11/2001, this study examined whether (1) indices of neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Quality, and Safety and (2) neighborhood disadvantage (defined as multidimensional combinations of SES, Quality and Safety indicators) are associated with eight psychiatric disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder (SAD), agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, major depression, conduct disorder, and alcohol use disorder (AUD). (1) The odds ratios (OR) of psychiatric disorders were between 0.55 (AUD) and 1.55 (agoraphobia), in low and intermediate-low SES neighborhoods, respectively, between 0.50 (AUD) and 2.54 (agoraphobia) in low Quality neighborhoods, and between 0.52 (agoraphobia) and 0.65 (SAD) in low Safety neighborhoods. (2) In neighborhoods characterized by high disadvantage, the OR were between 0.42 (AUD) and 1.36 (SAD). This study suggests that neighborhood factors are important social determinants of childhood/adolescent psychopathology, even in the aftermath of mass trauma. At the community level, interventions on modifiable neighborhood characteristics and targeted resources allocation to high-risk contexts could have a cost-effective broad impact on children's mental health. At the individual-level, increased knowledge of the living environment during psychiatric assessment and treatment could improve mental health outcomes; for example, specific questions about neighborhood factors could be incorporated in DSM-5's Cultural Formulation Interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Musa
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lupo Geronazzo-Alman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bin Fan
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keely Cheslack-Postava
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Bavley
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith Wicks
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michaeline Bresnahan
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Amsel
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Fiano
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Glenn Saxe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erich Kummerfeld
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christina W Hoven
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Okoye HU, Saewyc E. Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and well-being of African Canadian adolescents: a secondary data analysis. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:108. [PMID: 33902594 PMCID: PMC8077748 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the prevalence and trends in racial discrimination among African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia. The association between racial discrimination and self-rated health, access to mental health services, substance use, suicidal thoughts and attempts, experience of extreme stress, among others were examined within the 2018 dataset. METHODS Secondary analysis used the data collected from African Canadian adolescents (n = 2448) as part of the British Columbia Adolescent Health Surveys (2003-2018). We examined whether racial discrimination increased, decreased, or remained stable over time. We evaluated experiences of racial discrimination for all adolescents, and then disaggregated analyses for boys, girls, immigrant, and Canadian-born African adolescents. We used Rao-Scott's adjusted chi-square to test differences in racial discrimination and adjusted logistic regressions to test trends across survey years, widening or narrowing gaps in racial discrimination, as well as the link to health outcomes. RESULTS Racial discrimination was significantly different across the survey years (Adjusted F = 4.60, p < .01), with the highest percentage of adolescents reporting past year racial discrimination in 2018 (29.9%) and the lowest percentage in 2013 (21.3%). Girls and immigrant African Canadian adolescents were more likely to have experienced racial discrimination. However, girls and Canadian-born adolescents had the highest odds of reporting racial discrimination in 2018 compared to 2003, AOR = 1.85, and 1.58, respectively. The findings reveal significant differences in the experiences of racial discrimination for boys and girls, as well as for immigrant and Canadian-born African adolescents. Significant differences were noted in the link between racial discrimination and self-rated health and engaging in behaviours that might expose them to health risks. The worst negative health outcomes were found for boys and immigrant African Canadian adolescents. CONCLUSION The study suggests that more than 1 in 4 African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia report racial discrimination, which is an increasing trend in recent years. Those who reported racial discrimination also had the worst adverse health outcomes. There is a need for more public health action to reduce racism, create awareness about the negative health impacts, and provide better support for African Canadian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen U Okoye
- University of British Columbia, School of Nursing, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- University of British Columbia, School of Nursing, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hill SV, Coyne-Beasley T. The Use of Protective Caregiving to Create Positive Racial-Ethnic Socialization and Mitigate Psychological Outcomes of Racial Discrimination. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e212544. [PMID: 33760085 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Hill
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Tamera Coyne-Beasley
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
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Rojas-Carvajal M, Sequeira-Cordero A, Brenes JC. The environmental enrichment model revisited: A translatable paradigm to study the stress of our modern lifestyle. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2359-2392. [PMID: 33638921 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that physical activity, social interaction and sensorimotor stimulation provided by environmental enrichment (EE) exert several neurobehavioural effects traditionally interpreted as enhancements relative to standard housing (SH) conditions. However, this evidence rather indicates that SH induces many deficits, which could be ameliorated by exposing animals to an environment vaguely mimicking some features of their wild habitat. Rearing rodents in social isolation (SI) can aggravate such deficits, which can be restored by SH or EE. It is not surprising, therefore, that most preclinical stress models have included severe and unnatural stressors to produce a stress response prominent enough to be distinguishable from SH or SI-frequently used as control groups. Although current stress models induce a stress-related phenotype, they may fail to represent the stress of our urban lifestyle characterized by SI, poor housing and working environments, sedentarism, obesity and limited access to recreational activities and exercise. In the following review, we discuss the stress of living in urban areas and how exposures to and performing activities in green environments are stress relievers. Based on the commonalities between human and animal EE, we discuss how models of housing conditions (e.g., SI-SH-EE) could be adapted to study the stress of our modern lifestyle. The housing conditions model might be easy to implement and replicate leading to more translational results. It may also contribute to accomplishing some ethical commitments by promoting the refinement of procedures to model stress, diminishing animal suffering, enhancing animal welfare and eventually reducing the number of experimental animals needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijail Rojas-Carvajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Andrey Sequeira-Cordero
- Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Juan C Brenes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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Flores J, Caqueo-Urízar A, Quintana L, Urzúa A, Irarrázaval M. Perceived discrimination and contextual problems among children and adolescents in northern Chile. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246998. [PMID: 33606801 PMCID: PMC7894936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminatory behaviors among inter-ethnic relations in schools have long been noted and studied, but there are several correlations between discriminatory behaviors and other constructs that need further investigation. As an example, the relation between perceived discrimination and contextual problems-which include family, school and peer problems-among children and adolescents in Latin America has received little attention from previous studies. Further, the mediating role of ethnic identification and collective self-esteem in this relation also needs to be considered as they could be proven as protective factors for discriminatory behavior and its outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to, first, establish the relationship between perceived discrimination and contextual problems in inter-ethnic students aged 8-19 years living in Arica, Chile; and second, to identify the role that ethnic identification and collective self-esteem play within this relation. In order to investigate this matter, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 3700 students in 29 schools between the fourth year of primary education and the last year of secondary education, aged between 9-18 years, with 48.4% men and 51.6% women. The sample was divided into primary and secondary school groups. The scales utilized were the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Multi-Group Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised Scale, Collective Self-Esteem Scale and the dimensions of contextual family, school and peer problems, as well as the general index of contextual problems of the Child and Adolescent Assessment System. For data analysis, we tested a path analytic model at both the within and between levels to account for the relations between variables. In each group the models obtained an optimal fit. We found that perceived discrimination and ethnic identification were directly related to contextual problems (.23-.39), and collective self-esteem had only a mediating role. This study showed that strategized interventions focusing on ethnic identification and perceived discrimination should be utilized by schools to create a better developing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Flores
- Centro de Justicia Educacional y Escuela de Psicología y Filosofía, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lirna Quintana
- Centro de Justicia Educacional y Escuela de Psicología y Filosofía, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
| | - Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Matías Irarrázaval
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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Goodwill JR, Taylor RJ, Watkins DC. Everyday Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicide Ideation Among African American Men. Arch Suicide Res 2021; 25:74-93. [PMID: 31597538 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1660287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Suicide has remained a leading cause of death among African American males, yet empirical investigations that focus on the experiences of this group are limited. Therefore, we aim to interrogate the impact of everyday discrimination as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and suicide ideation among African American men. Data were drawn from the African American male subsample of the National Survey of American Life (n = 1,271). Path analysis and tests for indirect effects were used to examine relationships between everyday discrimination, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. Three sources of everyday discrimination were examined (any everyday discrimination, race-based everyday discrimination, and other everyday discrimination). Study findings revealed that race-based everyday discrimination was the only type of discrimination that was significantly associated with both increased rates of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Further, the indirect effect from race-based everyday discrimination to suicide ideation via depressive symptoms was also statistically significant. Thus, the impact of daily encounters with discrimination extends beyond depressive symptoms and is related to higher rates of suicide ideation. Moreover, experiences with discrimination do not have to be overt to be harmful toward African American men's mental health. Culturally relevant suicide prevention interventions are needed to account for the role of discrimination in the lives of African American men.
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Bottiani JH, McDaniel HL, Henderson L, Castillo JE, Bradshaw CP. Buffering Effects of Racial Discrimination on School Engagement: The Role of Culturally Responsive Teachers and Caring School Police. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:1019-1029. [PMID: 33184890 PMCID: PMC7702121 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban black adolescents' wellbeing in the early high school years can be negatively impacted by exposure to racial discrimination. These impacts may be buffered by supportive relationships with adults at school. We considered both the protective and promotive effects of culturally responsive teachers and caring school police on school engagement for students exposed to racial discrimination across settings. METHOD This study leveraged baseline student report from a sample of urban, predominantly black high school students with elevated teacher-rated levels of aggressive behavior (N = 397 9th graders; 91.2% black; 50.4% male; J = 10 schools). Using a path model with full-information maximum likelihood estimation, we examined the associations of racial discrimination, teacher cultural responsiveness, and school police caring in relation to school engagement and school disconnection, adjusting for covariates, including family racial socialization. RESULTS Frequency of racial discrimination was significantly associated with lower school engagement and greater school disconnection. Teacher cultural responsiveness was significantly, favorably associated with all outcomes. Police caring had no significant direct associations; however, there were moderation effects. When police caring was below average, increased racial discrimination was associated with significantly poorer attitudes toward school. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggested that students' perceptions of school police caring may buffer links between racial discrimination experiences and school disconnection. Moreover, students who perceive that their teachers are culturally responsive may feel more engaged at school. Interventions to promote teachers' and school police officers' cultural responsiveness and caring may improve engagement among at-risk urban youth who experience racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika H. Bottiani
- Assistant Professor, University of Virginia, School of Education and Human Development, PO Box 400281, Charlottesville, VA 22904.
| | - Heather L. McDaniel
- Assistant Professor, , University of Virginia, School of Education and Human Development, PO Box 400281, Charlottesville, VA 22904.
| | - Lora Henderson
- Youth‐Nex Postdoctoral Research Associate, , University of Virginia, School of Education and Human Development, PO Box 400281, Charlottesville, VA 22904.
| | - Jasmin E. Castillo
- Doctoral Student, , Pennsylvania State University, Human Development and Family Studies, 27 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802.
| | - Catherine P. Bradshaw
- Professor and Senior Associate Dean, , University of Virginia, School of Education and Human Development, PO Box 400270, Charlottesville, VA 22904.
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What Can I Do? A Call for Pediatric Providers to Engage in Antiracism and Social Justice for the Health of Their Patients. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2020; 41:504-505. [PMID: 32796399 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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NASN Position Brief: Eliminate Racism to Optimize Student Health and Learning. NASN Sch Nurse 2020; 35:290-291. [PMID: 32831005 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x20942926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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