1
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Wang X, Wang Q, Cai D, Yu J, Chen X, Guo X, Tong P, Liu X, Yin F, Zhou D. Comparative study on the enzymatic degradation of phenolic esters: The HPLC-UV quantification of tyrosol and gallic acid liberated from tyrosol acyl esters and alkyl gallates by hydrolytic enzymes. Food Chem 2024; 442:138529. [PMID: 38271912 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
HPLC-UV analysis was used to evaluate the enzymatic degradation characteristics of tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es) and alkyl gallates (A-GAs). Among various hydrolytic enzymes, TYr-Es can be hydrolyzed by pancrelipase, while A-GAs cannot be hydrolyzed by pancrelipase. Interestingly, carboxylesterase-1b (CES-1b), carboxylesterase-1c (CES-1c) and carboxylesterase-2 (CES-2) are able to hydrolyze TYr-Es and A-GAs, and thus to liberate tyrosol (TYr) and gallic acid (GA). By contrast, the degrees of hydrolysis (DHs) of TYr-Es and A-GAs by CES-1b and CES-1c were significantly higher than those by CES-2. Meanwhile, the DHs of TYr-Es were much higher than those of A-GAs. Especially, the DHs firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing alkyl chain length. Besides, DHs positively correlated with the unsaturation degree at the same chain length. Through regulating carbon length, unsaturation degree and the ester bond structure, controlled-release of phenolic compounds and fatty acids (or fatty alcohols) from phenolic esters will be easily achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Cai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Yu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyong Tong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fawen Yin
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayong Zhou
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yerrakula G, Abraham S, John S, Zeharvi M, George SG, Senthil V, Maiz F, Rahman MH. Major implications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human carboxylesterase 1 on substrate bioavailability. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-19. [PMID: 35946821 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies and reviews conducted for the Carboxylesterase gene is limited in comparison with other enzymes. Carboxylesterase (CES) gene or human carboxylesterases (hCES) is a multigene protein belonging to the α/β-hydrolase family. Over the last decade, two major carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2), located at 16q13-q22.1 on human chromosome 16 have been extensively studied as important mediators in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates. hCES1 is the most widely expressed enzyme in humans, and it is found in the liver. In this review, details regarding CES1 substrates include both inducers (e.g. Rifampicin) and inhibitors (e.g. Enalapril, Diltiazem, Simvastatin) and different types of hCES1 polymorphisms (nsSNPs) such as rs2244613 and rs71647871. along with their effects on various CES1 substrates were documented. Few instances where the presence of nsSNPs exerted a positive influence on certain substrates which are hydrolyzed via hCES1, such as anti-platelets like Clopidogrel when co-administered with other medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were also recorded. Remdesivir, an ester prodrug is widely used for the treatment of COVID-19, being a CES substrate, it is a potent inhibitor of CES2 and is hydrolyzed via CES1. The details provided in this review could give a clear-cut idea or information that could be used for further studies regarding the safety and efficacy of CES1 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Yerrakula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu
| | - Shyno Abraham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Krupanidhi college of Pharmacy, Bangalore
| | - Shiji John
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Krupanidhi college of Pharmacy, Bangalore
| | - Mehrukh Zeharvi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University Alkharj, Saudia Arabia
| | | | - V Senthil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu
| | - Fathi Maiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Thermal Processes, Center for Energy Research and Technology, Borj-Cedria, BP:95 Tunisia
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, Korea
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3
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Schirrmann R, Erkelenz M, Lamers K, Sritharan O, Nachev M, Sures B, Schlücker S, Brandau S. Gold Nanorods Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autocrine Inflammatory Activation in Human Neutrophils. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11011-11026. [PMID: 35737452 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are promising agents for diverse biomedical applications such as drug and gene delivery, bioimaging, and cancer treatment. Upon in vivo application, AuNRs quickly interact with cells of the immune system. On the basis of their strong intrinsic phagocytic activity, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are specifically equipped for the uptake of particulate materials such as AuNRs. Therefore, understanding the interaction of AuNRs with PMNs is key for the development of safe and efficient therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated the uptake, intracellular processing, and cell biological response induced by AuNRs in PMNs. We show that uptake of AuNRs mainly occurs via phagocytosis and macropinocytosis with rapid deposition of AuNRs in endosomes within 5 min. Within 60 min, AuNR uptake induced an unfolded protein response (UPR) along with induction of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IREα) and features of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This early response was followed by a pro-inflammatory autocrine activation loop that involves LOX1 upregulation on the cell surface and increased secretion of IL8 and MMP9. Our study provides comprehensive mechanistic insight into the interaction of AuNRs with immune cells and suggests potential targets to limit the unwanted immunopathological activation of PMNs during application of AuNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Schirrmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Erkelenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kim Lamers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Sritharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 451471 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 451471 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Essen-Düsseldorf, 45147 Essen, Germany
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4
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La Maida N, Mannocchi G, Giorgetti R, Sirignano A, Ricci G, Busardò FP. Optimization of a rapid sample pretreatment for the quantification of COCAINE and its main metabolites in hair through a new and validated GC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114282. [PMID: 34325248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a new rapid and sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, ecgonine methyl esther and cocaethylene in hair of consumers. Hair samples were firstly decontaminated with three subsequent dichloromethane washes, then incubated for one hour with M3® buffer to promote analytes solubilization and stabilization and finally solid phase extracted. All extracts were derivatized and injected into GC-MS/MS with electron impact ionization. Multiple Reaction Monitoring was used for the acquisition of characteristic analytes ion transitions reaching a high sensitivity 0.01 ng/mg COC and metabolites limit of quantification. The method was linear in the COC and metabolites calibration ranges (LLOQ-10 ng/mg and LLOQ-1 ng/mg, respectively). Intra-assay and inter-assay precision were always lower than 15 %, accuracy never exceeded ± 6.6 %. The main advantages of the presented method are the fast, simple and innovative pretreatment procedure together with the instrumental sensitivity that allowed to measure also less concentrated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia La Maida
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica Delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60124, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica Delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60124, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica Delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60124, Ancona, Italy.
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5
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Song YQ, Jin Q, Wang DD, Hou J, Zou LW, Ge GB. Carboxylesterase inhibitors from clinically available medicines and their impact on drug metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109566. [PMID: 34174250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CES), the key members of the serine hydrolase superfamily, hydrolyze a wide range of endogenous substances and xenobiotics bearing ester or amide bond(s). In humans, most of identified CES are segregated into the CES1A and CES2A subfamilies. Strong inhibition on human CES (including hCES1A and hCES2A) may modulate pharmacokinetic profiles of CES-substrate drugs, thereby changing the pharmacological and toxicological responses of these drugs. This review covered recent advances in discovery of hCES inhibitors from clinically available medications, as well as their impact on CES-associated drug metabolism. Three comprehensive lists of hCES inhibitors deriving from clinically available medications including therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical excipients and herbal medicines, alongside with their inhibition potentials and inhibition parameters, are summarized. Furthermore, the potential risks of hCES inhibitors to trigger drug/herb-drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs) and future concerns in this field are highlighted. Potent hCES inhibitors may trigger clinically relevant DDIs/HDIs, especially when these inhibitors are co-administrated with CES substrate-drugs with very narrow therapeutic windows. All data and knowledge presented here provide key information for the clinicians to assess the risks of clinically available hCES inhibitors on drug metabolism. In future, more practical and highly specific substrates for hCES1A/hCES2A should be developed and used for studies on CES-mediated DDIs/HDIs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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6
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Faghih N, Bhar S, Zhou Y, Dar AR, Mai K, Bailey LS, Basso KB, Butcher RA. A Large Family of Enzymes Responsible for the Modular Architecture of Nematode Pheromones. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13645-13650. [PMID: 32702987 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces a broad family of pheromones, known as the ascarosides, that are modified with a variety of groups derived from primary metabolism. These modifications are essential for the diverse activities of the ascarosides in development and various behaviors, including attraction, aggregation, avoidance, and foraging. The mechanism by which these different groups are added to the ascarosides is poorly understood. Here, we identify a family of over 30 enzymes, which are homologous to mammalian carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes, and show that a number of these enzymes are responsible for the selective addition of specific modifications to the ascarosides. Through stable isotope feeding experiments, we demonstrate the in vivo activity of the CES-like enzymes and provide direct evidence that the acyl-CoA synthetase ACS-7, which was previously implicated in the attachment of certain modifications to the ascarosides in C. elegans, instead activates the side chains of certain ascarosides for shortening through β-oxidation. Our data provide a key to the combinatorial logic that gives rise to different modified ascarosides, which should greatly facilitate the exploration of the specific biological functions of these pheromones in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Faghih
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Subhradeep Bhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Abdul Rouf Dar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Kevin Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Laura S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Kari B Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Rebecca A Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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7
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Polymer Nanomedicines with Ph-Sensitive Release of Dexamethasone for the Localized Treatment of Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080700. [PMID: 32722403 PMCID: PMC7465548 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates have several advantages in controlled drug delivery to inflammation as they can accumulate and release the drug in inflamed tissues or cells, which could circumvent the shortcomings of current therapy. To improve the therapeutic potential of polymer-drug conjugates in joint inflammation, we synthesized polymer conjugates based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) copolymers labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent dye and covalently linked to the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX). The drug was bound to the polymer via a spacer enabling pH-sensitive drug release in conditions mimicking the environment inside inflammation-related cells. An in vivo murine model of adjuvant-induced arthritis was used to confirm the accumulation of polymer conjugates in arthritic joints, which occurred rapidly after conjugate application and remained until the end of the experiment. Several tested dosage schemes of polymer DEX-OPB conjugate showed superior anti-inflammatory efficacy. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained by repeated i.p. application of polymer conjugate (3 × 1 mg/kg of DEX eq.), which led to a reduction in the severity of inflammation in the ankle by more than 90%, compared to 40% in mice treated with free DEX.
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8
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Zhou Q, Xiao Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Xiao Y, Shi D. Pig liver esterases PLE1 and PLE6: heterologous expression, hydrolysis of common antibiotics and pharmacological consequences. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15564. [PMID: 31664043 PMCID: PMC6820543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterases, historically referred as non-specific esterases, are ubiquitous hydrolases with high catalytic efficiency. Without exceptions, all mammalian species studied contain multiple forms of carboxylesterases. While having been widely studied in humans and experimental animals, these enzymes remain to be characterized in farm animals. In this study, we showed that pig liver esterase 1 (PLE1) and pig liver esterase 6 (PLE6) were highly active toward amoxicillin (AMO) and ampicillin (AMP), two major antibiotics that are widely used in food-supplements. Mass-spectrometric analysis established that the hydrolysis occurred at the β-lactam amide bond and the hydrolysis drastically decreased or completely eliminated the antibacterial activity. Furthermore, hydrolytic activity and proteomic analysis suggested that trace PLEs existed in pig plasma and contributed little to the hydrolysis of AMO and AMP. These results suggested that carboxylesterases-based hydrolysis determines the therapeutic intensity of these and related antibiotics and the magnitude of the determination occurs in a species-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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9
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Schrom K, Pacifico A, Conic RRZ, Pigatto PDM, Malagoli P, Morrone A, Finelli R, Bragazzi NL, Damiani G. Dabigatran-associated Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) in a psoriatic patient undergoing Ixekizumab and its pathogenetic mechanism. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13018. [PMID: 31286621 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kory Schrom
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ruzica R Z Conic
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
| | - Paolo D M Pigatto
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Morrone
- San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Finelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola L Bragazzi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA.,Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Young Dermatologists Italian Network, Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
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10
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Jones AW. Forensic Drug Profile: Cocaethylene. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:155-160. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis article is intended as a brief review or primer about cocaethylene (CE), a pharmacologically active substance formed in the body when a person co-ingests ethanol and cocaine. Reference books widely used in forensic toxicology contain scant information about CE, even though this cocaine metabolite is commonly encountered in routine casework. CE and cocaine are equi-effective at blocking the reuptake of dopamine at receptor sites, thus reinforcing the stimulant effects of the neurotransmitter. In some animal species, the LD50 of CE was lower than for cocaine. CE is also considered more toxic to the heart and liver compared with the parent drug cocaine. The plasma elimination half-life of CE is ~2 h compared with ~1 h for cocaine. The concentrations of CE in blood after drinking alcohol and taking cocaine are difficult to predict and will depend on the timing of administration and the amounts of the two precursor drugs ingested. After an acute single dose of cocaine and ethanol, the concentration–time profile of CE runs on a lower level to that of cocaine, although CE is detectable in blood for several hours longer. A strong case can be made for adding together the concentrations of cocaine and CE in forensic blood samples when toxicological results are interpreted in relation to acute intoxication and the risk of an overdose death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wayne Jones
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
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11
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Coe MA, Jufer Phipps RA, Cone EJ, Walsh SL. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cocaine in Humans. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:285-292. [PMID: 29462364 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of oral cocaine has not been fully characterized and prospective data on oral bioavailability are limited. A within-subject study was performed to characterize the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral cocaine. Fourteen healthy inpatient participants (six males) with current histories of cocaine use were administered two oral doses (100 and 200 mg) and one intravenous (IV) dose (40 mg) of cocaine during three separate dosing sessions. Plasma samples were collected for up to 24 h after dosing and analyzed for cocaine and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis, and a two-factor model was used to assess for dose and sex differences. The mean ± SEM oral cocaine bioavailability was 0.32 ± 0.04 after 100 and 0.45 ± 0.06 after 200 mg oral cocaine. Volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL) were both greatest after 100 mg oral (Vd = 4.2 L/kg; CL = 116.2 mL/[min kg]) compared to 200 mg oral (Vd = 2.9 L/kg; CL = 87.5 mL/[min kg]) and 40 mg IV (Vd = 1.3 L/kg; CL = 32.7 mL/[min kg]). Oral cocaine area-under-thecurve (AUC) and peak concentration increased in a dose-related manner. AUC metabolite-to-parent ratios of benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester were significantly higher after oral compared to IV administration and highest after the lower oral dose. In addition, minor metabolites were detected in higher concentrations after oral compared to IV cocaine. Oral cocaine produced a pharmacokinetic profile different from IV cocaine, which appears as a rightward and downward shift in the concentration-time profile. Cocaine bioavailability values were similar to previous estimates. Oral cocaine also produced a unique metabolic profile, with greater concentrations of major and minor metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Coe
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Rebecca A Jufer Phipps
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Rd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,State of Maryland Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 900 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21223, USA
| | - Edward J Cone
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Rd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,ConeChem Research, LLC, 1130 Newbury Ln W, Mobile, AL 36695, USA
| | - Sharon L Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
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12
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Human carboxylesterases: a comprehensive review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:699-712. [PMID: 30245959 PMCID: PMC6146386 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CEs) are key enzymes from the serine hydrolase superfamily. In the human body, two predominant carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) have been identified and extensively studied over the past decade. These two enzymes play crucial roles in the metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous esters, ester-containing drugs and environmental toxicants. The key roles of CES in both human health and xenobiotic metabolism arouse great interest in the discovery of potent CES modulators to regulate endobiotic metabolism or to improve the efficacy of ester drugs. This review covers the structural and catalytic features of CES, tissue distributions, biological functions, genetic polymorphisms, substrate specificities and inhibitor properties of CES1 and CES2, as well as the significance and recent progress on the discovery of CES modulators. The information presented here will help pharmacologists explore the relevance of CES to human diseases or to assign the contribution of certain CES in xenobiotic metabolism. It will also facilitate medicinal chemistry efforts to design prodrugs activated by a given CES isoform, or to develop potent and selective modulators of CES for potential biomedical applications.
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13
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Yao J, Chen X, Zheng F, Zhan CG. Catalytic Reaction Mechanism for Drug Metabolism in Human Carboxylesterase-1: Cocaine Hydrolysis Pathway. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3871-3880. [PMID: 30095924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase-1 (CE-1) is a crucial enzyme responsible for metabolism/activation/inactivation of xenobiotics (therapeutic agents, prodrugs, abused drugs, and organophosphorus nerve agents etc.) and also involved in many other biological processes. In this study, we performed extensive computational modeling and simulations to understand the fundamental reaction mechanism of cocaine hydrolysis catalyzed by CE-1, revealing that CE-1-catalyzed cocaine hydrolysis follows a novel reaction pathway with only two reaction steps: a single-step acylation process and a single-step deacylation process. In the transition states of both single-step processes, the cocaine NH group joins the oxyanion hole to form an additional hydrogen bond with the negatively charged carbonyl oxygen atom of the cocaine. Thus, the transition states are stabilized by both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds with the methyl ester of cocaine, specifically the carbonyl oxygen atom. The rate-limiting transition state is associated with the acylation process, and the activation free energy barrier was predicted to be 20.1 kcal/mol. Further, in vitro experimental kinetic analysis was performed for human CE-1-catalyzed cocaine hydrolysis. For CE-1-catalyzed cocaine hydrolysis, the computationally predicted free energy barrier (20.1 kcal/mol) is reasonably close to the experimentally derived turnover number ( kcat = 0.058 min-1), indicating the reasonability of the computational results. The obtained novel mechanistic insights are expected to benefit not only CE-1 related rational drug discovery but also future research on the catalytic mechanism of other esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhuang Yao
- School of Biological Science and Techonology , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Xiabin Chen
- School of Medicine , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , China
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14
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Mallick P, Shah P, Ittmann MM, Trivedi M, Hu M, Gao S, Ghose R. Impact of diet on irinotecan toxicity in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Mallick P, Basu S, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in drug-drug interaction between paclitaxel and irinotecan in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:75-82. [PMID: 28242239 PMCID: PMC5479719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial receptor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mediates inflammatory responses and has been linked to a broad array of diseases. TLR4 agonists are being explored as potential treatments for cancer and other diseases. We have previously shown that activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to down-regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters (DMETs), and altered pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of drugs. These changes can increase the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in patients on multiple medications. Clinically, DDI was observed for combination chemotherapy of paclitaxel (TLR4 ligand) and irinotecan. To determine the role of TLR4 in DDI between paclitaxel and irinotecan in vitro, primary hepatocytes from TLR4-wild-type (WT) and mutant mice were pre-treated with paclitaxel, followed by irinotecan. Gene expression of DMETs was determined. Paclitaxel treatment increased the levels of irinotecan metabolites, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) in TLR4-dependent manner. Paclitaxel-mediated induction of genes involved in irinotecan metabolism such as Cyp3a11 and Ugt1a1 was TLR4-dependent, while induction of the transporter Mrp2 was TLR4-independent. These novel findings demonstrate that paclitaxel can affect irinotecan metabolism by a TLR4-dependent mechanism. This provides a new perspective towards evaluation of marketed drugs according to their potential to exert DDIs in TLR4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajini Mallick
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bhagavtula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Wierdl M, Tsurkan L, Hatfield MJ, Potter PM. Tumour-selective targeting of drug metabolizing enzymes to treat metastatic cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2811-8. [PMID: 27423046 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CEs) are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the detoxification of ester-containing xenobiotics. This hydrolysis reaction results in the formation of the corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohol. Due to their highly plastic active site, CEs can hydrolyze structurally very distinct and complex molecules. Because ester groups significantly increase the water solubility of compounds, they are frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry to make relatively insoluble compounds more bioavailable. By default, this results in CEs playing a major role in the distribution and metabolism of these esterified drugs. However, this can be exploited to selectively improve compound hydrolysis, and using specific in vivo targeting techniques can be employed to generate enhanced drug activity. Here, we seek to detail the human CEs involved in esterified molecule hydrolysis, compare and contrast these with CEs present in small mammals and describe novel methods to improve drug therapy by specific delivery of CEs to cells in vivo. Finally, we will discuss the development of such approaches for their potential application towards malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wierdl
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lyudmila Tsurkan
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Jason Hatfield
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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17
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Hughes MF, Ross DG, Starr JM, Scollon EJ, Wolansky MJ, Crofton KM, DeVito MJ. Environmentally relevant pyrethroid mixtures: A study on the correlation of blood and brain concentrations of a mixture of pyrethroid insecticides to motor activity in the rat. Toxicology 2016; 359-360:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Fu J, Sadgrove M, Marson L, Jay M. Biotransformation Capacity of Carboxylesterase in Skin and Keratinocytes for the Penta-Ethyl Ester Prodrug of DTPA. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1313-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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19
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Parker RB, Hu ZY, Meibohm B, Laizure SC. Effects of alcohol on human carboxylesterase drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:627-38. [PMID: 25511794 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) and human carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) play an important role in metabolizing many medications. Alcohol is a known inhibitor of these enzymes but the relative effect on CES1 and CES2 is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of alcohol on the metabolism of specific probes for CES1 (oseltamivir) and CES2 (aspirin). METHODS The effect of alcohol on CES1- and CES2-mediated probe drug hydrolysis was determined in vitro using recombinant human carboxylesterase. To characterize the in vivo effects of alcohol, healthy volunteers received each probe drug alone and in combination with alcohol followed by blood sample collection and determination of oseltamivir, aspirin, and respective metabolite pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Alcohol significantly inhibited oseltamivir hydrolysis by CES1 in vitro but did not affect aspirin metabolism by CES2. Alcohol increased the oseltamivir area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 6 h (AUC0 → 6 h) by 27% (range 11-46%, p = 0.011) and decreased the metabolite/oseltamivir AUC0 → 6 h ratio by 34% (range 25-41%, p < 0.001). Aspirin pharmacokinetics were not affected by alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol significantly inhibited the hydrolysis of oseltamivir by CES1 both in vitro and in humans, but did not affect the hydrolysis of aspirin to salicylic acid by CES2. These results suggest that alcohol's inhibition of CES1 could potentially result in clinically significant drug interactions with other CES1-substrate drugs, but it is unlikely to significantly affect CES2-substrate drug hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Room 346, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,
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20
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Abstract
• Individual variability in pain perception and differences in the efficacy of analgesic drugs are complex phenomena and are partly genetically predetermined. • Analgesics act in various ways on the peripheral and central pain pathways and are regarded as one of the most valuable but equally dangerous groups of medications. • While pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, metabolism in particular, have been scrutinised by genotype–phenotype correlation studies, the clinical significance of inherited variants in genes governing pharmacodynamics of analgesics remains largely unexplored (apart from the µ-opioid receptor). • Lack of replication of the findings from one study to another makes meaningful personalised analgesic regime still a distant future. • This narrative review will focus on findings related to pharmacogenetics of commonly used analgesic medications and highlight authors’ views on future clinical implications of pharmacogenetics in the context of pharmacological treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Cregg
- UCL Centre for Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, London, UK ; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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21
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In vitro stability of free and glucuronidated cannabinoids in blood and plasma collected in plastic gray-top sodium fluoride tubes following controlled smoked cannabis. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Mallick P, Shah P, Gandhi A, Ghose R. Impact of obesity on accumulation of the toxic irinotecan metabolite, SN-38, in mice. Life Sci 2015; 139:132-8. [PMID: 26334566 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our aim is to investigate the impact of high fat diet-induced obesity on plasma concentrations of the toxic irinotecan metabolite, SN-38, in mice. MAIN METHODS Diet-induced obese (DIO, 60% kcal fed) and lean mice (10% kcal fed) were treated orally with a single dose of 10mg/kg irinotecan to determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Feces and livers were collected for quantification of irinotecan and its metabolites (SN-38 & SN-38G). SN-38G formation by Ugt1a1 enzyme was analyzed in liver S9 fractions. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α was determined in liver and plasma. Hepatic β-glucuronidase and carboxylesterase enzymes (CES) were also determined. KEY FINDINGS AUC0-8 and Cmax of SN-38 increased by 2-fold in DIO mice compared to their lean controls. This was accompanied by a~2-fold reduction in AUC0-8 and Cmax of SN-38G in DIO mice. There were no differences in the PK parameters of irinotecan in DIO or lean mice. Conversion of SN-38 to SN-38G by Ugt1a1 enzyme was reduced by ~2-fold in liver S9 fractions in DIO mice. Furthermore, in DIO mice, β-glucuronidase activity increased by 2-fold, whereas there was no change in CES activity. TNF-α mRNA expression was 3 fold higher in DIO mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that reduced hepatic Ugt1a activity during obesity likely contributes to reduced glucuronidation, and results in higher levels of the toxic metabolite, SN-38. Thus, irinotecan dosage should be closely monitored for effective and safe chemotherapy in obese cancer patients who are at a higher risk of developing liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajini Mallick
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pranav Shah
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Department of Bioanalysis and Physiology, Lundbeck Research Inc. USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Alvarez JC, Boyer JC, Verstraete AG, Pelissier-Alicot AL. Conduite automobile et cocaïne : bases bibliographiques pour un consensus de la Société française de toxicologie analytique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chan LN, Anderson GD. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with ethanol (alcohol). Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:1115-36. [PMID: 25267448 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (alcohol) is one of the most widely used legal drugs in the world. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 drug-metabolizing enzyme that is also responsible for the biotransformation of xenobiotics and fatty acids. Drugs that inhibit ADH or CYP2E1 are the most likely theoretical compounds that would lead to a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with ethanol, which include only a limited number of drugs. Acute ethanol primarily alters the pharmacokinetics of other drugs by changing the rate and extent of absorption, with more limited effects on clearance. Both acute and chronic ethanol use can cause transient changes to many physiologic responses in different organ systems such as hypotension and impairment of motor and cognitive functions, resulting in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Evaluating drug interactions with long-term use of ethanol is uniquely challenging. Specifically, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of long-term ethanol use on liver pathology and chronic malnutrition. Ethanol-induced liver disease results in decreased activity of hepatic metabolic enzymes and changes in protein binding. Clinical studies that include patients with chronic alcohol use may be evaluating the effects of mild cirrhosis on liver metabolism, and not just ethanol itself. The definition of chronic alcohol use is very inconsistent, which greatly affects the quality of the data and clinical application of the results. Our study of the literature has shown that a significantly higher volume of clinical studies have focused on the pharmacokinetic interactions of ethanol and other drugs. The data on pharmacodynamic interactions are more limited and future research addressing pharmacodynamic interactions with ethanol, especially regarding the non-central nervous system effects, is much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtak-Neander Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Fendri A, Frikha F, Louati H, Bou Ali M, Gargouri H, Gargouri Y, Miled N. Cloning and molecular modeling of a thermostable carboxylesterase from the chicken uropygial glands. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 56:1-9. [PMID: 25541525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Starting from total uropygial glands mRNAs, chicken uropygial carboxylesterase (cuCES) cDNA was synthesized by RT-PCR and cloned into the PGEM-T vector. Amino acid sequence of the cuCES is compared to that of human liver carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1). Given the high amino acid sequence homology between the two enzymes, a 3-D structure model of the chicken carboxylesterase was built using the structure of hCES1 as template. By following this model and utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the resistance of the chicken carboxylesterase at high temperatures could be explained. The docking of substrate analogs into the cuCES active site was used to explain the fact that the chicken carboxylesterase cannot hydrolyze efficiently large substrate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Fakher Frikha
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Louati
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Bou Ali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hela Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Miled
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Graziani M, Nencini P, Nisticò R. Genders and the concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol: Pharmacological aspects. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:60-70. [PMID: 24972039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gender-related differences in the pharmacological effects of addictive drug are an emerging issue. This review examines gender differences in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of alcohol and cocaine intake since they cause complex pharmacological interactions, not least the formation of the active metabolite cocaethylene. METHODS The MEDLINE database was searched from 1990 to 2014 in order to find articles related to gender differences in alcohol, cocaine and cocaethylene pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS Besides the well known gender differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics, women appear more susceptible to alcohol-mediated brain damage and seem to suffer more than men the acute effects of alcohol on hepatic and gonadal hormones. No significant gender differences have been found in the pharmacokinetics of cocaine taken alone; yet, in women pharmacological sensitivity to the drug seems to vary in relation to menstrual cycle; moreover, progesterone attenuates subjective effects of cocaine in women. Higher ratings at a subjective measure of mental/physical well-being have been observed in women when given cocaine and alcohol, alone or in combination. Finally, among subjects dependent on both alcohol and cocaine, men only benefit from naltrexone, whereas women used more cocaine during the trial and were less compliant to therapy than men. CONCLUSIONS The observed subtle gender differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of both alcohol and cocaine may have no subtle influence on the natural history of the co-abuse of the two drugs by women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Graziani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Drug Addiction and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Nencini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Drug Addiction and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Transesterification of a series of 12 parabens by liver and small-intestinal microsomes of rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:361-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Thomsen R, Rasmussen HB, Linnet K. In Vitro Drug Metabolism by Human Carboxylesterase 1: Focus on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:126-33. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Raoof H, Mielczarek P, Michalow KA, Rekas M, Silberring J. Synthesis of metabolites of paracetamol and cocaine via photooxidation on TiO2 catalyzed by UV light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 118:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brimijoin S. Interception of cocaine by enzyme or antibody delivered with viral gene transfer: a novel strategy for preventing relapse in recovering drug users. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2012; 10:880-91. [PMID: 22229308 DOI: 10.2174/187152711799219398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in enzyme engineering has led to versions of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) that hydrolyze cocaine efficiently in plasma, reduce concentrations reaching reward neurocircuity in the brain, and weaken behavioral responses to this drug. Along with enzyme advances, increasingly avid anti-cocaine antibodies and potent anti-cocaine vaccines have also been developed. Here we review these developments and consider the potential advantages along with the risks of delivering drug-intercepting proteins via gene transfer approaches to treat cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, USA.
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Munshaw S, Hwang HS, Torbenson M, Quinn J, Hansen KD, Astemborski J, Mehta SH, Ray SC, Thomas DL, Balagopal A. Laser captured hepatocytes show association of butyrylcholinesterase gene loss and fibrosis progression in hepatitis C-infected drug users. Hepatology 2012; 56:544-54. [PMID: 22331678 PMCID: PMC3388175 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is complicated by hepatic fibrosis. Hypothesizing that early fibrogenic signals may originate in cells susceptible to HCV infection, hepatocyte gene expression was analyzed from persons with chronic HCV at different stages of liver fibrosis. Four HCV-infected subjects with precirrhosis liver fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis 3-5) were matched for age, race, and gender to five HCV-infected subjects with no evidence of fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis 0). Hepatocytes from each subject were isolated from liver biopsies using laser capture microdissection. Transcriptome profiling was performed on hepatocyte RNA using hybridization arrays. We found that hepatocytes in precirrhosis fibrosis were depleted for genes involved in small molecule and drug metabolism, especially butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), a gene involved in the metabolism of drugs of abuse. Differential expression of BCHE was validated in the same tissues and cross-sectionally in an expanded cohort of 143 HCV-infected individuals. In a longitudinal study, serum BCHE activity was already decreased at study inception in 19 fibrosis progressors compared with 20 fibrosis nonprogressors (P < 0.05). Nonprogressors also had decreased BCHE activity over time compared with initial values, but these evolved a median (range) 8.6 (7.8-11.4) years after the study period inception (P < 0.05). Laser captured portal tracts were enriched for immune related genes when compared with hepatocytes but precirrhosis livers lost this enrichment. CONCLUSION Chronic HCV is associated with hepatocyte BCHE loss years before hepatic synthetic function is impaired. These results indicate that BCHE may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCV-related fibrosis among injection drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Munshaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Hyon S. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jeffrey Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kasper D. Hansen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacquie Astemborski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Shruti H. Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart C. Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David L. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
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Nomura T, Ogita S, Kato Y. A novel lactone-forming carboxylesterase: molecular identification of a tuliposide A-converting enzyme in tulip. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:565-78. [PMID: 22474185 PMCID: PMC3375925 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuliposides, the glucose esters of 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoate and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoate, are major secondary metabolites in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana). Their lactonized aglycons, tulipalins, function as defensive chemicals due to their biological activities. We recently found that tuliposide-converting enzyme (TCE) purified from tulip bulbs catalyzed the conversion of tuliposides to tulipalins, but the possibility of the presence of several TCE isozymes was raised: TCE in tissues other than bulbs is different from bulb TCE. Here, to prove this hypothesis, TCE was purified from petals, which have the second highest TCE activity after bulbs. The purified enzyme, like the bulb enzyme, preferentially accepted tuliposides as substrates, with 6-tuliposide A the best substrate, which allowed naming the enzyme tuliposide A-converting enzyme (TCEA), but specific activity and molecular mass differed between the petal and bulb enzymes. After peptide sequencing, a novel cDNA (TgTCEA) encoding petal TCEA was isolated, and the functional characterization of the recombinant enzyme verified that TgTCEA catalyzes the conversion of 6-tuliposide A to tulipalin A. TgTCEA was transcribed in all tulip tissues but not in bulbs, indicating the presence of a bulb-specific TgTCEA, as suggested by the distinct enzymatic characters between the petal and bulb enzymes. Plastidial localization of TgTCEA enzyme was revealed, which allowed proposing a cytological mechanism of TgTCE-mediated tulipalin formation in the tulip defensive strategy. Site-directed mutagenesis of TgTCEA suggested that the oxyanion hole and catalytic triad characteristic of typical carboxylesterases are essential for the catalytic process of TgTCEA enzyme. To our knowledge, TgTCEA is the first identified member of the lactone-forming carboxylesterases, specifically catalyzing intramolecular transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.
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Hezinová V, Aturki Z, Klepárník K, D'Orazio G, Foret F, Fanali S. Simultaneous analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry using a pressurized liquid junction nanoflow interface. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:653-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Abuse of the stimulant cocaine (COC) is a common problem in the United States and elsewhere. The drug can be used either as the powder or as the free base (crack COC), and causes feelings of alertness and euphoria; both forms of COC are powerfully addictive. The assay described here is designed to detect and quantitate parent COC, its major metabolite benzoylecgonine, and a selection of metabolites that can provide specific information about sample validity (m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine), potential toxicity (norcocaine), route of administration (anhydroecgonine methyl ester), and co-utilization with ethanol (cocaethylene).
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Ahn WY, Rass O, Fridberg DJ, Bishara AJ, Forsyth JK, Breier A, Busemeyer JR, Hetrick WP, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF. Temporal discounting of rewards in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:911-21. [PMID: 21875166 DOI: 10.1037/a0023333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) often show decision-making deficits in everyday circumstances. A failure to appropriately weigh immediate versus future consequences of choices may contribute to these deficits. We used the delay discounting task in individuals with BD or SZ to investigate their temporal decision making. Twenty-two individuals with BD, 21 individuals with SZ, and 30 healthy individuals completed the delay discounting task along with neuropsychological measures of working memory and cognitive function. Both BD and SZ groups discounted delayed rewards more steeply than did the healthy group even after controlling for current substance use, age, gender, and employment. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that discounting rate was associated with both diagnostic group and working memory or intelligence scores. In each group, working memory or intelligence scores negatively correlated with discounting rate. The results suggest that (a) both BD and SZ groups value smaller, immediate rewards more than larger, delayed rewards compared with the healthy group and (b) working memory or intelligence is related to temporal decision making in individuals with BD or SZ as well as in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Ahn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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O'Leary ME, Hancox JC. Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 69:427-42. [PMID: 20573078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly active stimulant that alters dopamine metabolism in the central nervous system resulting in a feeling of euphoria that with time can lead to addictive behaviours. Cocaine has numerous deleterious effects in humans including seizures, vasoconstriction, ischaemia, increased heart rate and blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. The cardiotoxic effects of cocaine are indirectly mediated by an increase in sympathomimetic stimulation to the heart and coronary vasculature and by a direct effect on the ion channels responsible for maintaining the electrical excitability of the heart. The direct and indirect effects of cocaine work in tandem to disrupt the co-ordinated electrical activity of the heart and have been associated with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. This review focuses on the direct effects of cocaine on cardiac ion channels, with particular focus on sodium, potassium and calcium channels, and on the contributions of these channels to cocaine-induced arrhythmias. Companion articles in this edition of the journal examine the epidemiology of cocaine use (Wood & Dargan) and the treatment of cocaine-associated arrhythmias (Hoffmann).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E O'Leary
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Parker RB, Laizure SC. The effect of ethanol on oral cocaine pharmacokinetics reveals an unrecognized class of ethanol-mediated drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:317-22. [PMID: 19920055 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol decreases the clearance of cocaine by inhibiting the hydrolysis of cocaine to benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester by carboxylesterases, and there is a large body of literature describing this interaction as it relates to the abuse of cocaine. In this study, we describe the effect of intravenous ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of cocaine after intravenous and oral administration in the dog. The intent is to determine the effect ethanol has on metabolic hydrolysis using cocaine metabolism as a surrogate marker of carboxylesterase activity. Five dogs were administered intravenous cocaine alone, intravenous cocaine after ethanol, oral cocaine alone, and oral cocaine after ethanol on separate study days. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cocaine had poor systemic bioavailability with an area under the plasma concentration-time curve that was approximately 4-fold higher after intravenous than after oral administration. The coadministration of ethanol and cocaine resulted in a 23% decrease in the clearance of intravenous cocaine and a 300% increase in the bioavailability of oral cocaine. Cocaine behaves as a high extraction drug, which undergoes first-pass metabolism in the intestines and liver that is profoundly inhibited by ethanol. We infer from these results that ethanol could inhibit the hydrolysis of other drug compounds subject to hydrolysis by carboxylesterases. Indeed, there are numerous commonly prescribed drugs with significant carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism such as enalapril, lovastatin, irinotecan, clopidogrel, prasugrel, methylphenidate, meperidine, and oseltamivir that may interact with ethanol. The clinical significance of the interaction of ethanol with specific drugs subject to carboxylesterase hydrolysis is not well recognized and has not been adequately studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Parker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, 910 Madison Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Lakeram M, Paine AJ, Lockley DJ, Sanders DJ, Pendlington R, Forbes B. Transesterification ofp-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens) by human intestinal (Caco-2) cells. Xenobiotica 2009; 36:739-49. [PMID: 16971340 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600738637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
p-Hydroxybenzoate ester (paraben) preservatives are used in numerous orally administered products. The recognized route of metabolism for parabens is hydrolysis to p-hydroxybenzoic acid followed by conjugation and excretion. However, in the presence of alcohols, a presystemic transesterification pathway not previously reported for the human intestine can occur. Using human intestinal (Caco-2) cells, it was observed that hydrolysis of parabens to p-hydroxybenzoic acid is reduced markedly by ethanol concentrations that can occur in the human intestine, 0.25-0.5% (v/v). Ethanol concentrations of 1.0-2.5% (v/v) were optimal for transesterification to ethylparaben in Caco-2 cell homogenates. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction with regard to ethanol concentration (0-20%), time, pH (3-9), protein concentration (1-5 mg ml-1) and substrate concentration (6.25-200 microM) as well as the effects of different alcohols were studied. The Km and Vmax values for transesterification with ethanol for methyl, propyl, butyl, heptyl and octyl parabens were 449.7, 165.7, 86.1, 24.2 and 45.9 microM and 114.4, 37.5, 19.5, 7.5 and 7.6 micromol h-1 mg-1 Caco-2 cell protein, respectively. The Vmax values for transesterification of methylparaben with ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol were 114.4, 5.1 and 4.9 micromol h-1 mg-1, respectively. Collectively, the kinetic data demonstrate that the enzyme responsible for the transesterification reaction has a preference for short-chain esters and represents the first report of transesterification in human intestinal cells. An implication of this mechanism is that alcohol-containing in vitro biosystems or protocols for the study of parabens disposition could generate transesterified artefacts. The clinical or toxicological implication is that, following co-ingestion of ester compounds with ethanol, transesterification could provide the basis for a previously unrecognized drug-alcohol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lakeram
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, London, UK
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Krakovicová H, Etrych T, Ulbrich K. HPMA-based polymer conjugates with drug combination. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:405-12. [PMID: 19491032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and physico-chemical behavior of new polymer-drug conjugates intended for the treatment of cancer were investigated. In the polymer conjugate with the expected dual therapeutic activity, two drugs, a cytostatic agent doxorubicin (DOX) and anti-inflammatory drug dexamethason (DEX) were covalently attached to the same polymer backbone via hydrolytically labile pH-sensitive hydrazone bonds. The precursor, a copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) bearing hydrazide groups randomly distributed along the polymer chain, was conjugated with DOX (through its C13 keto group) or with a keto ester (DEX). Two derivatives of DEX, 4-oxopentanoate and 4-(2-oxopropyl)benzoate esters, were synthesized and employed for conjugation reaction. As a control, also a few polymer conjugates containing only a single drug (DOX or DEX) attached to the polymer carrier were synthesized. Physico-chemical properties of the polymer conjugates strongly depend on the attached drug, spacer structure and the drug content. Polymer-drug conjugates incubated in buffers modeling intracellular environment released the drug (DOX) or a drug derivatives (DEX) at the rate significantly exceeding the release rate observed under conditions mimicking situation in the blood stream. Incubation of the DEX conjugates in a buffer containing carboxyesterase resulted in complete ester hydrolysis thus demonstrating susceptibility of the system to release free active drug in the two-step release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Krakovicová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Hatfield JM, Wierdl M, Wadkins RM, Potter PM. Modifications of human carboxylesterase for improved prodrug activation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1153-65. [PMID: 18721110 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.9.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylesterases (CEs) are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of numerous clinically useful drugs. As ester moieties are frequently included in molecules to improve their water solubility and bioavailability, de facto they become substrates for CEs. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the properties of human CEs with regard to their ability to activate anticancer prodrugs and demonstrate how structure-based design can be used to modulate substrate specificity and to increase efficiency of hydrolysis. METHODS A specific example using CPT-11 and a human liver CE is discussed. However, these techniques can be applied to other enzymes and their associated prodrugs. RESULTS Structure-guided mutagenesis of CEs can be employed to alter substrate specificity and generate novel enzymes that are efficacious at anticancer prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hatfield
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Hosokawa M. Structure and catalytic properties of carboxylesterase isozymes involved in metabolic activation of prodrugs. Molecules 2008; 13:412-31. [PMID: 18305428 PMCID: PMC6245361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CESs) comprise a multigene family whose gene products play important roles in biotransformation of ester- or amide-type prodrugs. They are members of an α,β-hydrolase-fold family and are found in various mammals. It has been suggested that CESs can be classified into five major groups denominated CES1-CES5, according to the homology of the amino acid sequence, and the majority of CESs that have been identified belong to the CES1 or CES2 family. The substrate specificities of CES1 and CES2 are significantly different. The CES1 isozyme mainly hydrolyzes a substrate with a small alcohol group and large acyl group, but its wide active pocket sometimes allows it to act on structurally distinct compounds of either a large or small alcohol moiety. In contrast, the CES2 isozyme recognizes a substrate with a large alcohol group and small acyl group, and its substrate specificity may be restricted by the capability of acyl-enzyme conjugate formation due to the presence of conformational interference in the active pocket. Since pharmacokinetic and pharmacological data for prodrugs obtained from preclinical experiments using various animals are generally used as references for human studies, it is important to clarify the biochemical properties of CES isozymes. Further experimentation for an understanding of detailed substrate specificity of prodrugs for CES isozymes and its hydrolysates will help us to design the ideal prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, Shiomi-Cho, Choshi-City, Chiba 288-0025, Japan.
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Barthel BL, Torres RC, Hyatt JL, Edwards CC, Hatfield MJ, Potter PM, Koch TH. Identification of Human Intestinal Carboxylesterase as the Primary Enzyme for Activation of a Doxazolidine Carbamate Prodrug. J Med Chem 2008; 51:298-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7011479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Barthel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Renee C. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Janice L. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Carol C. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - M. Jason Hatfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Philip M. Potter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Tad H. Koch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
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Phipps RJ, Smith JJ, Darwin WD, Cone EJ. Chapter 2 Current methods for the separation and analysis of cocaine analytes. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Heard K, Palmer R, Zahniser NR. Mechanisms of acute cocaine toxicity. THE OPEN PHARMACOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 2:70-78. [PMID: 19568322 PMCID: PMC2703432 DOI: 10.2174/1874143600802010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute cocaine poisoning present with life-threatening symptoms involving several organ systems. While the effects of cocaine are myriad, they are the result of a limited number of cocaine-protein interactions, including monoamine transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-gated ion channels. These primary interactions trigger a cascade of events that ultimately produce the clinical effects. The purpose of this article is to review the primary interactions of cocaine and the effects that these interactions trigger. We also describe the progression of symptoms observed in cocaine poisoning as they relate to serum cocaine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennon Heard
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health
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Jewell C, Bennett P, Mutch E, Ackermann C, Williams FM. Inter-individual variability in esterases in human liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:932-9. [PMID: 17651701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human liver has numerous hydrolytic enzymes involved in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous esters. Of these enzymes, carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) form an important group which hydrolyses many diverse ester substrates, including pro-ester drugs. Carboxylesterase activity was investigated in liver subcellular fractions from 22 individuals using the general carboxylesterase substrate phenylvalerate and the homologous series of esters methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and benzylparaben. The intra- and inter-individual variation in phenylvalerate and paraben metabolism was compared. Rates of hydrolysis were higher in microsomal fractions than cytosolic fractions for all compounds. The rate of paraben hydrolysis varied depending on the size of the paraben alcohol leaving group, showing a decrease with increasing leaving group size. Comparisons showed that individuals with high rates of hydrolysis towards methyl paraben also showed high rates of hydrolysis to the other parabens and phenylvalerate. Phenylvalerate as a non-specific carboxylesterase substrate was hydrolysed mainly by hCE1 in human livers and there was good correlation with small alcohol leaving group parabens, suggesting hCE1 involvement. Lower correlations with larger alcohol leaving group parabens are consistent with more hCE2 involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jewell
- Toxicology Unit, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, 4th Floor, Devonshire Building, Devonshire Terrace, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4EA, UK
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Kraemer T, Paul LD. Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1415-35. [PMID: 17468860 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of drugs of abuse in blood is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma or serum: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide, heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, codeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, other cocaine metabolites or pyrolysis products (norcocaine, norcocaethylene, norbenzoylecgonine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, ethyl ecgonine, ecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, anhydroecgonine ethyl ester, anhydroecgonine, noranhydroecgonine, N-hydroxynorcocaine, cocaine N-oxide, anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide). Metabolites and degradation products which are recommended to be monitored for assessment in clinical or forensic toxicology are mentioned. Papers written in English between 2002 and the beginning of 2007 are reviewed. Analytical methods are assessed for their suitability in forensic toxicology, where special requirements have to be met. For many of the analytes sensitive immunological methods for screening are available. Screening and confirmation is mostly done by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS(/MS) procedures. Basic information about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, and validation data for each procedure is summarized in two tables to facilitate the selection of a method suitable for a specific analytic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraemer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Imai T. Human carboxylesterase isozymes: catalytic properties and rational drug design. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:173-85. [PMID: 16858120 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE-1, CES1A1, HU1) and carboxylesterase 2 (hCE-2, hiCE, HU3) are a serine esterase involved in both drug metabolism and activation. Although both hCE-1 and hCE-2 are present in several organs, the hydrolase activity of liver and small intestine is predominantly attributed to hCE-1 and hCE-2, respectively. The substrate specificity of hCE-1 and hCE-2 is significantly different. hCE-1 mainly hydrolyzes a substrate with a small alcohol group and large acyl group, but its wide active pocket sometimes allows it to act on structurally distinct compounds of either large or small alcohol moiety. In contrast, hCE-2 recognizes a substrate with a large alcohol group and small acyl group, and its substrate specificity may be restricted by a capability of acyl-hCE-2 conjugate formation due to the presence of conformational interference in the active pocket. Furthermore, hCE-1 shows high transesterification activity, especially with hydrophobic alcohol, but negligible for hCE-2. Transesterification may be a reason for the substrate specificity of hCE-1 that hardly hydrolyzes a substrate with hydrophobic alcohol group, because transesterification can progress at the same time when a compound is hydrolyzed by hCE-1. From the standpoint of drug absorption, the intestinal hydrolysis by CES during drug absorption is evaluated in rat intestine and Caco2-cell line. The rat in situ single-pass perfusion shows markedly extensive hydrolysis in the intestinal mucosa. Since the hydrolyzed products are present at higher concentration in the epithelial cells rather than blood vessels and intestinal lumen, hydrolysates are transported by a specific efflux transporter and passive diffusion according to pH-partition. The expression pattern of CES in Caco-2 cell monolayer, a useful in vitro model for rapid screening of human intestinal drug absorption, is completely different from that in human small intestine but very similar to human liver that expresses a much higher level of hCE-1 and lower level of hCE-2. Therefore, the prediction of human intestinal absorption using Caco-2 cell monolayers should be carefully monitored in the case of ester and amide-containing drugs such as prodrugs. Further experimentation for an understanding of detailed substrate specificity for CES and development of in vitro evaluation systems for absorption of prodrug and its hydrolysates will help us to design the ideal prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Tang M, Mukundan M, Yang J, Charpentier N, LeCluyse EL, Black C, Yang D, Shi D, Yan B. Antiplatelet agents aspirin and clopidogrel are hydrolyzed by distinct carboxylesterases, and clopidogrel is transesterificated in the presence of ethyl alcohol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1467-76. [PMID: 16943252 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and clopidogrel are two major antithrombogenic agents that are widely used for the treatment and prevention of cerebro- and cardiovascular conditions such as stroke. Combined use produces enhanced therapeutic effect. Aspirin and clopidogrel both are esters, and hydrolysis leads to decreased or inactivated therapeutic activity. The aim of the study was to determine whether aspirin and clopidogrel are hydrolyzed by the same enzyme(s), thus reciprocally prolonging the antithrombogenic activity. To test this possibility, microsomes from the liver and intestine were assayed for the hydrolysis of aspirin and clopidogrel. In contrary to the hypothesis, aspirin and clopidogrel were hydrolyzed in a tissue-differential manner. Liver microsomes hydrolyzed both drugs, whereas intestinal microsomes hydrolyzed aspirin only. Consistent with the tissue distribution of two carboxylesterases human carboxylesterase (HCE) 1 and HCE2, recombinant HCE1 hydrolyzed clopidogrel, whereas recombinant HCE2 hydrolyzed aspirin. In addition, hydrolysis of clopidogrel among liver samples was correlated well with the level of HCE1, and hydrolysis of aspirin with HCE2. Certain natural variants differed from the wild-type enzymes on the hydrolysis of aspirin or clopidogrel. In the presence of ethyl alcohol, clopidogrel is converted to ethyl clopidogrel. Carboxylesterases are important pharmacological determinants for drugs containing ester linkages and exhibit a large interindividual variation. The isoform-specific hydrolysis of aspirin and clopidogrel suggests that these two antithrombogenic agents may have pharmacokinetic interactions with different sets of ester drugs, and the altered hydrolysis by polymorphic mutants provides a molecular explanation to the interindividual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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