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Konaklieva MI, Plotkin BJ. Targeting host-specific metabolic pathways-opportunities and challenges for anti-infective therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1338567. [PMID: 38455763 PMCID: PMC10918472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1338567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can takeover critical metabolic pathways in host cells to fuel their replication. This interaction provides an opportunity to target host metabolic pathways, in addition to the pathogen-specific ones, in the development of antimicrobials. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy of anti-infective therapy, which targets host cell metabolism utilized by facultative and obligate intracellular pathogens for entry, replication, egress or persistence of infected host cells. This review provides an overview of the host lipid metabolism and links it to the challenges in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, where pathogens are using important for the host lipid enzymes, or producing their own analogous of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) thus interfering with the human host's lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balbina J. Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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2
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Andraski AB, Sacks FM, Aikawa M, Singh SA. Understanding HDL Metabolism and Biology Through In Vivo Tracer Kinetics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:76-88. [PMID: 38031838 PMCID: PMC10842918 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
HDL (high-density lipoprotein), owing to its high protein content and small size, is the densest circulating lipoprotein. In contrast to lipid-laden VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) that promote atherosclerosis, HDL is hypothesized to mitigate atherosclerosis via reverse cholesterol transport, a process that entails the uptake and clearance of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues. This process is mediated by APOA1 (apolipoprotein A-I), the primary structural protein of HDL, as well as by the activities of additional HDL proteins. Tracer-dependent kinetic studies are an invaluable tool to study HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport and overall HDL metabolism in humans when a cardiovascular disease therapy is investigated. Unfortunately, HDL cholesterol-raising therapies have not been successful at reducing cardiovascular events suggesting an incomplete picture of HDL biology. However, as HDL tracer studies have evolved from radioactive isotope- to stable isotope-based strategies that in turn are reliant on mass spectrometry technologies, the complexity of the HDL proteome and its metabolism can be more readily addressed. In this review, we outline the motivations, timelines, advantages, and disadvantages of the various tracer kinetics strategies. We also feature the metabolic properties of select HDL proteins known to regulate reverse cholesterol transport, which in turn underscore that HDL lipoproteins comprise a heterogeneous particle population whose distinct protein constituents and kinetics likely determine its function and potential contribution to cholesterol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Andraski
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sasha A. Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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Gao H, Wu J, Sun Z, Zhang F, Shi T, Lu K, Qian D, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Qin J, Xue B. Influence of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase alteration during different pathophysiologic conditions: A 45 years bibliometrics analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1062249. [PMID: 36588724 PMCID: PMC9795195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1062249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an important enzyme responsible for free cholesterol (FC) esterification, which is critical for high density lipoprotein (HDL) maturation and the completion of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Plasma LCAT activity and concentration showed various patterns under different physiological and pathological conditions. Research on LCAT has grown rapidly over the past 50 years, but there are no bibliometric studies summarizing this field as a whole. This study aimed to use the bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the trends in LCAT publications, thus offering a brief perspective with regard to future developments in this field. Methods: We used the Web of Science Core Collection to retrieve LCAT-related studies published from 1975 to 2020. The data were further analyzed in the number of studies, the journal which published the most LCAT-related studies, co-authorship network, co-country network, co-institute network, co-reference and the keywords burst by CiteSpace V 5.7. Results: 2584 publications contained 55,311 references were used to analyzed. The number of included articles fluctuated in each year. We found that Journal of lipid research published the most LCAT-related studies. Among all the authors who work on LCAT, they tend to collaborate with a relatively stable group of collaborators to generate several major authors clusters which Albers, J. published the most studies (n = 53). The United States of America contributed the greatest proportion (n = 1036) of LCAT-related studies. The LCAT-related studies have been focused on the vascular disease, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction, phospholipid, cholesterol efflux, chronic kidney disease, milk fever, nephrotic syndrome, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, reconstituted lpa-i, reverse cholesterol transport. Four main research frontiers in terms of burst strength for LCAT-related studies including "transgenic mice", "oxidative stress", "risk", and "cholesterol metabolism "need more attention. Conclusion: This is the first study that demonstrated the trends and future development in LCAT publications. Further studies should focus on the accurate metabolic process of LCAT dependent or independent of RCT using metabolic marker tracking techniques. It was also well worth to further studying the possibility that LCAT may qualify as a biomarker for risk prediction and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Gao
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- School of Health Policy and Management, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfu Qian
- School of Health Policy and Management, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zicheng Yin
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinjuan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
| | - Jian Qin
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
| | - Bin Xue
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xue, ; Jian Qin, ; Yinjuan Zhao,
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4
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Towards crucial post-modification in biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids: C3 oxidase and acetyltransferase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 162:110148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Emerging Role of Phospholipids and Lysophospholipids for Improving Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073969. [PMID: 35409331 PMCID: PMC9000073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) essential for neural development, learning, and vision. Although DHA can be provided to humans through nutrition and synthesized in vivo from its precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), deficiencies in cerebral DHA level were associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The aim of this review was to develop a complete understanding of previous and current approaches and suggest future approaches to target the brain with DHA in different lipids’ forms for potential prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Since glycerophospholipids (GPs) play a crucial role in DHA transport to the brain, we explored their biosynthesis and remodeling pathways with a focus on cerebral PUFA remodeling. Following this, we discussed the brain content and biological properties of phospholipids (PLs) and Lyso-PLs with omega-3 PUFA focusing on DHA’s beneficial effects in healthy conditions and brain disorders. We emphasized the cerebral accretion of DHA when esterified at sn-2 position of PLs and Lyso-PLs. Finally, we highlighted the importance of DHA-rich Lyso-PLs’ development for pharmaceutical applications since most commercially available DHA formulations are in the form of PLs or triglycerides, which are not the preferred transporter of DHA to the brain.
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Apolipoprotein A1-Related Proteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Antiatherosclerosis Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:4610834. [PMID: 35087605 PMCID: PMC8763555 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4610834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol in arteries can cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery occlusion, leading to atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. The body prevents atherosclerosis by reverse cholesterol transport to mobilize and excrete cholesterol and other lipids. Apolipoprotein A1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein, plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Here, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein A1-targeting molecules in antiatherosclerosis therapy, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and scavenger receptor class B type 1.
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HDL Cholesterol and Non-Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094547. [PMID: 33925284 PMCID: PMC8123633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has traditionally been considered the “good cholesterol”, and most of the research regarding HDL cholesterol has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Randomized trials aiming at increasing HDL cholesterol have, however, failed and left questions to what role HDL cholesterol plays in human health and disease. Recent observational studies involving non-cardiovascular diseases have shown that high levels of HDL cholesterol are not necessarily associated with beneficial outcomes as observed for age-related macular degeneration, type II diabetes, dementia, infection, and mortality. In this narrative review, we discuss these interesting associations between HDL cholesterol and non-cardiovascular diseases, covering observational studies, human genetics, and plausible mechanisms.
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Singh SA, Andraski AB, Higashi H, Lee LH, Ramsaroop A, Sacks FM, Aikawa M. Metabolism of PLTP, CETP, and LCAT on multiple HDL sizes using the Orbitrap Fusion Lumos. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143526. [PMID: 33351780 PMCID: PMC7934878 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vivo tracer studies demonstrated that targeted mass spectrometry (MS) on the Q Exactive Orbitrap could determine the metabolism of HDL proteins 100s-fold less abundant than apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1). In this study, we demonstrate that the Orbitrap Lumos can measure tracer in proteins whose abundances are 1000s-fold less than APOA1, specifically the lipid transfer proteins phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), and lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT). Relative to the Q Exactive, the Lumos improved tracer detection by reducing tracer enrichment compression, thereby providing consistent enrichment data across multiple HDL sizes from 6 participants. We determined by compartmental modeling that PLTP is secreted in medium and large HDL (alpha2, alpha1, and alpha0) and is transferred from medium to larger sizes during circulation from where it is catabolized. CETP is secreted mainly in alpha1 and alpha2 and remains in these sizes during circulation. LCAT is secreted mainly in medium and small HDL (alpha2, alpha3, prebeta). Unlike PLTP and CETP, LCAT’s appearance on HDL is markedly delayed, indicating that LCAT may reside for a time outside of systemic circulation before attaching to HDL in plasma. The determination of these lipid transfer proteins’ unique metabolic structures was possible due to advances in MS technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison B Andraski
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashisha Ramsaroop
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Jo HS, Kim HA, Lee JC, Yoon KC, Yoon YI, Choi YY, Seok JI, Moon MH, Kim DS. Lipidomic signatures of post-hepatectomy liver failure using porcine hepatectomy models. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1363. [PMID: 33313108 PMCID: PMC7723583 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical diagnosis of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) can only be made on or after the 5th postoperative day. Biomarker for early diagnosis is considered as a critical unmet need. Methods Twenty domestic female crossbreed (Yorkshire-landrace and duroc) pigs underwent sham operation (n=6), 70% (n=7) and 90% (n=7) partial hepatectomy (PH). A comprehensive lipidomic analysis was conducted using sera collected at pre-operation (PO), 14, 30, and 48 h after PH using nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Of the 184 quantified lipids, 14 lipids showed significant differences between the two resection groups starting at 30 h after surgery. Four phosphatidylcholine (PC) plasmalogen species (P-16:0/16:0, P-18:0/18:2, P-18:0/20:4, and P-18:0/22:6) and PC 32:2 significantly increased in the 90% PH group while these returned to PO level after 30 h in the 70% PH group, presumably implying the failure markers. In contrast, eight triacylglycerol (TG) species (40:0, 42:1, 42:0, 44:1, 44:2, 46:1, 46:2, and 48:3) and sphingomyelin d18:1/20:0 showed an opposite trend, wherein they significantly decreased in the 90% PH group while these in the 70% PH group were abruptly increased until 30 h but returned to near PO levels at 48 h, implying the recovery markers. Same trends could also be observed in the level of whole lipid classes of PC plasmalogens and TGs, in addition to selected individual lipid species. Conclusions Characteristic lipidomic signatures of PHLF could be identified using large animal models. These candidates have a potential to serve as a tool for early diagnosis and may open new paths to the study to overcome PHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sung Jo
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae A Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-In Yoon
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-I Seok
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Abe A, Hiraoka M, Matsuzawa F, Aikawa SI, Niimura Y. Esterification of side-chain oxysterols by lysosomal phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158787. [PMID: 32777483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Side-chain oxysterols produced from cholesterol either enzymatically or non-enzymatically show various bioactivities. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) esterifies the C3-hydroxyl group of these sterols as well as cholesterol. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) is related to LCAT but does not catalyze esterification of cholesterol. First, esterification of side-chain oxysterols by LPLA2 was investigated using recombinant mouse LPLA2 and dioleoyl-PC/sulfatide/oxysterol liposomes under acidic conditions. TLC and LC-MS/MS showed that the C3 and C27-hydroxyl groups of 27-hydroxycholesterol could be individually esterified by LPLA2 to form a monoester with the C27-hydroxyl preference. Cholesterol did not inhibit this reaction. Also, LPLA2 esterified other side-chain oxysterols. Their esterifications by mouse serum containing LCAT supported the idea that their esterifications by LPLA2 occur at the C3-hydroxyl group. N-acetylsphingosine (NAS) acting as an acyl acceptor in LPLA2 transacylation inhibited the side-chain oxysterol esterification by LPLA2. This suggests a competition between hydroxycholesterol and NAS on the acyl-LPLA2 intermediate formed during the reaction. Raising cationic amphiphilic drug concentration or ionic strength in the reaction mixture evoked a reduction of the side-chain oxysterol esterification by LPLA2. This indicates that the esterification could progress via an interfacial interaction of LPLA2 with the lipid membrane surface through an electrostatic interaction. The docking model of acyl-LPLA2 intermediate and side-chain oxysterol provided new insight to elucidate the transacylation mechanism of sterols by LPLA2. Finally, exogenous 25-hydroxycholesterol esterification within alveolar macrophages prepared from wild-type mice was significantly higher than that from LPLA2 deficient mice. This suggests that there is an esterification pathway of side-chain oxysterols via LPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Abe
- Department of Molecular Science of Bacteria, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miki Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Youichi Niimura
- Department of Molecular Science of Bacteria, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Norum KR, Remaley AT, Miettinen HE, Strøm EH, Balbo BEP, Sampaio CATL, Wiig I, Kuivenhoven JA, Calabresi L, Tesmer JJ, Zhou M, Ng DS, Skeie B, Karathanasis SK, Manthei KA, Retterstøl K. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: symposium on 50 years of biomedical research from its discovery to latest findings. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1142-1149. [PMID: 32482717 PMCID: PMC7397740 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s120000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LCAT converts free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters in the process of reverse cholesterol transport. Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) is a genetic disease that was first described by Kaare R. Norum and Egil Gjone in 1967. This report is a summary from a 2017 symposium where Dr. Norum recounted the history of FLD and leading experts on LCAT shared their results. The Tesmer laboratory shared structural findings on LCAT and the close homolog, lysosomal phospholipase A2. Results from studies of FLD patients in Finland, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were presented, as well as the status of a patient registry. Drs. Kuivenhoven and Calabresi presented data from carriers of genetic mutations suggesting that FLD does not necessarily accelerate atherosclerosis. Dr. Ng shared that LCAT-null mice were protected from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dr. Zhou presented multiple innovations for increasing LCAT activity for therapeutic purposes, whereas Dr. Remaley showed results from treatment of an FLD patient with recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT). Dr. Karathanasis showed that rhLCAT infusion in mice stimulates cholesterol efflux and suggested that it could also enhance cholesterol efflux from macrophages. While the role of LCAT in atherosclerosis remains elusive, the consensus is that a continued study of both the enzyme and disease will lead toward better treatments for patients with heart disease and FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare R Norum
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Helena E Miettinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik H Strøm
- Departments of Pathology Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno E P Balbo
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A T L Sampaio
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Wiig
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - John J Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorder Research, AMGEN, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dominic S Ng
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bjørn Skeie
- Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kelly A Manthei
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferas (LCAT)-based therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, and LCAT deficiency disorders. RECENT FINDINGS A wide variety of approaches to using LCAT as a novel therapeutic target have been proposed. Enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human LCAT is the most clinically advanced therapy for atherosclerosis and familial LCAT deficiency (FLD), with Phase I and Phase 2A clinical trials recently completed. Liver-directed LCAT gene therapy and engineered cell therapies are also another promising approach. Peptide and small molecule activators have shown efficacy in early-stage preclinical studies. Finally, lifestyle modifications, such as fat-restricted diets, cessation of cigarette smoking, and a diet rich in antioxidants may potentially suppress lipoprotein abnormalities in FLD patients and help preserve LCAT activity and renal function but have not been adequately tested. SUMMARY Preclinical and early-stage clinical trials demonstrate the promise of novel LCAT therapies as HDL-raising agents that may be used to treat not only FLD but potentially also atherosclerosis and other disorders with low or dysfunctional HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
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Colijn JM, den Hollander AI, Demirkan A, Cougnard-Grégoire A, Verzijden T, Kersten E, Meester-Smoor MA, Merle BMJ, Papageorgiou G, Ahmad S, Mulder MT, Costa MA, Benlian P, Bertelsen G, Bron AM, Claes B, Creuzot-Garcher C, Erke MG, Fauser S, Foster PJ, Hammond CJ, Hense HW, Hoyng CB, Khawaja AP, Korobelnik JF, Piermarocchi S, Segato T, Silva R, Souied EH, Williams KM, van Duijn CM, Delcourt C, Klaver CCW. Increased High-Density Lipoprotein Levels Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from the EYE-RISK and European Eye Epidemiology Consortia. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:393-406. [PMID: 30315903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic and epidemiologic studies have shown that lipid genes and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We studied circulating lipid levels in relationship to AMD in a large European dataset. DESIGN Pooled analysis of cross-sectional data. PARTICIPANTS Individuals (N = 30 953) aged 50 years or older participating in the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium and 1530 individuals from the Rotterdam Study with lipid subfraction data. METHODS AMD features were graded on fundus photographs using the Rotterdam classification. Routine blood lipid measurements, genetics, medication, and potential confounders were extracted from the E3 database. In a subgroup of the Rotterdam Study, lipid subfractions were identified by the Nightingale biomarker platform. Random-intercepts mixed-effects models incorporating confounders and study site as a random effect were used to estimate associations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AMD features and stage; lipid measurements. RESULTS HDL was associated with an increased risk of AMD (odds ratio [OR], 1.21 per 1-mmol/l increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.29), whereas triglycerides were associated with a decreased risk (OR, 0.94 per 1-mmol/l increase; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97). Both were associated with drusen size. Higher HDL raised the odds of larger drusen, whereas higher triglycerides decreases the odds. LDL cholesterol reached statistical significance only in the association with early AMD (P = 0.045). Regarding lipid subfractions, the concentration of extra-large HDL particles showed the most prominent association with AMD (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10-1.40). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein risk variant (rs17231506) for AMD was in line with increased HDL levels (P = 7.7 × 10-7), but lipase C risk variants (rs2043085, rs2070895) were associated in an opposite way (P = 1.0 × 10-6 and P = 1.6 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of AMD and that triglycerides are negatively associated. Both show the strongest association with early AMD and drusen. Extra-large HDL subfractions seem to be drivers in the relationship with AMD, and variants in lipid genes play a more ambiguous role in this association. Whether systemic lipids directly influence AMD or represent lipid metabolism in the retina remains to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Grégoire
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Timo Verzijden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedicte M J Merle
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grigorios Papageorgiou
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Angelo Costa
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pascale Benlian
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Geir Bertelsen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alain M Bron
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Dijon, France
| | - Birte Claes
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Maja Gran Erke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Integrative Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Werner Hense
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Francois Korobelnik
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux, France; Service d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Tatiana Segato
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rufino Silva
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eric H Souied
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France
| | - Katie M Williams
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wang S, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhao A, Zheng X, Yan D, Jiang F, Jia W, Hu C, Jia W. Association between serum haptoglobin and carotid arterial functions: usefulness of a targeted metabolomics approach. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:8. [PMID: 30634984 PMCID: PMC6329046 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum haptoglobin (Hp) has been closely associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. We investigated a metabolic profile associated with circulating Hp and carotid arterial functions via a targeted metabolomics approach to provide insight into potential mechanisms. Methods A total of 240 participants, including 120 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 120 non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) subjects were recruited in this study. Targeted metabolic profiles of serum metabolites were determined using an AbsoluteIDQ™ p180 Kit (BIOCRATES Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria). Ultrasound of the bilateral common carotid artery was used to measure intima-media thickness and inter-adventitial diameter. Serum Hp levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Serum Hp levels in T2DM patients and non-DM subjects were 103.40 (72.46, 131.99) mg/dL and 100.20 (53.99, 140.66) mg/dL, respectively. Significant differences of 19 metabolites and 17 metabolites were found among serum Hp tertiles in T2DM patients and non-DM subjects, respectively (P < 0.05). Of these, phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C32:2 (PC ae C32:2) was the common metabolite observed in two populations, which was associated with the serum Hp groups and lipid traits (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the metabolite ratios of two acidic amino acids, including aspartate to PC ae C32:2 (Asp/PC ae C32:2) and glutamate to PC ae C32:2 (Glu/PC ae C32:2) were correlated with serum Hp, carotid arterial functions and other biochemical index in both populations significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusions Targeted metabolomics analyses might provide a new insight into the potential mechanisms underlying the association between serum Hp and carotid arterial functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0808-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China. .,Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Marwaha A, Dhir A, Mahla SK, Mohapatra SK. An overview of solid base heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2018.1494782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshey Marwaha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Amit Dhir
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mahla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Hoshiarpur, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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16
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Ishibashi R, Takemoto M, Tsurutani Y, Kuroda M, Ogawa M, Wakabayashi H, Uesugi N, Nagata M, Imai N, Hattori A, Sakamoto K, Kitamoto T, Maezawa Y, Narita I, Hiroi S, Furuta A, Miida T, Yokote K. Immune-mediated acquired lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency: A case report and literature review. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:888-897.e2. [PMID: 29937398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recessive inherited disorder lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency causes severe hypocholesterolemia and nephrotic syndrome. Characteristic lipoprotein subfractions have been observed in familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) with renal damage. OBJECTIVE We described a case of acquired LCAT deficiencies with literature review. METHODS The lipoprotein profiles examined by gel permeation-high-performance liquid chromatography (GP-HPLC) and native 2-dimensional electrophoresis before and after prednisolone (PSL) treatment. RESULTS Here we describe the case of a 67-year-old man with severely low levels of cholesterol. The serum LCAT activity was undetectable, and autoantibodies against it were detected. The patient developed nephrotic syndrome at the age of 70 years. Renal biopsy revealed not only membranous glomerulonephritis but also lesions similar to those seen in FLD. We initiated PSL treatment, which resulted in remission of the nephrotic syndrome. In GP-HPLC analysis, lipoprotein profile was similar to that of FLD although lipoprotein X level was low. Acquired LCAT deficiencies are extremely rare with only 7 known cases including ours. Patients with undetectable LCAT activity levels develop nephrotic syndrome that requires PSL treatment; cases whose LCAT activity levels can be determined may also develop nephrotic syndrome, but spontaneously recover. CONCLUSION Lipoprotein X may play a role in the development of renal impairment in individuals with FLD. However, the effect might be less significant in individuals with acquired LCAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishibashi
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Nartita, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | - Masayuki Kuroda
- Center for Advanced Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- Chiba Prefectural University of Health Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hanae Wakabayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Uesugi
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michio Nagata
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naofumi Imai
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiko Hattori
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takumi Kitamoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Hiroi
- Department of Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Nitobebunka College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Furuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Korber M, Klein I, Daum G. Steryl ester synthesis, storage and hydrolysis: A contribution to sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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DOBIÁŠOVÁ M. Atherogenic Impact of Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase and Its Relation to Cholesterol Esterification Rate in HDL (FERHDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] Biomarkers: The Butterfly Effect? Physiol Res 2017; 66:193-203. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherogenic impact and functional capacity of LCAT was studied and discussed over a half century. This review aims to clarify the key points that may affect the final decision on whether LCAT is an anti-atherogenic or atherogenic factor. There are three main processes involving the efflux of free cholesterol from peripheral cells, LCAT action in intravascular pool where cholesterol esterification rate is under the control of HDL, LDL and VLDL subpopulations, and finally the destination of newly produced cholesteryl esters either to the catabolism in liver or to a futile cycle with apoB lipoproteins. The functionality of LCAT substantially depends on its mass together with the composition of the phospholipid bilayer as well as the saturation and the length of fatty acyls and other effectors about which we know yet nothing. Over the years, LCAT puzzle has been significantly supplemented but yet not so satisfactory as to enable how to manipulate LCAT in order to prevent cardiometabolic events. It reminds the butterfly effect when only a moderate change in the process of transformation free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters may cause a crucial turn in the intended target. On the other hand, two biomarkers – FERHDL (fractional esterification rate in HDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] can offer a benefit to identify the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). They both reflect the rate of cholesterol esterification by LCAT and the composition of lipoprotein subpopulations that controls this rate. In clinical practice, AIP can be calculated from the routine lipid profile with help of AIP calculator www.biomed.cas.cz/fgu/aip/calculator.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. DOBIÁŠOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Norum KR. The function of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:235-236. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1308008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Ross T, Jakubzig B, Grundmann M, Massing U, Kostenis E, Schlesinger M, Bendas G. The molecular mechanism by which saturated lysophosphatidylcholine attenuates the metastatic capacity of melanoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:1297-1309. [PMID: 28255537 PMCID: PMC5324772 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophophatidylcholine (LysoPC) is an abundant constituent in human plasma. Patients with malignant cancer diseases have attenuated LysoPC plasma levels, and thus LysoPC has been examined as a metabolic biomarker for cancer prediction. Preclinical studies have shown that solid tumor cells drastically degrade LysoPCs by incorporating their free fatty acids into cell membrane phospholipids. In this way, LysoPC C18:0 reduced the metastatic spread of murine melanoma B16.F10 cells in mice. Although membrane rigidification may have a key role in the attenuation of metastasis, evidence for this has yet to be shown. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine how LysoPC reduces the metastatic capacity of B16.F10 cells. Following cellular preincubation with LysoPC C18:0 at increasing concentrations and lengths of time, cell migration was most significantly attenuated with 450 μm LysoPC C18:0 at 72 h. Biosensor measurements suggest that, despite their abundance in B16.F10 cells, LysoPC‐sensitive G protein‐coupled receptors do not appear to contribute to this effect. Instead, the attenuated migration appears to result from changes in cell membrane properties and their effect on underlying signaling pathways, most likely the formation of focal adhesion complexes. Treatment with 450 μm LysoPC C18:0 activates protein kinase C (PKC)δ to phosphorylate syndecan‐4, accompanied by deactivation of PKCα. Subsequently, focal adhesion complex formation was attenuated, as confirmed by the reduced activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Interestingly, 450 μm LysoPC C18:1 did not affect FAK activity, explaining its lower propensity to affect migration and metastasis. Therefore, membrane rigidification by LysoPC C18:0 appears to prevent the formation of focal adhesion complexes, thus affecting integrin activity as a key for metastatic melanoma spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
| | - Bastian Jakubzig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Massing
- Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co. KGF&E Lifescience Applications Freiburg Germany; Faculty of Chemistry & Pharmacy University of Freiburg Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology University of Bonn Germany
| | | | - Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
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21
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Saadane A, Mast N, Dao T, Ahmad B, Pikuleva IA. Retinal Hypercholesterolemia Triggers Cholesterol Accumulation and Esterification in Photoreceptor Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20427-39. [PMID: 27514747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of vision is impossible without the photoreceptor cells, which have a unique structure and specific maintenance of cholesterol. Herein we report on the previously unrecognized cholesterol-related pathway in the retina discovered during follow-up characterizations of Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-) mice. These animals have retinal hypercholesterolemia and convert excess retinal cholesterol into cholesterol esters, normally present in the retina in very small amounts. We established that in the Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-) retina, cholesterol esters are generated by and accumulate in the photoreceptor outer segments (OS), which is the retinal layer with the lowest cholesterol content. Mouse OS were also found to express the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT1), but not lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and to differ from humans in retinal expression of ACAT1. Nevertheless, cholesterol esters were discovered to be abundant in human OS. We suggest a mechanism for cholesterol ester accumulation in the OS and that activity impairment of ACAT1 in humans may underlie the development of subretinal drusenoid deposits, a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration, which is a common blinding disease. We generated Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-)Acat1(-/-) mice, characterized their retina by different imaging modalities, and confirmed that unesterified cholesterol does accumulate in their OS and that there is photoreceptor apoptosis and OS degeneration in this line. Our results provide insights into the retinal response to local hypercholesterolemia and the retinal significance of cholesterol esterification, which could be cell-specific and both beneficial and detrimental for retinal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and
| | - Natalia Mast
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and
| | - Tung Dao
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and the University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and
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Siri-Tarino PW, Krauss RM. The early years of lipoprotein research: from discovery to clinical application. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1771-1777. [PMID: 27474223 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r069575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines major milestones in the first four decades of lipoprotein research beginning with their discovery nearly 90 years ago. It focuses on the contributions of some of the key investigators during this era, and findings that set the stage for widespread clinical implementation of lipoprotein testing for evaluation and management of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609-1673.
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Arora S, Patra SK, Saini R. HDL—A molecule with a multi-faceted role in coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 452:66-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mendivil CO, Furtado J, Morton AM, Wang L, Sacks FM. Novel Pathways of Apolipoprotein A-I Metabolism in High-Density Lipoprotein of Different Sizes in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:156-65. [PMID: 26543096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A prevailing concept is that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is secreted into the systemic circulation as a small mainly discoidal particle, which expands progressively and becomes spherical by uptake and esterification of cellular cholesterol and then contracts by cholesterol ester delivery to the liver, a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, thought to be impaired in people with low HDL cholesterol (HDLc). This metabolic framework has not been established in humans. APPROACH AND RESULTS We studied the metabolism of apolipoprotein A-I in 4 standard HDL sizes by endogenous isotopic labeling in 6 overweight adults with low HDLc and in 6 adults with normal body weight with high plasma HDLc. Contrary to expectation, HDL was secreted into the circulation in its entire size distribution from very small to very large similarly in both groups. Very small (prebeta) HDL comprised only 8% of total apolipoprotein A-I secretion. Each HDL subfraction circulated mostly within its secreted size range for 1 to 4 days and then was cleared. Enlargement of very small and medium to large and very large HDL and generation of very small from medium HDL were minor metabolic pathways. Prebeta HDL was cleared slower, whereas medium, large, and very large HDL were cleared faster in the low HDLc group. CONCLUSIONS A new model is proposed from these results in which HDL is metabolized in plasma mainly within several discrete, stable sizes across the common range of HDLc concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Mendivil
- From the School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Section of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.O.M., J.F., A.M.M., L.W., F.M.S.); and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Jeremy Furtado
- From the School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Section of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.O.M., J.F., A.M.M., L.W., F.M.S.); and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Allyson M Morton
- From the School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Section of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.O.M., J.F., A.M.M., L.W., F.M.S.); and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Liyun Wang
- From the School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Section of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.O.M., J.F., A.M.M., L.W., F.M.S.); and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Frank M Sacks
- From the School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Section of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (C.O.M.); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.O.M., J.F., A.M.M., L.W., F.M.S.); and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.).
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25
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Mahapatra HS, Ramanarayanan S, Gupta A, Bhardwaj M. Co-existence of classic familial lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency and fish eye disease in the same family. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:362-5. [PMID: 26664212 PMCID: PMC4663774 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.157802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a family with a rare genetic disorder arising out of mutation in the gene that encodes for the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). The proband presented with nephrotic syndrome, hemolytic anemia, cloudy cornea, and dyslipidemia. Kidney biopsy showed certain characteristic features to suggest LCAT deficiency, and the enzyme activity in the serum was undetectable. Mother and younger sister showed corneal opacity and dyslipidemia but no renal or hematological involvement. These two members had a milder manifestation of the disease called fish eye disease. This case is presented to emphasize the importance of taking family history and doing a good clinical examination in patients with nephrotic syndrome and carefully analyze the lipid fractions in these subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Mahapatra
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S Ramanarayanan
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M Bhardwaj
- Department of Nephrology, PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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26
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Akerele OA, Cheema SK. Fatty acyl composition of lysophosphatidylcholine is important in atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:754-60. [PMID: 26604024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death for mankind. Although the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial process, growing body of evidence has identified phospholipids-mediated signaling as an important factor in the induction and progression of atherosclerosis. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a major phospholipid in oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and is generally considered to be atherogenic. However, some studies have shown anti-atherogenic properties of LPC. The controversial findings surrounding the pro- or anti-atherogenic properties of LPC appear to be due to the chain length and the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl moiety of LPC. Studies have suggested that the presence of omega (n)-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the sn-1 position of LPC modulates the inflammatory response thereby making LPC anti-atherogenic. We have recently shown that feeding a diet high in n-3 PUFA resulted in the enrichment of LPC in both plasma and liver of C57BL/6 mice with n-3 PUFA. Others have also shown that supplementation with fish oil leads to preferential incorporation of n-3 PUFA into LPC. We also found that plasma obtained from mice fed a diet high in n-3 PUFA showed higher cholesterol efflux capacity compared to animals fed a low n-3 PUFA diet, despite no changes in high-density lipoprotein concentrations. We are therefore hypothesizing that n-3 PUFA enriched LPC has anti-atherogenic properties by promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages and by reducing inflammation. Our anticipated long term objective is to establish that the fatty acyl moiety of LPC can be used as a potential biomarker for the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Validating this hypothesis would have a substantial impact on the public health with respect to early diagnosis of cardiovascular risks, and designing dietary based therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of atherosclerosis and other heart related diseases.
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27
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Romanow WG, Piper DE, Fordstrom P, Thibault S, Zhou M, Walker NPC. BacMam production of active recombinant lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: Expression, purification and characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 125:1-6. [PMID: 26363122 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme in the esterification of cholesterol and its subsequent incorporation into the core of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It is also involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), the mechanism by which cholesterol is removed from peripheral cells and transported to the liver for excretion. These processes are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) and may have therapeutic implications. This work describes the use of baculovirus as a transducing vector to express LCAT in mammalian cells, expression of the recombinant protein as a high-mannose glycoform suitable for deglycosylation by Endo H and its purification to homogeneity and characterization. The importance of producing underglycosylated forms of secreted glycoproteins to obtain high-resolution crystal structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Romanow
- Protein Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Derek E Piper
- Structural Biology, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Preston Fordstrom
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Stephen Thibault
- Protein Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Nigel P C Walker
- Structural Biology, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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28
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Park JY, Lee SH, Shin MJ, Hwang GS. Alteration in metabolic signature and lipid metabolism in patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135228. [PMID: 26258408 PMCID: PMC4530944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolites are indispensable regulators of physiological and pathological processes, including atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the complex changes in lipid metabolites and metabolism that occur in patients with these conditions are incompletely understood. We performed lipid profiling to identify alterations in lipid metabolism in patients with angina and myocardial infarction (MI). Global lipid profiling was applied to serum samples from patients with CAD (angina and MI) and age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy subjects using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis. A multivariate analysis showed a clear separation between the patients with CAD and normal controls. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) species containing unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of CAD, whereas species of lysoPC and lyso-alkyl PC containing saturated fatty acids were associated with a decreased risk. Additionally, PC species containing palmitic acid, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and ceramide were associated with an increased risk of MI, whereas PE-plasmalogen and phosphatidylinositol species were associated with a decreased risk. In MI patients, we found strong positive correlation between lipid metabolites related to the sphingolipid pathway, sphingomyelin, and ceramide and acute inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). The results of this study demonstrate altered signatures in lipid metabolism in patients with angina or MI. Lipidomic profiling could provide the information to identity the specific lipid metabolites under the presence of disturbed metabolic pathways in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Park
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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Piper DE, Romanow WG, Gunawardane RN, Fordstrom P, Masterman S, Pan O, Thibault ST, Zhang R, Meininger D, Schwarz M, Wang Z, King C, Zhou M, Walker NPC. The high-resolution crystal structure of human LCAT. J Lipid Res 2015. [PMID: 26195816 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LCAT is intimately involved in HDL maturation and is a key component of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which removes excess cholesterol molecules from the peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. Patients with loss-of-function LCAT mutations exhibit low levels of HDL cholesterol and corneal opacity. Here we report the 2.65 Å crystal structure of the human LCAT protein. Crystallization required enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans and complex formation with a Fab fragment from a tool antibody. The crystal structure reveals that LCAT has an α/β hydrolase core with two additional subdomains that play important roles in LCAT function. Subdomain 1 contains the region of LCAT shown to be required for interfacial activation, while subdomain 2 contains the lid and amino acids that shape the substrate binding pocket. Mapping the naturally occurring mutations onto the structure provides insight into how they may affect LCAT enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Piper
- Therapeutic Discovery Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Pan
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1V7, Canada
| | | | - Richard Zhang
- Therapeutic Discovery Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Margrit Schwarz
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Therapeutic Discovery Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Chadwick King
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1V7, Canada
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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30
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Cubedo J, Padró T, García-Arguinzonis M, Vilahur G, Miñambres I, Pou JM, Ybarra J, Badimon L. A novel truncated form of apolipoprotein A-I transported by dense LDL is increased in diabetic patients. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1762-73. [PMID: 26168996 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p057513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic (DM) patients have exacerbated atherosclerosis and high CVD burden. Changes in lipid metabolism, lipoprotein structure, and dysfunctional HDL are characteristics of diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether serum ApoA-I, the main protein in HDL, was biochemically modified in DM patients. By using proteomic technologies, we have identified a 26 kDa ApoA-I form in serum. MS analysis revealed this 26 kDa form as a novel truncated variant lacking amino acids 1-38, ApoA-IΔ(1-38). DM patients show a 2-fold increase in ApoA-IΔ(1-38) over nondiabetic individuals. ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is found in LDL, but not in VLDL or HDL, with an increase in LDL3 and LDL4 subfractions. To identify candidate mechanisms of ApoA-I truncation, we investigated potentially involved enzymes by in silico data mining, and tested the most probable molecule in an established animal model of diabetes. We have found increased hepatic cathepsin D activity as one of the potential proteases involved in ApoA-I truncation. Cathepsin D-cleaved ApoA-I exhibited increased LDL binding affinity and decreased antioxidant activity against LDL oxidation. In conclusion, we show for the first time: a) presence of a novel truncated ApoA-I form, ApoA-IΔ(1-38), in human serum; b) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is transported by LDL; c) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is increased in dense LDL fractions of DM patients; and d) cathepsin D-ApoA-I truncation may lead to ApoA-IΔ(1-38) binding to LDLs, increasing their susceptibility to oxidation and contributing to the high cardiovascular risk of DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maisa García-Arguinzonis
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose María Pou
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Naseri M, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS, Bandarian F, Azizi F. Association of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase rs5923 Polymorphism in Iranian Individuals with Extremely Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 19:172-6. [PMID: 26117245 PMCID: PMC4571013 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is one of the important heritable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and is a target for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) gene polymorphism rs5923 on LCAT enzyme activity and serum HDL-C concentration. METHODS The study population was selected from consecutive individuals with HDL-C ≤ 5th percentile (n = 73) and extremely high HDL-C ≥ 95th percentile (n = 57) who had participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The rs5923 polymorphism was genotyped using direct sequencing. LCAT activity was measured by fluorometric assay kit, and lipid concentrations were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric method. RESULTS The genotype frequencies were significantly different between the high HDL-C group (CC 94.7%, CT 5.3%) and the low HDL-C group (CC 83.6%, CT 16.4%) (P = 0.048). The T-allele frequencies in subjects with low and high HDL-C were 0.082 and 0.026, respectively (P = 0.16). The association of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5923 with low HDL-C was not statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI (odd ratio = 2.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.32-21.5, P = 0.36, regression logistic analysis). Also, the effects of LCAT enzyme activity did not depend on the HDL-C level (P = 0.24). CONCLUSION rs5923 polymorphism is not associated with low HDL-C levels in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Naseri
- Genomic Research Center, Birjand university of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bandarian
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Saeedi R, Li M, Frohlich J. A review on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:472-5. [PMID: 25172171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme which esterifies cholesterol, and plays a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Genetic disorders of LCAT are associated with lipoprotein abnormalities including low levels of HDL-C and presence of lipoprotein X, and clinical features mainly corneal opacities, changes in erythrocyte morphology and renal failure. Recombinant LCAT is being developed for the treatment of patients with LCAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Saeedi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Jiri Frohlich
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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33
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NASERI MOHSEN, HEDAYATI MEHDI, DANESHPOUR MARYAMSADAT, BANDARIAN FATEMEH, AZIZI FEREIDOUN. Identification of genetic variants of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in individuals with high HDL-C levels. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:496-502. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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34
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Spahr C, Kim JJ, Deng S, Kodama P, Xia Z, Tang J, Zhang R, Siu S, Nuanmanee N, Estes B, Stevens J, Zhou M, Lu HS. Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase Fc fusion: analysis of N- and O-linked glycans and identification and elimination of a xylose-based O-linked tetrasaccharide core in the linker region. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1739-53. [PMID: 24115046 PMCID: PMC3843628 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase Fc fusion (huLCAT-Fc) is a chimeric protein produced by fusing human Fc to the C-terminus of the human enzyme via a linker sequence. The huLCAT-Fc homodimer contains five N-linked glycosylation sites per monomer. The heterogeneity and site-specific distribution of the various glycans were examined using enzymatic digestion and LC-MS/MS, followed by automatic processing. Almost all of the N-linked glycans in human LCAT are fucosylated and sialylated. The predominant LCAT N-linked glycoforms are biantennary glycans, followed by triantennary sugars, whereas the level of tetraantennary glycans is much lower. Glycans at the Fc N-linked site exclusively contain typical asialobiantennary structures. HuLCAT-Fc was also confirmed to have mucin-type glycans attached at T407 and S409 . When LCAT-Fc fusions were constructed using a G-S-G-G-G-G linker, an unexpected +632 Da xylose-based glycosaminoglycan (GAG) tetrasaccharide core of Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA was attached to S418 . Several minor intermediate species including Xyl, Xyl-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal, and a phosphorylated GAG core were also present. The mucin-type O-linked glycans can be effectively released by sialidase and O-glycanase; however, the GAG could only be removed and localized using chemical alkaline β-elimination and targeted LC-MS/MS. E416 (the C-terminus of LCAT) combined with the linker sequence is likely serving as a substrate for peptide O-xylosyltransferase. HuLCAT-Fc shares some homology with the proposed consensus site near the linker sequence, in particular, the residues underlined PPPE416 GS418 GGGGDK. GAG incorporation can be eliminated through engineering by shifting the linker Ser residue downstream in the linker sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Spahr
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Justin J Kim
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Sihong Deng
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Paul Kodama
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Zhen Xia
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Jay Tang
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Richard Zhang
- Protein Technologies, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Sophia Siu
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Noi Nuanmanee
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Bram Estes
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc.South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Hsieng S Lu
- Biologics Optimization, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc.Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
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36
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Dong J, Yu S, Yang R, Li H, Guo H, Zhao H, Wang S, Chen W. A simple and precise method for direct measurement of fractional esterification rate of high density lipoprotein cholesterol by high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 52:557-64. [PMID: 24231126 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between fractional cholesterol esterification rate in plasma or serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (FER(HDL)) and lipoprotein subfractions and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been demonstrated. However, the current method for measuring FER(HDL) requires fresh serum samples and radioactive labeling of the samples, making it impractical for use in clinical laboratories. In this study, we developed a simple and precise HPLC method for the measurement of FER(HDL). Correlations between FER(HDL) and CVD risk factors were evaluated in 119 healthy volunteers. METHODS Fasting blood samples were collected and serum was isolated within 2 h. Serum HDL was prepared by precipitation of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins with dextran sulfate and magnesium chloride. HDL fractions were divided into two aliquots and incubated at 0°C and 37°C, respectively, for 1 h. Free cholesterol in the HDL fractions was analyzed by HPLC. FER(HDL) was calculated as the percent decrease of free cholesterol during incubation. RESULTS The esterification reaction of HDL free cholesterol was not linear, but the measured FER(HDL) was stable when serum samples were stored at room temperature for <4 h, or at 4°C for <24 h. The intra-assay and total CVs for FER(HDL) measurements were 1.0%-2.1% and 1.6%-3.8%, respectively. Results of 119 healthy volunteers showed that FER(HDL) was positively correlated with age, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLb-C), and negatively correlated with HDL-C and HDL2-C. FER(HDL) has shown to be a predictor of HDL and LDL subfraction distributions. CONCLUSIONS This method is simple, non-radioactive and precise and will be useful in prediction of lipoprotein subfraction distributions and in clinical assessment of CVD risks.
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Ruggles KV, Turkish A, Sturley SL. Making, baking, and breaking: the synthesis, storage, and hydrolysis of neutral lipids. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:413-51. [PMID: 23701589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of amphiphilic alcohols with fatty acids is a ubiquitous strategy implemented by eukaryotes and some prokaryotes to conserve energy and membrane progenitors and simultaneously detoxify fatty acids and other lipids. This key reaction is performed by at least four evolutionarily unrelated multigene families. The synthesis of this "neutral lipid" leads to the formation of a lipid droplet, which despite the clear selective advantage it confers is also a harbinger of cellular and organismal malaise. Neutral lipid deposition as a cytoplasmic lipid droplet may be thermodynamically favored but nevertheless is elaborately regulated. Optimal utilization of these resources by lipolysis is similarly multigenic in determination and regulation. We present here a perspective on these processes that originates from studies in model organisms, and we include our thoughts on interventions that target reductions in neutral lipids as therapeutics for human diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Naito S, Kamata M, Furuya M, Hayashi M, Kuroda M, Bujo H, Kamata K. Amelioration of circulating lipoprotein profile and proteinuria in a patient with LCAT deficiency due to a novel mutation (Cys74Tyr) in the lid region of LCAT under a fat-restricted diet and ARB treatment. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nelson GJ. The phospholipid composition of plasma in various mammalian species. Lipids 2012; 2:323-8. [PMID: 17805759 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/1967] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma phospholipids in several common mammalian species, including cat, cow, dog, goat, guinea pig, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep, were analyzed by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Lipids were extracted from plasma with chloroform-methanol 2ratio1 (v/v) and freed of nonlipid material by passage through a Sephadex column. The phospholipids were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spots were identified by spray reagents, also by infrared spectrophotometry. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by phosphorus analysis on the spot scraped off the TLC plate.Lecithin, lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin were found in the plasma of all species and accounted for more than 95% of the phospholipids except in the rodents. Lecithin was without exception the major phospholipid in plasma (56 to 83%). Lysolecithin and sphingomyelin content varied between 8 and 23% and 6 and 15% respectively. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the only noncholine-containing phospholipids detected (detection limits 0.2%) in the plasma of these species. Together these compounds usually made up less than 5% of the total phospholipid. Rodents were an exception, especially the guinea pig, which had 21.7% phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Nelson
- Bio-Medical Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California
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Hazen SL. New lipid and lipoprotein targets for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1719-21. [PMID: 22766886 PMCID: PMC3413215 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.
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Kunnen S, Van Eck M. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: old friend or foe in atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1783-99. [PMID: 22566575 PMCID: PMC3413220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins and plays a critical role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Deficiency leads to accumulation of nascent preβ-HDL due to impaired maturation of HDL particles, whereas enhanced expression is associated with the formation of large, apoE-rich HDL(1) particles. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT was believed to be an important driving force behind macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and, therefore, has been a subject of great interest in cardiovascular research since its discovery in 1962. Although half a century has passed, the importance of LCAT for atheroprotection is still under intense debate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the insights that have been gained in the past 50 years on the biochemistry of LCAT, the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in animal models, and its impact on cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kunnen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ståhlman M, Pham HT, Adiels M, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ, Fagerberg B, Ekroos K, Borén J. Clinical dyslipidaemia is associated with changes in the lipid composition and inflammatory properties of apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins from women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1156-66. [PMID: 22252473 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to use lipidomics to determine if the lipid composition of apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins is modified by dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes and if any of the identified changes potentially have biological relevance in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. METHODS VLDL and LDL from normolipidaemic and dyslipidaemic type 2 diabetic women and controls were isolated and quantified with HPLC and mass spectrometry. A detailed molecular characterisation of VLDL triacylglycerols (TAG) was also performed using the novel ozone-induced dissociation method, which allowed us to distinguish vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7) from oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) in specific TAG species. RESULTS Lipid class composition was very similar in VLDL and LDL from normolipidaemic type 2 diabetic and control participants. By contrast, dyslipidaemia was associated with significant changes in both lipid classes (e.g. increased diacylglycerols) and lipid species (e.g. increased C16:1 and C20:3 in phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl ester and increased C16:0 [palmitic acid] and vaccenic acid in TAG). Levels of palmitic acid in VLDL and LDL TAG correlated with insulin resistance, and VLDL TAG enriched in palmitic acid promoted increased secretion of proinflammatory mediators from human smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS We showed that dyslipidaemia is associated with major changes in both lipid class and lipid species composition in VLDL and LDL from women with type 2 diabetes. In addition, we identified specific molecular lipid species that both correlate with clinical variables and are proinflammatory. Our study thus shows the potential of advanced lipidomic methods to further understand the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lagerstedt JO, Budamagunta MS, Liu GS, DeValle NC, Voss JC, Oda MN. The "beta-clasp" model of apolipoprotein A-I--a lipid-free solution structure determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:448-55. [PMID: 22245143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism. The lipid-free/lipid-poor form of apoA-I is the preferred substrate for the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). The interaction of apoA-I with ABCA1 leads to the formation of cholesterol laden high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, a key step in reverse cholesterol transport and the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis. Knowledge of the structure of lipid-free apoA-I is essential to understanding its critical interaction with ABCA1 and the molecular mechanisms underlying HDL biogenesis. We therefore examined the structure of lipid-free apoA-I by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Through site directed spin label EPR, we mapped the secondary structure of apoA-I and identified sites of spin coupling as residues 26, 44, 64, 167, 217 and 226. We capitalize on the fact that lipid-free apoA-I self-associates in an anti-parallel manner in solution. We employed these sites of spin coupling to define the central plane in the dimeric apoA-I complex. Applying both the constraints of dipolar coupling with the EPR-derived pattern of solvent accessibility, we assembled the secondary structure into a tertiary context, providing a solution structure for lipid-free apoA-I. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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AAV8-mediated long-term expression of human LCAT significantly improves lipid profiles in hCETP;Ldlr(+/-) mice. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:801-10. [PMID: 21822774 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the key circulating enzyme responsible for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol esterification, HDL maturation, and potentially reverse cholesterol transport. To further explore LCAT's mechanism of action on lipoprotein metabolism, we employed adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 8 to achieve long-term (32-week) high level expression of human LCAT in hCETP;Ldlr(+/-) mice, and characterized the lipid profiles in detail. The mice had a marked increase in HDL cholesterol, HDL particle size, and significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and plasma apoB. Plasma LCAT activity significantly increased with humanized substrate specificity. HDL cholesteryl esters increased in a fashion that fits human LCAT specificity. HDL phosphatidylcholines trended toward decrease, with no change observed for HDL lysophosphatidylcholines. Triglycerides reduction appeared to reside in all lipoprotein particles (very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL, and HDL), with HDL triglycerides composition highly reflective of VLDL, suggesting that changes in HDL triglycerides were primarily driven by the altered triglycerides metabolism in VLDL. In summary, in this human-like model for lipoprotein metabolism, AAV8-mediated overexpression of human LCAT resulted in profound changes in plasma lipid profiles. Detailed lipid analyses in the lipoprotein particles suggest that LCAT's beneficial effect on lipid metabolism includes not only enhanced HDL cholesterol esterification but also improved metabolism of apoB-containing particles and triglycerides. Our findings thus shed new light on LCAT's mechanism of action and lend support to its therapeutic potential in treating dyslipidemia.
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Lagerstedt JO, Cavigiolio G, Budamagunta MS, Pagani I, Voss JC, Oda MN. Structure of apolipoprotein A-I N terminus on nascent high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2966-75. [PMID: 21047795 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and a critical element of cholesterol metabolism. To better elucidate the role of the apoA-I structure-function in cholesterol metabolism, the conformation of the apoA-I N terminus (residues 6-98) on nascent HDL was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analysis. A series of 93 apoA-I variants bearing single nitroxide spin label at positions 6-98 was reconstituted onto 9.6-nm HDL particles (rHDL). These particles were subjected to EPR spectral analysis, measuring regional flexibility and side chain solvent accessibility. Secondary structure was elucidated from side-chain mobility and molecular accessibility, wherein two major α-helical domains were localized to residues 6-34 and 50-98. We identified an unstructured segment (residues 35-39) and a β-strand (residues 40-49) between the two helices. Residues 14, 19, 34, 37, 41, and 58 were examined by EPR on 7.8, 8.4, and 9.6 nm rHDL to assess the effect of particle size on the N-terminal structure. Residues 14, 19, and 58 showed no significant rHDL size-dependent spectral or accessibility differences, whereas residues 34, 37, and 41 displayed moderate spectral changes along with substantial rHDL size-dependent differences in molecular accessibility. We have elucidated the secondary structure of the N-terminal domain of apoA-I on 9.6 nm rHDL (residues 6-98) and identified residues in this region that are affected by particle size. We conclude that the inter-helical segment (residues 35-49) plays a role in the adaptation of apoA-I to the particle size of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Rousset X, Vaisman B, Auerbach B, Krause BR, Homan R, Stonik J, Csako G, Shamburek R, Remaley AT. Effect of recombinant human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase infusion on lipoprotein metabolism in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:140-8. [PMID: 20605907 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency is associated with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the presence of an abnormal lipoprotein called lipoprotein X (Lp-X) that contributes to end-stage renal disease. We examined the possibility of using LCAT an as enzyme replacement therapy agent by testing the infusion of human recombinant (r)LCAT into several mouse models of LCAT deficiency. Infusion of plasma from human LCAT transgenic mice into LCAT-knockout (KO) mice rapidly increased HDL-cholesterol (C) and lowered cholesterol in fractions containing very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and Lp-X. rLCAT was produced in a stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293f cell line and purified to homogeneity, with a specific activity of 1850 nmol/mg/h. Infusion of rLCAT intravenously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly into human apoA-I transgenic mice showed a nearly identical effect in increasing HDL-C approximately 2-fold. When rLCAT was intravenously injected into LCAT-KO mice, it showed a similar effect as plasma from human LCAT transgenic mice in correcting the abnormal lipoprotein profile, but it had a considerably shorter half-life of approximately 1.23 ± 0.63 versus 8.29 ± 1.82 h for the plasma infusion. rLCAT intravenously injected in LCAT-KO mice crossed with human apolipoprotein (apo)A-I transgenic mice had a half-life of 7.39 ± 2.1 h and increased HDL-C more than 8-fold. rLCAT treatment of LCAT-KO mice was found to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL isolated from mice when added to cells transfected with either ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter A1 or ABCG1. In summary, rLCAT treatment rapidly restored the normal lipoprotein phenotype in LCAT-KO mice and increased cholesterol efflux, suggesting the possibility of using rLCAT as an enzyme replacement therapy agent for LCAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rousset
- Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hildebrand RB, Lammers B, Meurs I, Korporaal SJA, De Haan W, Zhao Y, Kruijt JK, Praticò D, Schimmel AWM, Holleboom AG, Hoekstra M, Kuivenhoven JA, Van Berkel TJC, Rensen PCN, Van Eck M. Restoration of high-density lipoprotein levels by cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression in scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) knockout mice does not normalize pathologies associated with SR-BI deficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1439-45. [PMID: 20431066 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.205153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in mice impairs high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C) delivery to the liver and induces susceptibility to atherosclerosis. In this study, it was investigated whether introduction of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) can normalize HDL-C transport to the liver and reduce atherosclerosis in SR-BI knockout (KO) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of human CETP in SR-BI(KO) mice resulted in decreased plasma HDL-C levels, both on chow diet (1.8-fold, P<0.001) and on challenge with Western-type diet (1.6-fold, P<0.01). Furthermore, the presence of CETP partially normalized the abnormally large HDL particles observed in SR-BI(KO) mice. Unexpectedly, expression of CETP in SR-BI(KO) mice did not reduce atherosclerotic lesion development, probably because of consequences of SR-BI deficiency, including the persistence of higher VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels, unchanged elevated free cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio, and the increased oxidative status of the animals. In addition, CETP expression did not normalize other characteristics of SR-BI deficiency, including female infertility, reticulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and impaired platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS CETP restores HDL-C levels in SR-BI(KO) mice, but it does not change the susceptibility to atherosclerosis and other typical characteristics that are associated with SR-BI disruption. This may indicate that the pathophysiology of SR-BI deficiency is not a direct consequence of changes in the HDL pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeni B Hildebrand
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Olofsson SO, Gustafson A. Degradation of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) In Vitro. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00365517409100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Gustafson A, Lillienberg L, Svanborg A. Human Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Composition during the Menstrual Cycle. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00365517409100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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