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Ranganath L, Khedr M, Evans LA, Bygott H, Luangrath E, West E. Vitiligo, alkaptonuria, and nitisinone-A report of three families and review of the literature. JIMD Rep 2021; 61:25-33. [PMID: 34485014 PMCID: PMC8411108 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four patients, from three families, with alkaptonuria receiving 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting nitisinone therapy, which lowers homogentisic acid and increases tyrosine, developed vitiligo. Three of the four patients were receiving nitisinone 2 mg daily, while the fourth was on 10 mg daily. All four patients were either receiving or had received transiently proton-pump inhibitors as therapy for dyspepsia. The ages of the patients were 35, 42, 40, and 67 years, respectively. Three patients were men and one was a woman. All four patients were either taking a proton-pump inhibitor or had been taking one at some point. Three of the four were of South Asian and one of Caucasian background. The three patients with South Asian background also had either a personal or family history of autoimmune disease. Distressing vitiligo, initially in an acrofacial distribution, developed unexpectedly in these four patients, before then progressing to involve other parts of the body. Potential factors in the appearance of vitiligo in this setting, including nitisinone and other drug therapy, are explored and responses to the appearance of vitiligo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayan Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Milad Khedr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Leanne A. Evans
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Helen Bygott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Emily Luangrath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
| | - Elizabeth West
- Department of DermatologyRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUK
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Alqhazo M, Rashaid AB. Amino acids profiles of children who stutter compared to their fluent sibling. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020; 24:301-308. [PMID: 32129116 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1735447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study scrutinises the abundances of 9 neurological-related amino acids of the scalp hair of 35 (5 females, 30 males) children who stutter and 30 normally fluent children (age and sex matched).Methods: Samples of hair from children who stutter aged (5-9 years) were collected from Speech Clinic at King Abdullah Hospital. The control subjects were selected from the same families of children who stutter to exclude the effect of nutritional, environmental, and biological factors. Amino Acid Analyser was used to measure the concentrations of amino acids in acid hydrolysed hair samples.Results: results indicated that the concentrations of threonine, tyrosine, and isoleucine (p = 0.001, 0.001, 0.02 respectively) are lower in hair samples of people who stutter compared with samples of normal fluent speakers.Conclusion: The findings of this study could introduce a new treatment protocol including the supplementation of reduced nutritional elements.KEY POINTSConcentrations of amino acids (threonine, isoleucine, and tyrosine) in the hair samples of people who stutter were significantly lower than the concentrations in the hair samples of control group.Concentrations of amino acids (histidine and glutamate) in hair samples of people who stutter were lower than control group with low significant values.The concentrations of amino acids (phenylalanine, serine, glycine, aspartate, glutamate) were not significantly different between hair samples of stuttering group and control group.The findings of the current study will be helpful in designing a new treatment method based on the supplementation of deficient amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Alqhazo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ayat Bani Rashaid
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Bertarelli D, Balbo A, Carletti M, Cannizzo T, Girolami F, Nebbia C. Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase and glucocorticoid abuse in meat cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:596-603. [PMID: 22376142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides being extensively applied as therapeutical remedies, glucocorticoids (GCs) - most notably dexamethasone or prednisolone - are also illegally used in livestock for growth-promoting purposes. This study was designed to assess the suitability of liver tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), a gluconeogenic enzyme known to be induced by GCs, to act as a reliable candidate biomarker to screen for GC abuse in cattle. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically in liver cytosols or in cell extracts, and TAT gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. Compared with untreated veal calves, a notable scatter (20-fold) and much higher median values (3-fold) characterized TAT specific activity in liver samples from commercially farmed veal calves. A time-related increase in both enzyme activity and gene expression was detected in rat hepatoma cell lines treated with dexamethasone concentrations (10(-8) or 10(-9) m) in the range of those recorded in noncompliant samples from EU official controls. In experimental studies in which finishing bulls were administered GCs at growth-promoting dosages, however, no such changes were recorded in dexamethasone-treated animals; a statistically significant rise in liver TAT activity (+95%) only occurred in prednisolone-treated bulls. Although further research is needed to characterize the GC-mediated response in cattle liver, TAT does not appear to be a specific and sensitive biomarker of GC abuse in the bovine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italia
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Grant ECG. The harmful effects of common social habits, especially smoking and using oral contraceptive steroids, on pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00207238108709887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Massé PG, Livingstone MM, Duguay C, Beaulieu G. Testing the tyrosine/catecholamine hypothesis of oral contraceptive-induced psychological side-effects: a controlled study on triphasil. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2001; 45:102-9. [PMID: 11423701 DOI: 10.1159/000046714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to probe the existence of oral contraceptive (OC)-induced psychological side effects that might be undetectable by psychometric testing. METHODS Triphasil was administered during six complete menstrual cycles to young never-OC-users. Plasma Tyr and Trp/Sigma-respective competitor neutral amino acids (NAA) ratio and concentrations of other amino acids (AA), known to be involved in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, in particular, were used as biochemical markers to assess this likelihood. Factors known to influence plasma AA concentrations such as cortisol and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, active form of vitamin B6), both modulators of AA intestinal absorption, were examined. RESULTS Dietary supply of amino acid substrates (precursors) and blood levels of coenzyme/cofactor (vitamin B6 and iron) involved were adequate in both groups and were kept constant throughout the treatment. The rise in plasma cortisol, known to be stimulated under the action of estrogen, was significant (p < 0.05) after the first menstrual cycle and remained higher (although not significantly) than mean baseline and reference normal values at the end of the 6-month OC treatment. Plasma Trp/Sigma-specific competitor NAA ratio remained unchanged whereas Tyr/Sigma-specific competitor NAA ratio was significantly (p < 0.02) reduced after the sixth artificial menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION Although plasma AA biochemical markers cannot accurately assess CNS activity, they seem to be more sensitive than a comprehensive psychometric testing (MMPI) in assessing OC-induced psychological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Massé
- Université de Moncton, Ecole de Nutrition et d'Etudes Familiales, Moncton, NB, Canada.
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Møller SE, Maach-Møller B, Olesen M, Madsen B, Madsen P, Fjalland B. Tyrosine metabolism in users of oral contraceptives. Life Sci 1995; 56:687-95. [PMID: 7869850 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00502-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain noradrenaline takes part in the regulation of several brain functions. The formation of brain noradrenaline depends on brain tyrosine (Tyr) levels, which associates with the ratio in plasma of Tyr to other large, neutral amino acids (LNAA). Tyr metabolism has been studied in users of the new generation combined oral contraceptives (OC) and comparable controls at the follicular, mid-cycle, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. OC users showed significantly increased plasma Tyr transaminase activity, and significantly decreased plasma Tyr and Tyr/LNAA levels at mid-cycle and luteal phase, whereas plasma total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was not affected. Following an oral protein load, the area under the curve in plasma of Tyr and Tyr/LNAA in OC users at the luteal phase were 43% and 29%, respectively, of control levels. The results suggest that the decreased Tyr availability to the brain in OC users may result in a substrate-limited reduction of brain noradrenaline formation, which, secondarily, may contribute to disturbances of mood, coping mechanisms, and appetite in susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Møller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Hans Psychiatric Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Lehmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
60 migraine patients completed elimination diets after a 5-day period of withdrawal from their normal diet. 52 (87%) of these patients had been using oral contraceptive steroids, tobacco, and/or ergotamine for an average of 3 years, 22 years, and 7.4 years respectively. The commonest foods causing reactions were wheat (78%), orange (65%), eggs (45%), tea and coffee (40% each), chocolate and milk (37%) each), beef (35%), and corn, cane sugar, and yeast (33% each). When an average of ten common foods were avoided there was a dramatic fall in the number of headaches per month, 85% of patients becoming headache-free. The 25% of patients with hypertension became normotensive. Chemicals in the home environment can make this testing difficult for outpatients. Both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by food intolerance.
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6: Oral contraceptives and depression. NUTR BULL 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.1978.tb00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McGale EH, Pye IF, Stonier C, Hutchinson EC, Aber GM. Studies of the inter-relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acid concentrations in normal individuals. J Neurochem 1977; 29:291-7. [PMID: 886334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb09621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Phenylalanine loading was carried out on 105 parents of children with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency and 33 apparently normal individuals with no family history of phenylketonuria. The best discriminant was found to be the logarithmic transformation of the slope of the rise in serum tyrosine multiplied by the maximum serum tyrosine concentration over the maximum serum phenylalanine concentration obtained after an oral load with a pure solution of L-phenylalanine. The overlap between heterozygotes for penylketonuria and normal homozygotes was 2.4 percent. The distribution of the discriminant values suggested three heterozygous phenotypes for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, and the phenotypic combination of parents could be correlated to the phenotype of their affected offspring, i.e. classical phenylketonuria, mild phenylketonuria of hyperphenylalaninemia. The probability of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria was determined by means of the distribution of the discriminant values of the heterozygotes and that of normal homozygotes. The likelihood of being a heterozygote was corrected for the genetic background of the person requiring genetic counseling, and was finally expressed as the percentage probability of being a heterozygote for phenylketonuria.
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Westwood A, Raine DN. Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria. Measurement of discriminatory ability and interpretation of the phenylalanine loading test by determination of the heterozygote likelihood ratio. J Med Genet 1975; 12:327-33. [PMID: 1219115 PMCID: PMC1013310 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.12.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two tests of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria, the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio in the plasma after a fast and the response to an oral load of phenylalanine, have been compared in obligate heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and apparent normal homozygotes. The discriminatory ability of the tests is measured using both parametric and non-parametric methods, the correlation between them is determined, and the reproducibility of the loading test is examined. Because complete separation between the genotypes cannot be achieved by these tests, a method of interpretation which avoids possibly erroneous categoric statements and which enables the family history of a subject and his test result to be combined in a quantitative and meaningful way is described.
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Wynn V, Adams PW, Folkard J, Seed M. Tryptophan, depression and steroidal contraception. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 6:965-70. [PMID: 1100910 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The literature concerning the influence of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives on vitamins is reviewed. The appearance of an elevated plasma concentration of vitamin A is probably without clinical importance, while there seems to be a clear connection between disturbances of vitamin B6 metabolism and mental symptoms. Low levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 have also been noted. Despite this, it is very rare that hematologic abnormalities develop during hormonal contraception. A reduced concentration of vitamin C in plasma and blood corpuscles has been reported. The clinical significance of these alterations is unknown.
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Feltkamp H, Patt V, Zilliken F. [Activity measurements of erythrocyte glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase in women taking oral contraceptives and pyridoxine (author's transl)]. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 53:305-10. [PMID: 4847106 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Francesconi R, Mager M. Cold exposure: effects on hepatic tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase, plasma tryptophan and tyrosine, and brain monoamines. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:233-5. [PMID: 4151002 DOI: 10.1007/bf01934798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Doar JW. Metabolic side-effects of oral contraceptives. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1973; 2:503-25. [PMID: 4591141 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(73)80012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Blau K, Summer GK, Newsome HC, Edwards CH. Phenylalanine loading and aromatic acid excretion in normal subjects and heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 45:197-205. [PMID: 4708049 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brown ES, Waisman HA, Swanson MA, Colwell RE, Banks ME, Gerritsen T. Effects of oral contraceptives and obesity on carrier tests for phenylketonuria. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 44:183-92. [PMID: 4699626 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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de Lange WE, Visser JW, Doorenbos H. Hormonal influences on the concentration of tyrosine in blood. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 42:21-7. [PMID: 4654858 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yakymyshyn LY, Reid DW, Campbell DJ. Problems in the biochemical detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Clin Biochem 1972; 5:73-81. [PMID: 5022449 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(72)80010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Klempel K. [Orientational study on the plasma tyrosine circadian rhythm in depressive syndromes of various etiology]. ARCHIV FUR PSYCHIATRIE UND NERVENKRANKHEITEN 1972; 216:131-52. [PMID: 4640743 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Reid DW, Campbell DJ, Yakymyshyn LY. Quantitative amino acids in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma in early and late pregnancy. Preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 111:251-8. [PMID: 5098595 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Braidman IP, Rose DP. The effect of sex hormones on the activity of tryptophan oxygenase and other corticosteroid-inducible enzymes in rat liver. Biochem J 1971; 122:28P. [PMID: 4399417 PMCID: PMC1176738 DOI: 10.1042/bj1220028pa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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