1
|
Bielecka-Papierz G, Serefko A, Szopa A, Talarek S, Wróbel A, Szewczyk B, Radziwoń-Zaleska M, Kołtun-Jasion M, Poleszak E. The role of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP-dependent pathway in the development of sensitization to mephedrone effects on the locomotor activity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114103. [PMID: 36089098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mephedrone, a popular psychostimulating substance widely used illegally in recreational purposes, exerts in rodents that regularly and intermittently were exposed to it a sensitized response to the drug. Behavioral sensitization is one of experimental models of drug dependency/abuse liability. In the present study we evaluated a potential involvement of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway in the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced hyperlocomotion. Locomotor activity was measured automatically and experiments were performed on male Albino Swiss mice. We demonstrated that a 5-day administration of 7-nitroindazole (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) and L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) suppressed the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced hyperlocomotion. As for L-arginine (125 or 250 mg/kg/day) and methylene blue (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) the obtained outcomes are inconclusive. Furthermore, the lower dose of L-NAME (25 mg/kg/day) surprisingly potentiated the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced effects on the spontaneous locomotor activity in mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that modulators of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway may differently affect the development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of mephedrone. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) seems to prevent this process quite profoundly, non-selective inhibition of NOS may have a dual effect, whereas inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase may only partially suppress the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bielecka-Papierz
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Serefko
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Radziwoń-Zaleska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 27 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kołtun-Jasion
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miller DR, Bu AM, Gopinath A, Martinez LR, Khoshbouei H. Methamphetamine dysregulation of the central nervous system and peripheral immunity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:372-385. [PMID: 34535563 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that increases extracellular monoamines such as dopamine and norepinephrine and affects multiple tissue and cell types. The reinforcing properties of METH underlie its significant abuse potential and dysregulation of peripheral immunity and central nervous system functions. Together, the constellation of METH's effects on cellular targets and regulatory processes have shown to lead to immune suppression and neurodegeneration in METH addicts and animal models of METH exposure. Here we extensively review many of the cell types and mechanisms of METH-induced dysregulation of the central nervous system and peripheral immune system. Significance Statement Emerging research has begun to show that methamphetamine not only regulates dopaminergic neuronal activity, it also affects non-neuronal brain cells, such as microglia and astrocytes as well immunological cells of the periphery. The bi-directional communication between dopaminergic neurons in the CNS and peripheral immune cells becomes dysregulated by a constellation of dysfunctional neuronal and cell types revealing multiple targets that must be considered at the interface between basic and clinical neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uskur T, Şenöz AÖ, Çevreli B, Barlas A, Uzbay T. Propofol but not dexmedetomidine produce locomotor sensitization via nitric oxide in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:569-577. [PMID: 33169201 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The abused potential of some anesthetics has been debated. Measurement of locomotor sensitization is a better way to detect the neurobehavioral plasticity of addiction. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to explore whether propofol and dexmedetomidine are capable of inducing locomotor sensitization. METHODS Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were the subjects (n = 8 for each group). Propofol (20 and 40 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (2.5-20 μg/kg) or saline were injected to rats intraperitoneally (IP), and their locomotor activities were recorded for 15 min. Consequently, L-NAME (30 and 60 mg/kg)-a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory agent-was injected to rats 30 min before propofol (40 mg/kg) or saline injections, and the locomotor activity was recorded. The process was carried out for 13 days, with 7 sessions applied every other day. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine did not produce any significant locomotor sensitization. While propofol (20 mg/kg) produced a significant locomotor sensitization in the last treatment session (day 13), at the higher dose, it prompted a significant locomotor sensitization from the 3rd treatment session. L-NAME blocked propofol-induced locomotor hyperactivity and sensitization significantly without producing any noteworthy changes on the locomotor activity during the testing period of 13 days when administered alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that propofol but not dexmedetomidine produced a significant locomotor sensitization via central nitrergic system. Dexmedetomidine may have a lesser psychostimulant type addictive potential than propofol. Sensitization development by propofol implies that this drug might be effective on the neuroadaptive processes associated with a stimulant type of dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Uskur
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Özçetin Şenöz
- Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPFUAM), Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çevreli
- Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPFUAM), Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Barlas
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Uzbay
- Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPFUAM), Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen D, Hui R, Liu Y, Luo Y, Wang J, Shen X, Xie B, Yu F, Cong B, Ma C. Molecular hydrogen attenuates methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and activation of ERK-ΔFosB signaling in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109781. [PMID: 31629777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most prevalently used illegal psychostimulants in many countries. Continuous exposure to METH leads to behavioral sensitization in animals, which can be used as a behavioral model with many mechanisms in common with relapse in humans. Molecular hydrogen has recently gained attention for its potential as a novel healthcare product with preventive and therapeutic applicability to a wide range of pathological conditions. However, it remains unclear whether and, if so, how hydrogen regulates METH-induced behavioral abnormalities. In the present study, we investigated the roles of molecular hydrogen on the acquisition and transfer of METH-induced behavioral sensitization and the accompanying changes in ERK phosphorylation and ΔFosB activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice. To this end, male C57BL/6 mice received METH (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) injections for 7 days followed by a METH challenge (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) after a 7-day transfer period. Molecular hydrogen, delivered through a hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) injection (10 mL/kg, i.p., 3-h interval), was administered during the acquisition and transfer periods. We found that HRS administration was able to inhibit the acquisition and transfer of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg METH-induced behavioral sensitization to a certain extent, thereby attenuating the expression of behavioral sensitization. The HRS injections alone did not induce any obvious changes in locomotor activity in mice. Intriguingly, the increases in pERK and ΔFosB in the NAc, which accompanied the METH-induced behavioral sensitization, were also attenuated by the HRS treatments. Due to the anti-oxidative function of molecular hydrogen, the HRS injections reduced METH-induced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde generation in the NAc. These results suggest that molecular hydrogen serves as an anti-oxidative agent with potentially therapeutic applicability to the treatment of METH addicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Rongji Hui
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081,China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xi Shen
- College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - Chunling Ma
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kitanaka J, Kitanaka N, Takemura M. Modification of Monoaminergic Activity by MAO Inhibitors Influences Methamphetamine Actions. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280600100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nobue Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Motohiko Takemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:403-428. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
7
|
Nasehi M, Sharaf-Dolgari E, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, Zarrindast MR. The hippocampal NMDA receptors may be involved in acquisition, but not expression of ACPA-induced place preference. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:83-90. [PMID: 26072736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the functional interactions between the endocannabinoid and glutamate systems in the hippocampus. The present study was made to test whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors of the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1) are implicated in ACPA (a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist)-induced place preference. Using a 3-day schedule of conditioning, it was found that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ACPA (0.02mg/kg) caused a significant conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino NMRI mice. Intra-CA1 microinjection of the NMDA or D-[1]-2-amino-7-Phosphonoheptanoic acid (D-AP7, NMDA receptor antagonist), failed to induce CPP or CPA (condition place aversion), while NMDA (0.5μg/mouse) potentiated the ACPA (0.01mg/kg)-induced CPP; and D-AP7 (a specific NMDA receptor antagonist; 0.5 and 1μg/mouse) reversed the ACPA (0.02mg/kg)-induced CPP. Moreover, microinjection of different doses of glutamatergic agents on the testing day did not alter the expression of ACPA-induced place preference. None of the treatments, with the exception of ACPA (0.04mg/kg), had an effect on locomotor activity. In conclusion, these observations provide evidence that glutamate NMDA receptors of the CA1 may be involved in the potentiation of ACPA rewarding properties in the acquisition, but not expression, of CPP in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasehi
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Research Center (NCRC), Medical Genomics Research Center and School of Advanced Sciences in Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elmira Sharaf-Dolgari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Northern branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Research Center (NCRC), Medical Genomics Research Center and School of Advanced Sciences in Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Solís O, Espadas I, Del-Bel EA, Moratalla R. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and the expression of striatal molecular markers in Pitx3(-/-) aphakia mice. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:49-59. [PMID: 25281315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous messenger molecule synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), plays a pivotal role in integrating dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). To study the role of the nitrergic system in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), we assessed the effect of the pharmacological manipulation of NO levels and NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling on LID in the Pitx3(-/-) aphakia mouse, a genetic model of PD. To evaluate the effect of decreased NO signaling on the development of LID, Pitx3(-/-) mice were chronically treated with l-DOPA and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a neuronal NOS inhibitor). To evaluate its effect on the expression of established LID, 7-NI was administered acutely to dyskinetic mice. The chronic 7-NI treatment attenuated the development of LID in the Pitx3(-/-) mice, and the sub-acute 7-NI treatment attenuated established dyskinesia without affecting the beneficial therapeutic effect of l-DOPA. Moreover, 7-NI significantly reduced FosB and pAcH3 expression in the acutely and chronically l-DOPA-treated mice. We also examined how increasing NO/cGMP signaling affects LID expression by acutely administering molsidomine (an NO donor) or zaprinast (a cGMP phosphodiesterase 5-PDE5 inhibitor) before l-DOPA in mice with established dyskinesia. Paradoxically, the administration of either of these drugs also significantly diminished the expression of established LID; however, the effect occurred at the expense of the antiparkinsonian l-DOPA properties. We demonstrate that targeting the NO/cGMP signaling pathway reduces dyskinetic behaviors and molecular markers, but only the 7-NI treatment preserved the antiparkinsonian effect of l-DOPA, indicating that NOS inhibitors represent a potential therapy to reduce LID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Solís
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Espadas
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaine A Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology, University of Sao Paulo, Campus Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of motor function. An overview of behavioral, biochemical and histological studies in animal models. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1043-55. [PMID: 24399702 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A compelling body of evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO), a unique gaseous neurotransmitter and neuromodulator plays a key role in the regulation of motor function. Recently, the interest of researchers concentrates on the NO - soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) - cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling pathway in the striatum as a new target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the study is to review the available literature referring to the role of NO in the integration of basal ganglia functions. First, attention has been focused on behavioral effects of NO donors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors in the modulation of motor behavior. Then, disturbances in the nitrergic neurotransmission in PD and its 6-OHDA animal model have been presented. Moreover, the most current data demonstrating the contribution of both dopamine and glutamate to the regulation of NO biosynthesis in the striatum have been analyzed. Finally, the role of NO in the tonic and phasic dopamine release as well as in the regulation of striatal output pathways also has been discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lorenc-Koci E, Czarnecka A, Lenda T, Kamińska K, Konieczny J. Molsidomine, a nitric oxide donor, modulates rotational behavior and monoamine metabolism in 6-OHDA lesioned rats treated chronically with L-DOPA. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:790-804. [PMID: 24090640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some biochemical and histological studies of Parkinson's disease patients' brains and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats suggest that dopaminergic dennervation of the striatum leads to the nitrergic system hypofunction in this structure. Hence, recently the modulation of nitric oxide (NO)- soluble guanylyl cyclase-cyclic GMP signaling is considered to be a new target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The aim of our study was to examine the impact of chronic combined treatment with low doses of the NO donor molsidomine (2 and 4mg/kg) and L-DOPA (12.5 and 25mg/kg) on rotational behavior and monoamine metabolism in the striatum (STR) and substantia nigra (SN) of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Chronic administration of molsidomine at a dose of 2mg/kg jointly with 25mg/kg of L-DOPA significantly decreased the number of contralateral rotations when compared to L-DOPA alone. Other combinations of the examined drug doses were less effective. The tissue DA levels in the ipsilateral STR and SN after the last chronic doses of molsidomine (2mg/kg) and L-DOPA (12.5 or 25mg/kg), were significantly higher than after L-DOPA alone. Chronic L-DOPA treatment alone or jointly with a lower dose of molsidomine decreased 5-HT levels and accelerated its catabolism in the examined structures. However, combination of a higher dose of molsidomine with L-DOPA (25mg/kg) did not reduce 5-HT content while its catabolism was less intensive. The obtained results show that low doses of molsidomine can modulate rotational behavior and tissue DA and 5-HT concentrations in the STR and SN of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats treated chronically with L-DOPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna St., PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim DH, Yang CH, Hwang M. Sauchinone blocks methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and place preference in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1071-1075. [PMID: 23809251 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sauchinone is a phytochemical known as a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor. NO is a kind of neurotransmitter and involved in psychotic effect of abuse drug. In present, we carried out a study on the effect of sauchinone on methamphetamine-induced alteration of behavior in mice. Locomotory activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were used to evaluate behavioral changes. As a result, sauchinone inhibited the methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in dose-dependent manner, whereas sauchinone had no effect on normal locomotory activity. The inhibitory effect of sauchinone on methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion was reversed by treatment of molsidomine, a NO donor. Sauchinone also significantly blocked the acquisition and expression of CPP induced by methamphetamine in mouse. However, it did not produce place preference or place aversion, when it was treated alone in animals. Taken together, sauchinone blocked drug reward-related behavior as well as acute hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahn Hyo Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pudiak CM, Bozarth MA. Effect of post-trial L-NAME administration on cocaine sensitization. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:663-9. [PMID: 23550797 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.791291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study determined if Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) administered after the cocaine-conditioning trial attenuated the development of sensitization to cocaine's locomotor-stimulating effect and secondly, determined if L-NAME blocked conditioned-locomotor activity (LMA) elicited by a saline-challenge injection. Results revealed that cocaine-injected animals (10 mg/kg, i.p.) showed enhanced locomotor activity across the three conditioning trials (all p's < .05). Cocaine-injected animals administered L-NAME (30 mg/kg, i.p.) after each conditioning trial showed a slight increase in cocaine-stimulated LMA from the first to the second conditioning trial (all p's < .05) and no further increases in LMA thereafter. A saline-challenge injection administered 72 hr after the last conditioning trial revealed that cocaine-injected animals displayed as much locomotor stimulation to a saline injection as they did during their initial exposure to cocaine on the first conditioning trial - indicating the development of cocaine-conditioned LMA. The present findings show that L-NAME administered after the cocaine-conditioning trial attenuates the development of sensitization to cocaine's locomotor-stimulating effect. The failure of L-NAME to block cocaine-conditioned LMA suggests that the pharmacological and conditioning mechanisms of sensitization can be dissociated. It is unlikely that L-NAME's effect is due to a sedative action produced by residual L-NAME since animals administered L-NAME (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 consecutive days exhibited a similar responsiveness to a cocaine challenge administered 3 and 10 days following the termination of L-NAME administration. These data support a role for nitric oxide's involvement in the neuroadaptive responses that result from continued stimulant administration and demonstrate the importance of conditioned drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Pudiak
- Addiction Research Unit, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP disrupts cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, but spares behavioral sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2012; 239:155-63. [PMID: 23153931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the notion that memory and addiction share similar neural substrates has become widely accepted. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are the cornerstones of synaptic models of memory. The present study examined the effect of the competitive NMDAR antagonist CPP on the induction of behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference to cocaine. Conditioned place preference is an associative memory model of drug seeking, while sensitization is a non-associative model of the transition from casual to compulsive use. There were three principal findings: (1) co-administration of CPP and cocaine altered the acute response to cocaine, suggesting a direct interaction between the two drugs; (2) NMDAR antagonism had no effect on behavioral sensitization; and (3) NMDAR antagonism abolished conditioned place preference. A review of prior evidence supporting a role for NMDARs in sensitization suggests that NMDAR antagonists directly interfere with cocaine's psychostimulant effects, and this interaction could be misinterpreted as a disruption of sensitization. Finally, we suggest that addiction recruits multiple kinds of plasticity, with sensitization recruiting NMDAR-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu YP, Tung CS, Lin PJ, Wan FJ. Role of nitric oxide in amphetamine-induced sensitization of schedule-induced polydipsic rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:599-608. [PMID: 21625906 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated injections of amphetamine (AMPH) can progressively augment behavioral responses, a phenomenon known as behavioral sensitization. AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization can be demonstrated in a rat model of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a nonspecific nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro arginine methyl ester (L: -NAME), on the AMPH sensitization effects in SIP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were trained to establish SIP. The induction of AMPH sensitization in SIP was tested in either the home cage or a test cage. L: -NAME (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was co-administered with AMPH for five consecutive days, and its effect on induction was examined 3 and 14 days after withdrawal. The effect of L: -NAME on expression was examined on the final testing day by co-administration with AMPH in previously sensitized SIP rats. RESULTS AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization in SIP rats only occurred when AMPH was injected in the home cage. Pretreatment with L: -NAME successfully blocked the induction of this sensitization following both short and long-term withdrawal. Once sensitization had been established, L: -NAME had no further influence. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SIP behavior observed after repeated AMPH treatment is mediated by an NO-associated mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Minchuan East Rd., Sec. 6, Taipei, Taiwan 114, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hori N, Kadota MT, Watanabe M, Ito Y, Akaike N, Carpenter DO. Neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on rat hippocampus pyramidal neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:849-56. [PMID: 20232135 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MAP) is known to alter behavior and cause deficits in learning and memory. While the major site of action of MAP is on mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways, the effects on learning and memory raise the possibility of important actions in the hippocampus. We have studied electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of MAP in the CA1 region of hippocampus from young male rats chronically exposed to MAP, male rats exposed during gestation only and the effects of bath perfusion of MAP onto brain slices from control rats. Pyramidal neurons in brain slices from chronically exposed rats had reduced membrane potential and membrane resistance. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was reduced as compared to control, but when MAP was acutely perfused over control slices the amplitude of LTP was increased. LTP in young adult animals that had been gestationally exposed to MAP showed reduced LTP as compared to controls. Morphologically CA1 pyramidal neurons in chronically exposed animals showed a high prevalence of extensive blebbing of dendrites. We conclude that the NMDA receptor and the process of LTP are also targets of MAP dysfunction, at least in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hori
- Division of Life Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 North Loop 1604, West San Antonio, TX 78249-066, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galati S, D'angelo V, Scarnati E, Stanzione P, Martorana A, Procopio T, Sancesario G, Stefani A. In vivo electrophysiology of dopamine-denervated striatum: focus on the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway. Synapse 2008; 62:409-20. [PMID: 18361439 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the striatum, the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) is produced by a subclass of interneurons containing the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). NO promotes the second messenger cGMP through the activation of the soluble guanyl cyclase (sGC) and plays a crucial role in the integration of glutamate (GLU) and DA transmission. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of 6-hydroxyDA (6-OHDA) lesion of the rat nigrostriatal pathway on NO/cGMP system. In vivo extracellular single units recordings were performed under urethane anesthesia to avoid any potentially misleading contributions of cortically-driven changes on endogenous NO. Hence, no electrical extrastriatal stimulation was performed and great attention was paid to the effects of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, a NO donor), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor) and Zaprinast (a PDE inhibitor) delivered by iontophoresis upon the main striatal phenotypes. The latter were operationally distinguished in silent medium spiny-like neurons (MSN), with negligible spontaneous activity but displaying glutamate-induced firing discharge at rest and spontaneously active neurons (SAN), representing to a large extent nonprojecting interneurons. SANs were excited by SIN-1 and Zaprinast while MSNs showed a clear inhibition during local iontophoretic application of SIN-1 and Zaprinast. In 6-OHDA animals, SIN-1-induced excitation in SANs was significantly increased (on the contrary, the inhibitory effect of L-NAME was less effective). Interestingly, in DA-denervated animals, a subclass of MSNs (40%) displayed a peculiar excitatory response to SIN-1. These findings support the notion of an inhibitory modulatory role exerted by endogenous NO on control striatal projection cells. In addition, these findings suggest a functional cross-talk between NO, spontaneously active interneurons, and projection neurons that becomes critical in the parkinsonian state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Galati
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hong SK, Jung IS, Bang SA, Kim SE. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist on the development of nicotine sensitization of nucleus accumbens dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 2007; 409:220-3. [PMID: 17046158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 prevent behavioral sensitization to nicotine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-NNA and MK-801 on a neurochemical component of nicotine sensitization by evaluating the effect of the drugs on nicotine sensitization of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) release. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with L-NNA (15 mg/kg, i.p.), MK-801 (0.3mg/kg, i.p.), or saline 30 min before injection of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c., once daily) for seven consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last drug injection, animals were challenged with local perfusion of 5 mM nicotine into the shell of nucleus accumbens for 60 min and DA release was monitored using in vivo microdialysis. In rats treated with repeated nicotine, acute nicotine challenge induced a greater increase of accumbal DA release than in saline-treated animals (maximal DA response=969+/-235% (mean+/-S.E.M.) of basal level versus 520+/-93%, p=0.042). Co-administration of L-NNA or MK-801 with nicotine attenuated an increase of DA release elicited by acute nicotine challenge, compared with nicotine alone (maximal DA response=293+/-58% and 445+/-90% of basal level, respectively versus 969+/-235%, p=0.004 and p=0.013, respectively). These data demonstrate that L-NNA and MK-801 block the development of nicotine sensitization of nucleus accumbens DA release, further supporting the involvement of nitric oxide and NMDA receptors in the development of behavioral sensitization to nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kayir H, Ceyhan M, Yavuz O, Uzbay IT. Lack of effect ofNω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on bromocriptine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Synapse 2007; 61:869-74. [PMID: 17623833 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitory agent, on bromocriptine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Adult male Swiss-Webster mice (26-32 g) were the subjects. Saline or L-NAME (15-60 mg/kg) was injected to mice intraperitoneally 30 min before bromocriptine (5 mg/kg), and locomotor activity was recorded for 240 min in an open field activity monitoring system. This procedure lasted for 2 weeks, once in 2 days from Monday to Friday, six sessions in total. After a 2-day drug-free period, a challenge injection of bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by all groups of mice. Other groups of mice treated with bromocriptine according to the aforementioned procedure except L-NAME pretreatments were challenged with saline or L-NAME (15-60 mg/kg) plus bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) after a 2-day drug-free period. Bromocriptine produced a significant locomotor sensitization. L-NAME (15-60 mg/kg) did not have any significant effect on the development and expression of bromocriptine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Meanwhile, the data also imply that NO-related mechanisms may not be responsible for bromocriptine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Kayir
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liang JH, Wang K, Sun HL, Han R. Potentiating effect of tramadol on methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185:1-10. [PMID: 16432683 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polydrug abuse is a common phenomenon in human drug addicts. Previous studies have shown that both tramadol (TRAM) and methamphetamine (METH) share the ability to modulate brain monoaminergic (dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and noradrenaline) systems that may be involved in behavioral sensitization to METH. Therefore, we hypothesized that there would be an interaction between TRAM and METH on behavioral sensitization induced by METH. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether TRAM affects METH-induced behavioral sensitization. METHODS Male Kunming mice were subjected to two regimens of drugs: (1) Mice were injected with TRAM (1-16 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or a combination of TRAM and METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 7 days. After 7 drug-free days (on day 15), animals were challenged with the corresponding TRAM dose or METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.). On days 1, 7, and 15, locomotion was monitored in the open field test after the last injection. (2) Mice received METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 7 days, followed by 7 drug-free days. On day 15, a challenge of TRAM (1-16 mg/kg, i.p.) or TRAM plus METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was given and then locomotor activity was quantified. RESULTS TRAM or METH challenge did not induce hyperlocomotion in mice chronically treated with TRAM, and TRAM challenge was insufficient to induce subsequent hyperlocomotion in METH-sensitized mice. However, TRAM significantly increased METH-induced hyperlocomotion. TRAM plus METH-sensitized mice showed a significantly greater hyperlocomotor response to METH challenge than METH-sensitized mice. Furthermore, TRAM (16 mg/kg, i.p.) plus METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge enhanced the sensitized locomotor response compared to METH-alone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge in METH-sensitized mice. CONCLUSIONS TRAM fails to produce behavioral sensitization, and there is no apparent cross-sensitization between TRAM and METH. However, TRAM can increase METH-induced hyperlocomotion and potentiate the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to METH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Liang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kitanaka N, Kitanaka J, Takemura M. Repeated clorgyline treatment inhibits methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:445-51. [PMID: 16076014 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-2679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Following the expression of the behavioral sensitization by repeated administration of methamphetamine (METH) (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.), once per day for five consecutive days), male ICR mice were treated with clorgyline (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous, once per day for five consecutive days), a monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor. Two hours after the final treatment with clorgyline, the mice were challenged with METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and locomotor activity was measured for 1 h. The mice treated with clorgyline showed a significant decrease in both vertical locomotion and horizontal rearing, compared with those treated with saline. Clorgyline treatment altered the effect of single METH challenges on apparent dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex of the mice sensitized to METH. These results suggested a possible association of the inhibition by clorgyline of METH-induced behavioral sensitization with the alteration of dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex of the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ulusu U, Uzbay IT, Kayir H, Alici T, Karakas S. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 178:500-4. [PMID: 15480578 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in both acute effects of addictive drugs and development of dependence to them. We investigated the role of NO in nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. OBJECTIVES The effects of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, and a combination of a NO precursor L-arginine and L-NAME on nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization were investigated in Swiss Webster mice. METHODS Sensitization to psychomotor stimulating effect of nicotine was rendered by seven injections of nicotine (1 mg/kg) on every other day. To investigate their effect on the development of sensitization to nicotine, L-NAME (15-60 mg/kg) and L-arginine (1 g/kg) were given before nicotine administration during the first seven sessions. To investigate the effect of these compounds on the expression of nicotine sensitization, after a 4-day drug-free period another group of mice received a challenge injection of nicotine on day 18. RESULTS Nicotine (1 mg/kg) produced a robust locomotor sensitization in mice. The doses of 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of L-NAME blocked the development of sensitization to nicotine; and, L-arginine (1 g/kg) pretreatment reversed this effect of L-NAME. Likewise, the doses of 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of L-NAME inhibited the expression of sensitization to nicotine on day 18; and, L-arginine (1 g/kg) pretreatment reversed this inhibitory effect of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NO is implicated in the development and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ulusu
- Specialization Area of Experimental Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kayir H, Uzbay IT. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in caffeine-induced locomotor activity in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 172:11-5. [PMID: 14624327 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2002] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in the acute locomotor activating effects of some addictive drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine, but has not been investigated in the case of caffeine. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nomega-Nitro- l-arginine methyl ester ( l-NAME) and a combination of l-arginine, a NO precursor, and l-NAME on caffeine induced locomotor activity in Swiss Webster mice. METHODS Locomotor activity was recorded for 30 min immediately following caffeine (0.25-128 mg/kg) or saline administration. In a further study, l-NAME (15 and 30 mg/kg) was administered to another group of mice 30 min before caffeine (1 and 16 mg/kg) injections. Finally, l-arginine (1000 mg/kg), a nitric oxide precursor, was administered 20 min before the l-NAME (15 and 30 mg/kg) treatments and locomotor activities were again recorded immediately after caffeine (1 and 16 mg/kg) injections. RESULTS Caffeine (0.5-16 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity, while l-NAME (30 mg/kg) blocked caffeine (1 and 16 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity. The low dose of l-NAME blocked only caffeine (1 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity. l-Arginine reversed the inhibitory effects of l-NAME on caffeine-induced locomotor activity. l-NAME and l-arginine had no effect on the locomotor activity of the mice when given by themselves. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that caffeine-induced locomotor activity might be modulated by NO in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Kayir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shim I, Kim HT, Kim YH, Chun BG, Hahm DH, Lee EH, Kim SE, Lee HJ. Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist in nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 443:119-24. [PMID: 12044801 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated injections of nicotine are well known to produce progressively larger increases in locomotor activity, an effect defined as behavioral sensitization. This study was carried out to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. Rats were given repeated injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 7 days) followed by one challenge injection on the fourth day after the last daily injection. Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger increase in locomotor activity in nicotine-pretreated rats. Rats were pretreated with the nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME; 75 mg/kg, i.p.), the selective constitutive NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 15 mg/kg, i.p.), the prototypical selective inducible NOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 ((5R,10S)-(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine; 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before injections of nicotine during a 7-day development or a 3-day withdrawal phase after which challenged with nicotine on day 11. Pretreatment with L-NAME, L-NNA and MK-801, but not aminoguanidine, blocked the development of nicotine-induced sensitization to subsequent nicotine challenge. Injections of MK-801 twice daily during 3-day withdrawal periods after a 7-day induction period of nicotine attenuated nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization, whereas injections of L-NAME, L-NNA or aminoguanidine had no effects on the expression of sensitization produced by repeated nicotine. This study demonstrates that NMDA receptors can play a major role in the expression as well as development of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization, and that NO is also involved in the development, but not critically involved in the expression of behavioral sensitization to nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Insop Shim
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seochon-ri, Kiheung-eup, Youngin-shi, Kyungki-do 449-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li SM, Yin LL, Shi J, Lin ZB, Zheng JW. The effect of 7-nitroindazole on the acquisition and expression of D-methamphetamine-induced place preference in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 435:217-23. [PMID: 11821029 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the rewarding effects of D-methamphetamine using 7-nitroindazole, a potent inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), as determined by the conditioned place preference paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with D-methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) or saline every other day for 8 days (four drug and four saline sessions) developed marked place preference for the drug-paired side. The administration of 7-nitroindazole (12.5-50 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the exposure to D-methamphetamine dose-dependently attenuated the acquisition of D-methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. In addition, when it was acutely administered 30 min prior to the testing session of an already established D-methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference, 7-nitroindazole (12.5-50 mg/kg) attenuated the expression of this conditioned response in a dose-dependent manner, while 7-nitroindazole (25 and 50 mg/kg) alone showed no place preference effects. These findings indicate that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the rewarding properties of methamphetamine and suggest that selective nNOS inhibitors maybe useful in the management of methamphetamine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Li
- Department of Neuropharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barthwal MK, Srivastava N, Nag D, Seth PK, Srimal RC, Dikshit M. Antioxidant levels in the rat brain after nitric oxide synthase inhibition: a preliminary report. Redox Rep 2001; 5:75-80. [PMID: 10939275 DOI: 10.1179/135100000101535456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective effects of NOS inhibitors and free radical scavengers in cerebral ischemia are well documented. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible effects of NOS inhibition on brain antioxidants. Levels of both enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and non-enzymatic [reduced glutathione (GSH)] antioxidants following nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), D-NAME or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) have been investigated. NOS activity and antioxidant levels in the rat cerebellum and medulla were estimated 1 h after treatment with L-NAME (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), D-NAME (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or 7-NI (25 mg/kg, i.p.). L-NAME and 7-NI inhibited NOS activity in a dose-dependent manner. D-NAME also exhibited significant NOS inhibition. The activity of SOD and the GSH level remained unaltered following NOS inhibition. However, L-NAME and D-NAME at 100 mg/kg attenuated GPx activity in the cerebellum, though 7-NI had no effect. L-NAME inhibited catalase activity in medulla only at 30 mg/kg, but had no effect in cerebellum. However, 7-NI (25 mg/kg), D-NAME and L-NAME at 100 mg/kg did not affect catalase activity in the rat brain. Thus, NOS inhibition by the three agents did not have major effects on brain antioxidant levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The free-radical gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a diverse range of physiological processes. It is synthesized from the precursor L-arginine by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), which transforms L-arginine into NO and citrulline. This synthetic pathway exists in the central nervous system (CNS), and NO appears to be a messenger molecule in the CNS, fulfilling most of the criteria of a neurotransmitter. Recent studies indicate that NO may play an important role in dependence on drugs of abuse. The purpose of this review is to address the role of NO in dependence on substances such as opioids, ethanol, psychostimulants and nicotine. Inhibitors of NOS modulate withdrawal from opioids and ethanol, diminishing many signs of withdrawal. In addition, NOS inhibitors suppress signs of withdrawal from nicotine. These data suggest that NO may be involved in the expression of withdrawal signs, and they leave open the possibility that NO may mediate the development of many of these signs. Although preliminary, data to date suggest that glutamate neurotransmission may be related to these beneficial effects of NOS inhibitors on signs of withdrawal. Emerging data further suggest that NO may have a general role in the dependence potential of various classes of drugs of abuse. Thus, modulation of NO systems may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of substance abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Tayfun Uzbay
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Etlik 06018, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Superior water maze performance and increase in fear-related behavior in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mouse together with monoamine changes in cerebellum and ventral striatum. J Neurosci 2000. [PMID: 10964974 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-17-06694.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the control of emotion, learning, and memory. We have examined endothelial NO synthase-deficient mice (eNOS-/-) in terms of habituation to an open field, elevated plus-maze behavior, Morris water maze performance, and changes in cerebral monoamines. In the open field, eNOS-/- animals were less active than wild-type controls but showed unimpaired habituation. In the plus-maze, an anxiogenic effect was observed. Proceeding from previous findings of deficits in hippocampal and neocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) in our eNOS-/- mice, we investigated whether these animals also express deficits in learning tasks that have been linked to hippocampal function and LTP. Unexpectedly, eNOS gene disruption led to accelerated place learning in the water maze. Furthermore, during long-term retention and reversal learning, eNOS-/- mice showed improved performance. In a cued version of the water maze task, eNOS-/- and control mice did not differ, implying that the superior performance of eNOS-/- animals on the former tasks cannot be attributed solely to differences in sensorimotor capacities. The neurochemical evaluation of the eNOS-/- mice revealed increases in the concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in the cerebellum, together with an accelerated serotonin turnover in the frontal cortex. Furthermore, eNOS-/- mice had a higher dopamine turnover in the ventral striatum. These findings are discussed in terms of possible concomitant effects on physiological parameters, such as a decreased reactivity of GABAergic neurotransmission or changes in vascular functions, and effects on behavioral processes related to reinforcement, learning, and emotion.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Melatonin, a pineal hormone and a potent free radical scavenger with neuroprotective actions, has been reported to act as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We have earlier shown that inhibitors of NOS (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME], 7-nitroindazole [7-NI]) block cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on cocaine behavior were studied. A single injection of melatonin markedly augmented cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Rats injected daily with melatonin prior to cocaine injections failed to elicit cocaine sensitization. These behavioral effects of melatonin do not completely mimic those of other NOS inhibitors, suggesting that the effects of melatonin on cocaine behavior are mediated by both NOS-dependent as well as NOS-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sircar
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Bldg., Rm. 109, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization refers to the progressive augmentation of behavioral responses to psychomotor stimulants that develops during their repeated administration and persists even after long periods of withdrawal. It provides an animal model for the intensification of drug craving believed to underlie addiction in humans. Mechanistic similarities between sensitization and other forms of neuronal plasticity were first suggested on the basis of the ability of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists to prevent the development of sensitization [Karler, R., Calder, L. D., Chaudhry, I. A. and Turkanis, S. A. (1989) Blockade of "reverse tolerance" to cocaine and amphetamine by MK-801. Life Sci., 45, 599-606]. This article will review the large number of subsequent studies addressing: (1) the roles of NMDA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the development and expression of behavioral sensitization, (2) excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and the role of conditioning in sensitization, (3) controversies regarding EAA involvement in behavioral sensitization based on studies with MK-801, (4) the effects of acute and repeated stimulant administration on EAA neurochemistry and EAA receptor expression, and (5) the neuroanatomy of EAA involvement in sensitization. To summarize, NMDA, AMPA metabotropic glutamate receptors all participate in the development of sensitization, while maintenance of the sensitized state involves alterations in neurochemical measures of EAA transmission as well as in the expression and sensitivity of AMPA and NMDA receptors. While behavioral sensitization likely involves complex neuronal circuits, with EAAs participating at several points within this circuitry, EAA projections originating in prefrontal cortex may play a particularly important role in the development of sensitization, perhaps via their regulatory effects on midbrain dopamine neurons. The review concludes by critically evaluating various hypotheses to account for EAA involvement in the development of behavioral sensitization, and considering the question of whether EAA receptors are involved in mediating the rewarding effects of psychomotor stimulants and sensitization of such rewarding effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Wolf
- Department of Neuroscience, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Il 60064-3095, USA. ,edu
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kuribara H. Importance of initial environments in the development of ambulatory sensitization to methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:303-9. [PMID: 9600723 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb06865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of CNS stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine induces behavioural sensitization which can be influenced by the animal's environment. This study has evaluated the effect of restraint on the development and maintenance of ambulatory sensitization to methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. Subcutaneous administration of the CNS stimulants methamphetamine (2 mg kg(-1)) and cocaine (20 mg kg(-1)) seven times at three-day intervals resulted in ambulatory sensitization when the mice were placed in 20-cm diameter activity cages after each dose of the drug. However, if methamphetamine or cocaine was administered when the mice were in small jars (6-cm diameter) in which expression of ambulation, but not of circling and rearing, was completely restricted, the development of ambulatory sensitization was retarded or inhibited, with circling behaviour concurrently increased, when subsequent repeated doses of the drug were administered in the activity cage. Subsequent repeated treatment of ambulatory-sensitized mice with the drug or saline when the mice were in the jars did not change the levels of the ambulatory sensitization or the circling behaviour. These results suggest that the mice are sensitized to the behavioural effect of CNS stimulants which can be expressed in the environment in which the drug is administered. It is also considered that the established sensitization is strongly retained and is responsible for retardation or suppression of the development of sensitization to other behavioural stimulant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kuribara
- Laboratory of Development, Wakanyaku Medical Institute Ltd, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Filip M, Przegaliński E. The role of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in the discriminative stimuli of amphetamine and cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59:703-8. [PMID: 9512075 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To examine the role of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in the stimulus effects induced by some psychostimulants, separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate between amphetamine (AMPH; 0.5 mg/kg) and saline, or cocaine (COC; 5 mg/kg) and saline using a standard two-lever operant procedure. Substitution studies showed that AMPH and COC generalized for the training drugs in a dose-dependent manner, their ED50, values being 0.1 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg, respectively. The dose-response function of both those psychostimulants did not change in the course of the experiment. Moreover, AMPH and COC induced cross-substitution effects towards each other. Successive combination tests demonstrated that injection of a fixed dose of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor 7-nitro indazole (7-NI; 25 mg/kg) plus different doses of AMPH or COC resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curves of those psychostimulants and a decrease in their ED50 values. On the other hand, pretreatment with the NO donor molsidomine (MOL), injected in a fixed dose of 100 mg/kg before AMPH and COC, shifted the dose-response curves of the psychostimulants to the right and increased their ED50 values. Our results indicate that NO plays an inhibitory role in the dopamine (DA)-evoked discrimination effects of AMPH and COC in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Filip
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suemaru K, Kawasaki H, Gomita Y, Tanizaki Y. Involvement of nitric oxide in development of tail-tremor induced by repeated nicotine administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 335:139-43. [PMID: 9369366 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Daily administration of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg per day s.c.) to rats caused a tremor that appeared only in the tail (tail-tremor) and which became more marked over 8 days. Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors, Nw-nitro-L-arginine (10 mg/kg per day i.p.) or Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (20 and 40 mg/kg per day i.p.), administered each day before nicotine attenuated the development of the tail-tremor. However, neither Nw-nitro-L-arginine (2-10 mg/kg i.p.) nor Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10-40 mg/kg i.p.) affected the tail-tremor that developed after 14 days of repeated nicotine administration. The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10,11,-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,b]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate) at 0.2 mg/kg per day (i.p.), or competitive antagonist, CPP (3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl] propyl-1-phosphonic acid) at 2 mg/kg per day (i.p.), administered each day before nicotine attenuated the development of the tail-tremor. MK-801 (0.01-0.2 mg/kg i.p.) but not CPP (0.5-4 mg/kg i.p.) suppressed the tail-tremor that developed after 14 days of repeated nicotine administration. These results suggest that NO formation mediated by NMDA receptors is involved in the mechanisms underlying the tail-tremor induced by the repeated administration of nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Suemaru
- Division of Pharmacy, Misasa Medical Branch, Okayama University Medical School, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dzoljic E, De Vries R, Dzoljic MR. New and potent inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase reduce motor activity in mice. Behav Brain Res 1997; 87:209-12. [PMID: 9331489 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(97)02281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 3-bromo-7-nitro indazole, 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole, S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline and 7-nitro indazole, reduced locomotion in mice. These results suggest that activity of NOS and corresponding NO release are of importance for normal locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dzoljic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kendrick KM, Guevara-Guzman R, de la Riva C, Christensen J, Ostergaard K, Emson PC. NMDA and kainate-evoked release of nitric oxide and classical transmitters in the rat striatum: in vivo evidence that nitric oxide may play a neuroprotective role. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8:2619-34. [PMID: 8996812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, S-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and KCl on striatal nitric oxide (NO), acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), aspartate (ASP), glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release were measured in anaesthetized rats in vivo by microdialysis and in vitro in organotypic slice cultures. Local NMDA (1-100 microM) infusion by retrodialysis dose-dependently increased levels of classical transmitters, NO2-, NO3-, citrulline and arginine at similar thresholds (10 microM). Similar patterns of NMDA-evoked (50 microM) release were seen in striatal cultures. NMDA-evoked changes were all calcium-dependent and blocked by NMDA (APV or MK-801) but not AMPA/kainate (DNQX) receptor antagonists, excepting DA which could be prevented by both. In vivo, kainate increased NO2-, NO3-, CIT and ARG levels at 50 and 100 microM but was less potent than NMDA. Kainate also evoked significant ACh, DA and GLU release dose-dependently starting at 1-10 microM whereas 5-HT, ASP and GABA required 50 or 100 microM doses. Kainate effects were inhibited by DNQX, but not by APV, and were calcium-dependent, AMPA failed to alter NO2-, NO3-, CIT or ARG levels at 50 or 100 microM doses but dose-dependently increased ACh and DA. Similar results were seen with kainate (50 microM) and AMPA (50 microM) in vitro. KCl evoked NO2-, NO3-, CIT and ARG release as well as that of the classical transmitters in vivo and in vitro. In vivo administration of the NO synthase inhibitor L-nitroarginine (L-NARG; 100 microM) significantly reduced NO2-, NO3- and CIT levels and prevented NMDA, kainate or KCl-evoked increases. It also potentiated ACh, ASP, GLU and GABA release and reduced that of DA in response to 50 microM NMDA whereas treatment with an NO-donor (SNAP; 10 microM) significantly reduced evoked ACh, ASP and GLU release. The NO synthase inhibitor L-NARG potentiated kainate-evoked ACh release and reduced that of DA, although less potently than NMDA, but it had no effect on KCl-evoked transmitter release. Overall, these results show that both NMDA and kainate increase striatal NO release at similar dose-thresholds as for classical transmitter release suggesting that NO is dynamically released under physiological and not just pathological conditions. Reductions of striatal NO levels also potentiates calcium-dependent transmitter release in response to NMDA and, to a lesser extent, kainate, whereas increasing them reduces it. This is consistent with a role for NO as a neuroprotective agent in this region acting to desensitize NMDA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kendrick
- Department of Neurobiology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Muscat R, Iravani MM, Kruk ZL. The role of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons in locomotor sensitization following quinpirole or (+)-amphetamine: ex vivo voltammetric evidence. Neuroscience 1996; 75:1175-84. [PMID: 8938750 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural sensitization to the locomotor stimulating effects of (+)-amphetamine or quinpirole was induced in rats by intermittent drug administration. Following expression of sensitization, locomotor activity scores on day 9 were: vehicle 87 +/- 9, (+)-amphetamine 1441 +/- 227 and quinpirole 2078 +/- 214. Electrically stimulated dopamine release was measured on day 12 in ventral tegmental slices using fast cyclic voltammetry. Dopamine release was significantly elevated in the (+)-amphetamine- and quinpirole-treated groups when compared to vehicle-treated controls over a wide range of stimulation frequencies (5-200 Hz) and pulses (1-200). Quinpirole (1 microM) in the perfusion fluid attenuated dopamine release following 40-pulse, 200-Hz electrical stimulation, by 31.6 +/- 2.8% in the ventral tegmental area of the vehicle-treated group, by 14.8 +/- 5.6% in the (+)-amphetamine-treated group and 8 +/- 7.3% in the quinpirole-treated group. This study shows that dopamine release is increased in the ventral tegmental area following sensitization with either a direct or indirectly acting dopamine agonist. The findings that dopamine release was elevated at all stimulation frequencies in sensitized animals, and that quinpirole only attenuated this release at the highest stimulation frequency, would suggest that in addition to D2 autoreceptor subsensitivity, other mechanisms contribute to the enhanced release of dopamine in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Muscat
- Department of Pharmacology, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Noda Y, Yamada K, Komori Y, Sugihara H, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T. Role of nitric oxide in the development of tolerance and sensitization to behavioural effects of phencyclidine in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117:1579-85. [PMID: 8730757 PMCID: PMC1909471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1. To determine whether nitric oxide (NO) was involved in tolerance and sensitization to the effects of phencyclidine (PCP), we examined NO synthase activity and the number of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive cells in discrete brain regions of saline-, acute PCP- and repeated PCP-treated mice. We also investigated the effects of a NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), on the behavioural changes induced by repeated PCP treatment in mice. 2. Acute PCP (1, 3, and 10 mg kg-1, s.c.) treatment induced dose-dependent hyperlocomotion, motor incoordination and stereotyped behaviours, consisting of sniffing, head movement and ataxia in mice. 3. In mice treated repeatedly with PCP (1, 3, and 10 mg kg-1 day-1), s.c., once a day for 14 days), the sniffing, head movement, ataxia and motor incoordination induced by PCP were attenuated (indicating the development of tolerance to these behaviours), whereas the hyperlocomotion induced by PCP was potentiated (indicating the development of sensitization to hyperlocomotion). The development of tolerance and sensitization to PCP-induced behaviours in the repeated PCP-treated mice was more marked at the dose of 10 mg kg-1 day-1) than at other doses. 4. NO synthase activity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, but not in the striatum and hippocampus, was significantly decreased by acute PCP (10 mg kg-1) treatment in comparison with saline treatment, and such changes in activity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were reversed by repeated PCP treatment (10 mg kg-1 day-1). 5. The number of neurones containing NADPH-d reactivity in the cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum of acute and repeated PCP-treated mice showed no change in comparison with saline-treated mice. 6. Tolerance to PCP (10 mg kg-1 day-1)-induced ataxia and motor incoordination was significantly attenuated by combined treatment with L-NAME (50 mg kg-1 day-1 i.p.). 7. Sensitization to PCP-induced hyperlocomotion was further enhanced by combined treatment with L-NAME (50 mg kg-1 day-1). However, NG-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME, 50 mg kg-1 day-1, i.p.), a less active enantiomer of L-NAME, had no effect, suggesting a stereospecific mechanism. 8. The PCP-induced behaviours in animals that had exhibited tolerance and sensitization to PCP (10 mg kg-1 day-1) were not influenced by acute L-NAME (5 and 50 mg kg-1, i.p.) or D-NAME (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) treatment. 9. These results suggest that NO may play an important role in the development, but not in the maintenance, of tolerance and sensitization to the effect of PCP in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Noda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Itzhak Y. Attenuation of cocaine kindling by 7-nitroindazole, an inhibitor of brain nitric oxide synthase. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35:1065-73. [PMID: 9121609 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(96)00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the process of increased sensitivity to the convulsive effect of cocaine ("cocaine kindling"). The present study was undertaken to analyze the various behavioral stages in the development of cocaine kindling and to investigate the effect of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a relatively selective inhibitor of the neuronal NOS isoform, on the induction and expression of sensitization to the convulsive effect of cocaine. Also, the effect of 7-NI on responses produced by acute systemic administration of cocaine or N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMDLA) was investigated. Cocaine kindling was assessed on a five-stage scale following the administration of a sub-convulsant dose of the drug (35 mg/kg/day; i.p.) to Swiss Webster mice for 10 days. Stage 5 seizures developed following the 9th day of cocaine administration. Pre-treatment with 7-NI (25 mg/kg/day; i.p.) 15 min before cocaine for 10 days completely prevented the appearance of stage 4 and 5 seizures, and it significantly attenuated stage 3 behavior in response to a challenge cocaine dose (35 mg/kg) given either 24 hr or 10 days after 7-NI/cocaine administration was stopped. A single injection of 7-NI (25 mg/kg; i.p.) completely prevented the expression of cocaine kindled seizures. Whereas 7-NI had no effect on the responses elicited by acute cocaine administration (60 mg/kg; i.p.), this agent partially attenuated the effects induced by systemic administration of the NMDA receptor agonist NMDLA (250 mg/kg; i.p.). The present study indicates that 7-NI attenuates both the induction and expression of sensitization to the convulsive effect of cocaine. The findings that 7-NI attenuated cocaine kindling and partially blocked the effects produced by activation of the NMDA receptor, but not the effects induced by acute cocaine administration, support the role of the NMDA receptor and brain NOS in the development of cocaine kindling rather than in the acute effects of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Itzhak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA
| |
Collapse
|