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Canosa LF, Bertucci JI. The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109461. [PMID: 37065755 PMCID: PMC10098185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish body growth is a trait of major importance for individual survival and reproduction. It has implications in population, ecology, and evolution. Somatic growth is controlled by the GH/IGF endocrine axis and is influenced by nutrition, feeding, and reproductive-regulating hormones as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, oxygen levels, and salinity. Global climate change and anthropogenic pollutants will modify environmental conditions affecting directly or indirectly fish growth performance. In the present review, we offer an overview of somatic growth and its interplay with the feeding regulatory axis and summarize the effects of global warming and the main anthropogenic pollutants on these endocrine axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabián Canosa
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-EByNT-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
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2
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Murugananthkumar R, Sudhakumari CC. Understanding the impact of stress on teleostean reproduction. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Guo H, Dixon B. Understanding acute stress-mediated immunity in teleost fish. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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4
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Effects of Low Stocking Densities on Zootechnical Parameters and Physiological Responses of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101040. [PMID: 34681138 PMCID: PMC8533621 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Overall, this study has reported that lower stocking density significantly altered survival with several fish dying during the experiment and an alteration of growth and feed efficiency for the remaining fish. Concomitantly, our results showed that low stocking density induced a chronic stress altering the physiological responses of trout (parameters related to welfare, immune and inflammatory systems). Our results supported the hypothesis that a minimum number of fish is essential for culturing fish farmed in order to maintain healthy physiological responses allowing them an optimal growth. Abstract The present study investigated the effect of low stocking density on growth, survival, feed parameters and physiological responses (blood metabolites, welfare indicators, immune biomarkers, and transcriptomic responses of stress and immune-related genes) on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under a recirculating aquaculture system during 12 weeks. Fish (average weight 29.64 g) were reared in triplicate under four initial densities: nine fish per tank (D9, 3.76 ± 0.06 kg/m3), 18 fish per tank (D18, 7.66 ± 0.18 kg/m3), 27 fish per tank (D27, 9.67 ± 0.01 kg/m3) and 36 fish per tank (D36, 12.94 ± 0.14 kg/m3). Results showed that lower stocking density D9 significantly altered survival with several fish dying during the experiment and an alteration of growth and feed efficiency for the remaining fish. In parallel, the study revealed that low stocking density induced a chronic stress altering the physiological responses of trout by dysregulation of the inflammatory, immune system, and indolamine/catecholamine brain levels. In conclusion, regarding all the variables observed, low stocking density (D9) alters survival, growth and feed efficiency of rainbow trout with alteration of their physiological responses. Selecting appropriate fish density relating to rearing conditions proved to be an essential concern to improve welfare in an aquaculture context.
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Barany A, Fuentes J, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM. Aflatoxicosis Dysregulates the Physiological Responses to Crowding Densities in the Marine Teleost Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030753. [PMID: 33803392 PMCID: PMC7999881 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies in fish have shown that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes a disparity of species-dependent physiological disorders without compromising survival. We studied the effect of dietary administration of AFB1 (2 mg AFB1 kg-1 diet) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles in combination with a challenge by stocking density (4 vs. 40 g L-1). The experimental period duration was ten days, and the diet with AFB1 was administered to the fish for 85 days prior to the stocking density challenge. Our results indicated an alteration in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolites mobilization in the AFB1 fed group, which was intensified at high stocking density (HSD). The CT group at HSD increased plasma cortisol levels, as expected, whereas the AFB1-HSD group did not. The star mRNA expression, an enzyme involved in cortisol synthesis in the head kidney, presented a ninefold increase in the AFB1 group at low stocking density (LSD) compared to the CT-LSD group. Adenohypophyseal gh mRNA expression increased in the AFB1-HSD but not in the CT-HSD group. Overall, these results confirmed that chronic AFB1 dietary exposure alters the adequate endocrinological physiological cascade response in S. aurata, compromising the expected stress response to an additional stressor, such as overcrowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Barany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI MAR), University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI MAR), University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain;
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Ramsaran V, Jackson B, Bucciol S, Puniani T, Lawrence M, Elvidge C. Predator kairomones elicit bold, exploratory behaviours in juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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da Silva Pês T, Saccol EMH, Jerez-Cepa I, de Moraes Ourique G, Gilannejad N, Baldisserotto B, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM, Pavanato MA. Quercetin attenuates endocrine and metabolic responses to oxytetracycline in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108864. [PMID: 32781297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether dietary quercetin protects against the detrimental effects induced by oxytetracycline (OTC) administration in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Fish were divided into different experimental groups that received OTC and/or quercetin, either during 14 or 21 days. To determine the endocrine system stress response, we have measured the brain mRNA expression levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh), proopiomelanocortins (pomca and pomcb) and some of the pituitary hormones (growth hormone [gh], somatolactin [sl], and prolactin [prl]). We have also quantified the levels of cortisol as well as some metabolites (glucose, glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides) in the plasma. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of hexokinase, phosphorylase (active GPase), fructose-biphosphatase (FBP), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase were measured. The results demonstrated that OTC activates the silver catfish stress response by increasing the plasma cortisol and decreasing the glucose levels at 14 and 21 days. Additionally, OTC also altered the fish hepatic metabolic status as demonstrated by an increase in triglycerides levels and the enzymatic activity of both FBP and GDH after 14 days. OTC also stimulated Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill after 14 days and altered the hypophyseal expression of gh (at 14 and 21 days) and prl (at 14 days). The co-treatment with 1.5 g of quercetin could prevent most of the alterations caused by OTC, strongly suggesting quercetin as a beneficial compound when added to the fish diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise da Silva Pês
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Etiane Medianeira Hundertmarck Saccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ismael Jerez-Cepa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Giovana de Moraes Ourique
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Neda Gilannejad
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Maria Amália Pavanato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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8
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Schnabel E, Wilcoxen TE. Effects of ammonium sulfate on stress physiology and innate immunity of Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2027-2035. [PMID: 32761305 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers increase yield of crops but may have unintended negative effects on fish as a byproduct of runoff into bodies of freshwater. The objective of this study was to determine if environmentally relevant concentrations of an ammonium fertilizer impacts stress and innate immunity in Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). The mosquitofish were exposed to different concentrations of ammonium sulfate fertilizer: 0 ppm, 40 ppm, and 80 ppm. To test the effects of ammonium sulfate on stress physiology, cortisol released into water by individual fish was collected after 1 week of exposure and again after 2 weeks of exposure and quantified with an enzyme immunoassay. Cortisol levels in the 0-ppm group were not significantly different over the course of the study, but we found a significant increase in cortisol levels in the fish exposed to 40 ppm and 80 ppm. We found reduced survival in fish from the 40 ppm and 80 ppm of ammonium sulfate groups compared with the 0-ppm group. We also used blood samples to complete a lysozyme assay as a measure of innate immune defense. Higher concentrations of ammonium sulfate correlated with significantly lower lysozyme activity in the fish. Overall, our results suggest that relatively low amounts of ammonium sulfate runoff into bodies of water are likely to have negative sublethal and lethal effects on small fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Schnabel
- Biology Department, Millikin University, 1184 West Main Street, Decatur, IL, 62522, USA
| | - Travis E Wilcoxen
- Biology Department, Millikin University, 1184 West Main Street, Decatur, IL, 62522, USA.
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Lawrence MJ, Raby GD, Teffer AK, Jeffries KM, Danylchuk AJ, Eliason EJ, Hasler CT, Clark TD, Cooke SJ. Best practices for non-lethal blood sampling of fish via the caudal vasculature. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:4-15. [PMID: 32243570 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood sampling through the caudal vasculature is a widely used technique in fish biology for investigating organismal health and physiology. In live fishes, it can provide a quick, easy and relatively non-invasive method for obtaining a blood sample (cf. cannulation and cardiac puncture). Here, a general set of recommendations are provided for optimizing the blood sampling protocol that reflects best practices in animal welfare and sample integrity. This includes selecting appropriate use of anaesthetics for blood sampling as well as restraint techniques for situations where sedation is not used. In addition, ideal sampling environments where the fish can freely ventilate and strategies for minimizing handling time are discussed. This study summarizes the techniques used for extracting blood from the caudal vasculature in live fishes, highlighting the phlebotomy itself, the timing of sampling events and acceptable blood sample volumes. This study further discuss considerations for selecting appropriate physiological metrics when sampling in the caudal region and the potential benefits that this technique provides with respect to long-term biological assessments. Although general guidelines for blood sampling are provided here, it should be recognized that contextual considerations (e.g., taxonomic diversity, legal matters, environmental constraints) may influence the approach to blood sampling. Overall, it can be concluded that when done properly, blood sampling live fishes through the caudal vasculature is quick, efficient and minimally invasive, thus promoting conditions where live release of focal animals is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Madaro A, Kristiansen TS, Pavlidis MA. How Fish Cope with Stress? Anim Welf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41675-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Trifunović S, Lakić I, Vujović P, Jevdjović T, Šošić-Jurjević B, Milošević V, Djordjević J. Morphofunctional parameters of rat somatotrophes after acute and repeated immobilization or restraint stress. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:29-34. [PMID: 30342863 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that stress changes levels of pituitary hormones in the bloodstream and in the pituitary itself. However, almost nothing is known about the impact of stress on histological and stereological parameters of the growth hormone producing cells (somatotrophs-GH cells). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of: acute and repeated immobilization; acute and repeated restraint on histological and morphofunctional parameters of somatotrophs in adult Wistar rats. Changes in the pituitary gland volume; the volume density and volume of somatotrophs following acute and repeated immobilization (IMO, R-IMO); acute and repeated restraint (R, R-R) were evaluated using a stereological system (newCAST), while growth hormone level within pituitary was determined by Western blot. Our results demonstrated the decrease (p < 0.05) of the pituitary volume (17%, 19%) in the IMO and R groups, respectively, and the increase in the R-R group. The volume density of GH cells decreased (p < 0.05) in the R-IMO (7%), R (26%) and R-R (18%) group in comparison to the control value. The pituitary GH content was increased (p < 0.05) after the IMO (2-fold), R (2.5-fold) and R-R (2.1-fold) as compared to the control group. These results point out that acute and repeated immobilization and/or restraint lead not only to changes in GH hormone concentration, but also modify the morphological aspects of GH cells within the rat pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Trifunović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Cytology, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Iva Lakić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Vujović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jevdjović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Cytology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Milošević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Cytology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Pérez-Sánchez J, Simó-Mirabet P, Naya-Català F, Martos-Sitcha JA, Perera E, Bermejo-Nogales A, Benedito-Palos L, Calduch-Giner JA. Somatotropic Axis Regulation Unravels the Differential Effects of Nutritional and Environmental Factors in Growth Performance of Marine Farmed Fishes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:687. [PMID: 30538673 PMCID: PMC6277588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gh/Prl/Sl family has evolved differentially through evolution, resulting in varying relationships between the somatotropic axis and growth rates within and across fish species. This is due to a wide range of endogenous and exogenous factors that make this association variable throughout season and life cycle, and the present minireview aims to better define the nutritional and environmental regulation of the endocrine growth cascade over precisely defined groups of fishes, focusing on Mediterranean farmed fishes. As a result, circulating Gh and Igf-i are revitalized as reliable growth markers, with a close association with growth rates of gilthead sea bream juveniles with deficiency signs in both macro- or micro-nutrients. This, together with other regulated responses, promotes the use of Gh and Igf-i as key performance indicators of growth, aerobic scope, and nutritional condition in gilthead sea bream. Moreover, the sirtuin-energy sensors might modulate the growth-promoting action of somatotropic axis. In this scenario, transcripts of igf-i and gh receptors mirror changes in plasma Gh and Igf-i levels, with the ghr-i/ghr-ii expression ratio mostly unaltered over season. However, this ratio is nutritionally regulated, and enriched plant-based diets or diets with specific nutrient deficiencies downregulate hepatic ghr-i, decreasing the ghr-i/ghr-ii ratio. The same trend, due to a ghr-ii increase, is found in skeletal muscle, whereas impaired growth during overwintering is related to increase in the ghr-i/ghr-ii and igf-ii/igf-i ratios in liver and skeletal muscle, respectively. Overall, expression of insulin receptors and igf receptors is less regulated, though the expression quotient is especially high in the liver and muscle of sea bream. Nutritional and environmental regulation of the full Igf binding protein 1-6 repertoire remains to be understood. However, tissue-specific expression profiling highlights an enhanced and nutritionally regulated expression of the igfbp-1/-2/-4 clade in liver, whereas the igfbp-3/-5/-6 clade is overexpressed and regulated in skeletal muscle. The somatotropic axis is, therefore, highly informative of a wide-range of growth-disturbing and stressful stimuli, and multivariate analysis supports its use as a reliable toolset for the assessment of growth potentiality and nutrient deficiencies and requirements, especially in combination with selected panels of other nutritionally regulated metabolic biomarkers.
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Naderi M, Keyvanshokooh S, Salati AP, Ghaedi A. Effects of chronic high stocking density on liver proteome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1373-1385. [PMID: 28488193 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic high stocking density on liver proteome of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout juveniles (42.6 ± 2.3 g average body weight) were randomly distributed into six tanks at two stocking densities (low stocking density (LD) = 20 kg m-3 and high stocking density (HD) = 80 kg m-3). Both treatments were performed in triplicate tanks for a period of 60 days. High stocking density caused a reduction in the growth performance compared with LD fish. Lysozyme activity increased with stocking density, while serum complement activity presented the opposite pattern. Serum cortisol and total protein levels did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) between experimental groups. The fish reared at high stocking density showed significantly lower osmolality and globulin values but higher albumin level. The HD group had significantly higher activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde content in the liver when compared to the LD group. Comparative proteomics was used to determine the proteomic responses in livers of rainbow trout reared at high stocking density for 60 days. Out of nine protein spots showing altered abundance (>1.5-folds, P < 0.05), eight spots were successfully identified. Two proteins including apolipoprotein A-I-2 precursor and mitochondrial stress-70 protein were found to increase in HD group. The spots found to decrease in the HD group were identified as follows: 2-peptidylprolyl isomerase A, two isoforms of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an unnamed protein product similar to fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, and serum albumin 1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Naderi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khouzestan, Iran
| | - Saeed Keyvanshokooh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khouzestan, Iran.
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khouzestan, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghaedi
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Influence of water salinity on genes implicated in somatic growth, lipid metabolism and food intake in Pejerrey ( Odontesthes bonariensis ). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 210:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Aboagye DL, Allen PJ. Effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on acid–base regulation, hematology, ion, and osmoregulation of juvenile American paddlefish. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:77-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Pontigo JP, Agüero MJ, Sánchez P, Oyarzún R, Vargas-Lagos C, Mancilla J, Kossmann H, Morera FJ, Yáñez AJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Identification and expressional analysis of NLRC5 inflammasome gene in smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:259-265. [PMID: 27640334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) were recently identified as an intracellular pathogen recognition receptor family in vertebrates. While the immune system participation of NLRs has been characterized and analyzed in various mammalian models, few studies have considered NLRs in teleost species. Therefore, this study analyzed the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) NLRC5. Structurally, Atlantic salmon NLRC5 presented leucine-rich repeat subfamily genes. Phylogenetically, NLRC5 was moderately conserved between S. salar and other species. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed NLRC5 expression in almost all analyzed organs, with greatest expressions in the head kidney, spleen, and hindgut. Furthermore, NLRC5 gene expression decreased during smolt stage. These data suggest that NLRC5 participates in the Atlantic salmon immune response and is regulated, at least partly, by the smoltification process, suggesting that there is a depression of immune system from parr at smolt stage. This is the first report on the NLRC5 gene in salmonid smolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Biología Celular y Molecular, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - María José Agüero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carolina Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Magister en Ciencias, Mención Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Mancilla
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Marine Harvest Chile, Ruta 226 Km8, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Hans Kossmann
- Trapananda Asesorias, Cristobal Colon 486, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral deChile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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Malandrakis EE, Dadali O, Golomazou E, Kavouras M, Dailianis S, Chadio S, Exadactylos A, Panagiotaki P. DNA damage and differential gene expression associated with physical stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:98-104. [PMID: 27401265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish stress may result in inhibition of reproduction, development and growth. Thus, appropriate indices should be developed to accurately define the physiological plasticity of fish, in terms of coping with stress. Sea bream individuals were subjected to physical stress (fasting and confinement). DNA fragmentation of liver cells was assessed, in addition to gene expression of selected genes and plasma cortisol levels determination. Stress response was characterized with significant temporal alterations. Increased DNA fragmentation was observed as an aftereffect of physical stress and consequently gene expression of tp53 was stimulated. The expression pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (nr3c1) was directly correlated with plasma cortisol. Furthermore, glucokinase (gk) gene expression was considerably upregulated under acute stress, depicting putative energetic demands. Finally, igf1 downregulation during stress, reflects the suppression of the GH/IGF axis and the substantial stress effects on growth. To conclude, most of the indices described in the present study could be synergistically used, in order to robustly quantify physical stress in marine teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Malandrakis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece.
| | - O Dadali
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - E Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - M Kavouras
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - S Dailianis
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Patra, Greece
| | - S Chadio
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 18855 Athens, Greece
| | - A Exadactylos
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - P Panagiotaki
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fitokou Str., Volos, Greece
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Chen XM, Guo GL, Sun L, Yang QS, Wang GQ, Qin GX, Zhang DM. Effects of Ala-Gln feeding strategies on growth, metabolism, and crowding stress resistance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:365-372. [PMID: 26945938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different L-alanyl-l-glutamine (Ala-Gln) feeding strategies on the growth performance, metabolism and crowding stress resistance related parameters in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) under crowded condition (80 g/L). Juvenile Jian carp (initial weight 26.1 ± 0.6 g) were distributed into five groups which fed with graded concentrations (0% or 1.0%) of Ala-Gln for eight weeks. Control group (I, 0/0) fed with control diet (0% Ala-Gln) throughout the feeding trial. The other four groups employed different control and experimental diet feeding strategies ranging from two weeks control diet fed and two weeks experimental diet (1% Ala-Gln) fed (II, 0/2) to eight weeks experimental diet fed (V, 4/4). Results revealed that Mean weight gain (MEG) under all different feeding strategies of Ala-Gln were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), and MEG of group II (201.90%) was even higher than that of group IV (184.70%). Liver glycogen and blood total protein of groups II, III and V were significantly higher than that in groups I and IV (p < 0.05). The highest level of serum thyroxine (10.07 ng/ml), insulin-like growth factor-I (52.40 ng/ml) and insulin (9.73 μ IU/mL) were observed in group V. However, diet supplemented with Ala-Gln did not affect the levels of serum glucose, cortisol and catecholamine in fish. The mRNA expression of GR1a, GR1b and GR2 were also significantly changed in Ala-Gln supplementation groups compared with control group (p < 0.05). After fish intraperitoneally injected with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila, the fish survival rates were significantly increased in all Ala-Gln supplementation groups compared with control group (p < 0.05). Results from the present experiment showed the importance of dietary supplementation of Ala-Gln in benefaction of the growth performance, metabolism and crowding stress resistance in Jian carp breeding. The optimal feeding strategy was alternatively fed with control diet and then experimental diet at an interval of two weeks for juvenile Jian carp under crowded condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Gui-Liang Guo
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Sun
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Gui-Qin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Le Guernic A, Sanchez W, Palluel O, Bado-Nilles A, Turies C, Chadili E, Cavalié I, Adam-Guillermin C, Porcher JM, Geffard A, Betoulle S, Gagnaire B. In situ experiments to assess effects of constraints linked to caging on ecotoxicity biomarkers of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:643-657. [PMID: 26585997 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caging constraints on multiple fish biomarkers used during ecotoxicological studies (biometric data, immune and antioxidant systems, and energetic status). Two of these constraints were linked to caging: starvation and fish density in cages, and one in relation to the post-caging handling: a short transport. Three in situ experiments were conducted with three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The first experiment compared the effects of three densities (low, medium, and high). The second experiment compared effects of starvation in fish fed every two days with fish that were not fed. Finally comparisons between sticklebacks which have suffered a short car transport after caging and sticklebacks killed without preliminary transport were made. The lack of food had no effect on fish energetic reserves but negatively affected their condition index and their immune system. Transport and high density induced oxidative stress, defined as an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and a stimulation of the antioxidant system. These two constraints also harmed the leucocyte viability. In order not to have any impact on ecotoxicity biomarkers during in situ experiments, it is preferable to decrease fish density in cages, prevent transport before dissections, and feed fish when the caging lasts more than two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Guernic
- PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France.
| | - Wilfried Sanchez
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Olivier Palluel
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cyril Turies
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Edith Chadili
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Isabelle Cavalié
- PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Béatrice Gagnaire
- PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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21
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Madison BN, Tavakoli S, Kramer S, Bernier NJ. Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:103-19. [PMID: 26101374 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cortisol suppresses growth during chronic stress in fish, we characterized the effects of chronic cortisol on food intake, mass gain, the expression of appetite-regulating factors, and the activity of the GH/IGF axis. Fish given osmotic pumps that maintained plasma cortisol levels at ∼70 or 116 ng/ml for 34 days were sampled 14, 28 and 42 days post-implantation. Relative to shams, the cortisol treatments reduced food intake by 40-60% and elicited marked increases in liver leptin (lep-a1) and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) mRNA levels. The cortisol treatments also elicited 40-80% reductions in mass gain associated with increases in pituitary gh, liver gh receptor (ghr), liver igfI and igf binding protein (igfbp)-1 and -2 mRNA levels, reduced plasma GH and no change in plasma IGF1. During recovery, while plasma GH and pituitary gh, liver ghr and igfI gene expression did not differ between treatments, the high cortisol-treated fish had lower plasma IGF1 and elevated liver igfbp1 mRNA levels. Finally, the cortisol-treated fish had higher plasma glucose levels, reduced liver glycogen and lipid reserves, and muscle lipid content. Thus, our findings suggest that the growth-suppressing effects of chronic cortisol in rainbow trout result from reduced food intake mediated at least in part by increases in liver lep-a1 and POA crf mRNA, from sustained increases in hepatic igfbp1 expression that reduce the growth-promoting actions of the GH/IGF axis, and from a mobilization of energy reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry N Madison
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sara Tavakoli
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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22
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Rimbach R, Link A, Montes-Rojas A, Di Fiore A, Heistermann M, Heymann EW. Behavioral and physiological responses to fruit availability of spider monkeys ranging in a small forest fragment. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:1049-61. [PMID: 24820229 PMCID: PMC4229060 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal species currently experience habitat loss and fragmentation. This might result in behavioral and dietary adjustments, especially because fruit availability is frequently reduced in fragments. Food scarcity can result in elevated physiological stress levels, and chronic stress often has detrimental effects on individuals. Some animal species exhibit a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, and theory predicts that these species reduce intragroup feeding competition by modifying their subgroup size according to resource availability. Until now, however, there have been few studies on how species with such fission-fission dynamics adjust their grouping patterns and social behavior in small fragments or on how food availability influences their stress levels. We collected data on fruit availability, feeding behavior, stress hormone levels (measured through fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGCM)), subgroup size, and aggression for two groups of brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus) in a small forest fragment in Colombia and examined whether fruit availability influences these variables. Contrary to our predictions, spider monkeys ranged in smaller subgroups, had higher FGCM levels and higher aggression rates when fruit availability was high compared to when it was low. The atypical grouping pattern of the study groups seems to be less effective at mitigating contest competition over food resources than more typical fission-fusion patterns. Overall, our findings illustrate that the relationship between resource availability, grouping patterns, aggression rates, and stress levels can be more complex than assumed thus far. Additional studies are needed to investigate the long-term consequences on the health and persistence of spider monkeys in fragmented habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rimbach
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate CenterGöttingen, Germany
- Fundación Proyecto PrimatesBogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Fundación Proyecto PrimatesBogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los AndesBogotá, Colombia
- Department of Anthropology, University of TexasAustin, Texas
| | - Andrés Montes-Rojas
- Fundación Proyecto PrimatesBogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del TolimaIbagué, Colombia
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Fundación Proyecto PrimatesBogotá, Colombia
- Department of Anthropology, University of TexasAustin, Texas
| | | | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate CenterGöttingen, Germany
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Du F, Xu G, Nie Z, Xu P, Gu R. Molecular characterization and differential expression of the myostatin gene in Coilia nasus. Gene 2014; 543:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Andrews CD, Payne JF, Rise ML. Identification of a gene set to evaluate the potential effects of loud sounds from seismic surveys on the ears of fishes: a study with Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1793-1819. [PMID: 24814183 PMCID: PMC4277336 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional genomic studies were carried out on the inner ear of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar following exposure to a seismic airgun. Microarray analyses revealed 79 unique transcripts (passing background threshold), with 42 reproducibly up-regulated and 37 reproducibly down-regulated in exposed v. control fish. Regarding the potential effects on cellular energetics and cellular respiration, altered transcripts included those with roles in oxygen transport, the glycolytic pathway, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Of these, a number of transcripts encoding haemoglobins that are important in oxygen transport were up-regulated and among the most highly expressed. Up-regulation of transcripts encoding nicotinamide riboside kinase 2, which is also important in energy production and linked to nerve cell damage, points to evidence of neuronal damage in the ear following noise exposure. Transcripts related to protein modification or degradation also indicated potential damaging effects of sound on ear tissues. Notable in this regard were transcripts associated with the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway, which is involved in protein degradation, with the transcript encoding ubiquitin family domain-containing protein 1 displaying the highest response to exposure. The differential expression of transcripts observed for some immune responses could potentially be linked to the rupture of cell membranes. Meanwhile, the altered expression of transcripts for cytoskeletal proteins that contribute to the structural integrity of the inner ear could point to repair or regeneration of ear tissues including auditory hair cells. Regarding potential effects on hormones and vitamins, the protein carrier for thyroxine and retinol (vitamin A), namely transthyretin, was altered at the transcript expression level and it has been suggested from studies in mammalian systems that retinoic acid may play a role in the regeneration of damaged hair cells. The microarray experiment identified the transcript encoding growth hormone I as up-regulated by loud sound, supporting previous evidence linking growth hormone to hair cell regeneration in fishes. Quantitative (q) reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses confirmed dysregulation of some microarray-identified transcripts and in some cases revealed a high level of biological variability in the exposed group. These results support the potential utility of molecular biomarkers to evaluate the effect of seismic surveys on fishes with studies on the ears being placed in a priority category for development of exposure-response relationships. Knowledge of such relationships is necessary for addressing the question of potential size of injury zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Andrews
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 East White Hills Rd, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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25
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Rimbach R, Link A, Heistermann M, Gómez-Posada C, Galvis N, Heymann EW. Effects of logging, hunting, and forest fragment size on physiological stress levels of two sympatric ateline primates in Colombia. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 1:cot031. [PMID: 27293615 PMCID: PMC4806612 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbances are of major concern to the conservation of endangered species because of their potentially negative impact on animal populations. Both processes can impose physiological stress (i.e. increased glucocorticoid output) on animals, and chronically elevated stress levels can have detrimental effects on the long-term viability of animal populations. Here, we investigated the effect of fragment size and human impact (logging and hunting pressure) on glucocorticoid levels of two sympatric Neotropical primates, the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) and the critically endangered brown spider monkey (Ateles hybridus). These two species have been reported to contrast strongly in their ability to cope with anthropogenic disturbances. We collected faecal samples from eight spider monkey groups and 31 howler monkey groups, living in seven and 10 different forest fragments in Colombia, respectively. We measured faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) levels in both species using previously validated methods. Surprisingly, fragment size did not influence FGCM levels in either species. Spider monkeys showed elevated FGCMs in fragments with the highest level of human impact, whereas we did not find this effect in howler monkeys. This suggests that the two species differ in their physiological responsiveness to anthropogenic changes, further emphasizing why brown spider monkeys are at higher extinction risk than red howler monkeys. If these anthropogenic disturbances persist in the long term, elevated FGCM levels can potentially lead to a state of chronic stress, which might limit the future viability of populations. We propose that FGCM measurements should be used as a tool to monitor populations living in disturbed areas and to assess the success of conservation strategies, such as corridors connecting forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rimbach
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Fundación Proyecto Primates, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Fundación Proyecto Primates, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18a-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolina Gómez-Posada
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 106 Kincaid, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nelson Galvis
- Fundación Proyecto Primates, Cra. 11a No. 91-55, Bogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18a-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Sánchez-Muros MJ, Villacreces S, Miranda-de la Lama G, de Haro C, García-Barroso F. Effects of chemical and handling exposure on fatty acids, oxidative stress and morphological welfare indicators in gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:581-591. [PMID: 23010939 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the changes in the morphological traits, body composition, body fat and oxidative stress of Sparus aurata under two stress conditions: a low weekly exposure to the pesticide Diuron and chronic handling stress. The fish exposed to handling stress showed lower values in the morphological traits and perivisceral fat, whereas chemical stress induced a decrease in the percentage of muscle and carcase and an increase in the percentage of spleen and hepatosomatic index. The two stress situations produced changes in the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) levels in all organs studied with a particularly marked response for Diuron in the gill. No significant differences in the ROS (reactive oxygen species) level were found for the digestive tract or the gill. In muscle, only Diuron produced a significant increase in ROS, while in liver, both treatments increased the ROS levels. This supports the oxidative stress sensitivity to chemical stress and shows that also could be an appropriate indicator of handling stress. The morphological indexes and body components examined could be practical and easy welfare indicators. Nevertheless, further works must be needed to use under the production conditions in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sánchez-Muros
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Almería, Cite 2B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Dahl E, Backström T, Winberg S, Laurila A. Is growth hormone expression correlated with variation in growth rate along a latitudinal gradient in
Rana temporaria
? J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Dahl
- Population and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Backström
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Laurila
- Population and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden
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Schuck JB, Sun H, Penberthy WT, Cooper NGF, Li X, Smith ME. Transcriptomic analysis of the zebrafish inner ear points to growth hormone mediated regeneration following acoustic trauma. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:88. [PMID: 21888654 PMCID: PMC3175199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike mammals, teleost fishes are capable of regenerating sensory inner ear hair cells that have been lost following acoustic or ototoxic trauma. Previous work indicated that immediately following sound exposure, zebrafish saccules exhibit significant hair cell loss that recovers to pre-treatment levels within 14 days. Following acoustic trauma in the zebrafish inner ear, we used microarray analysis to identify genes involved in inner ear repair following acoustic exposure. Additionally, we investigated the effect of growth hormone (GH) on cell proliferation in control zebrafish utricles and saccules, since GH was significantly up-regulated following acoustic trauma. Results Microarray analysis, validated with the aid of quantitative real-time PCR, revealed several genes that were highly regulated during the process of regeneration in the zebrafish inner ear. Genes that had fold changes of ≥ 1.4 and P -values ≤ 0.05 were considered significantly regulated and were used for subsequent analysis. Categories of biological function that were significantly regulated included cancer, cellular growth and proliferation, and inflammation. Of particular significance, a greater than 64-fold increase in growth hormone (gh1) transcripts occurred, peaking at 2 days post-sound exposure (dpse) and decreasing to approximately 5.5-fold by 4 dpse. Pathway Analysis software was used to reveal networks of regulated genes and showed how GH affected these networks. Subsequent experiments showed that intraperitoneal injection of salmon growth hormone significantly increased cell proliferation in the zebrafish inner ear. Many other gene transcripts were also differentially regulated, including heavy and light chain myosin transcripts, both of which were down-regulated following sound exposure, and major histocompatability class I and II genes, several of which were significantly regulated on 2 dpse. Conclusions Transcripts for GH, MHC Class I and II genes, and heavy- and light-chain myosins, as well as many others genes, were differentially regulated in the zebrafish inner ear following overexposure to sound. GH injection increased cell proliferation in the inner ear of non-sound-exposed zebrafish, suggesting that GH could play an important role in sensory hair cell regeneration in the teleost ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Schuck
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
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Shepherd BS, Aluru N, Vijayan MM. Acute handling disturbance modulates plasma insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:129-38. [PMID: 21185680 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute stressor exposure on proximal (growth hormone [GH]) and distal (insulin-like growth factor-I [IFG-I] and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins [IFGBPs]) components of the somatotropic axis are poorly understood in finfish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a 5-min handling disturbance to mimic an acute stressor episode, and levels of plasma GH, IGF-I, and IGFBPs at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h post-stressor exposure were measured. An unstressed group was also sampled at the same clock times (09:00, 10:00, 13:00, and 08:00 [the following day]) as acute stress sampling to determine temporal changes in the above somatotropic axis components. The acute stressor transiently elevated plasma cortisol and glucose levels at 1 and 4 h post-stressor exposure, whereas no changes were seen in the unstressed group. Plasma GH levels were not affected by handling stress or sampling time in the unstressed animals. Plasma IGF-I levels were significantly depressed at 1 and 4 h post-stressor exposure, but no discernible temporal pattern was seen in the unstressed animals. Using a western ligand blotting technique, we detected plasma IGFBPs of 21, 32, 42, and 50 kDa in size. The plasma levels of the lower-molecular-weight IGFBPs (21 and 32 kDa) were unaffected by handling stressor, nor were there any discernible temporal patterns in the unstressed animals. By contrast, the higher-molecular-weight IGFBPs (42 and 50 kDa) were affected by stress or time of sampling. Levels of the 42-kDa IGFBP levels significantly decreased over the sampling period in unstressed control animals, but this temporal drop was eliminated in stressed animals. Levels of the 50-kDa IGFBPs also decreased significantly over the sampling time in unstressed trout, whereas handling disturbance transiently increased levels of this IGFBP at 1 h but not at 4 and 24 h post-stressor exposure compared with the control group. Overall, our results suggest that acute stress adaptation involves modulation of plasma IGF-1 and high-molecular-mass IGFBP levels (42 and 50 kDa) in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/Great Lakes WATER Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
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Human disturbance influences reproductive success and growth rate in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e17686. [PMID: 21436887 PMCID: PMC3059216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment is currently undergoing changes at both global (e.g., climate
change) and local (e.g., tourism, pollution, habitat modification) scales that
have the capacity to affect the viability of animal and plant populations. Many
of these changes, such as human disturbance, have an anthropogenic origin and
therefore may be mitigated by management action. To do so requires an
understanding of the impact of human activities and changing environmental
conditions on population dynamics. We investigated the influence of human
activity on important life history parameters (reproductive rate, and body
condition, and growth rate of neonate pups) for California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
Increased human presence was associated with lower reproductive rates, which
translated into reduced long-term population growth rates and suggested that
human activities are a disturbance that could lead to population declines. We
also observed higher body growth rates in pups with increased exposure to
humans. Increased growth rates in pups may reflect a density dependent response
to declining reproductive rates (e.g., decreased competition for resources). Our
results highlight the potentially complex changes in life history parameters
that may result from human disturbance, and their implication for population
dynamics. We recommend careful monitoring of human activities in the Gulf of
California and emphasize the importance of management strategies that explicitly
consider the potential impact of human activities such as ecotourism on
vertebrate populations.
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Robinson ICAF, Hindmarsh PC. The Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern and Statural Growth. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Furukawa F, Watanabe S, Kaneko T, Uchida K. Changes in gene expression levels of somatolactin in the pituitary and morphology of gill mitochondria-rich cells in Mozambique tilapia after transfer to acidic freshwater (pH 3.5). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:549-55. [PMID: 20138176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, is easily acclimated to highly acidic water, and thus presents a useful model to unravel endocrine regulation of adaptation to acidic water in fish. We analyzed gene expression of somatolactin (sl), growth hormone (gh) and prolactin (prl), in the pituitary gland and size distribution of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the gills after transfer from normal freshwater (FW, pH 7.2) to acidified freshwater (AW, pH 3.5). Plasma osmolality drastically decreased until 2 days after transfer to AW, but had restored to normal after 1 week of acclimation, and this confirmed the excellent acid tolerance of tilapia. Expression levels of sl, gh and prl were all up-regulated during short-term exposure to AW. The expression of sl remained elevated up to 7 days after transfer; the expression of gh and prl was back to initial levels at that time. These findings point to an important and specific role of SL in adaptation to acid water in this tilapia, although temporal contribution of GH and PRL cannot be ruled out. The size distribution of branchial MR cells changed drastically during acclimation to AW. The mean MR cell size was 1.5-fold larger in the fish exposed to AW for 7 days compared to controls in FW. The gills and their MR cells are a likely site of important acid-base regulation, and SL may change ion-transport functions of MR cells to correct plasma osmotic balance disturbed by acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Furukawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Breves JP, Hirano T, Grau EG. Ionoregulatory and endocrine responses to disturbed salt and water balance in Mozambique tilapia exposed to confinement and handling stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 155:294-300. [PMID: 19879953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the endocrine and ionoregulatory responses by tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to disturbances of hydromineral balance during confinement and handling. In fresh water (FW), confinement and handling for 0.5, 1, 2 and 6h produced elevations in plasma cortisol and glucose; a reduction in plasma osmolality was observed at 6h. Elevations in plasma prolactins (PRL(177) and PRL(188)) accompanied this fall in osmolality while no effect upon growth hormone (GH) was evident; an increase in insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I) occurred at 0.5h. In seawater (SW), confinement and handling increased plasma osmolality and glucose between 0.5 and 6h; no effect on plasma cortisol was seen due to variable control levels. Concurrently, both PRLs were reduced in stressed fish with only transient changes in the GH/IGF-I axis. Next, the branchial expression of Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) and Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) was characterized following confinement and handling for 6h. In SW, NKCC mRNA levels increased in stressed fish concurrently with elevated plasma osmolality and diminished gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity; NCC was unchanged in stressed fish irrespective of salinity. Taken together, PRL and NKCC participate in restoring osmotic balance during acute stress while the GH/IGF-I axis displays only modest responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
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Laiz-Carrión R, Fuentes J, Redruello B, Guzmán JM, Martín del Río MP, Power D, Mancera JM. Expression of pituitary prolactin, growth hormone and somatolactin is modified in response to different stressors (salinity, crowding and food-deprivation) in gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:293-300. [PMID: 19348804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and somatolactin (SL) expression was studied in gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) in response to several different stressors (salinity, food deprivation or stocking density). In the first experiment, specimens were acclimated during 100 days at three different environmental salinities: low salinity water (LSW, 6 ppt), brackish water (BW, 12 ppt) and seawater (SW, 38 ppt). Osmoregulatory parameters corresponded to those previously reported for this species under similar osmotic conditions. Pituitary PRL expression increased with decreasing environmental salinity, and was significantly different between SW- and LSW-acclimated fish. Pituitary GH expression was similar between SW- and BW-acclimated fish but decreased in LSW-acclimated specimens. Pituitary SL expression had a "U-shaped" relationship to environmental salinity with the lowest expression in BW-acclimated fish. In a second experiment SW-acclimated specimens were randomly assigned to one of four treatments and maintained for 14 days: (1) fed fish under low density (LD, 4 kg m(-3)); (2) fed fish under high density (HD, 70 kg m(-3)); (3) food deprived fish under LD; and (4) food deprived fish under HD. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels corresponded to those previously reported in S. auratus under similar experimental conditions. Pituitary PRL and SL expression increased in fish maintained under HD and decreased in food deprived fish. In conclusion, an effect of environmental salinity on pituitary PRL and GH expression has been demonstrated. In addition, crowding stress seems to interact with food deprivation in S. auratus and this is reflected by changes in pituitary PRL, GH and SL expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Laiz-Carrión
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Saera-Vila A, Calduch-Giner JA, Prunet P, Pérez-Sánchez J. Dynamics of liver GH/IGF axis and selected stress markers in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to acute confinement: differential stress response of growth hormone receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:197-203. [PMID: 19524697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The time courses of liver GH/IGF axis and selected stress markers were analyzed in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) sampled at zero time and at fixed intervals (1.5, 3, 6, 24, 72 and 120 h) after acute confinement (120 kg/m(3)). Fish remained unfed throughout the course of the confinement study, and the fasting-induced increases in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were partially masked by the GH-stress inhibitory tone. Hepatic mRNA levels of growth hormone receptor-I (GHR-I) were not significantly altered by confinement, but a persistent 2-fold decrease in GHR-II transcripts was found at 24 and 120 h. A consistent decrease in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was also found through most of the experimental period, and the down-regulated expression of GHR-II was positively correlated with changes in hepatic IGF-I and IGF-II transcripts. This stress-specific response was concurrent with plasma increases in cortisol and glucose levels, reflecting the cortisol peak (60-70 ng/mL), the intensity and duration of the stressor when data found in the literature were compared. Adaptive responses against oxidative damage were also found, and a rapid enhanced expression was reported in the liver tissue for mitochondrial heat-shock proteins (glucose regulated protein 75). At the same time, the down-regulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and detoxifying enzymes (cytochrome P450 1A1) might dictate the hepatic depletion of potential sources of reactive oxygen species. These results provide suitable evidence for a functional partitioning of hepatic GHRs under states of reduced IGF production and changing cellular environment resulting from acute confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saera-Vila
- Nutrition and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Brännäs E. The effect of moderate exercise on growth and aggression depending on social rank in groups of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Monette MY, Björnsson BT, McCormick SD. Effects of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): disruption of seawater tolerance and endocrine status. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:122-30. [PMID: 18606407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al(i)) is known to interfere with the parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and has been implicated as a possible cause of population decline. To determine the extent and mechanism(s) by which short-term acid/Al exposure compromises smolt development, Atlantic salmon smolts were exposed to either control (pH 6.7-6.9) or acid/Al (pH 5.4-6.3, 28-64 microgl(-1) Al(i)) conditions for 2 and 5 days, and impacts on freshwater (FW) ion regulation, seawater (SW) tolerance, plasma hormone levels and stress response were examined. Gill Al concentrations were elevated in all smolts exposed to acid/Al relative to controls confirming exposure to increased Al(i). There was no effect of acid/Al on plasma ion concentrations in FW however, smolts exposed to acid/Al followed by a 24h SW challenge exhibited greater plasma Cl(-) levels than controls, indicating reduced SW tolerance. Loss of SW tolerance was accompanied by reductions in gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity and Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) (NKCC) cotransporter protein abundance. Acid/Al exposure resulted in decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and 3,3',5'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) levels, whereas no effect of treatment was seen on plasma cortisol, growth hormone (GH), or thyroxine (T(4)) levels. Acid/Al exposure resulted in increased hematocrit and plasma glucose levels in FW, but both returned to control levels after 24h in SW. The results indicate that smolt development and SW tolerance are compromised by short-term exposure to acid/Al in the absence of detectable impacts on FW ion regulation. Loss of SW tolerance during short-term acid/Al exposure likely results from reductions in gill NKA and NKCC, possibly mediated by decreases in plasma IGF-I and T(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Monette
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Fernandes-de-Castilho M, Pottinger TG, Volpato GL. Chronic social stress in rainbow trout: does it promote physiological habituation? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:141-7. [PMID: 17521651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic social stress on growth, energetic substrates and hormones was tested in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. After a 14-day isolation period, the fish were paired for 8 days. In order to expose fish to chronic intermittent social contact during pairing, they were maintained in direct contact with each other during the first day. After that, a black plastic screen partition was introduced in each tank, preventing direct contact between animals. Every day the partition was removed for 30 min, allowing physical interaction between fish. At the end of pairing period, they were isolated again for 13 days. Fish were weighed and blood was sampled frequently during the experiment. Plasma levels of cortisol, growth hormone, glucose, total protein and free amino acids were quantified. Both dominants and subordinates had specific growth rate decreased during the pairing period, but only subordinates increased when the stressor was abolished (dominants: 0.32+/-0.21 and 0.24+/-0.41, subordinates: -0.77+/-0.29 and 0.37+/-0.31, respectively). Dominants showed a higher cortisol level one week after pairing condition had been abolished than subordinates (dominants: 56.76+/-13.26, subordinates: 31.89+/-13.36). We conclude that chronic condition of intermittent social stress represents a stressful condition for animals of both hierarchical ranks and a treatment of one daily short direct contact between conspecifics does not promote habituation in fish, as mentioned for other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Fernandes-de-Castilho
- Research Center on Animal Welfare, Laboratory of Studies on Animal Stress, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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40
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Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research. Animal 2008; 2:1501-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Gene expression in the liver of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during the stress response. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2007; 2:303-15. [PMID: 20483302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To better appreciate the mechanisms underlying the physiology of the stress response, an oligonucleotide microarray and real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) were used to study gene expression in the livers of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For increased confidence in the discovery of candidate genes responding to stress, we conducted two separate experiments using fish from different year classes. In both experiments, fish exposed to a 3 h stressor were compared to control (unstressed) fish. In the second experiment some additional fish were exposed to only 0.5 h of stress and others were sampled 21 h after experiencing a 3 h stressor. This 21 h post-stress treatment was a means to study gene expression during recovery from stress. The genes we report as differentially expressed are those that responded similarly in both experiments, suggesting that they are robust indicators of stress. Those genes are a major histocompatibility complex class 1 molecule (MHC1), JunB, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1). Interestingly, Nupr1 gene expression was still elevated 21 h after stress, which indicates that recovery was incomplete at that time.
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Deane EE, Zhou L, Woo NYS. Effects of mitogenic hormones on HSP70 expression in a silver sea bream fibroblast cell line and a primary macrophage preparation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:183-8. [PMID: 17289042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed in order to elucidate the role and importance of three mitogenic hormones [growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and prolactin (PRL)] on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in a silver sea bream fibroblast cell line and a primary macrophage preparation. Fibroblasts and macrophages that were exposed to GH at concentrations of 1-1000ng/ml did not exhibit modulated HSP70 expression, whereas GH at an exposure concentration of 10ng/ml lowered HSP70 levels in macrophages. Upon exposure to IGF-1 it was found that HSP70 expression remained unchanged in fibroblasts but was significantly decreased in macrophages at exposure concentrations of 1-10ng/ml. Finally, and using a preparation of ovine PRL it was found that HSP70 expression decreased in fibroblasts at exposure concentrations of 1-1000ng/ml and also decreased in macrophages at exposure concentrations of 1-100ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Small BC, Murdock CA, Waldbieser GC, Peterson BC. Reduction in channel catfish hepatic growth hormone receptor expression in response to food deprivation and exogenous cortisol. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 31:340-56. [PMID: 16423501 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of food deprivation and exogenous cortisol administration on somatic growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and examine the resultant changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression. Integral to this objective, we report the isolation, sequence, and characterization of channel catfish GHR. Sequence analysis and characterization results indicate sequence identity and tissue distribution similar to GHRs in other teleost fish and several functional characteristics conserved in known vertebrate GHRs. The effects of food deprivation and dietary exogenous cortisol administration were assessed as part of a 4-week study. Growth was significantly reduced after 4 weeks in cortisol-fed fish compared to fed-control fish, and fasting resulted in weight loss. At the end of the 4-week study, both IGF-I plasma concentrations and hepatic GHR mRNA abundance were significantly reduced in fasted and cortisol-fed catfish. Levels of hepatic GHR mRNA were positively correlated to circulating IGF-I levels. These results suggest that a reduction in hepatic GHR gene expression might serve as a mechanism for the reduction of circulating IGF-I and growth in channel catfish during periods of food deprivation and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Small
- USDA/ARS, Catfish Genetics Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Wilkinson RJ, Porter M, Woolcott H, Longland R, Carragher JF. Effects of aquaculture related stressors and nutritional restriction on circulating growth factors (GH, IGF-I and IGF-II) in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:214-24. [PMID: 16861022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aquaculture related stressors on circulating levels of GH, IGF-I and for the first time, IGF-II in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Specifically, circulating growth factor levels were measured in four different experiments. Two 24 h confinement stressor procedures, (one with Atlantic salmon, the other with rainbow trout); following a hypo-osmotic stressor (freshwater bath) in salt water acclimated, adult, Atlantic salmon; and during a 22 day starvation and re-feeding protocol with juvenile Atlantic salmon. Handling and confinement resulted in significant decreases in circulating levels of all three growth factors in Atlantic salmon, and IGF-I and IGF-II (but not GH) in rainbow trout. A 2-3 h freshwater bath to remove gill parasites on a commercial Atlantic salmon aquaculture operation caused a significant decrease in circulating GH and IGF-I concentrations, but no significant change in IGF-II concentration, 2 days post bathing. Starvation for a period of 15 days in Atlantic salmon resulted in a significant increase in circulating GH levels and a significant decrease in circulating IGF-I and IGF-II. Re-feeding of starved fish for 7 days resulted in a significant decrease in GH to the concentration measured in continually fed fish, however re-feeding did not change plasma levels of IGF-I and IGF-II relative to continually starved fish. The results presented here confirm previously observed handling and confinement stressor induced effects on GH and IGF-I and, for the first time, on IGF-II in salmonids. Furthermore this study confirms the nutritional regulation of GH, IGF-I and IGF-II in juvenile Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, S.A. 5001, Australia.
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Veiseth E, Fjaera SO, Bjerkeng B, Skjervold PO. Accelerated recovery of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from effects of crowding by swimming. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:351-8. [PMID: 16714131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of post-crowding swimming velocity (0, 0.35, and 0.70 m/s) and recovery time (1.5, 6, and 12 h) on physiological recovery and processing quality parameters of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were determined. Atlantic salmon crowded to a density similar to that of a commercial slaughter process (>200 kg/m(3), 40 min) were transferred to a swimming chamber for recovery treatment. Osmolality and concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate in blood plasma were used as physiological stress indicators, whereas image analyses of extent and duration of rigor contraction, and fillet gaping were used as measures of processing quality. Crowded salmon had a 5.8-fold higher plasma cortisol concentration than control salmon (P<0.05). The elevated plasma cortisol concentration was reduced by increasing the swimming velocity, and had returned to control levels after 6 h recovery at high water velocity. Similar effects of swimming velocity were observed for plasma osmolality and lactate concentration. A lower plasma glucose concentration was present in crowded than in control fish (P<0.05), although a typical post-stress elevation in plasma glucose was observed after the recovery treatments. Lower muscle pH was found in crowded compared with control salmon (P<0.05), but muscle pH returned to control levels after 6 h recovery at intermediate and high swimming velocities and after 12 h in the low velocity group. Crowding caused an early onset of rigor mortis contraction. However, subjecting crowded salmon to active swimming for 6 h before slaughter delayed the onset of rigor mortis contraction from 2.5 to 7.5 h post mortem. The extent of rigor mortis contraction was also affected by crowding and post-stress swimming activity (P<0.05), and the largest degree of contraction was found in crowded salmon. In conclusion, active swimming accelerated the return of plasma cortisol, hydromineral balance, and the energy metabolism of adult Atlantic salmon to pre-stress levels. Moreover, an active swimming period delayed the onset of rigor mortis contraction, which has a positive technological implication for the salmon processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Veiseth
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 As, Norway.
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Yada T, Muto K, Azuma T, Hyodo S, Schreck CB. Cortisol stimulates growth hormone gene expression in rainbow trout leucocytes in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:248-55. [PMID: 15862570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extrapituitary expression of the growth hormone (GH) gene has been reported for the immune system of various vertebrates. In the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), GH mRNA could be detected in several lymphoid organs and leucocytes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To understand the control of GH expression in the fish immune system, mRNA levels for two distinct GH genes (GH1 and GH2) in trout leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood were quantified using a real-time PCR method. Both GH mRNAs could be detected in trout leucocytes, although their levels were extremely low compared to those in pituitary cells. The levels of GH2 mRNA in leucocytes were several times higher than those of GH1, while no difference was observed between GH1 and GH2 mRNA levels in the pituitary. Administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and cortisol produced a significant elevation of GH mRNA levels in trout leucocytes, although the levels were unchanged by T3. GH1 and GH2 mRNA levels showed similarities in responses to those factors. The effect of cortisol on GH mRNA appears biphasic; a dose-depending elevation of GH gene expression was observed in leucocytes treated with cortisol at below 200 nM, however, cortisol had no effect at 2000 nM. Cortisol-treated leucocytes showed no significant change in the mRNA level of beta-actin or proliferative activity during the experiments. Our results thus show that, at the low levels, GH gene expression in trout leucocytes is regulated by cortisol, which has been known as a regulatory factor of GH gene expression in pituitary cells, and suggest a physiological significance of paracrine GH produced in the fish immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yada
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan.
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Pottinger TG, Rand-Weaver M, Sumpter JP. Overwinter fasting and re-feeding in rainbow trout: plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in relation to energy mobilisation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 136:403-17. [PMID: 14602149 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of cortisol and growth hormone (GH) during a period of fasting in overwintering salmonid fish. Indices of carbohydrate (plasma glucose, liver glycogen), lipid (plasma free fatty acids (FFAs)) and protein metabolism (plasma protein, total plasma amino acids) were determined, together with plasma GH, cortisol and somatolactin (SL) levels at intervals in three groups of rainbow trout (continuously fed; fasted for 9 weeks then fed; fasted for 17 weeks). In fasted fish, a decline in body weight and condition factor was accompanied by reduced plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen and increased plasma FFA. No consistent elevation of plasma GH occurred until after 8 weeks of fasting when plasma GH levels increased ninefold. No changes were observed in plasma total protein and AA until between weeks 13 and 17 when both were reduced significantly. When previously fasted fish resumed feeding, plasma glucose and FFA, and hepatic glycogen levels rapidly returned to control values and weight gain resumed. No significant changes in plasma cortisol levels, related to feeding regime, were evident at any point during the study and there was no evidence that SL played an active role in the response to fasting. The results suggest that overwinter fasting may not represent a significant nutritional stressor to rainbow trout and that energy mobilisation during fasting may be achieved without the involvement of GH, cortisol or SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Pottinger
- The NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Windermere Laboratory, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK.
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Biga PR, Cain KD, Hardy RW, Schelling GT, Overturf K, Roberts SB, Goetz FW, Ott TL. Growth hormone differentially regulates muscle myostatin1 and -2 and increases circulating cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 138:32-41. [PMID: 15242749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates muscle growth in vertebrates. Salmonids produce two myostatin transcripts from separate genes. Surprisingly, quantitative analyses indicate different regulatory mechanisms for the two myostatin genes in rainbow trout. MSTN1 mRNA levels were elevated 26% following recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) treatment, while MSTN2 mRNA levels were reduced 74% compared to controls. MSTN precursor protein (42kDa) levels were elevated in rbGH treated fish compared to controls. In addition, circulating cortisol levels were elevated 71% following rbGH treatment compared to controls. In treated and control fish, cortisol levels were elevated 245% at day 0 compared to subsequent days. Treated fish exhibited cortisol levels 207% higher than controls at 0.5 day, and remained at least 50% higher for 7 days following treatment. This pattern of change was positively correlated to MSTN1 mRNA levels. This is the first time a direct relationship has been reported between GH, cortisol, and myostatin. In addition, following rbGH administration, myosin protein concentrations in skeletal muscle samples increased, suggesting that GH regulates expression of the most abundant muscle protein. These results indicate the two myostatin genes are differentially regulated and may possess different functions in rainbow trout muscle, and suggests a possible interaction between GH, cortisol, and muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy R Biga
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA
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Teles M, Santos MA, Pacheco M. Responses of European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in two polluted environments: in situ experiments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2004; 58:373-378. [PMID: 15223262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were caged for 8 and 48 h in two polluted areas to assess the contamination cleanup process in the Vouga River 2 years after the official closing of a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME; experiment 1), and to monitor the effects induced by contaminated offward fishing harbor waters (experiment 2). Plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate were evaluated as stress responses. In experiment 1, plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate increased after 8 h of exposure in site 3, which is located farthest from the deactivated sewage outlet. However, A. anguilla seemed to adapt after 48 h of exposure in site 3, because all three parameters returned to control levels. Plasma glucose also significantly increased after 8 h of exposure at sites 1, 2, and 3, returning to control levels after 48 h. Plasma lactate levels increased after 8 h of exposure at site 3 and after 48 h of exposure at site 1. In experiment 2, A. anguilla exposed to contaminated harbor waters increased their plasma lactate after 8 and 48 h of exposure, whereas their cortisol and glucose plasma were elevated only after 48 h of exposure. The results demonstrate that even 2 years after the official closing of the BKPME sewage outlet, the river Vouga water remains contaminated by the sediment associated chemicals. Because the fishing harbor induced in A. anguilla the same type of stress responses, it is also an area of concern. The adopted stress parameters allied to a caging strategy are recommended for future environmental monitoring assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Animal Physiology/Ecotoxicology Sector, Biology Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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