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Ma P, Peng Y, Zhao L, Liu F, Li X. Differential effect of polysaccharide and nonpolysaccharide components in Sijunzi decoction on spleen deficiency syndrome and their mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153790. [PMID: 34710756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sijunzi decoction (SJZD), reported in "Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang" of the Song dynasty, is the basic prescription for the treatment of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodisa Macricephalae Rhizoma, Poria and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle. PURPOSE This study sought to explore the effects of different components in SJZD (including nonpolysaccharide NPS and active polysaccharide S-3) on SDS rats and their underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS First, SDS model rats were established by reserpine injection and then treated with SJZD, NPS and S-3. To clarify their effect on GI motility and immune function, the gastrointestinal (GI) hormone levels in rat serum and their related receptor expressions in rat intestine were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot, and the intestinal T lymphocyte expression were quantified by flow cytometry. The levels of SCFAs in feces and serum were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S RNA sequencing. Furthermore, pseudo-germ-free (pGF) and gut microbiota dysbiosis (GMD) model rats were established to verify the key role of the gut microbiota in the treatment of SDS with SJZD, NPS and S-3. RESULTS SJZD has a stronger therapeutic effect on intestinal immune and GI hormone secretion in SDS rats, while the efficacy of NPS and S-3 showed slight differences. NPS mainly regulated the secretion of GI hormones in SDS rats and directly improved intestinal immunity by increasing the expression of T lymphocyte cells, while S-3 mainly enhanced intestinal immune function by increasing the expression of T lymphocyte cells and repairing the intestinal barrier in both direct and indirect ways. Additionally, experiments in pGF and GMD rats have proven that the immune-enhancing effects of SJZD, NPS, and S-3 on SDS rats and the regulation of GI hormones of S-3 are related to modulation of the gut microbiota composition, while the regulation of GI hormones by SJZD and NPS is not completely dependent on this modulation. In particular, Lactobacillus, SMB53, Blautia, Dorea, Collinsella and Adlercreutzia were significantly modulated by SJZD, and 3 genera (including Lactobacillus, Dorea and SMB53) were also remarkably regulated by NPS. S-3 significantly increased the abundance of Butyricimonas and Collinsella, which were different from altered genera in the SJZD group. CONCLUSION This study uncovered that NPS and S-3 are inseparable effective substances for SJZD in the treatment of SDS rats, in which NPS mainly improves intestinal motility dysfunction and S-3 mainly enhances intestinal immunity. The mediation effect of the gut microbiota is extremely important, but the regulating effect of NPS on gastrointestinal hormones has nothing to do with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Goodlad RA. Quantification of epithelial cell proliferation, cell dynamics, and cell kinetics in vivo. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28474479 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of cell proliferation in vivo is usually carried out by the examination of static measures. These comprise the mitotic index or labeling indices using incorporation of DNA synthesis markers such as bromodeoxyuridine or tritiated thymidine, or intrinsic markers, such as Ki67 and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). But static measures only provide a 'snapshot' of cell proliferation. Rate measures, including double labeling methods and the metaphase arrest method, can actually measure cell production rates but they are far less utilized at present. Transit times and migration rates can also be measured using pulse and chase labeling or by following the transit of labeled cells through the tissue. Simple indices of cell division can easily be confounded by concomitant changes in the compartment size and many alleged markers of proliferation have serious shortcomings, as the markers may be involved in multiple aspects of cell regulation. The complexities of studying proliferation in vivo are illustrated here with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract. Some of these methods can help elucidate the role of the stem cells and their relationship to label retaining cells. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e274. doi: 10.1002/wdev.274 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Liermann W, Berk A, Frahm J, Böschen V, Dänicke S. Effects of two commercial diets and technical feed treatment on stomach lesions and immune system of fattening pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e414-e426. [PMID: 27805297 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of technical feed treatment and diet on stomach lesions and traits of the local and systemic immune system were investigated in fattening pigs. Feeding groups differed in technical feed treatment (standard ground meal vs. finely ground and pelleted feed) and diet (soya bean meal vs. rapeseed meal/DDGS/soya beans). Pigs were fattened approximately 10 weeks by ad libitum feeding and slaughtered subsequently. Gastric alterations were assessed by a macroscopic scoring system [macroscopic stomach score (MSC) 0 = normal to 4 = severe lesions]. For immunological investigations, lymphocytes from blood and jejunal tissues were isolated. T-cell phenotyping was carried out by staining intestinal lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies for CD4 and CD8 and flow cytometric measurements. MSC was higher in animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with their counterparts. Significant interactions between diet and feed treatment considering the MSC were observed (p = 0.027). There was no effect of diet or technical feed treatment on T cells of blood, Lymphonodi gastrici or lamina propria (LP) and intraepithelial cells. However, technical feed treatment significantly affected subsets of CD4+ , CD8+ , CD8low , CD4/CD8 double-positive T cells, the mean fluorescence intensity of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD8low /CD8high T cells in Peyer's patches (PP). All named parameters were reduced in PP of animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with animals fed standard ground meal. Furthermore, significant differences between T cells of lymph nodes and LP were observed between animals with middle MSC (MSC = 1-2.5) and animals with high MSC (MSC = 3-4). Significant alterations in T cells of PP were observed between animals of low (MSC = 0-0.5) and high MSC. The observed effects provide the evidence that the impact of technical feed treatment is not limited on the stomach lesions. Possible stimuli and consequences of the immune system should be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liermann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Berk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - J Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - V Böschen
- Research Institute of Feed Technology of the International Research Association of Feed Technology e.V., Brunswick, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
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4
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Wang R, Peng Y, Meng H, Li X. Protective effect of polysaccharides fractions from Sijunzi decoction in reserpine-induced spleen deficiency rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide fraction S-3 from SJZD could mitigate effect in the reserpine-induced rats which was investigated with a comprehensive screening strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
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5
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Goodyear AW, Kumar A, Dow S, Ryan EP. Optimization of murine small intestine leukocyte isolation for global immune phenotype analysis. J Immunol Methods 2014; 405:97-108. [PMID: 24508527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New efforts to understand complex interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and intestinal immunity emphasize the need for a standardized murine protocol that has been optimized for the isolation of lamina propria immune cells. In this study multiple mouse strains including BALB/c, 129S6/Sv/EvTac and ICR mice were utilized to develop an optimal protocol for global analysis of lamina propria leukocytes. Incubation temperature was found to significantly improve epithelial cell removal, while changes in media formulation had minor effects. Tissue weight was an effective method for normalization of solution volumes and incubation times. Collagenase digestion in combination with thermolysin was identified as the optimal method for release of leukocytes from tissues and global immunophenotyping, based on the criteria of minimizing marker cleavage, improving cell viability, and reagent cost. The effects of collagenase in combination with dispase or thermolysin on individual cell surface markers revealed diverse marker specific effects. Aggressive formulations cleaved CD8α, CD138, and B220 from the cell surface, and resulted in relatively higher expression levels of CD3, γδ TCR, CD5, DX5, Ly6C, CD11b, CD11c, MHC-II and CD45. Improved collagenase digestion significantly improved viability and reduced debris formation, eliminating the need for density gradient purification. Finally, we demonstrate that two different digestion protocols yield significant differences in detection of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, monocytes and interdigitating DC (iDC) populations, highlighting the importance and impact of cell collection protocols on assay outputs. The optimized protocol described herein will help assure the reproducibility and robustness of global assessment of lamina propria immune responses. Moreover, this technique may be applied to isolation of leukocytes from the entire gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Goodyear
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Hidaka M, Nakamura M, Ohmichi Y, Itoh J, Fukuzawa K, Masuko T, Yagi H. Involvement of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in turnover of intestinal epithelial cells: Morphological and functional alterations due to daily administration of FK506. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Robinson JP, Rajwa B, Patsekin V, Davisson VJ. Computational analysis of high-throughput flow cytometry data. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:679-93. [PMID: 22708834 PMCID: PMC4389283 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.693475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flow cytometry has been around for over 40 years, but only recently has the opportunity arisen to move into the high-throughput domain. The technology is now available and is highly competitive with imaging tools under the right conditions. Flow cytometry has, however, been a technology that has focused on its unique ability to study single cells and appropriate analytical tools are readily available to handle this traditional role of the technology. AREAS COVERED Expansion of flow cytometry to a high-throughput (HT) and high-content technology requires both advances in hardware and analytical tools. The historical perspective of flow cytometry operation as well as how the field has changed and what the key changes have been discussed. The authors provide a background and compelling arguments for moving toward HT flow, where there are many innovative opportunities. With alternative approaches now available for flow cytometry, there will be a considerable number of new applications. These opportunities show strong capability for drug screening and functional studies with cells in suspension. EXPERT OPINION There is no doubt that HT flow is a rich technology awaiting acceptance by the pharmaceutical community. It can provide a powerful phenotypic analytical toolset that has the capacity to change many current approaches to HT screening. The previous restrictions on the technology, based on its reduced capacity for sample throughput, are no longer a major issue. Overcoming this barrier has transformed a mature technology into one that can focus on systems biology questions not previously considered possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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8
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Canali MM, Pedrotti LP, Balsinde J, Ibarra C, Correa SG. Chitosan enhances transcellular permeability in human and rat intestine epithelium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:418-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Ye Y, Yue M, Jin X, Chen S, Li Y. Isolation of Murine Small Intestinal Intraepithelial γδT Cells. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:661-73. [DOI: 10.3109/08820131003753026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Canali MM, Porporatto C, Aoki MP, Bianco ID, Correa SG. Signals elicited at the intestinal epithelium upon chitosan feeding contribute to immunomodulatory activity and biocompatibility of the polysaccharide. Vaccine 2010; 28:5718-24. [PMID: 20598784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a copolymer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine derived from chitin with several applications in pharmaceutical and medical fields. This polysaccharide exhibits adjuvant properties in mucosal immune responses of humans, rats and mice. Characterization of signals elicited by chitosan at the intestinal epithelium could explain its immunomodulatory activity and biocompatibility. We fed normal rats with single doses of chitosan and 16h later, we purified intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to assess immune and biochemical parameters. Following chitosan administration, mRNA expression and release of several cytokines and chemokines increased, injury markers maintained constitutive levels and MHC type II molecule expression was augmented. IEC supernatants showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-beta. Arginase activity of IECs increased upon chitosan interaction in vivo and in vitro. Together, after chitosan feeding, mild activation of IECs occurs in vivo, with production of regulatory factors that could be relevant for its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magdalena Canali
- Immunology, Center of Research in Biochemistry and Immunology (CIBICI) (National Council of Research in Science and Technology (CONICET), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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11
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Kashiwamura M, Kurohane K, Tanikawa T, Deguchi A, Miyamoto D, Imai Y. Shiga toxin kills epithelial cells isolated from distal but not proximal part of mouse colon. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1614-7. [PMID: 19721242 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are major virulence factors produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonizing the human and cattle intestines. We previously demonstrated that recombinant binding subunits (Stx1B) bound to the mucosal epithelium of the distal but not that of the proximal part of the mouse colon. Here we developed a method for isolating colon epithelial cells from the proximal and distal parts separately. Enrichment of epithelial cells was confirmed by the expression of cytokeratin. There was no difference in the epithelial cell purity between the proximal and distal colon preparations. The isolated epithelial cells from the distal colon were found to display binding sites for recombinant Stx1B whereas those from the proximal colon were not. Taking advantage of this single cell isolation, we examined the effect of Stx1 holotoxin on the epithelial cells. Consistent with the expression of the binding sites, Stx1 induced apoptosis of the epithelial cells from the distal but not those from the proximal colon. The results provide direct evidence that mouse colon epithelial cells are susceptible to Stx1 toxicity corresponding to the expression of binding sites for toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kashiwamura
- University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yada, Suruga-ku, Japan
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12
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Jalovecká M, Sak B, Kvác M, Kvetonová D, Kucerová Z, Salát J. Activation of protective cell-mediated immune response in gastric mucosa during Cryptosporidium muris infection and re-infection in immunocompetent mice. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1159-66. [PMID: 20155366 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cryptosporidia only inhabit the glandular part of the stomach of all age categories of their hosts and can cause chronic life-long infections independent of a host's immune status. The immune response in the stomach mucosa during the primary infection and re-infection with Cryptosporidium muris (TS03 and CB03) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice was characterized using flow cytometry analysis and measurement of IFN-gamma and IL10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Significantly, elevated migration of T lymphocytes (more than 1,000-fold), especially CD8+ T lymphocytes, to the stomach mucosa occurred during primary infection and persisted for more than 2 months after its resolution. The ex vivo cultures of splenocytes revealed very low levels of IFN-gamma production during the course of the primary infection (0.5 ng/ml), whereas in the following re-exposure to the parasites, the concentration of IFN-gamma rapidly increased 22-fold. Although the two parasite strains that were tested were genetically distinct, they yielded similar results in the induction of cellular immune responses, suggesting that these patterns are not unique to a single parasite strain. These results imply that the CD8+ T lymphocytes are involved in the immune response to gastric cryptosporidiosis and could play an important role in the elimination of C. muris infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jalovecká
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceské Budejovice, Branisovská 31, 370 05, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Quantitative isolation of mouse and human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes by elutriation centrifugation. J Immunol Methods 2009; 344:26-34. [PMID: 19278662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are specialized subsets of T cells with distinct functional capacities. While some IEL subsets are circulating, others such as CD8alphaalpha TCRalphabeta IEL are believed to represent non-circulating resident T cell subsets [Sim, G.K., Intraepithelial lymphocytes and the immune system. Adv. Immunol., 1995. 58: 297-343.]. Current methods to obtain enriched preparations of intraepithelial lymphocytes are mostly based on Percoll density gradient or magnetic bead-based technologies [Lundqvist, C., et al., Isolation of functionally active intraepithelial lymphocytes and enterocytes from human small and large intestine. J. Immunol. Methods, 1992. 152(2): 253-263.]. However, these techniques are hampered by a generally low yield of isolated cells, and potential artifacts due to the interference of the isolation procedure with subsequent functional assays, in particular, when antibodies against cell surface markers are required. Here we describe a new method for obtaining relatively pure populations of intestinal IEL (55-75%) at a high yield (>85%) by elutriation centrifugation. This technique is equally suited for the isolation and enrichment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of both mouse and human origin. Time requirements for fractionating cell suspensions by elutriation centrifugation are comparable to Percoll-, or MACS-based isolation procedures. Hence, the substantially higher yield and the consistent robust enrichment for intraepithelial lymphocytes, together with the gentle treatment of the cells during elutriation that does not interfere with subsequent functional assays, are important aspects that are in favor of using this elegant technology to obtain unmanipulated, unbiased populations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and, if desired, also of pure epithelial cells.
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Velázquez P, Wei B, McPherson M, Mendoza LMA, Nguyen SL, Turovskaya O, Kronenberg M, Huang TT, Schrage M, Lobato LN, Fujiwara D, Brewer S, Arditi M, Cheng G, Sartor RB, Newberry RD, Braun J. Villous B cells of the small intestine are specialized for invariant NK T cell dependence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4629-38. [PMID: 18354186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B cells are important in mucosal microbial homeostasis through their well-known role in secretory IgA production and their emerging role in mucosal immunoregulation. Several specialized intraintestinal B cell compartments have been characterized, but the nature of conventional B cells in the lamina propria is poorly understood. In this study, we identify a B cell population predominantly composed of surface IgM(+) IgD(+) cells residing in villi of the small intestine and superficial lamina propria of the large intestine, but distinct from the intraepithelial compartment or organized intestinal lymphoid structures. Small intestinal (villous) B cells are diminished in genotypes that alter the strength of BCR signaling (Bruton tyrosine kinase(xid), Galphai2(-/-)), and in mice lacking cognate BCR specificity. They are not dependent on enteric microbial sensing, because they are abundant in mice that are germfree or genetically deficient in TLR signaling. However, villous B cells are reduced in the absence of invariant NK T cells (Jalpha18(-/-) or CD1d(-/-) mice). These findings define a distinct population of conventional B cells in small intestinal villi, and suggest an immunologic link between CD1-restricted invariant NK T cells and this B cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Velázquez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Russano AM, Bassotti G, Agea E, Bistoni O, Mazzocchi A, Morelli A, Porcelli SA, Spinozzi F. CD1-restricted recognition of exogenous and self-lipid antigens by duodenal gammadelta+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3620-6. [PMID: 17339459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells are present in the mucosal intestinal epithelia and secrete factors necessary to maintain tissue integrity. Ags recognized by these cells are poorly defined, although in mice non-classical MHC class I molecules have been implicated. Since MHC class I-like CD1 receptors are widely expressed at the surface of epithelial and dendritic intestinal cells and have the capacity to present lipid Ags to T cells, we hypothesized that these molecules might present autologous and/or exogenous phospholipids to intestinal gammadelta T lymphocytes. Intraepithelial T lymphocytes from normal human duodenal mucosal biopsies were cloned and exposed to natural and synthetic phospholipids using CD1a-, CD1b-, CD1c- or CD1d-transfected C1R lymphoblastoid or HeLa cell lines as APCs. Their cytolytic properties and regulatory cytokine secretion were also examined. Most clones obtained from duodenal mucosa (up to 70%) were TCRalphabeta+, and either CD4+ or CD8+, whereas 20% were CD4-CD8- (6 clones) or TCRgammadelta+ (12 clones). A relevant percentage (up to 66%) of TCRgammadelta+ but few (<5%) TCRalphabeta+ T cell clones responded to synthetic and/or natural phospholipids presented by CD1 molecules, as measured by both [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and IL-4 release assays. A Th1-like cytolytic and functional activity along with the ability to secrete regulatory cytokines was observed in most phospholipid-specific gammadelta T cell clones. Thus, a substantial percentage of TCRgammadelta+ but few TCRalphabeta+ from human duodenal mucosa recognize exogenous phospholipids in a CD1-restricted fashion. This adaptive response could contribute to mucosal homeostasis, but could also favor the emergence of inflammatory or allergic intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Russano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy, Section of Internal Medicine and Oncological Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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Alferez D, Goodlad RA. To best measure cell proliferation in samples from the intestine. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:231-40. [PMID: 17472729 PMCID: PMC6496137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrangement of the intestinal cell lining, as it is, into distinct anatomically defined zones where proliferation is confined to the crypts, makes it an ideal tissue to study growth control mechanisms. While many methods have been used to quantify cell proliferation in the gut, several of them have severe limitations and others (although potentially better) have been misused and misinterpreted. Here, correct use and interpretation of labelling studies will be described as will a well established alternative method that provides equivalent results for one-sixth of the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alferez
- Department of Histopathology, Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Lorrot M, Benhamadouche-Casari H, Vasseur M. Mechanisms of net chloride secretion during rotavirus diarrhea in young rabbits: do intestinal villi secrete chloride? Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 18:103-12. [PMID: 16914895 DOI: 10.1159/000095174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviral diarrheal illness is one of the most common infectious diseases in children worldwide, but our understanding of its pathophysiology is limited. This study examines whether the enhanced net chloride secretion during rotavirus infection in young rabbits may occur as a result of hypersecretion in crypt cells that would exceed the substantial Cl(-) reabsorption observed in villi. By using a rapid filtration technique, we evaluated transport of (36)Cl and D-(14)C glucose across brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles purified from villus tip and crypt cells isolated in parallel from the entire small intestine. Rotavirus infection impaired SGLT1-mediated Na(+)-D-glucose symport activity in both villus and crypt cell BBM, hence contributing to the massive water loss along the cryptvillus axis. In the same BBM preparations, rotavirus failed to stimulate the Cl(-) transport activities (Cl(-)/H(+) symport, Cl(-)/anion exchange and voltage-activated Cl(-) conductance) at the crypt level, but not at the villus level, questioning, therefore, the origin of net chloride secretion. We propose that the chloride carrier might function in both normal (absorption) and reversed (secretion) modes in villi, depending on the direction of the chloride electrochemical gradient resulting from rotavirus infection, agreeing with our results that rotavirus accelerated both Cl(-) influx and Cl(-) efflux rates across villi BBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathie Lorrot
- INSERM UMR 756, Université Paris XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Montufar-Solis D, Klein JR. An improved method for isolating intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) from the murine small intestine with consistently high purity. J Immunol Methods 2006; 308:251-4. [PMID: 16337223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods for obtaining preparation of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) present special challenges for immunologists due to difficulties in recovering IELs devoid of contaminating enterocytes. Although high-purity preparations can be achieved using techniques such as flow cytometric or magnetic-activated cell sorting, those methods may not be feasible on a routine basis and may result in low overall cell recoveries. Thus, most procedures today rely on density gradient centrifugation as a means of separating IEL and non-hematopoietic cells; however, the purity of IELs from those preparations can vary considerably. Here, we describe a modification of an IEL purification technique that uses two sequential Percoll gradients rather than one gradient in the purification scheme. This alteration consistently results in 80-85% IEL purity in cell preparations. Moreover, it requires no additional reagents, has no adverse effect on the phenotypic composition of recovered IELs or on the cell viability, and adds minimal additional time to the isolation protocol. It is expected that this procedure will have practical benefit as a means of isolating IELs with high purity on a routine basis that can be used for in vivo or in vitro studies of IEL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Montufar-Solis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rm 3.094F, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 6516 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Castellote C, González-Castro AM, Pelegrí C, Castell M, Franch A. Developmental changes in intraepithelial T lymphocytes and NK cells in the small intestine of neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:885-91. [PMID: 16257927 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000182187.88505.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to characterize developmental changes in small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) subpopulations during the suckling period, thus contributing to the understanding of the development of diffuse gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and to the identification of early mechanisms that protect the neonate from the first contact with diet and gut microbial antigens. The study was performed by double labeling and flow cytometry in IEL isolated from the proximal and distal small intestine of 1- to 21-d-old Lewis rats. During the suckling period, intraepithelial natural killer (NK) cells changed from a typical systemic phenotype, CD8+, to a specific intestinal phenotype, CD8-. Analysis of CD8+ IEL revealed a progressive increase in the relative number of CD8+ IEL co-expressing TCRalphabeta, cells associated with acquired immunity, whereas the percentage of CD8+ cells expressing the NK receptor, i.e. cells committed to innate immunity, decreased. At weaning, IEL maturity was still not achieved, as revealed by a phenotypic pattern that differed from that of adult rats. Thus, late after weaning, the regulatory CD8+CD4+ T IEL population appeared and the NK population declined. In summary, the intestinal intraepithelial compartment undergoes changes in its lymphocyte composition associated with the first ingestion of food. These changes are focused on a relatively high proportion of NK cells during the suckling period, and after weaning, an expansion of the regulatory CD8+CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Flach CF, Lange S, Jennische E, Lönnroth I, Holmgren J. Cholera toxin induces a transient depletion of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in the rat small intestine as detected by microarray and immunohistochemistry. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5595-602. [PMID: 16113276 PMCID: PMC1231117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5595-5602.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT), besides causing intestinal hypersecretion after intragastric administration or during cholera infection, affects a multitude of regulatory mechanisms within the gut mucosal network, including T cells. By use of microarray screening, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate here a rapid depletion of jejunal CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in rats after intragastric CT challenge. This depletion may depend on CT-induced migration of IEL, since it was associated with a progressive decrease of CD8(+) cells in the epithelium and a contemporary transient increase of such cells, preferentially at the base of the villi, in the lamina propria. A significant decrease in the total number of villous CD8(+) cells at 6 and 18 h after CT challenge was detected; this possibly reflects an efflux from the jejunal mucosa. The kinetics of the CD8(+) IEL demonstrate the return to normal intraepithelial position at original numbers already 72 h after the single CT dose. The induced migration seems to be dependent on the enzymatic A-subunit of CT, since challenge with neither sorbitol nor CT B-subunit did mimic the effects of CT on CD8(+) IEL. Furthermore, a decrease in the level of both RANTES transcript and protein was detected, most likely as a consequence of the CT-induced migration of CD8(+) IEL. These results point to a complex interaction between CT, epithelial cells, and IEL, resulting in a disturbance of the gut homeostasis, which might have relevance for the strong immunomodulatory effects of intragastrically administered CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Howard KE, Fisher IL, Dean GA, Jo Burkhard M. Methodology for isolation and phenotypic characterization of feline small intestinal leukocytes. J Immunol Methods 2005; 302:36-53. [PMID: 16023664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Critical assessment of intestinal immune responses requires the ability to characterize leukocytes from different anatomic locations as leukocytes from inductive sites such as Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles vary significantly from their effector counterparts, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL). This study describes (1) methods developed to isolate specific intestinal leukocyte populations with high yield and purity, (2) difficulties encountered in establishing a panel of monoclonal antibodies to assess phenotype, and (3) the phenotypic characterization of effector and inductive sites in the feline small intestine. We found that the phenotypic distribution of feline intestinal leukocytes was similar to that found in other species such as humans, macaques and mice. The majority of IEL were CD5(+) T-cells with less than 7% B-cells. CD8(+) T-cells comprised approximately 60% of the IEL with roughly half displaying CD8alphaalpha homodimers. Approximately 10% of IEL were CD4(+) T-cells. In the LPL, CD4(+) T-cells predominated at 42%, with 33% CD8(+) T-cells and 10% B-cells. As would be expected, B-cells predominated in Peyer's patches with 40% B-cells, 28% CD4(+) T-cells and 20% CD8(+) T-cells. Increased MHCII expression was found in the Peyer's patches as compared to the IEL and LPL. B7.1 expression was significantly higher in mucosal leukocyte populations as compared to organized lymphoid tissue in the periphery with expression detected on 65% of IEL and 53% of LPL. Plasma cells were found in all regions of small intestine examined with greater numbers in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Lymphoblasts were only identified in inductive tissue. In general, no differences were found between the phenotype of mucosal leukocyte populations from specific pathogen free or random source cats. However, the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) T-cells was significantly greater in both IEL and LPL from random source animals. This study provides techniques and a baseline from which future studies of the feline intestinal immune system can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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22
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Davis ME, Maxwell CV, Erf GF, Brown DC, Wistuba TJ. Dietary supplementation with phosphorylated mannans improves growth response and modulates immune function of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:1882-91. [PMID: 15217018 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8261882x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated mannans derived from the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may beneficially modulate immune function in the weanling pig, possibly providing an alternative to the use of dietary growth-promoting antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, 32 pigs averaging 19 d of age and 5.7 +/- 0.2 kg initial BW were randomly assigned to 16 pens in an environmentally controlled nursery to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with phosphorylated mannans on growth and immune function. Average daily gain and G:F ratio increased (P < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets supplemented with mannans from d 0 to 14 after weaning and in the overall experiment. Percentage of neutrophils was lower (P < 0.08) and percentage of lymphocytes was higher (P < 0.05) in blood from pigs fed mannans than when pigs were fed the basal diet. Lamina propria macrophages isolated from pigs fed diets containing mannans phagocytosed a greater (P < 0.05) number of sheep red blood cells (2.63 +/- 0.11) than did lamina propria macrophages isolated from pigs fed the basal diet (2.31 +/- 0.11). On d 19 after weaning, pigs fed diets supplemented with mannans tended to have a greater (P < 0.10) percentage of CD14+ lamina propria leukocytes than did pigs fed the basal diet. On d 21 following weaning, the percentage of CD14+MHCII+ leukocytes isolated from lamina propria tissue tended (P < 0.10) to be lower when pigs were fed mannans than when pigs were fed the basal diet. Pigs fed diets containing mannans had a lower (P < 0.05) ratio of CD3+CD4+:CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from jejunal lamina propria tissue only on d 21 after weaning compared with pigs fed the basal diet. Supplementation of mannans in the diets of weanling pigs improved gain and efficiency, and intermittently affected selected components of the young pigs' immune function both systemically and enterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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23
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Milo LA, Correa-Matos NJ, Donovan SM, Tappenden KA. Neutrophil and small intestinal lymphocyte migration after Salmonella typhimurium infection: impact of fermentable fiber. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:73-9. [PMID: 15187785 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200407000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Formula-fed infants have more episodes of acute diarrhea and intestinal infection than do breast-fed infants. Nutrient additions to infant formula that could confer some of the immune benefits of breast milk to formula-fed infants are currently under investigation. This study examined the impact of enteral formulas supplemented with fermentable substrates on small intestinal lymphocyte and neutrophil migration in piglets infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Small intestinal proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA abundance and in vitro lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 release in whole blood were assessed. METHODS Piglets were randomized to receive sow milk replacer formula supplemented with methylcellulose (control), soy polysaccharides (SPS) or fructooligosaccharides (FOS). On day 7, half of the piglets were infected with S. typhimurium. Intestinal lymphocyte, neutrophil and whole blood samples were obtained on day 14. RESULTS After infection, there was decreased lymphocyte migration in the control group but not in the SPS and FOS groups. The SPS group had greater neutrophil migration compared with the control and FOS groups, regardless of infection. Small intestinal abundance of proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA was not significantly changed by either infection or diet. Blood from the FOS group challenged with lipopolysaccharide for 2 hours exhibited decreased interleukin-6 production compared with blood from the control and SPS groups, regardless of infection. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of enteral formulas with SPS maintains the migratory function of small intestinal lymphocytes while increasing that of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Milo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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24
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León F, Roy G. Isolation of human small bowel intraepithelial lymphocytes by annexin V-coated magnetic beads. J Transl Med 2004; 84:804-9. [PMID: 15154017 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are important effector cells of the mucosal immune system and their study is hampered by the difficulty of their isolation. The molecular study of enriched samples of IEL is mandatory in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma and refractory celiac sprue. In order to isolate human small bowel IEL, we took advantage of the stress that intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) suffer during the conventional initial steps of IEL isolation, which induces their apoptosis but not that of IEL. After cell individualization by dithiothreitol and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, two-thirds of human IEC can be stained with Annexin-V due to their surface exposure of phosphatidyl serine, a sign of apoptosis. This percentage increases to 95% after performing a density gradient to enrich for IEL. This allows for the use of Annexin-V-coated magnetic beads, originally designed for the removal of dead cells from cell cultures, to obtain >95% pure, 99% viable and untouched IEL after two rounds of depletion. This simple procedure has proven useful for the isolation of human IEL for functional and molecular studies and can conceivably facilitate the diagnosis of intestinal lymphoid malignancies that rely upon the study of pure IEL preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco León
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Hagner S, Knauer J, Haberberger R, Göke B, Voigt K, McGregor GP. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor is expressed on gastrointestinal immune cells. Digestion 2003; 66:197-203. [PMID: 12592095 DOI: 10.1159/000068365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2002] [Accepted: 10/18/2002] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pharmacological and morphological studies suggest that the gut mucosal immune system and local neuropeptide-containing neurones interact. We aimed to determine whether gut immune cells are targets for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which has potent immune regulatory properties. METHODS Using density gradient centrifugation, rat lamina propria mononuclear cells (LP-MNCs) and intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were isolated. RT-PCR was employed for the detection of mRNA of rat calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), which is considered to represent the pharmacologically defined CGRP receptor-1 subtype, as well as mRNA of the receptor activity-modifying proteins, which are essential for CRLR function and determine ligand specificity. A radioreceptor assay was employed for the detection of specific CGRP binding sites. RESULTS RT-PCR and DNA sequencing showed that LP-MNCs and IELs express CRLR. Incubation of isolated LP-MNCs with radiolabelled alphaCGRP revealed the existence of specific binding sites for CGRP. CONCLUSION These novel data indicate that mucosal immune cells of the rat gut are a target for CGRP and provide significant evidence that CGRP functions as an immune regulator in the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hagner
- Institute of Physiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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26
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Hare GMT, Mazer CD, Mak W, Gorczynski RM, Hum KM, Kim SY, Wyard L, Barr A, Qu R, Baker AJ. Hemodilutional anemia is associated with increased cerebral neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:2058-67. [PMID: 12533500 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00931.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hemodilutional anemia may reduce cerebral oxygen delivery, resulting in cerebral tissue hypoxia. Increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression has been identified following cerebral hypoxia and may contribute to the compensatory increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) observed after hypoxia and anemia. However, changes in cerebral NOS gene expression have not been reported after acute anemia. This study tests the hypothesis that acute hemodilutional anemia causes cerebral tissue hypoxia, triggering changes in cerebral NOS gene expression. Anesthetized rats underwent hemodilution when 30 ml/kg of blood were exchanged with pentastarch, resulting in a final hemoglobin concentration of 51.0 +/- 1.2 g/l (n = 7 rats). Caudate tissue oxygen tension (Pbr(O(2))) decreased transiently from 17.3 +/- 4.1 to 14.4 +/- 4.1 Torr (P < 0.05), before returning to baseline after approximately 20 min. An increase in CBF may have contributed to restoring Pbr(O(2)) by improving cerebral tissue oxygen delivery. An increase in neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in the cerebral cortex of anemic rats after 3 h (P < 0.05, n = 5). A similar response was observed after exposure to hypoxia. By contrast, no increases in mRNA for endothelial NOS or interleukin-1beta were observed after anemia or hypoxia. Hemodilutional anemia caused an acute reduction in Pbr(O(2)) and an increase in cerebral cortical nNOS mRNA, supporting a role for nNOS in the physiological response to acute anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M T Hare
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada.
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27
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Rosbottom A, Knight PA, McLachlan G, Thornton EM, Wright SW, Miller HRP, Scudamore CL. Chemokine and cytokine expression in murine intestinal epithelium following Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:67-75. [PMID: 11874561 DOI: 10.1046/j.0141-9838.2001.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis results in a well characterized intestinal mastocytosis with intraepithelial migration of mucosal mast cells (MMC). The molecules mediating this response are unknown. We examined expression of several putative mast cell chemoattractants in intestinal epithelium following N. brasiliensis infection. Expression of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1alpha), RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), fractalkine, and thymocyte expressed chemokine (TECK); and the cytokines stem cell factor (SCF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), was constitutive and no alteration was detected following infection. MCP-1 expression was also constitutive but at much lower levels and increased expression was detected on days 7 and 14 postinfection. Expression of MCP-1 in whole jejunum was at much higher levels than in epithelium. Constitutive expression of MCP-1, MIP-1alpha and TGFbeta1 was also detected in cultured bone marrow-derived homologues of MMC. In an intestinal epithelial cell line (CMT-93), there was constitutive expression of SCF, TGFalpha1, fractalkine and MCP-1. The results show that, in vivo, epithelium is a potentially important source of mast cell chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbottom
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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28
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Woo JC, Roccabianca P, van Stijn A, Moore PF. Characterization of a feline homologue of the alphaE integrin subunit (CD103) reveals high specificity for intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 85:9-22. [PMID: 11867163 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of a feline homologue of the alphaE integrin (CD103), defined by two murine monoclonal antibodies, Fe7.1B8 (IgG1) and Fe7.2D8 (IgG1), are described. These antibodies recognized 75% of intra-epithelial (range 59-88%) and 40% of lamina proprial (range 28-46%) T cells of the intestinal mucosal tissue of the small intestine in contrast with approximately 2% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Both antibodies immunoprecipitated a 180 kDa protein from biotinylated feline intra-epithelial mucosal leukocytes consistent with the alphaE integrin subunit in conjunction with a 120 kDa protein consistent with the beta7 subunit. The nucleotide sequence of feline alphaE integrin, generated from molecular cloning of the feline alphaE encoding cDNA, is also reported. This feline molecule shares 72% sequence homology with human and 69% homology with murine and rat counterparts. Homology includes the presence of an X (extra) domain, that appears unique to alphaE molecules as described for human, rat and mouse, as well as areas of homology common to other alpha integrins. Of note is a typical I (inserted) domain, the presence of seven repeat regions, and highly conserved sequences in the cytoplasmic tail. Transfection studies demonstrated that both antibodies recognized an extracellular component which encompassed the X and I domains of the cloned alphaE integrin subunit. These studies demonstrate that the pattern of tissue distribution, biochemical characteristics, and cDNA sequence of the feline alphaE integrin subunit are largely similar to that described for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Woo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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29
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Waterhouse CC, Joseph RR, Winsor GL, Lacombe TA, Stadnyk AW. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Production by Intestinal Epithelial CellsIn Vitro:A Role for p38 in Epithelial Chemokine Expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:223-30. [PMID: 11359653 DOI: 10.1089/107999001750169853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) represents the first cellular barrier to infection. Consistent with this sentinel role, IEC are known to produce a variety of chemokines in response to bacterial infection or proinflammatory cytokines. These chemokines act as potent leukocyte activators and chemoattractants in vivo. In this report, we begin to characterize the regulation of expression of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the rat small intestinal IEC-18 line. Following stimulation with either interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IEC-18 cells produced MCP-1, with IL-1 proving a more effective stimulus than LPS at both the mRNA and protein levels. Expression of MCP-1 due to either stimulus was inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, prompting us to investigate potential phosphotyrosine-dependent targets responsible for MCP-1 expression. We detected activation of p38, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, following either IL-1 or LPS treatment. Specific inhibition of this kinase using the compound SB203580 caused a destabilization of MCP-1 mRNA. These data point to a role for p38 in the regulation of MCP-1 mRNA expression by the IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Waterhouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
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30
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Stadnyk AW, Dollard CD, Issekutz AC. Neutrophil migration stimulates rat intestinal epithelial cell cytokine expression during helminth infection. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.6.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew C. Issekutz
- Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Pathology, Dalhousie University, and the Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Ayer LM, Issekutz AC, Waterhouse CC, Stadnyk AW. Cytokine mRNA in the joints and draining lymph nodes of rats with adjuvant arthritis and effects of cyclosporin A. Inflammation 2000; 24:447-61. [PMID: 10921508 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007064212462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promote leukocyte recruitment to arthritic joints and may contribute to cartilage degradation while regulatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-1RA may in part determine the course of arthritis. Here we report the pattern of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-1RA, and IL-4 mRNA expression, detected by RT/PCR, in the talar joint and draining popliteal lymph node (PLN) of rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). Levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA were increased in the PLN before clinical signs of arthritis. This was followed by increases in IL-1beta and IL-1RA mRNA at d9 and IL-6 mRNA at d12. PLN IL-1RA mRNA levels were positively correlated with those of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha throughout d5-d20. IL-4 mRNA levels were highest on days 7 and 20. In the synovium, a small increase in TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA was detected on d5 then again on d12. Maximal synovial TNF-alpha levels were reached on d20, while IL-1beta peak expression was on d16 and IL-6 on d14. IL-4, IL-1RA, and IFN-gamma mRNA was undetectable in the synovium. Cyclosporin treatment for 4 days, initiated at the height of arthritis, rapidly decreased clinical disease, and decreased migration of neutrophils and T lymphocytes into the joints. Yet no significant effect of CyA was observed on inflammatory cytokine expression, although the correlation between PLN IL-1RA and IL-1beta or TNF-alpha was lost in treated animals. Thus there is a variable pattern of cytokine gene expression in rat AA, the undetectable IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA in synovium being analogous to human rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Animal
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialoglycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Tarsus, Animal/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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32
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Roccabianca P, Woo J, Moore P. Characterization of the diffuse mucosal associated lymphoid tissue of feline small intestine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 75:27-42. [PMID: 10889297 PMCID: PMC7119714 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the feline intestinal mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) will facilitate investigation of intestinal disease in the cat and promote the cat as an animal model for a range of human diseases which involve the intestinal lymphoid tissue. This includes inflammatory bowel disease, viral and non-viral associated intestinal lymphomas and immunodeficiency associated syndromes. Morphologic and phenotypic characterization of the normal small intestinal diffuse MALT in 22 SPF cats was performed using flow cytometry and cytology on isolated intestinal leukocytes from the intra-epithelial and lamina proprial compartments, as well as immunohistology on tissues from the feline duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The intra-epithelial compartment (IEC) was dominated by lymphocytes (>85%) which frequently contained intracytoplasmic granules. The most striking findings in the IEC were the elevated percentages of CD8 alpha+ lymphocytes (40%), presumed to express CD8 alpha alpha chains, and CD4-/CD8- (double negative) lymphocytes (44%), and the consistent presence of a minor subpopulation of CD3+/CD11d+ IELs (6%). Small percentages of CD4+ lymphocytes (10%) were observed such that the IEL CD4:CD8 ratio (0.25) was low. The LPC also contained a majority of T cells and few plasma cells. However, this compartment had reduced percentages of CD8 alpha+ lymphocytes (28%) and increased percentages of CD4+ lymphocytes (27%) relative to the IEC. However, the LPL CD4:CD8 ratio (1.0) remained low compared with the ratio in peripheral blood. In feline MALT, MHC class II expression was lower than in other peripheral lymphoid compartments. The results of this study provide important reference values for future investigations involving feline intestinal lymphocytes and demonstrates that the leukocyte distribution and phenotypic characteristics of the feline diffuse MALT appear largely similar to the murine, rat and human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Roccabianca
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facoltaı́ di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria n. 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - J.C. Woo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P.F. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-530-752-6611; fax: +1-530-752-3349
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33
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de Bernardis F, Santoni G, Boccanera M, Spreghini E, Adriani D, Morelli L, Cassone A. Local anticandidal immune responses in a rat model of vaginal infection by and protection against Candida albicans. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3297-304. [PMID: 10816477 PMCID: PMC97585 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3297-3304.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral (antibody [Ab]) and cellular Candida-specific immune responses in the vaginas of pseudoestrus rats were investigated during three successive infections by Candida albicans. After the first, protective infection, Abs against mannan and aspartyl proteinase antigens were present in the vaginal fluid, and their titers clearly increased during the two subsequent, rapidly healing infections. In all animals, about 65 and 10% of vaginal lymphocytes (VL) were CD3(+) (T cells) and CD3(-) CD5(+) (B cells), respectively. Two-thirds of the CD3(+) T cells expressed the alpha/beta and one-third expressed the gamma/delta T-cell receptor (TCR). This proportion slightly fluctuated during the three rounds of C. albicans infection, but no significant differences between infected and noninfected rats were found. More relevant were the changes in the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratio, particularly for cells bearing the CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor alpha) marker. In fact, a progressively increased number of both CD4(+) alpha/beta TCR and CD4(+) CD25(+) VL was observed after the second and third Candida challenges, reversing the high initial CD8(+) cell number of controls (estrogenized but uninfected rats). The CD3(-) CD5(+) cells also almost doubled from the first to the third infection. Analysis of the cytokines secreted in the vaginal fluid of Candida-infected rats showed high levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) during the first infection, followed by progressively increasing amounts of IL-2 and gamma interferon during the subsequent infections. No IL-4 or IL-5 was ever detected. During the third infection, VL with in vitro proliferative activity in response to an immunodominant mannoprotein antigen of C. albicans were present in the vaginal tissue. No response to this antigen by mitogen-responsive blood, lymph node, and spleen cells was found. In summary, the presence of protective Ab and T helper type 1 cytokines in the vaginal fluids, the in vitro proliferation of vaginal lymphocytes in response to Candida antigenic stimulation, and the increased number of activated CD4(+) cells and some special B lymphocytes after C. albicans challenge constitute good evidence for induction of locally expressed Candida-specific Ab and cellular responses which are potentially involved in anticandidal protection at the vaginal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F de Bernardis
- Department of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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34
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Winsor GL, Waterhouse CC, MacLellan RL, Stadnyk AW. Interleukin-4 and IFN-gamma differentially stimulate macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and eotaxin production by intestinal epithelial cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:299-308. [PMID: 10762077 DOI: 10.1089/107999000312432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When the intestine becomes infected by pathogenic organisms, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) respond with the production of chemokines, which then attract and activate specific subsets of leukocytes. During chronic inflammation, the panel of IEC chemokines produced likely represents the net effect of a plethora of mediators present in the milieu, including cytokines from activated T lymphocytes. To explore the influence of T lymphocyte cytokines, we treated IEC-18 cells with interferon-y (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and measured the effect on production of the CC chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and eotaxin, and the CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Both IFN-gamma and IL-4 enhanced MCP-1 mRNA levels but with different kinetics. IFN-gamma stimulated a transient increase in MCP-1 mRNA levels, which peaked at 2 h, whereas IL-4-stimulated MCP-1 mRNA levels were markedly increased at 1 h and remained elevated at all time points studied. With each stimulus, the increase in MCP-1 mRNA levels was accompanied by a steady time-dependent increase in MCP-1 secretion. In addition, treatment with IFN-gamma or IL-4 enhanced IL-1beta-stimulated MCP-1 mRNA production and protein secretion. Eotaxin mRNA was detectable in unstimulated IEC-18 cells, and IL-4 but not IFN-gamma caused a rapid enhancement in levels, which remained elevated for 24 h after treatment. Finally, IL-1beta but not IFN-gamma or IL-4 enhanced MIP-2 mRNA levels. Knowledge gained from studying the outcome of T lymphocyte-derived stimuli will help understand the complex sequence of events during chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Winsor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Masjedi M, Tivey DR, Thompson FM, Cummins AG. Activation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue with expression of interleukin-2 receptors that peaks during weaning in the rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29:556-62. [PMID: 10554123 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199911000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weaning exposes the intestinal mucosa to food and bacterial antigens at an age when the immune system is believed to be immature and functionally defective. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in activation and phenotype of immune cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue during weaning. METHODS Litters of infant rats were studied from pre- to postweaned life. The activation status, assessed by interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression, and phenotype of cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue were examined by immunostaining. RESULTS Interleukin-2 receptor expression peaked two to four-fold at midweaning (day 21) in mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunal lamina propria, Peyer's patches, and intraepithelial lymphocytes, compared with adult animals (day 70). CD45+ cells expanded in the lamina propria, epithelium, and lymphocyte-filled villi. With CD45 as the denominator, 10% to 50% of lymphocytes in the lamina propria and epithelium were alphabetaT-cell receptor (TCR)+, but the remaining cells had a null phenotype, because there were low numbers of gammadeltaTCR+ T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Natural killer cells peaked at midweaning in the lamina propria (9%) and epithelium (20%) but were less than 5% of CD45+ cells after weaning. CONCLUSIONS Rather than being immature or functionally inactive, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue reacts appropriately during weaning with expression of IL-2R and expansion of alphabetaTCR+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masjedi
- Gastroenterology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Todd D, Singh AJ, Greiner DL, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Bortell R. A new isolation method for rat intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 1999; 224:111-27. [PMID: 10357212 PMCID: PMC7127418 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play critical roles in gut immunity. In mice, gammadelta T cells are a large component of the IEL population. In the rat, gammadelta IELs are reportedly much less common, but technical issues suggest that previous analyses should be interpreted cautiously. The study of IELs in rats has been impeded by isolation procedures that are lengthy and complex, leading to small cell yields. For this reason, it is possible that rat IELs analyzed in previous studies have not been representative of the entire IEL compartment. We report a new method for the isolation of rat IELs that is based on the selective removal of intestinal epithelial cells under conditions that leave the basement membrane undisturbed. The method is rapid and requires neither enzymatic digestion, nor surgical removal of Peyer's patches, nor vigorous mechanical manipulation of the intestine. The yield of rat IELs using this method is 5- to 10-fold greater than that reported for other methods. Morphological and phenotypic analyses demonstrated that the purified cell population is comprised of IELs and is not contaminated with lamina propria or Peyer's patch lymphocytes. Phenotypic analysis revealed five major subsets of IELs based on differential cell surface expression of CD4, CD8, and alphabeta T cell receptor (TcR). Among the alphabetaTcR- cells was a population of gammadelta T cells present at levels not previously detected. The isolation of IEL sub-populations using this methodology should facilitate studies of the function of these cells in gut immunity.
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MESH Headings
- ADP Ribose Transferases
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- CD4 Antigens/classification
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/classification
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Epithelial Cells/classification
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Histocompatibility Antigens/classification
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/classification
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocytes/classification
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Povidone
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Silicon Dioxide
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rita Bortell
- Corresponding author. Division of Diabetes, Biotech 2, Suite 218, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Tel.: +1-508-856-3800; Fax: +1-508-856-4093; E-mail:
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37
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Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells have been shown to produce IL-1beta in vivo. This gene expression is rapid and precedes most determinants of inflammation, suggesting a pivotal role for IL-1beta in the early events leading to inflammation. To better understand the mechanisms leading to this IL-1beta production, we have developed an in vitro model system employing a nontransformed intestinal epithelial cell line that does not constitutively express IL-1beta. Following detachment, these cells rapidly expressed IL-1beta mRNA. This expression was enhanced, but not induced, by LPS. IL-1beta protein was detected by immunoprecipitation in the culture medium from passaged IEC-18 but not intracellularly, suggesting an efficient secretion of the molecule following induction. Interestingly, culture supernatants from passaged cells were without IL-1 bioactivity, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor as well. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed expression of IL-1RII by IEC-18 following detachment, possibly explaining the observed lack of bioactivity. These results indicate a novel pathway for IL-1beta production and suggest that proinflammatory effects of IEC-derived IL-1 may be modulated by the simultaneous production of IL-1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Waterhouse
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 3G9, Canada
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38
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Wang CH, Richards EM, Bell RG. Rapid anti-helminthic response of B lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosal tissues of rats. Cell Immunol 1999; 193:59-70. [PMID: 10202113 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
B cell response to Trichinella spiralis (Ts) adult antigen (Ag) was studied in rats 1-20 days postinfection. B cell recoveries from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP), thoracic duct lymph (TDL), and the spleen were determined by FACS analysis and Ag-specific antibody-producing cells (Ab-pc) in these tissues were enumerated using the immunoplaque assay. Total B cell numbers increased 2-70 times from day 3 postinfection in the MLN and TDL obtained from MLN-resected rats (MX) and such proliferation was not found in the PP or the spleen. Ab-pc of all isotypes increased from day 3 in the MLN and from day 2 in the MX-TDL. Among all isotypes, IgE- and IgG1-pc showed the strongest response. Immunofluorescence study revealed that these B cells were activated in the non-PP region of the small intestine. These results indicate an early isotype switch to IgG1 and IgE production in Ts-infected small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, California, 92407, USA
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39
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Carr RI, Zhou J, Kearsey JA, Stadnyk AW, Lee TD. Prolongation of survival of primary renal allografts by feeding of donor spleen cells. Transplantation 1998; 66:976-82. [PMID: 9808478 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199810270-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have found that feeding Brown Norway (BN) rat spleen cells to Lewis rats prior to transplanting BN kidneys prolongs allograft survival (mean: 8.8 days in unfed rats, 21 days in the BN cell-fed rats; longest survival: 11 days without allo-feeding vs. 37 days with feeding). We have also found that feeding BN cells both before and after transplantation further extends survival (mean: 38 days; longest survival: 105 days). We also examined the cells infiltrating the grafts during the early stages of the allograft response (day 5). Using flow cytometry, we found a significant decrease in the number of leukocytes infiltrating the transplanted kidneys of fed animals. This decrease was mainly due to a drop in the number of infiltrating T cells. We also found that cytokine mRNA production by the graft-infiltrating lymphocytes, assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, showed a significant increase in interleukin-4 and transforming-growth factor-beta mRNA in the graft-infiltrating lymphocytes of fed animals compared with the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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40
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Smit-McBride Z, Mattapallil JJ, Villinger F, Ansari AA, Dandekar S. Intracellular cytokine expression in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from intestinal mucosa of simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques. J Med Primatol 1998; 27:129-40. [PMID: 9747954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) from jejunum of SIV infected animals were examined for alterations in basal cytokine expression by RT-PCR. Remarkable changes in IFNgamma and IL-10 RNA levels were observed in IEL and LPL in SIV infection while IL-4 and IL-2 RNA levels remained unaltered. In addition, the CD4+ and CD8+ LPL were examined for intracellular cytokine production following mitogenic activation by flowcytometry. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in intestinal mucosa retained the potential to produce IFNgamma in response to mitogenic stimulation in vitro, without a remarkable change in IL-4 production. The dominant IFNgamma cytokine response could be one of the major contributing factors in SIV associated enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Smit-McBride
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis 95616, USA
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41
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Abstract
The expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on rat intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNCs) were examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. As expected, MLNCs contain eight small populations of CD4+ class II MHC+ T-cells in addition to classical antigen presenting cells. In contrast, rat IELs include a significant population of class II MHC+ T-cells, predominantly in the CD8+ CD4-alpha beta TCR+ subset. IEL samples with a relatively high percentage of class II MHC+ cells also include some CD4+ class II MHC+ cells; IEL samples with a low percentage of class II MHC+ cells also include some CD4- CD8- class II MHC+ cells. The role of lymphocyte subpopulations in the intestinal epithelium may need to be revisited in consideration of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kearsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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42
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Stadnyk AW, Kearsey JA. Pattern of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during Trichinella spiralis infection of the rat. Infect Immun 1996; 64:5138-43. [PMID: 8945557 PMCID: PMC174499 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.5138-5143.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis occupies an intramulticellular niche in the small intestinal epithelium, and thus we examined the intestine and gut-associated tissues for proinflammatory cytokines during the infection. We document the patterns of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression in the duodenum, jejunum, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and liver in T. spiralis-infected rats. By reverse transcription-PCR detection of mRNAs, IL-1beta was found increased in the jejunum but only on day 2. The jejunal IL-1beta increase was attributed to the epithelium by isolating epithelial cells and then depleting them of intraepithelial lymphocytes prior to analysis. The only cytokine for which mRNA was substantially increased in tissues later in infection was tumor necrosis factor alpha in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the mesenteric lymph node. In fact mRNA levels for some cytokines declined below uninfected levels in some organs during the infection. IL-1 may be important in the initiation of the intestinal inflammatory response to this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stadnyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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