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Gao D, Gao X, Yang F, Wang Q. Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158158. [PMID: 35897734 PMCID: PMC9332175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that immunological disease progression is closely related to abnormal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory synovitis-based systemic immune disease of unknown etiology. In addition to joint pathological damage, RA has been linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities, including depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in life. Immune cells and their secreted immune factors will stimulate the peripheral and central neuronal systems that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The understanding of autoimmune diseases has largely advanced insights into the molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interaction. Here, we review our current understanding of CNS comorbidities and potential physiological mechanisms in patients with RA, with a focus on the complex and diverse regulation of mood and distinct patterns of peripheral immune activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. And in our review, we also discussed the role that has been played by peripheral neurons and CNS in terms of neuron mechanisms in RA immune challenges, and the related neuron-immune crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Gao
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen 518036, China;
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen 518036, China;
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.W.)
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Hwang DDJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. The Role of Neuropeptides in Pathogenesis of Dry Dye. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4248. [PMID: 34575359 PMCID: PMC8471988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are known as important mediators between the nervous and immune systems. Recently, the role of the corneal nerve in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, has been highlighted. Neuropeptides are thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as suggested by the well-known role between the nervous and immune systems, and several recently published studies have elucidated the previously unknown pathogenic mechanisms involved in the role of the neuropeptides secreted from the corneal nerves in dry eye disease. Here, we reviewed the emerging concept of neurogenic inflammation as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease, the recent results of related studies, and the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
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Preoperative and perioperative intervention reduces the risk of recurrence of endometriosis in mice caused by either incomplete excision or spillage and dissemination. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:379-393. [PMID: 34330642 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can preoperative or perioperative intervention reduce the risk of recurrence of endometriosis caused by either incomplete excision or spillage and dissemination? DESIGN A mouse model of endometriosis recurrence caused by spillage and dissemination was first established using 24 female Balb/c mice. The spillage and dissemination model was used to test the efficacy of preoperative use of ketorolac, perioperative use of aprepitant and combined use of propranolol and andrographolide in a prospective, randomized mouse experiment involving 75 mice. The efficacy of these preoperative and perioperative interventions in a mouse recurrence model caused by incomplete excision was also tested using 72 mice. In all experiments, the baseline body weight and hotplate latency of all mice were measured and recorded before the induction of endometriosis, before the primary surgery and before sacrifice. In addition, all lesions were excised, weighed and processed for quantification and immunohistochemistry analysis of E-cadherin, α-SMA, VEGF, ADRB2 and putative markers of recurrence PR-B, p-p65, as well as Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS All interventions substantially and significantly suppressed the outgrowth of endometriotic lesions and reduced the risk of recurrence caused by either spillage and dissemination or incomplete excision (P = 0.0007 to 0.042). These interventions also significantly attenuated the generalized hyperalgesia, inhibited the staining of α-SMA, p-p65, VEGF and ADRB2 but increased staining of E-cadherin and PR-B, resulting in reduced fibrosis. CONCLUSION Given the excellent safety profiles of these drugs, these data strongly suggest that preoperative and perioperative intervention may potentially reduce the risk of endometriosis recurrence effectively.
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Kant V, Mahapatra PS, Gupta V, Bag S, Gopalakrishnan A, Kumar D, Kumar D. Substance P, a Neuropeptide, Promotes Wound Healing via Neurokinin-1 Receptor. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2021; 22:291-297. [PMID: 33856252 DOI: 10.1177/15347346211004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), an endogenous neuropeptide, mediates intracellular signaling, mainly through a tachykinin receptor. The tachykinin receptors family consists of neurokinin-1 (NK-1), neurokinin-2 (NK-2), and neurokinin-3 receptors. Our previous studies on SP have shown its wound healing potentials. But the exact mechanism of wound healing by SP is not exactly known. In view of this, the present study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro wound healing effect of SP alone and in the presence of NK-1, NK-2, and both receptor antagonists. Scratch assay, transwell assay, and tumor growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) assay were performed on buffalo fetal fibroblast culture. The cotreatment of fibroblast cultures with SP alone during the 24 h caused the significant proliferation and migrations of cells in both horizontal and vertical directions. The SP in the presence of spantide II (NK-1 antagonist) failed to stimulate this migration. The treatment of cells with SP in the presence of NK-2 antagonist treatment also showed a significant reduction of migration of cells with respect to SP treatment alone. The SP in the presence of both NK-1 and NK-2 antagonists failed to stimulate the horizontal migration of cells and most of the ineffectiveness of SP was observed in this combination. The TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in the supernatants of cells that were exposed to SP alone. All other treatments have significantly lower TGF-β1 levels than SP alone treatment. It is concluded that different actions on fibroblast cells by SP were mainly mediated through the NK-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30072Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., India.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, COVS, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Puspendra S Mahapatra
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India
| | - Vijayta Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, 29074University of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sadhan Bag
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India
| | - Anu Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30072Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30072Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30072Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., India
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Gong Y, Li N, Lv Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yang T, Wang H, Zhao X, Chen Z, Dou B, Chen B, Guo Y, Guo Y, Xu Z. The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints-initiation of acupuncture effectiveness. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:189-198. [PMID: 32645257 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0420-361rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is a centuried and unfading treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to exert curative effects on various disorders. Numerous works have been put in to uncover the effective mechanisms of acupuncture. And the interdependent interaction between acupuncture and acupoint microenvironment is a crucial topic. As a benign minimally invasive stimulation, the insertion and manipulation of needle at acupoint could cause deformation of local connective tissue and secretion of various molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 and ATP. The molecules are secreted into extracellular space and bind to the corresponding receptors thus active NF-κB, MAPK, ERK pathways on mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, among others. This is supposed to trigger following transcription and translation of immune factors and neural active substance, as well as promote the free ion movement (such as Ca2+ influx) and the expansion of blood vessels to recruit more immune cells to acupoint. Finally, acupuncture could enhance network connectivity of local microenvironment at acupoints. The earlier mentioned substances further act on a variety of receptors in local nerve endings, transmitting electrical and biochemical signals to the CNS, and giving full play to the acupuncture action. In conclusion, we portrayed a neuro-immune microenvironment network of acupoints that medicates the acupuncture action, and would lay a foundation for the systematic study of the complex network relationship of acupoints in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Gong
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningcen Li
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongxi Lv
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Municipal Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Changzhi City, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Guo
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
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Adenomyosis in mice resulting from mechanically or thermally induced endometrial–myometrial interface disruption and its possible prevention. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:925-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Xu Y, Xia M, Chen T, Yang Y, Fu G, Ji P, Wu Q. Inferior alveolar nerve transection disturbs innate immune responses and bone healing after tooth extraction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1448:52-64. [PMID: 31095746 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Xu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Mengnan Xia
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Tao Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Yao Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Gang Fu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education Chongqing China
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Vaickus M, Hsieh T, Kintsurashvili E, Kim J, Kirsch D, Kasotakis G, Remick DG. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Beneficially Alters Lung NK1R and Structural Protein Expression to Enhance Survival after Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:295-307. [PMID: 30472211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in a murine model increases survival to a bacterial pulmonary challenge compared with blunt tail trauma (TT). We hypothesize substance P and its receptor, the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R; official name TACR1), play a role in the increased survival of mTBI mice. Mice were subjected to mTBI or TT, and 48 hours after trauma, the levels of NK1R mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated in mTBI lungs. Examination of the lung 48 hours after injury by microarray showed significant differences in the expression of 433 gene sets between groups, most notably genes related to intercellular proteins. Despite down-regulated gene expression of connective proteins, the presence of an intact pulmonary vasculature was supported by normal histology and bronchoalveolar lavage protein levels. To determine whether these mTBI-induced lung changes benefited in vivo responses, two chemotactic stimuli (a CXCL1 chemokine and a live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection) were administered 48 hours after trauma. For both stimuli, mTBI mice recruited more neutrophils to the lung 4 hours after instillation (CXCL1: mTBI = 6.3 ± 1.3 versus TT = 3.3 ± 0.7 neutrophils/mL; Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mTBI = 9.4 ± 1.4 versus TT = 5.3 ± 1.1 neutrophils/mL). This study demonstrates that the downstream consequences of mTBI on lung NK1R levels and connective protein expression enhance neutrophil recruitment to a stimulus that may contribute to increased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Vaickus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Terry Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ekaterina Kintsurashvili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Kirsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George Kasotakis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel G Remick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Substance P enhances microglial density in the substantia nigra through neurokinin-1 receptor/NADPH oxidase-mediated chemotaxis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26223840 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of microglia varies greatly throughout the brain. The substantia nigra (SN) contains the highest density of microglia among different brain regions. However, the mechanism underlying this uneven distribution remains unclear. Substance P (SP) is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide with high concentrations in the SN. We recently demonstrated that SP can regulate nigral microglial activity. In the present study, we further investigated the involvement of SP in modulating nigral microglial density in postnatal developing mice. Nigral microglial density was quantified in wild-type (WT) and SP-deficient mice from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. SP was detected at high levels in the SN as early as P1 and microglial density did not peak until around P30 in WT mice. SP-deficient mice (TAC1(-/-)) had a significant reduction in nigral microglial density. No differences in the ability of microglia to proliferate were observed between TAC1(-/-) and WT mice, suggesting that SP may alter microglial density through chemotaxic recruitment. SP was confirmed to dose-dependently attract microglia using a trans-well culture system. Mechanistic studies revealed that both the SP receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and the superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) were necessary for SP-mediated chemotaxis in microglia. Furthermore, genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of NK1R or NOX2 attenuated SP-induced microglial migration. Finally, protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) was recognized to couple SP/NK1R-mediated NOX2 activation. Altogether, we found that SP partly accounts for the increased density of microglia in the SN through chemotaxic recruitment via a novel NK1R-NOX2 axis-mediated pathway.
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McMahon SB, Russa FL, Bennett DLH. Crosstalk between the nociceptive and immune systems in host defence and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:389-402. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Corrigan F, Vink R, Turner RJ. Inflammation in acute CNS injury: a focus on the role of substance P. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:703-15. [PMID: 25827155 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of reports have shown that neurogenic inflammation may play a role in the secondary injury response following acute injury to the CNS, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. In particular substance P (SP) release appears to be critically involved. Specifically, the expression of the neuropeptide SP is increased in acute CNS injury, with the magnitude of SP release being related to both the frequency and magnitude of the insult. SP release is associated with an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability and the development of vasogenic oedema as well as neuronal injury and worse functional outcome. Moreover, inhibiting the actions of SP through use of a NK1 receptor antagonist is highly beneficial in both focal and diffuse models of TBI, as well as in ischaemic stroke, with a therapeutic window of up to 12 h. We propose that NK1 receptor antagonists represent a novel therapeutic option for treatment of neurogenic inflammation following acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corrigan
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R Vink
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R J Turner
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Denervation protects limbs from inflammatory arthritis via an impact on the microvasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11419-24. [PMID: 25049388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410854111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-way communication between the mammalian nervous and immune systems is increasingly recognized and appreciated. An intriguing example of such crosstalk comes from clinical observations dating from the 1930s: Patients who suffer a stroke and then develop rheumatoid arthritis atypically present with arthritis on only one side, the one not afflicted with paralysis. Here we successfully modeled hemiplegia-induced protection from arthritis using the K/BxN serum-transfer system, focused on the effector phase of inflammatory arthritis. Experiments entailing pharmacological inhibitors, genetically deficient mouse strains, and global transcriptome analyses failed to associate the protective effect with a single nerve quality (i.e., with the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or sensory nerves). Instead, there was clear evidence that denervation had a long-term effect on the limb microvasculature: The rapid and joint-localized vascular leak that typically accompanies and promotes serum-transferred arthritis was compromised in denervated limbs. This defect was reflected in the transcriptome of endothelial cells, the expression of several genes impacting vascular leakage or transendothelial cell transmigration being altered in denervated limbs. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated pathway to dissect and eventually target in inflammatory arthritis.
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Kant V, Gopal A, Kumar D, Bag S, Kurade NP, Kumar A, Tandan SK, Kumar D. Topically applied substance P enhanced healing of open excision wound in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:345-53. [PMID: 23684543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significant social and financial burden due to wounds need newer drugs/formulations to speed up the healing process. Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, is associated with release of various cytokines and growth factors from inflammatory, epithelial and endothelial cells. In the present study, temporal effects of topically applied SP (10(-7)M in normal saline) were evaluated in the modulation of various cytokines and growth factors that participate in cutaneous wound healing. Gross examination of full thickness open excision wound in rats revealed that once daily topical application of SP significantly increased the wound closure, as compared to control group. SP treatment significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and decreased interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels on day 3. On the contrary, on day 7 level of TNF-α decreased and that of IL-10 increased. The mRNA and protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) increased on days 3 and 7, and decreased on day 14 in SP-treated wounds. Histopathological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin stained wound sections showed that SP treatment produced increased early leukocytes infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. Results of the present study demonstrate that topical application of SP enhanced wound healing by modulating cytokines, growth factors and cells. Based on the results, it is suggested that SP could be of beneficial use in diabetic wounds where levels of VEGF, TGF-β1 and SP decrease along with impairment of inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, U.P., India
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Abstract
The peripheral nervous system takes an active part in inflammatory processes by regulating effector cell function and reallocation of energy to the immune system. During acute inflammation, rapid neuronal reorganization and change of activity takes place. The hallmarks of this process are an increase in systemic sympathetic activity, a decrease in systemic parasympathetic activity and loss of sympathetic nerve fibres from sites of inflammation concomitant with increased innervation with sensory nerve fibres and increased sensory nerve fibre activity. On a systemic level, the increase in sympathetic activity (and decrease in parasympathetic activity) is necessary to provide enough energy to nourish the activated immune system. In locally inflamed tissue, the decrease in sympathetic nerve fibre density results in reduced anti-inflammatory signalling and, together with neuropeptides released from sensory nerve fibres, promotes local inflammation. In acute inflammation, this 'inflammatory configuration' of the peripheral nervous system favours the rapid clearance of antigenic threats. However, in chronic autoimmune inflammation, these changes of the peripheral nervous system lead to an unfavourable situation with ongoing energy reallocation and continuous local destruction. As an example of a chronic inflammatory condition, we discuss evidence for neuroimmune regulation in autoimmune arthritis with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system.
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Grassin-Delyle S, Naline E, Buenestado A, Risse PA, Sage E, Advenier C, Devillier P. Expression and function of human hemokinin-1 in human and guinea pig airways. Respir Res 2010; 11:139. [PMID: 20929541 PMCID: PMC2959027 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human hemokinin-1 (hHK-1) and endokinins are peptides of the tachykinin family encoded by the TAC4 gene. TAC4 and hHK-1 expression as well as effects of hHK-1 in the lung and airways remain however unknown and were explored in this study. Methods RT-PCR analysis was performed on human bronchi to assess expression of tachykinin and tachykinin receptors genes. Enzyme immunoassay was used to quantify hHK-1, and effects of hHK-1 and endokinins on contraction of human and guinea pig airways were then evaluated, as well as the role of hHK-1 on cytokines production by human lung parenchyma or bronchi explants and by lung macrophages. Results In human bronchi, expression of the genes that encode for hHK-1, tachykinin NK1-and NK2-receptors was demonstrated. hHK-1 protein was found in supernatants from explants of human bronchi, lung parenchyma and lung macrophages. Exogenous hHK-1 caused a contractile response in human bronchi mainly through the activation of NK2-receptors, which blockade unmasked a NK1-receptor involvement, subject to a rapid desensitization. In the guinea pig trachea, hHK-1 caused a concentration-dependant contraction mainly mediated through the activation of NK1-receptors. Endokinin A/B exerted similar effects to hHK-1 on both human bronchi and guinea pig trachea, whereas endokinins C and D were inactive. hHK-1 had no impact on the production of cytokines by explants of human bronchi or lung parenchyma, or by human lung macrophages. Conclusions We demonstrate endogenous expression of TAC4 in human bronchi, the encoded peptide hHK-1 being expressed and involved in contraction of human and guinea pig airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratory of pulmonary pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, Suresnes, France.
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Khattak MJ, Ahmad T, Rehman R, Umer M, Hasan SH, Ahmed M. Muscle healing and nerve regeneration in a muscle contusion model in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 92:894-9. [PMID: 20513892 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b6.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is known to be involved in inflammation and repair. We aimed to determine the effect of physical activity on the healing of a muscle injury and to examine the pattern of innervation. Using a drop-ball technique, a contusion was produced in the gastrocnemius in 20 rats. In ten the limb was immobilised in a plaster cast and the remaining ten had mobilisation on a running wheel. The muscle and the corresponding dorsal-root ganglia were studied by histological and immunohistochemical methods. In the mobilisation group, there was a significant reduction in lymphocytes (p = 0.016), macrophages (p = 0.008) and myotubules (p = 0.008) between three and 21 days. The formation of myotubules and the density of nerve fibres was significantly higher (both p = 0.016) compared with those in the immobilisation group at three days, while the density of CGRP-positive fibres was significantly lower (p = 0.016) after 21 days. Mobilisation after contusional injury to the muscle resulted in early and increased formation of myotubules, early nerve regeneration and progressive reduction in inflammation, suggesting that it promoted a better healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Khattak
- University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, UK
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Scott JR, Tamura RN, Muangman P, Isik FF, Xie C, Gibran NS. Topical substance P increases inflammatory cell density in genetically diabetic murine wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:529-33. [PMID: 18638272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is a known inflammatory mediator released from cutaneous peripheral nerve terminals. SP effects on cellular composition in the cutaneous response to injury remain unclear. Based on our previous observations about SP effects on wound repair, we hypothesized that topical SP increases inflammatory cell density infiltration early after injury. A full-thickness 1.5 x 1.5 cm(2) wound was created on the dorsum of 8-9-week-old C57BL/6J-m+Lepr(db) mice (db/db). Wounds were treated daily with 300 muL of either normal saline (0.9% NaCl) or 10(-9) M SP for 7 days. Three wounds from each group were harvested at 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Samples underwent enzymatic digestion and were incubated with fluorescent-labeled antibodies. Using flow cytometry, cellular content and density for each sample was derived. Masson Trichrome stained histology specimens were prepared to confirm results. Cell density in the SP-treated wounds (11.3 x 10(7) cells/g tissue, standard deviation [SD]+/-1.5 x 10(7)) was greater than in NaCl-treated wounds (7 x 10(7) cells/g tissue, SD+/-2.3 x 10(7), p<0.05) at day 7 postwounding. SP significantly increased the density of leukocytes (2.1 x 10(7), SD +/-3.6 x 10(6) vs. 1.8 x 10(7), SD+/-4.9 x 10(5), p<0.02) 3 days after wounding and the density of macrophages (2.9 x 10(7), SD+/-7.5 x 10(6) vs. 1.3 x 10(7), SD+/-1.4 x 10(6), p<0.05) 7 days after wounding. There were no significant differences in endothelial cell, leukocyte, or macrophage density at later time points. Topical SP treatment increases early inflammatory density in the healing wounds of db/db mice. These data support a role for nerve-mediated inflammation in cutaneous wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Scott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Asthma. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7120610 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asthma has been recognized as a disease since the earliest times. In the Corpus Hippocraticum, Hippocrates used the term “ασθμα” to indicate any form of breathing difficulty manifesting itself by panting. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a well-known Greek physician (second century A.D.), is credited with providing the first detailed description of an asthma attack [13], and to Celsus it was a disease with wheezing and noisy, violent breathing. In the history of Rome, we find many members of the Julio-Claudian family affected with probable atopic respiratory disorders: Caesar Augustus suffered from bronchoconstriction, seasonal rhinitis as well as a highly pruritic skin disease. Claudius suffered from rhinoconjunctivitis and Britannicus was allergic to horse dander [529]. Maimonides (1136–1204) warned that to neglect treatment of asthma could prove fatal, whereas until the 19th century, European scholars defined it as “nervous asthma,” a term that was given to mean a defect of conductivity of the ninth pair of cranial nerves.
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Rook JM, McCarson KE. Delay of cutaneous wound closure by morphine via local blockade of peripheral tachykinin release. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:752-7. [PMID: 17632084 PMCID: PMC1997302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Topically applied morphine is routinely used to alleviate pain in cutaneous wounds such as burns and pressure sores. Evidence suggests the topical administration of exogenous opioid drugs may impair wound closure. This study examined the effects of topical morphine on a standardized model of cutaneous wound healing in the rat. Full-thickness 4mm diameter circular skin flaps were excised from the intrascapular region of male Sprague-Dawley rats. IntraSite Gel infused with either morphine-sulfate, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) or neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptor antagonists, substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), SP+morphine-sulfate, or NKA+morphine-sulfate was applied to the wound twice daily. Results demonstrated a significant overall delay in the time course of wound contraction in morphine-treated animals when compared with gel-only treated controls. The delay in wound contraction seen in morphine-treated animals increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Topical application of NK-1 or NK-2 receptor antagonists mimicked the effects of morphine in delaying wound closure, suggesting topical opioids impair wound closure via the inhibition of SP and NKA release peripherally into the healing wound. Additionally, no significant delays in closure were seen in rats receiving morphine combined with SP or NKA, demonstrating the ability of each neuropeptide to attenuate the effects of morphine in delaying wound closure and restore normal wound closure rates. The combination of SP or NKA and morphine-sulfate for wound therapy may provide local analgesia while maintaining normal closure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Prushik SG, Aarons CB, Matteotti R, Reed KL, Gower AC, Leeman SE, Stucchi AF, Becker JM. A neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist decreases adhesion reformation after laparoscopic lysis of adhesions in a rat model of adhesion formation. Surg Endosc 2007; 21:1790-5. [PMID: 17356938 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 94% of patients experience fibrous adhesions after abdominal surgery, and a significant number of these patients require a second operation for open or laparoscopic lysis of adhesions (LOA). The authors have previously shown that inhibition of the binding of tachykinin ligands to the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) using the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist (NK-1RA) CJ-12,255 decreases primary adhesion formation and upregulates the peritoneal fibrinolytic system in a rat model. Whereas most studies have focused on the prevention of primary adhesions, few have addressed adhesion reformation after LOA. This study aimed to determine the effects of NK-1RA administration on adhesion reformation and peritoneal fibrinolytic activity after laparoscopic LOA. METHODS Adhesions were induced in 31 rats using our previously described ischemic button model. The rats underwent laparoscopy 7 days later, during which adhesions were scored and lysed followed by administration of the NK-1RA or saline. Then 7 days after LOA, 23 rats were killed and adhesions were scored. Eight rats also were killed 24 h after the LOA to obtain peritoneal tissue and fluid, which were analyzed for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA expression and peritoneal fibrinolytic activity by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and bioassay, respectively. RESULTS At laparoscopy, 79% +/- 3% of the buttons formed adhesions. In the saline-administered control animals, 42% +/- 3.2% of the buttons reformed adhesions after LOA (p < 0.05), whereas in the animals that received the NK-1RA, 18.2% +/- 3.5% of the buttons reformed adhesions (p < 0.05). As compared with control animals, NK-1RA administration increased tPA mRNA levels by 38% and fibrinolytic activity sixfold (p < 0.05; 7.0 +/- 2.1 U/ml vs 1.2 +/- 0.54 U/ml). CONCLUSIONS When administered during laparoscopic LOA, an NK-1RA significantly upregulates peritoneal fibrinolytic activity and decreases adhesion reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Prushik
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton street, C500, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M. Neuronal Control of Skin Function: The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine Organ. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1309-79. [PMID: 17015491 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous biology and disease. During the last few years, a modern concept of an interactive network between cutaneous nerves, the neuroendocrine axis, and the immune system has been established. We learned that neurocutaneous interactions influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions, including cell growth, immunity, inflammation, pruritus, and wound healing. This interaction is mediated by primary afferent as well as autonomic nerves, which release neuromediators and activate specific receptors on many target cells in the skin. A dense network of sensory nerves releases neuropeptides, thereby modulating inflammation, cell growth, and the immune responses in the skin. Neurotrophic factors, in addition to regulating nerve growth, participate in many properties of skin function. The skin expresses a variety of neurohormone receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins that are tightly involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. This neurohormone-receptor interaction is modulated by endopeptidases, which are able to terminate neuropeptide-induced inflammatory or immune responses. Neuronal proteinase-activated receptors or transient receptor potential ion channels are recently described receptors that may have been important in regulating neurogenic inflammation, pain, and pruritus. Together, a close multidirectional interaction between neuromediators, high-affinity receptors, and regulatory proteases is critically involved to maintain tissue integrity and regulate inflammatory responses in the skin. A deeper understanding of cutaneous neuroimmunoendocrinology may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of several skin diseases.
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Vera-Portocarrero L, Westlund KN. Role of neurogenic inflammation in pancreatitis and pancreatic pain. Neurosignals 2006; 14:158-65. [PMID: 16215298 PMCID: PMC2766588 DOI: 10.1159/000087654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain arising from pancreatic diseases can become chronic and difficult to treat. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that sensitize neural pathways that transmit noxious information from visceral organs. In this review, neurogenic inflammation is presented as a possible amplifier of the noxious signal from peripheral organs including the pancreas. The nerve pathways that transmit pancreatic pain are also reviewed as a conduit of the amplified signals. It is likely that components of these visceral pain pathways can also be sensitized after neurogenic inflammation.
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Scott A, Khan KM, Roberts CR, Cook JL, Duronio V. What do we mean by the term "inflammation"? A contemporary basic science update for sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 2005; 38:372-80. [PMID: 15155453 PMCID: PMC1724810 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.011312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most practicing sports medicine clinicians refer to the concept of "inflammation" many times a day when diagnosing and treating acute and overuse injuries. What is meant by this term? Is it a "good" or a "bad" process? The major advances in the understanding of inflammation in recent years are summarised, and some clinical implications of the contemporary model of inflammation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scott
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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24
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Scott JR, Muangman PR, Tamura RN, Zhu KQ, Liang Z, Anthony J, Engrav LH, Gibran NS. Substance P Levels and Neutral Endopeptidase Activity in Acute Burn Wounds and Hypertrophic Scar. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115:1095-102. [PMID: 15793451 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000156151.54042.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P, a cutaneous neuroinflammatory mediator released from peripheral nerves, plays a role in responses to injury. Neutral endopeptidase is a cell membrane-bound metallopeptidase enzyme that regulates substance P activity. The question of substance P involvement in hypertrophic scar development has been based on observations that hypertrophic scars have increased numbers of nerves. The authors hypothesized that hypertrophic scar has greater substance P levels and decreased neutral endopeptidase activity compared with uninjured skin and acute partial-thickness burns, which may contribute to an exuberant response to injury. METHODS The authors obtained small skin samples of deep partial-thickness burns (n = 7; postburn days 7 to 78) and uninjured skin (n = 14) from patients (eight male patients and six female patients; 2 to 71 years old) undergoing burn wound excision. Hypertrophic scar samples were obtained from six patients (three male patients and three female patients; 8 to 47 years old) undergoing surgical excision 13 to 64 months after burn injury. Protein concentrations were determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay. Substance P concentration was determined by means of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutral endopeptidase activity was measured using an enzymatic assay that quantifies a fluorescent degradation product, methoxy-2-naphthylamine (MNA). Substance P and neutral endopeptidase data were standardized to sample weight. RESULTS Substance P levels were greater in hypertrophic scar (3506 pg/g) compared with uninjured skin (1698 pg/g; p < 0.03) and burned skin (958 pg/g; p < 0.01). Hypertrophic scar samples had decreased neutral endopeptidase enzyme activity (8.8 pM MNA/hour/microg) compared with normal skin (16.3 pM MNA/hour/microg; p < 0.05). Acute burn wounds (27.9 pM MNA/hour/microg) demonstrated increased neutral endopeptidase enzyme activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased substance P concentration in hypertrophic scar correlates with histologic findings of increased nerve numbers in hypertrophic scar samples. Decreased neutral endopeptidase enzyme activity in hypertrophic scar may contribute to increased available substance P that may result in an exuberant neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Scott
- Department of Surgery and the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash, USA
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Entschladen F, Drell TL, Palm D, Bastian P, Potthoff S, Zänker KS, Lang K. A comparative review on leukocyte and tumor cell migration with regard to the regulation by serpentine receptor ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200400036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Feistritzer C, Clausen J, Sturn DH, Djanani A, Gunsilius E, Wiedermann CJ, Kähler CM. Natural killer cell functions mediated by the neuropeptide substance P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 116:119-26. [PMID: 14599723 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) can modulate a number of immunological functions in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated if SP boosts migration and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, thus providing a further link between "innate immunity" and neurogenic inflammatory processes like asthma bronchiale. We demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of SP on natural killer cell migration with a maximal response at 10(-8) M SP. SP was shown to stimulate unstimulated as well as interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated natural killer cells. Stimulation of natural killer cell migration was neurokinin-1 receptor dependent. Furthermore, mRNA encoding the neurokinin-1 receptor was demonstrated as being present in natural killer cells using RT-PCR while mRNA of the neurokinin-2 receptor was not detectable. Additionally, SP seems to influence specific cytotoxicity against Raji and K567 effector cells by a receptor-independent mechanism. In conclusion, our data indicate that functionally active neurokinin-1 receptors can be expressed by human natural killer cells. Substance P might therefore be a novel link between neural structures and innate immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Neurokinin A/genetics
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/metabolism
- Substance P/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Feistritzer
- Intensive Care Unit, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ohmori K, Adachi K, Manabe H, Harada D, Ohshima E. [Recent development of new drugs for the treatment of allergic diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2004; 123:335-48. [PMID: 15118258 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.123.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and dermallergosis, efforts at the discovery of novel and effective medications for prevention and treatment of these conditions have been reinforced. Recently, it has been recognized that these allergic diseases are a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower and upper airways and skin. In this article, we reviewed the recent development of the following new antiallergic therapies: anti-Th2 cytokine antibodies, decoy receptors, receptor antibodies, anti-IgE antibodies, anti-cell adhesion molecules antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, keratinocyte modulators, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4, tachykinin receptor antagonists, and anti-histaminic drugs. Most of these new agents are aimed to inhibit various components of allergic inflammation. The future use of allergic disease therapies hold great promise and excitement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohmori
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Suntogun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Reed KL, Fruin AB, Gower AC, Stucchi AF, Leeman SE, Becker JM. A neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist decreases postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation and increases peritoneal fibrinolytic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9115-20. [PMID: 15187234 PMCID: PMC428482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous adhesions remain a major sequela of abdominal surgery. The proinflammatory peptide substance P (SP), known to participate in inflammatory events, may play a key role in adhesion formation. This hypothesis was tested by using an antagonist, CJ-12,255 (Pfizer), that blocks the binding of SP to the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R). Adhesion formation was surgically induced in the peritoneum of rats receiving daily doses of the NK-1R antagonist (NK-1RA; 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg per day) or saline. On postoperative day 7, both the low and high doses of NK-1RA significantly (P < 0.05) reduced adhesion formation by 45% and 53%, respectively, compared with controls. Subsequently, the effect of NK-1RA administration on peritoneal fibrinolytic activity was investigated to determine a potential mechanism for SP action in the peritoneum. Samples were collected from nonoperated controls and from animals 24 h postsurgery that were administered either NK-1RA or saline. Fibrinolytic activity in peritoneal fluid was assayed by zymography, and expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, both regulators of fibrinolytic activity, was assessed in peritoneal tissue and fluid by RT-PCR and bioassay, respectively. NK-1RA administration led to a marked (P < 0.05) increase in tPA mRNA levels in peritoneal tissue compared with nonoperated and saline-administered animals. Likewise, NK-1RA administration significantly (P < 0.05) increased tPA in the peritoneal fluid. These data suggest that activation of the NK-1R promotes peritoneal adhesion formation by limiting fibrinolytic activity in the postoperative peritoneum, thus enabling fibrinous adhesions to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Reed
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
Substance P is a neuropeptide believed to be a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether substance P levels are elevated in the clinical biopsies collected from inflamed periradicular or control tissue. In this study, the presence of substance P was examined in infected human periradicular granulation tissue and control tissue. Sections from 19 periradicular granulomas and pulp tissues from two healthy control teeth were examined using the immunohistochemical method. Substance P-expressing neutrophils, macrophages, and plasma cells were found in both acute and chronic periradicular granulomas. In addition, we observed the presence of neutrophils expressing substance P without concurrent clinical symptoms of acute inflammation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that substance P may be released from neutrophils in the inflamed region, and thus, substance P may modulate clinical inflammatory response by release from either neuronal or immunocompetent cell populations.
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Mowa CN, Usip S, Collins J, Storey-Workley M, Hargreaves KM, Papka RE. The effects of pregnancy and estrogen on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the uterine cervix, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Peptides 2003; 24:1163-74. [PMID: 14612187 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Before parturition the uterine cervix undergoes a ripening process ("softens" and dilates) to allow passage of the fetus at term. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for cervical ripening are unknown, though a role for peptidergic sensory neurons is emerging. Previous work demonstrated that administration of substance P (SP) to ovariectomized rats caused events associated with cervical ripening, that production of SP in cervix-related dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is estrogen responsive, and that release of SP from neurons terminating in the cervix and spinal cord peaks prior to parturition. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide co-stored with SP in many sensory neurons, undergoes changes with pregnancy and hormonal environment. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used to investigate CGRP in L6-S1 DRG, spinal cord and cervix during pregnancy and the role of estrogen in CGRP synthesis. CGRP-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons expressed estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta). In the cervix, CGRP concentrations decreased, but in the L6-S1 DRG and the spinal cord segments, CGRP levels increased, with peak effects observed at day 20 of gestation. CGRP mRNA synthesis increased in DRG over pregnancy. Sensory neurons of ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen showed increased CGRP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182 780. From these results, we postulate that synthesis of CGRP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence of the estrogen-ER system. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CGRP plays a role in cervical ripening and, consequently in the birth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Mowa
- Department of Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 95, 4209 State Rt. 44, Rootstown, OH 44272 , USA
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Dianzani C, Collino M, Lombardi G, Garbarino G, Fantozzi R. Substance P increases neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:1103-10. [PMID: 12871828 PMCID: PMC1573938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Adhesion of neutrophils (PMNs) to vascular endothelial cells (EC) is a critical step in recruitment and infiltration of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation. Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide released from sensory nerves, evoked PMN adhesion to EC. The NK receptor subtype(s) and the cell type(s) involved were investigated. 2. SP was coincubated with human PMNs and EC from the human umbilical vein (HUVEC); adhesion was quantitated by computerised microimaging fluorescence analysis. 3. The proadhesive effects of SP (range 10(-18)-10(-6) M) were illustrated in a biphasic dose-response curve, with a maximum at 10(-15) M (276+/-16% adhesion vs control; P<0.01) and another one at 10(-10) M (200+/-18% adhesion vs control; P<0.01). Neurokinin A was less active and neurokinin B was inactive. The adhesion molecules LFA-1 and OKM-1, but not selectins, were involved according to results with selective mAbs. 4. The NK(1) agonist [Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]SP reproduced the effects of SP, whereas the NK(2) agonist [betaAla(8)]-neurokininA (4-10) acted at 10(-13)-10(-8) M only. The NK(3) agonist, senktide, was ineffective. 5. The NK(1) antagonists, CP 96,345 and L 703,606 (both 10(-6) M), abolished the effect of 10(-15) M SP and inhibited that of 10(-10) M SP by 56+/-5% (P<0.01). By comparison, the NK(2) antagonist, SR 48,968 (10(-7) M), partially antagonised the adhesion evoked by 10(-10) M SP (% inhibition: 61+/-6; P<0.05). 6. Since preincubation of PMNs and HUVEC with SP gave the same results it is clear that both cell types contributed to its proadhesive effects. 7. These results indicate that SP induced a proadhesive effect during inflammatory processes, which was mediated by NK(1) and NK(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Bhatia M, Slavin J, Cao Y, Basbaum AI, Neoptolemos JP. Preprotachykinin-A gene deletion protects mice against acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G830-6. [PMID: 12684214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Impaired lung function in severe acute pancreatitis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in this condition. Preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) gene products substance P and neurokinin (NK)-A have been shown to play important roles in neurogenic inflammation. Substance P acts primarily (but not exclusively) via the NK1 receptor. NKA acts primarily via the NK2 receptor. Earlier work has shown that knockout mice deficient in NK1 receptors are protected against acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. NK1 receptors, however, bind other peptides in addition to substance P, not all of which are derived from the PPT-A gene. To examine the role of PPT-A gene products in acute pancreatitis, the effect of PPT-A gene deletion on the severity of acute pancreatitis and the associated lung injury was investigated. Deletion of PPT-A almost completely protected against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury, with a partial protection against local pancreatic damage. These results show that PPT-A gene products are critical proinflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis and the associated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
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Ackermann PW, Li J, Lundeberg T, Kreicbergs A. Neuronal plasticity in relation to nociception and healing of rat achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:432-41. [PMID: 12706015 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nerve regeneration and the occurrence of three neuropeptides; i.e. substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL), were studied during healing of tendon rupture in the rat by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. The neuronal findings were related to nociception as assessed by hindpaw withdrawal latencies at thermal and mechanical tests. Experimental rupture of rat Achilles tendon--normally devoid of nerves--elicited extensive nerve ingrowth into the rupture site in the early phase of healing followed by almost complete fiber disappearance (weeks 12-16). The ingrowth of SP and CGRP positive fibers, seen already at weeks 1-2, was associated with increased nociception. Subsequently, the occurrence of GAL positive fibers at weeks 4-6 was associated with decreased nociception. An even stronger relationship to nociception during healing was observed when the rate of change in neuropeptide expression instead of the expression in absolute terms was considered, according to the "cascade" formula of SP(')+CGRP(')-GAL(').It may prove that the observed temporal occurrence of different neuropeptides reflects a role of the peripheral nervous system in regulating synchronously nociception and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ackermann
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedic Laboratory, Research Center M3:02, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bruno G, Tega F, Bruno A, Graf U, Corelli F, Molfetta R, Barucco M. The role of substance P in cerebral ischemia. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:67-72. [PMID: 12578734 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tackykinins are involved in the inflammatory process of a large number of diseases. The role of the tachykinins in ischemic brain injury was evaluated by the serum levels of Substance P (SP), one of the most known tachykinins and detected by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. The study was performed in 15 human females and 3 human males with typical manifestation of complete stroke (12 cases) or transient ischemic attack (6 cases). The mean SP level in the serum of patients with transient ischemic attack (0.53+/-0.25 ng/ml) and of patients with complete stroke (0.31+/-0.14 ng/ml), showed significantly higher values than in controls (0.10+/-0.02 ng/ml). Moreover, in transient ischemic attack, the SP values were significantly higher than in cerebral complete stroke. But SP levels, based on the timings of classification of patients (i.e. before 12 hours: 0.34+/-0.15 ng/ml vs. 12 to 24 hours: 0.26+/-0.11 ng/ml) with brain injury, did not show any significant difference. Both values anyway were significantly higher than in controls. Our original results demonstrate the SP increase during cerebral ischemia. Further studies are necessary to verify if SP has an effective physiopathological role in the neurological ischemic damage, or if it is only a concomitant phenomenon. Our data, if confirmed, will be particularly important, not only to improve the knowledge of cerebral ischemic injury, but also for diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bruno
- Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, University of Rome--La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Heppt W, Peiser C, Cryer A, Dinh QT, Zweng M, Witt C, Fischer A, Groneberg DA. Innervation of human nasal mucosa in environmentally triggered hyperreflectoric rhinitis. J Occup Environ Med 2002; 44:924-9. [PMID: 12391771 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200210000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperreflectoric rhinitis is related to an unspecific hyperreactivity probably caused by chemical irritants. As a major modulatory role may be attributed to the mucosal innervation, the present study was carried out to examine possible changes in the nasal mucosa innervation. Immunohistochemistry for the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) revealed abundant staining of nerve fibers. Neuropeptide-contents in mucosal nerves was then quantitatively assessed and significant increases were found for SP (3.00 +/- 0.37 vs. 1.64 +/- 0.34 control group staining intensity) and VIP (2.33 +/- 0.42 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.33). In conclusion, these findings demonstrated differences in human nasal mucosa innervation between nonrhinitic and hyperreflectoric rhinitic subjects and provide evidence for a modulatory participation of neuropeptide-specific subpopulations of nerve fibers in hyperreflectoric rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Heppt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karlsruhe Teaching Hospital, University of Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Guo CJ, Lai JP, Luo HM, Douglas SD, Ho WZ. Substance P up-regulates macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression in human T lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 131:160-7. [PMID: 12458047 PMCID: PMC4009682 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is an important modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. We have demonstrated that human T lymphocytes express SP and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), a primary SP receptor. In the present study, we investigated whether SP stimulates synthesis of macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) in human T lymphocytes. SP significantly enhanced MIP-1beta expression at both the mRNA and protein level in a human T cell line (Jurkat) containing the SP receptor gene (J-SPR) as determined by real-time PCR and ELISA assays. SP-induced MIP-1beta expression is abrogated by the specific NK-1R antagonist (CP-96,345). The supernatants from SP-stimulated J-SPR T cell cultures enhanced T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro, indicating functional activity of SP-induced MIP-1beta. In addition, SP augmented secretion of MIP-1beta from primary cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from some of the donors. This donor variability was due to differential expression of the primary SP receptor (NK-1R) on PBL from different donors. PBL from two of seven donors that did not respond to SP stimulation had undetectable NK-1R expression. Our mechanistic studies showed that SP activated NF-kappaB promoter-directed luciferase activity, which may be responsible for its effect on MIP-1beta expression in human T cells. Our data provide a potential mechanism by which SP selectively influences cellular immune responses such as beta-chemokine expression in human T lymphocytes through NK-1R, which may have an important in vivo implication in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-215-590-4462; fax: +1-215-590-2025.
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Mellado M, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mañes S, Martínez-A C. Chemokine signaling and functional responses: the role of receptor dimerization and TK pathway activation. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:397-421. [PMID: 11244042 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A broad array of biological responses, including cell polarization, movement, immune and inflammatory responses, and prevention of HIV-1 infection, are triggered by the chemokines, a family of structurally related chemoattractant proteins that bind to specific seven-transmembrane receptors linked to G proteins. Here we discuss one of the early signaling pathways activated by chemokines, the JAK/STAT pathway. Through this pathway, and possibly in conjunction with other signaling pathways, the chemokines promote changes in cellular morphology, collectively known as polarization, required for chemotactic responses. The polarized cell expresses the chemokine receptors at the leading cell edge, to which they are conveyed by rafts, a cholesterol-enriched membrane fraction fundamental to the lateral organization of the plasma membrane. Finally, the mechanisms through which the chemokines promote their effect are discussed in the context of the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049 Spain
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Okabe T, Hide M, Koro O, Nimi N, Yamamoto S. The release of leukotriene B4 from human skin in response to substance P: evidence for the functional heterogeneity of human skin mast cells among individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:150-6. [PMID: 11359454 PMCID: PMC1906021 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P is located in cutaneous nerve fibres and induces wheal and flare responses, accompanied by granulocyte infiltration, upon intradermal injection. Studies with animal skin and rat peritoneal mast cells have suggested that substance P induces the release of histamine and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemoattractant for granulocytes, from skin mast cells. However, the release of LTB4 has not been detected from mast cells enzymatically isolated from human skin. In order to investigate the mechanism of granulocyte infiltration induced by substance P in human skin, we studied the release of LTB4 and histamine in response to substance P, and the effect of dexamethasone using human skin obtained from 22 nonallergic individuals. Histamine was released from all skin tissue samples in a dose-dependent manner. However, the amount of LTB4 release, both constitutive and inducible, was variable among skin preparations. Substance P induced a large release of LTB4 from the skin of eight donors (twice to six times that of the spontaneous release), but no or only negligible release from the skin of 14 donors. The amount of constitutive release of LTB4 correlated with the amount of tissue histamine. Dexamethasone selectively abolished the inducible release of LTB4, without an effect on histamine release and the constitutive release of LTB4. These results suggest that substance P induces the release of LTB4 in a certain population of human individuals by a glucocorticosteroid-dependent mechanism, and plays an important role in neurogenic inflammation with granulocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okabe
- Department of Dermatology Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Medeiros MV, Macedo-Soares MF, De Luca IM, Hyslop S, De Nucci G, Antunes E. Contribution of C-fibers to leucocyte recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pleural cavity in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 421:133-40. [PMID: 11399269 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of neonatal capsaicin (8 methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) treatment on the leucocyte infiltration into the airways and pleural cavity was investigated in rats actively sensitized with ovalbumin. The animals were neonatally injected with either capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c., 2nd day of life) or vehicle (10% ethanol and 10% Tween 80). At adult ages, the animals were actively sensitized with ovalbumin (200 microg, s.c.) and 14 days later they were intratracheally (or intrapleurally) challenged with ovalbumin. The substance P level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the capsaicin group was reduced by >90% compared to control group (vehicle), confirming the efficacy of capsaicin treatment. In the capsaicin group, the number of neutrophils (but not of eosinophils and mononuclear cells) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of sensitized animals was significantly higher than the control group. Intrapleural injection of ovalbumin in sensitized rats caused a significant neutrophil influx at 6 h that was markedly increased in the capsaicin-pretreated animals compared to control group. The counts of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the pleural exudates did not differ significantly between capsaicin and control groups. The increased levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgG1 and IgG2a anti-ovalbumin antibodies in serum of sensitized rats did not differ between capsaicin and control groups. In conclusion, the exacerbated pulmonary neutrophil recruitment caused by the capsaicin neonatal treatment is unrelated to increase in serum immunoglobulin antibodies, and suggests a protective role for C-fibers in attenuating the allergic neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Medeiros
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6111, 13081-970, SP, Campinas, Brazil
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Hood VC, Cruwys SC, Urban L, Kidd BL. Differential role of neurokinin receptors in human lymphocyte and monocyte chemotaxis. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2000; 96:17-21. [PMID: 11102647 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The precise nature of neurokin receptor involvement in human immune cell chemotaxis is unclear. This study therefore sought to directly compare the chemotactic effects of neurokinins on human T lymphocytes and monocytes. Substance P was found to have a similar dose-dependent chemotactic action on T lymphocyte and monocyte populations. In contrast, T lymphocytes were found to be more responsive than monocytes both to the highly selective NK-1 agonist, [Sar(9)Met O(2)(11)]-substance P, and also to the NK-2 selective agonist, beta-alanine neurokinin A((4-10)). Consistent with these findings, substance P-induced chemotaxis of both T lymphocyte and monocytes was attenuated by the selective NK-1 antagonist LY303870. However, the selective NK-2 antagonist MEN 10,376 was only effective in inhibiting the T lymphocyte response. The study confirms that neurokinins have chemotactic actions on immune cells and indicates important functional differences between human T lymphocyte and monocyte responses. This provides a potential mechanism by which the nervous system can selectively influence cellular recruitment in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Hood
- William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's & Royal London School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
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Abstract
The sensory neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are localized to sensory airway nerves, from which they can be released by a variety of stimuli, including allergen, ozone, or inflammatory mediators. Sensory nerves containing these peptides are relatively scarce in human airways, but it is becoming increasingly evident that inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells can produce the tachykinins SP and NKA. Moreover, immune stimuli can boost the production and secretion of SP and NKA. SP and NKA have potent effects on bronchomotor tone, airway secretions, and bronchial circulation (vasodilation and microvascular leakage) and on inflammatory and immune cells. Following their release, tachykinins are degraded by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The airway effects of the tachykinins are largely mediated by tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors. Tachykinins contract smooth muscle mainly by interaction with NK2 receptors, while the vascular and proinflammatory effects are mediated by the NK1 receptor. In view of their potent effects on the airways, tachykinins have been put forward as possible mediators of asthma, and tachykinin receptor antagonists are a potential new class of antiasthmatic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
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Tripp RA, Moore D, Winter J, Anderson LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and G and/or SH protein expression contribute to substance P, which mediates inflammation and enhanced pulmonary disease in BALB/c mice. J Virol 2000; 74:1614-22. [PMID: 10644330 PMCID: PMC111635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1614-1622.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinct clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of humans is bronchiolitis, which has clinical features similar to those of asthma. Substance P (SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been associated with neurogenic inflammation and asthma; therefore, we chose to examine SP-induced inflammation with RSV infection. In this study, we examined the production of pulmonary SP associated with RSV infection of BALB/c mice and the effect of anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies on the pulmonary inflammatory response. The peak production of pulmonary SP occurred between days 3 and 5 following primary RSV infection and day 1 after secondary infection. Treatment of RSV-infected mice with anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies suggested that SP may alter the natural killer cell response to primary and secondary infection. In mice challenged after formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination, SP appears to markedly enhance pulmonary eosinophilia as well as increase polymorphonuclear cell trafficking to the lung. Based on studies with a strain of RSV that lacks the G and SH genes, the SP response to RSV infection appears to be associated with G and/or SH protein expression. These data suggest that SP may be an important contributor to the inflammatory response to RSV infection and that anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies might be used to ameliorate RSV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Buck S, Reese K, Hargreaves KM. Pulpal exposure alters neuropeptide levels in inflamed dental pulp and trigeminal ganglia: evaluation of axonal transport. J Endod 1999; 25:718-21. [PMID: 10726536 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(99)80116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp is richly innervated with neurons containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P (SP). Prior studies have demonstrated that inflammation alters these pulpal neuropeptides. In this study, we used a radioimmunoassay to evaluate the specificity of this response and the contribution of axonal transport. Rat mandibular molars were exposed and immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) and immunoreactive SP were measured. At 7 to 14 days after exposure, both pulpal iCGRP (73%) and immunoreactive SP (135%) displayed peak increases above control levels. This response was somatotopically restricted, with no changes observed in contralateral (intact) molars, or in ipsilateral mandibular molars after exposure of maxillary molars. Transection of the inferior alveolar nerve on day 13 significantly reduced pulpal levels of iCGRP on day 14. Collectively, these studies indicate that pulpal inflammation evokes a selective alteration in neuropeptide levels, due at least in part to alterations in transport or synthesis of neuropeptides in the trigeminal ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buck
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Kowalski ML, Dietrich-Miłobedzki A, Majkowska-Wojciechowska B, Jarzebska M. Nasal reactivity to capsaicin in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis during and after the pollen season. Allergy 1999; 54:804-10. [PMID: 10485383 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to study the participation of neurogenic mechanisms in nasal allergic inflammation by assessing the effect of neurogenic stimulation on the secretory and cellular responses of nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS A group of patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis was challenged intranasally with incremental doses of capsaicin (0.3, 3, 12 microg) during and after the pollen season. Clinical symptoms after provocations were monitored, and unilateral nasal lavages were obtained. The nasal lavage fluid (NAL) was assayed for concentration of total protein, albumin, lactoferrin, and number of leukocytes, following by differential count. RESULTS Capsaicin challenge during the pollen season produced greater congestion (P < 0.01) and rhinorrhea (P < 0.05) than after the season. The intensity of burning sensation (pain) was similar on both occasions. Capsaicin failed to increase albumin content in NAL both during and after the season. Total protein was increased only after the highest dose of capsaicin (P < 0.03) after the season. The number of eosinophils in basal lavages was higher during the season. During the season, the total number of leukocytes at least doubled in 7/12 patients and the percentage of eosinophils increased in 6/12 patients after the capsaicin challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that during the symptomatic period the nasal mucosa of allergic patients is more susceptible to neurogenic stimulation, showing enhanced secretory and inflammatory (cellular) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kowalski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Medical University, Lódź, Poland
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Hoshino H, Lötvall J, Skoogh BE, Lindén A. Neutrophil recruitment by interleukin-17 into rat airways in vivo. Role of tachykinins. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1423-8. [PMID: 10228105 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9806008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined whether neutrophil recruitment induced by the T-lymphocyte cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is modulated by tachykinins in airways in vivo. Cell recruitment into airways was induced by either human (h) IL-17 (1 microgram) or rat (r) IL-1beta (2. 5 ng), instilled intratracheally in rats (n = 5 to 7). Six hours after instillation, hIL-17 (3.1 +/- 1.2 x 10(6) cells/ml) and rIL-1beta (4.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(6) cells/ml), respectively, induced a significant and selective increase in neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) when compared with vehicle (0.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) cells/ml). For hIL-17, this effect was dose-dependent. Inhalation of peptidase inhibitors (phosphoramidon plus captopril) potentiated the effect of both hIL-17 and rIL-1beta. Inhalation of a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor (phosphoramidon) alone also increased the neutrophil count for hIL-17, whereas an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) alone did not. A selective neurokinin (NK)-1 receptor antagonist (SR 140333) reduced the neutrophil count, both with and without phosphoramidon pretreatment. In conclusion, IL-17 selectively recruits neutrophils into rat airways in vivo and this effect is modulated by endogenous tachykinins acting via NK-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoshino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hatipoglu U, Gao X, Verral S, Séjourné F, Pitrak D, Alkan-Onyüksel H, Rubinstein I. Sterically stabilized phospholipids attenuate human neutrophils chemotaxis in vitro. Life Sci 1998; 63:693-9. [PMID: 9718098 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether sterically stabilized liposomes (SSL) and poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) attenuate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemotaxis in vitro and, if so, whether incorporation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, on the surface of SSL amplifies SSL-induced responses. Using a modified blind-well chamber chemotaxis assay, we found that N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; 0.1 microM) and zymosan opsonized with purified human complement (2 x 10(9) yeast wall particles/ml) elicit significant human PMNs chemotaxis (95+/-9 and 103+/-3 cells/high power field; p<0.05). These effects are significantly attenuated by SSL and PEG-DSPE (p<0.05). By contrast, aqueous VIP and VIP on SSL have no significant effects on FMLP- and zymosan-induced responses. We conclude that certain sterically stabilized liposomes and phospholipids attenuate human PMNs chemotaxis in vitro and that VIP does not modulate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hatipoglu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, and West Side Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 60612-7323, USA
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Abstract
The process of blood coagulation is a complex and incompletely understood process. In the last decade or so critical steps have been taken toward better understanding this process. It is now widely agreed that the principal initiating pathway of coagulation is the so-called extrinsic pathway due to the action of tissue factor and Factor VII. Concomitant with this appreciation has come an understanding and elucidation of the roles of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Although the "intrinsic pathway" is no longer felt to be the initiator of coagulation, recent evidence suggests that Factor XIa may constitute an important amplification pathway of the coagulation system in vivo. Refinement of flow cytometry has enabled the detection of novel platelet antigens on activated platelet surfaces. It is hoped that detection and characterization of these antigens, including adhesion molecules such as P-selectin, will enable further understanding of the platelet's role in pathological coagulation and inflammation. The endothelium is also intricately involved and recent work has determined the importance of endothelial produced factors such as endothelium-derived relaxation factor, endothelin, and thrombomodulin. Finally, with the meteoric rise in molecular genetic technology, specific genetic abnormalities in a number of plasma proteins has been elucidated, with marked implications on the understanding of the coagulation process. For example, the mutation on the gene for Factor V, leading to Arg506 replacement with Gln, produces activated protein C resistance with a concomitant increased risk of venous thrombosis. Thus, significant advances in knowledge of the endothelium, platelets, and plasma factors involved in coagulation have been made and now the challenge of the future is to better elucidate the interactions of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ontario
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48
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Neptune ER, Bourne HR. Receptors induce chemotaxis by releasing the betagamma subunit of Gi, not by activating Gq or Gs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14489-94. [PMID: 9405640 PMCID: PMC25031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chemoattractants cause chemotaxis of leukocytes by stimulating a structurally distinct class of G protein-coupled receptors. To identify receptor functions required for chemotaxis, we studied chemotaxis in HEK293 cells transfected with receptors for nonchemokine ligands or for interleukin 8 (IL-8), a classical chemokine. In gradients of the appropriate agonist, three nonchemokine Gi-coupled receptors (the D2 dopamine receptor and opioid mu and delta receptors) mediated chemotaxis; the beta2-adrenoreceptor and the M3-muscarinic receptor, which couple respectively to Gs and Gq, did not mediate chemotaxis. A mutation deleting 31 C-terminal amino acids from the IL-8 receptor type B quantitatively impaired chemotaxis and agonist-induced receptor internalization, but not inhibition of adenylyl cyclase or stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. To probe the possible relation between receptor internalization and chemotaxis, we used two agonists of the mu-opioid receptor. Morphine and etorphine elicited quantitatively similar chemotaxis, but only etorphine induced receptor internalization. Overexpression of two betagamma sequestering proteins (betaARK-ct and alphat) prevented IL-8 receptor type B-mediated chemotaxis but did not affect inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by IL-8. We conclude that: (i) Nonchemokine Gi-coupled receptors can mediate chemotaxis. (ii) Gi activation is necessary but probably not sufficient for chemotaxis. (iii) Chemotaxis does not require receptor internalization. (iv) Chemotaxis requires the release of free betagamma subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Neptune
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Sanico AM, Atsuta S, Proud D, Togias A. Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: in vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:632-41. [PMID: 9389293 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve involvement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. Peptidergic nerve stimulation has been shown to induce leukocyte activation and plasma extravasation in the airways of various animal species. The occurrence of this phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation in the human airway, however, has not been established. OBJECTIVE We conducted this study to determine whether neuronal stimulation can induce reproducible and dose-dependent inflammatory changes in the human upper airway. METHODS Ten volunteers with active allergic rhinitis participated in the study. Capsaicin, the pungent component of hot pepper that specifically stimulates afferent nerve fibers, was administered by means of nasal spray in doses of 1 microg, 10 microg, and 100 microg in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with 1 week between doses. Symptom scores before and after capsaicin nasal challenge were recorded by using visual analog scales. Nasal lavage fluids collected before and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours after capsaicin challenge were analyzed for leukocyte counts; albumin and lysozyme levels were measured to evaluate effects on plasma leakage and gland secretion, respectively. RESULTS Capsaicin nasal challenge produced symptoms of burning, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Leukocyte counts or albumin and lysozyme levels were not significantly increased after administration of 1 microg of capsaicin at any time point. On the other hand, there were significant increases in leukocyte counts 1 hour (p < 0.05) and 4 hours (p = 0.008) after 10 microg of capsaicin and 30 minutes (p = 0.009), 1 hour (p = 0.007), and 4 hours (p = 0.007) after 100 microg of capsaicin. Albumin and lysozyme levels were both significantly increased 30 minutes after 10 microg and 100 microg of capsaicin (p = 0.005 for both). Comparison of changes in symptom scores, leukocyte counts, and albumin and lysozyme levels among the three capsaicin challenges indicated generally increasing effects with higher capsaicin doses. CONCLUSION Capsaicin-sensitive nerve stimulation in subjects with active allergic rhinitis produces reproducible and dose-dependent leukocyte influx, albumin leakage, and glandular secretion. These results provide in vivo evidence for the occurrence of neurogenic inflammation in the human upper airway with active allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sanico
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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50
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide an up-dated overview of the available information on the role played by tachykinins in recruiting/regulating the function of immune/inflammatory cells, an issue which has received considerable input from the recent availability of potent and selective antagonists for tachykinin receptors. It appears that NK1 receptors play a role in mediating the extravascular migration of granulocytes into inflamed tissues in response to various inflammatory stimuli, although this effect may not be due to the expression of NK1 receptors by granulocytes themselves. Several data also imply a role for NK1 and NK2 receptors in regulating immune function. No data are available to suggest the expression of NK3 receptors by inflammatory/immune cells. Mast cell degranulation by substance P appears to be a non-receptor dependent response which may take place in vivo during intense stimulation. An emerging concept in the field relates to the ability of certain immune cell types to synthesize and possibly release tachykinins. Immune cells could represent an additional source of tachykinins in inflamed tissues, providing a non-neurogenic tachykininergic contribution to the local inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Maggi
- Direzione Discovery, Menarini Ricerche s.p.a., Florence, Italy
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