1
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Sreejan A, Saxena P, Gadgil CJ. Network motifs exhibiting a differential response to spaced and massed inputs. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a054012. [PMID: 39074905 PMCID: PMC11369633 DOI: 10.1101/lm.054012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
One characteristic of long-term memory is the existence of an inverted U-shaped response to increasing intervals between training sessions, and consequently, an optimal spacing that maximizes memory formation. Current models of this spacing effect focus on specific molecular components and their interactions. Here, we computationally study the underlying network architecture, in particular, the potential of motif dynamics in qualitatively capturing the spacing effect in a manner that is independent of the animal model, biomolecular components, and the timescales involved. We define a common training and test protocol, and computationally identify network topologies that can qualitatively replicate the experimentally observed characteristics of the spacing effect. For 41 motifs derived from fundamental network architectures such as autoregulation, feedback, and feedforward motifs, we tested their capacity to manifest the spacing effect in terms of an inverted U-shaped response curve, using different combinations of stimulation protocols, response metrics, and kinetic parameters. Our findings indicate that positive feedback motifs where the stimulus enhances conversion reaction in the loop replicate the spacing effect across all response metrics, while feedforward motifs exhibit a metric-specific spacing effect. For some parameter combinations, linear cascades of activation and conversion reactions were found sufficient to qualitatively exhibit spacing effect characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sreejan
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Chetan J Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
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2
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Hurwitz I, Tam S, Jing J, Chiel HJ, Gill J, Susswein AJ. Multiple changes in connectivity between buccal ganglia mechanoafferents and motor neurons with different functions after learning that food is inedible in Aplysia. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053882. [PMID: 38950977 PMCID: PMC11261210 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053882.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Changes caused by learning that a food is inedible in Aplysia were examined for fast and slow synaptic connections from the buccal ganglia S1 cluster of mechanoafferents to five followers, in response to repeated stimulus trains. Learning affected only fast connections. For these, unique patterns of change were present in each follower, indicating that learning differentially affects the different branches of the mechanoafferents to their followers. In some followers, there were increases in either excitatory or inhibitory connections, and in others, there were decreases. Changes in connectivity resulted from changes in the amplitude of excitation or inhibition, or as a result of the number of connections, or of both. Some followers also exhibited changes in either within or between stimulus train plasticity as a result of learning. In one follower, changes differed from the different areas of the S1 cluster. The patterns of changes in connectivity were consistent with the behavioral changes produced by learning, in that they would produce an increase in the bias to reject or to release food, and a decrease in the likelihood to respond to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Hurwitz
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Brain Res Center and Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shlomit Tam
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Brain Res Center and Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, School Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Departments of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, USA
- Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gill
- Departments of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, USA
| | - Abraham J Susswein
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Brain Res Center and Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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3
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Espadas I, Wingfield JL, Nakahata Y, Chanda K, Grinman E, Ghosh I, Bauer KE, Raveendra B, Kiebler MA, Yasuda R, Rangaraju V, Puthanveettil S. Synaptically-targeted long non-coding RNA SLAMR promotes structural plasticity by increasing translation and CaMKII activity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2694. [PMID: 38538603 PMCID: PMC10973417 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in maintaining cell homeostasis and function. However, it remains largely unknown whether and how neuronal activity impacts the transcriptional regulation of lncRNAs, or if this leads to synapse-related changes and contributes to the formation of long-term memories. Here, we report the identification of a lncRNA, SLAMR, which becomes enriched in CA1-hippocampal neurons upon contextual fear conditioning but not in CA3 neurons. SLAMR is transported along dendrites via the molecular motor KIF5C and is recruited to the synapse upon stimulation. Loss of function of SLAMR reduces dendritic complexity and impairs activity-dependent changes in spine structural plasticity and translation. Gain of function of SLAMR, in contrast, enhances dendritic complexity, spine density, and translation. Analyses of the SLAMR interactome reveal its association with CaMKIIα protein through a 220-nucleotide element also involved in SLAMR transport. A CaMKII reporter reveals a basal reduction in CaMKII activity with SLAMR loss-of-function. Furthermore, the selective loss of SLAMR function in CA1 disrupts the consolidation of fear memory in male mice, without affecting their acquisition, recall, or extinction, or spatial memory. Together, these results provide new molecular and functional insight into activity-dependent changes at the synapse and consolidation of contextual fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espadas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jenna L Wingfield
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eddie Grinman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ilika Ghosh
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Karl E Bauer
- Biomedical Center, Department for Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bindu Raveendra
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center, Department for Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Sathyanarayanan Puthanveettil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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4
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Ustaoglu P, McQuarrie DWJ, Rochet A, Dix TC, Haussmann IU, Arnold R, Devaud JM, Soller M. Memory consolidation in honey bees is enhanced by down-regulation of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule and changes its alternative splicing. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1322808. [PMID: 38264345 PMCID: PMC10803435 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1322808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule required for neuronal wiring. A remarkable feature of arthropod Dscam is massive alternative splicing generating thousands of different isoforms from three variable clusters of alternative exons. Dscam expression and diversity arising from alternative splicing have been studied during development, but whether they exert functions in adult brains has not been determined. Here, using honey bees, we find that Dscam expression is critically linked to memory retention as reducing expression by RNAi enhances memory after reward learning in adult worker honey bees. Moreover, alternative splicing of Dscam is altered in all three variable clusters after learning. Since identical Dscam isoforms engage in homophilic interactions, these results suggest a mechanism to alter inclusion of variable exons during memory consolidation to modify neuronal connections for memory retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Ustaoglu
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David W. J. McQuarrie
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Rochet
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas C. Dix
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Irmgard U. Haussmann
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Arnold
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Devaud
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Matthias Soller
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Miranda P, Mirisis AA, Kukushkin NV, Carew TJ. Pattern detection in the TGFβ cascade controls the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300595120. [PMID: 37748056 PMCID: PMC10556637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300595120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is required for long-term memory (LTM) for sensitization in Aplysia. When LTM is induced using a two-trial training protocol, TGFβ inhibition only blocks LTM when administrated at the second, not the first trial. Here, we show that TGFβ acts as a "repetition detector" during the induction of two-trial LTM. Secretion of the biologically inert TGFβ proligand must coincide with its proteolytic activation by the Bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1/Tolloid) metalloprotease, which occurs specifically during trial two of our two-trial training paradigm. This paradigm establishes long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF), the cellular correlate of LTM. BMP-1 application paired with a single serotonin (5HT) pulse induced LTF, whereas neither a single 5HT pulse nor BMP-1 alone effectively did so. On the other hand, inhibition of endogenous BMP-1 activity blocked the induction of two-trial LTF. These results suggest a unique role for TGFβ in the interaction of repeated trials: during learning, repeated stimuli engage separate steps of the TGFβ cascade that together are necessary for the induction of long-lasting memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Miranda
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | | | - Nikolay V. Kukushkin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY10003
- Liberal Studies, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | - Thomas J. Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY10003
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6
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Espadas I, Wingfield J, Grinman E, Ghosh I, Chanda K, Nakahata Y, Bauer K, Raveendra B, Kiebler M, Yasuda R, Rangaraju V, Puthanveettil S. SLAMR, a synaptically targeted lncRNA, facilitates the consolidation of contextual fear memory. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2489387. [PMID: 36993323 PMCID: PMC10055528 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2489387/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs are involved in critical processes for cell homeostasis and function. However, it remains largely unknown whether and how the transcriptional regulation of long noncoding RNAs results in activity-dependent changes at the synapse and facilitate formation of long-term memories. Here, we report the identification of a novel lncRNA, SLAMR, that becomes enriched in CA1- but not in CA3-hippocampal neurons upon contextual fear conditioning. SLAMR is transported to dendrites via the molecular motor KIF5C and recruited to the synapse in response to stimulation. Loss of function of SLAMR reduced dendritic complexity and impaired activity dependent changes in spine structural plasticity. Interestingly, gain of function of SLAMR enhanced dendritic complexity, and spine density through enhanced translation. Analyses of the SLAMR interactome revealed its association with CaMKIIα protein through a 220-nucleotide element and its modulation of CaMKIIα activity. Furthermore, loss-of-function of SLAMR in CA1 selectively impairs consolidation but neither acquisition, recall, nor extinction of fear memory and spatial memory. Together, these results establish a new mechanism for activity dependent changes at the synapse and consolidation of contextual fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espadas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jenna Wingfield
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eddie Grinman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ilika Ghosh
- Max Planck Florida Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Karl Bauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bindu Raveendra
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - Sathyanarayanan Puthanveettil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
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7
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Pramio DT, Vieceli FM, Varella-Branco E, Goes CP, Kobayashi GS, da Silva Pelegrina DV, de Moraes BC, El Allam A, De Kumar B, Jara G, Farfel JM, Bennett DA, Kundu S, Viapiano MS, Reis EM, de Oliveira PSL, Dos Santos E Passos-Bueno MR, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, Schechtman D. DNA methylation of the promoter region at the CREB1 binding site is a mechanism for the epigenetic regulation of brain-specific PKMζ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194909. [PMID: 36682583 PMCID: PMC10037092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase M zeta, PKMζ, is a brain enriched kinase with a well characterized role in Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), the activity-dependent strengthening of synapses involved in long-term memory formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that maintain the tissue specificity of this kinase. Here, we characterized the epigenetic factors, mainly DNA methylation, regulating PKMζ expression in the human brain. The PRKCZ gene has an upstream promoter regulating Protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), and an internal promoter driving PKMζ expression. A demethylated region, including a canonical CREB binding site, situated at the internal promoter was only observed in human CNS tissues. The induction of site-specific hypermethylation of this region resulted in decreased CREB1 binding and downregulation of PKMζ expression. Noteworthy, CREB binding sites were absent in the upstream promoter of PRKCZ locus, suggesting a specific mechanism for regulating PKMζ expression. These observations were validated using a system of human neuronal differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). CREB1 binding at the internal promoter was detected only in differentiated neurons, where PKMζ is expressed. The same epigenetic mechanism in the context of CREB binding site was identified in other genes involved in neuronal differentiation and LTP. Additionally, aberrant DNA hypermethylation at the internal promoter was observed in cases of Alzheimer's disease, correlating with decreased expression of PKMζ in patient brains. Altogether, we present a conserved epigenetic mechanism regulating PKMζ expression and other genes enhanced in the CNS with possible implications in neuronal differentiation and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolina Purcell Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuromodulation of Experimental Pain, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aicha El Allam
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Jara
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio) Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Traumatology and Orthopedy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Health Sciences Program, Instituto de Assistência Medica ao Servidor Público do Estado (IAMSPE), SP, Brazil
| | - David Alan Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Somanath Kundu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Moraes Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio) Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Deborah Schechtman
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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8
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C/EBPβ Regulates TFAM Expression, Mitochondrial Function and Autophagy in Cellular Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021459. [PMID: 36674978 PMCID: PMC9865173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Since there are only symptomatic treatments available, new cellular and molecular targets involved in the onset and progression of this disease are needed to develop effective treatments. CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β (C/EBPβ) transcription factor levels are altered in patients with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that it may be a good therapeutic target for the treatment of PD. A list of genes involved in PD that can be regulated by C/EBPβ was generated by the combination of genetic and in silico data, the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) being among them. In this paper, we observed that C/EBPβ overexpression increased TFAM promoter activity. However, downregulation of C/EBPβ in different PD/neuroinflammation cellular models produced an increase in TFAM levels, together with other mitochondrial markers. This led us to propose an accumulation of non-functional mitochondria possibly due to the alteration of their autophagic degradation in the absence of C/EBPβ. Then, we concluded that C/EBPβ is not only involved in harmful processes occurring in PD, such as inflammation, but is also implicated in mitochondrial function and autophagy in PD-like conditions.
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9
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Sadhu A, Badal KK, Zhao Y, Ali AA, Swarnkar S, Tsaprailis G, Crynen GC, Puthanveettil SV. Short-Term and Long-Term Sensitization Differentially Alters the Composition of an Anterograde Transport Complex in Aplysia. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0266-22.2022. [PMID: 36549915 PMCID: PMC9829102 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0266-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory formation requires anterograde transport of proteins from the soma of a neuron to its distal synaptic terminals. This allows new synaptic connections to be grown and existing ones remodeled. However, we do not yet know which proteins are transported to synapses in response to activity and temporal regulation. Here, using quantitative mass spectrometry, we have profiled anterograde protein cargos of a learning-regulated molecular motor protein kinesin [Aplysia kinesin heavy chain 1 (ApKHC1)] following short-term sensitization (STS) and long-term sensitization (LTS) in Aplysia californica Our results reveal enrichment of specific proteins associated with ApKHC1 following both STS and LTS, as well as temporal changes within 1 and 3 h of LTS training. A significant number of proteins enriched in the ApKHC1 complex participate in synaptic function, and, while some are ubiquitously enriched across training conditions, a few are enriched in response to specific training. For instance, factors aiding new synapse formation, such as synaptotagmin-1, dynamin-1, and calmodulin, are differentially enriched in anterograde complexes 1 h after LTS but are depleted 3 h after LTS. Proteins including gelsolin-like protein 2 and sec23A/sec24A, which function in actin filament stabilization and vesicle transport, respectively, are enriched in cargos 3 h after LTS. These results establish that the composition of anterograde transport complexes undergo experience-dependent specific changes and illuminate dynamic changes in the communication between soma and synapse during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sadhu
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Kerriann K Badal
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
- Integrated Biology Graduate Program, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Yibo Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Adia A Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - George Tsaprailis
- Proteomics Core, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Gogce C Crynen
- Bioinformatics Core, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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10
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Liu RY, Zhang Y, Smolen P, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. Defective synaptic plasticity in a model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome is rescued by simultaneously targeting PKA and MAPK pathways. Learn Mem 2022; 29:435-446. [PMID: 36446603 PMCID: PMC9749851 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053625.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Empirical and computational methods were combined to examine whether individual or dual-drug treatments can restore the deficit in long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse observed in a cellular model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS). The model was produced by pharmacological inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) activity. In this model, coapplication of an activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoform ERK and an activator of protein kinase A (PKA) resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of RSK and enhanced LTF to a greater extent than either drug alone and also greater than their additive effects, which is termed synergism. The extent of synergism appeared to depend on another MAPK isoform, p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK facilitated serotonin (5-HT)-induced RSK phosphorylation, indicating that p38 MAPK inhibits activation of RSK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK combined with activation of PKA synergistically activated both ERK and RSK. Our results suggest that cellular models of disorders that affect synaptic plasticity and learning, such as CLS, may constitute a useful strategy to identify candidate drug combinations, and that combining computational models with empirical tests of model predictions can help explain synergism of drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Leonard J Cleary
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Liu RY, Smolen P, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. Dynamics and Mechanisms of ERK Activation after Different Protocols that Induce Long-Term Synaptic Facilitation in Aplysia. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:kvac014. [PMID: 37649778 PMCID: PMC10464504 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the MAPK family member extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is required to induce long-term synaptic plasticity, but little is known about its persistence. We examined ERK activation by three protocols that induce long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse - the standard protocol (five 5-min pulses of 5-HT with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 20 min), the enhanced protocol (five pulses with irregular ISIs, which induces greater and longer-lasting LTF) and the two-pulse protocol (two pulses with ISI 45 min). Immunofluorescence revealed complex ERK activation. The standard and two-pulse protocols immediately increased active, phosphorylated ERK (pERK), which decayed within 5 h. A second wave of increased pERK was detected 18 h post-treatment for all protocols. This late phase was blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase A, TrkB and TGF-β. These results suggest that complex interactions among kinase pathways and growth factors contribute to the late increase of pERK. ERK activity returned to basal 24 h after the standard or two-pulse protocols, but remained elevated 24 h for the enhanced protocol. This 24-h elevation was also dependent on PKA and TGF-β, and partly on TrkB. These results begin to characterize long-lasting ERK activation, plausibly maintained by positive feedback involving growth factors and PKA, that appears essential to maintain LTF and LTM. Because many processes involved in LTF and late LTP are conserved among Aplysia and mammals, these findings highlight the importance of examining the dynamics of kinase cascades involved in vertebrate long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite MSB 7.046, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite MSB 7.046, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite MSB 7.046, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Leonard J Cleary
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite MSB 7.046, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite MSB 7.046, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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12
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Precise timing of ERK phosphorylation/dephosphorylation determines the outcome of trial repetition during long-term memory formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210478119. [PMID: 36161885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210478119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-trial learning in Aplysia reveals nonlinear interactions between training trials: A single trial has no effect, but two precisely spaced trials induce long-term memory. Extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK) activity is essential for intertrial interactions, but the mechanism remains unresolved. A combination of immunochemical and optogenetic tools reveals unexpected complexity of ERK signaling during the induction of long-term synaptic facilitation by two spaced pulses of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). Specifically, dual ERK phosphorylation at its activating TxY motif is accompanied by dephosphorylation at the pT position, leading to a buildup of inactive, singly phosphorylated pY-ERK. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation occur concurrently but scale differently with varying 5HT concentrations, predicting that mixed two-trial protocols involving both "strong" and "weak" 5HT pulses should be sensitive to the precise order and timing of trials. Indeed, long-term synaptic facilitation is induced only when weak pulses precede strong, not vice versa. This may represent a physiological mechanism to prioritize memory of escalating threats.
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13
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Morè L, Privitera L, Perrett P, Cooper DD, Bonnello MVG, Arthur JSC, Frenguelli BG. CREB serine 133 is necessary for spatial cognitive flexibility and long-term potentiation. Neuropharmacology 2022; 219:109237. [PMID: 36049536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is widely regarded as orchestrating the genomic response that underpins a range of physiological functions in the central nervous system, including learning and memory. Of the means by which CREB can be regulated, emphasis has been placed on the phosphorylation of a key serine residue, S133, in the CREB protein, which is required for CREB-mediated transcriptional activation in response to a variety of activity-dependent stimuli. Understanding the role of CREB S133 has been complicated by molecular genetic techniques relying on over-expression of either dominant negative or activating transgenes that may distort the physiological role of endogenous CREB. A more elegant recent approach targeting S133 in the endogenous CREB gene has yielded a mouse with constitutive replacement of this residue with alanine (S133A), but has generated results (no behavioural phenotype and no effect on gene transcription) at odds with contemporary views as to the role of CREB S133, and which may reflect compensatory changes associated with the constitutive mutation. To avoid this potential complication, we generated a post-natal and forebrain-specific CREB S133A mutant in which the expression of the mutation was under the control of CaMKIIα promoter. Using male and female mice we show that CREB S133 is necessary for spatial cognitive flexibility, the regulation of basal synaptic transmission, and for the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal area CA1. These data point to the importance of CREB S133 in neuronal function, synaptic plasticity and cognition in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Morè
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lucia Privitera
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Philippa Perrett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel D Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Manuel Van Gijsel Bonnello
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Ortega-de San Luis C, Ryan TJ. Understanding the physical basis of memory: Molecular mechanisms of the engram. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101866. [PMID: 35346687 PMCID: PMC9065729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory, defined as the storage and use of learned information in the brain, is necessary to modulate behavior and critical for animals to adapt to their environments and survive. Despite being a cornerstone of brain function, questions surrounding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how information is encoded, stored, and recalled remain largely unanswered. One widely held theory is that an engram is formed by a group of neurons that are active during learning, which undergoes biochemical and physical changes to store information in a stable state, and that are later reactivated during recall of the memory. In the past decade, the development of engram labeling methodologies has proven useful to investigate the biology of memory at the molecular and cellular levels. Engram technology allows the study of individual memories associated with particular experiences and their evolution over time, with enough experimental resolution to discriminate between different memory processes: learning (encoding), consolidation (the passage from short-term to long-term memories), and storage (the maintenance of memory in the brain). Here, we review the current understanding of memory formation at a molecular and cellular level by focusing on insights provided using engram technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ortega-de San Luis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in neuronal C/EBPβ transgenic mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7838-7850. [PMID: 34489530 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory chain complex I deficiency elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxidative species (ROS), which plays a crucial role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether the impairment in other complexes in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain is also sufficient to trigger PD onset. Here we show that inhibition of Complex II or III in the electron transport chain (ETC) induces the motor disorder and PD pathologies in neuronal Thy1-C/EBPβ transgenic mice. Through a cell-based screening of mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, we identified TTFA (complex II inhibitor) and Atovaquone (complex III inhibitor), which robustly block the oxidative phosphorylation functions, strongly escalate ROS, and activate C/EBPβ/AEP pathway that triggers dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Oral administration of these inhibitors to Thy1-C/EBPβ mice elicits constipation and motor defects, associated with Lewy body-like inclusions. Deletion of SDHD (Succinate dehydrogenase) gene from the complex II in the Substantia Nigra of Thy1-C/EBPβ mice triggers ROS and PD pathologies, resulting in motor disorders. Hence, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial ETC inactivation triggers PD pathogenesis via activating C/EBPβ/AEP pathway.
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16
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Ustaoglu P, Gill JK, Doubovetzky N, Haussmann IU, Dix TC, Arnold R, Devaud JM, Soller M. Dynamically expressed single ELAV/Hu orthologue elavl2 of bees is required for learning and memory. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1234. [PMID: 34711922 PMCID: PMC8553928 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene expression are a hallmark of learning and memory consolidation. Little is known about how alternative mRNA processing, particularly abundant in neuron-specific genes, contributes to these processes. Prototype RNA binding proteins of the neuronally expressed ELAV/Hu family are candidates for roles in learning and memory, but their capacity to cross-regulate and take over each other's functions complicate substantiation of such links. Honey bees Apis mellifera have only one elav/Hu family gene elavl2, that has functionally diversified by increasing alternative splicing including an evolutionary conserved microexon. RNAi knockdown demonstrates that ELAVL2 is required for learning and memory in bees. ELAVL2 is dynamically expressed with altered alternative splicing and subcellular localization in mushroom bodies, but not in other brain regions. Expression and alternative splicing of elavl2 change during memory consolidation illustrating an alternative mRNA processing program as part of a local gene expression response underlying memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Ustaoglu
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jatinder Kaur Gill
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicolas Doubovetzky
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Irmgard U Haussmann
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Thomas C Dix
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roland Arnold
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Devaud
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Matthias Soller
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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17
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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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18
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Swarnkar S, Avchalumov Y, Espadas I, Grinman E, Liu XA, Raveendra BL, Zucca A, Mediouni S, Sadhu A, Valente S, Page D, Miller K, Puthanveettil SV. Molecular motor protein KIF5C mediates structural plasticity and long-term memory by constraining local translation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109369. [PMID: 34260917 PMCID: PMC8319835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic structural plasticity, key to long-term memory storage, requires translation of localized RNAs delivered by long-distance transport from the neuronal cell body. Mechanisms and regulation of this system remain elusive. Here, we explore the roles of KIF5C and KIF3A, two members of kinesin superfamily of molecular motors (Kifs), and find that loss of function of either kinesin decreases dendritic arborization and spine density whereas gain of function of KIF5C enhances it. KIF5C function is a rate-determining component of local translation and is associated with ∼650 RNAs, including EIF3G, a regulator of translation initiation, and plasticity-associated RNAs. Loss of function of KIF5C in dorsal hippocampal CA1 neurons constrains both spatial and contextual fear memory, whereas gain of function specifically enhances spatial memory and extinction of contextual fear. KIF5C-mediated long-distance transport of local translation substrates proves a key mechanism underlying structural plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yosef Avchalumov
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Isabel Espadas
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Eddie Grinman
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xin-An Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bindu L Raveendra
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Aya Zucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Abhishek Sadhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Susana Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Damon Page
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kyle Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Hoang TH, Böge J, Manahan-Vaughan D. Hippocampal subfield-specific Homer1a expression is triggered by learning-facilitated long-term potentiation and long-term depression at medial perforant path synapses. Hippocampus 2021; 31:897-915. [PMID: 33964041 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Learning about general aspects, or content details, of space results in differentiated neuronal information encoding within the proximodistal axis of the hippocampus. These processes are tightly linked to long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Here, we explored the precise sites of encoding of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus that are mediated by information throughput from the perforant path. We assessed nuclear Homer1a-expression that was triggered by electrophysiological induction of short and long forms of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and compared it to Homer1a-expression that was triggered by LTP and LTD enabled by different forms of spatial learning. Plasticity responses were induced by patterned stimulation of the perforant path and were recorded in the dentate gyrus (DG) of freely behaving rats. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect experience-dependent nuclear encoding of Homer1a in proximodistal hippocampal subfields. Induction of neither STP nor STD resulted in immediate early gene (IEG) encoding. Electrophysiological induction of robust LTP, or LTD, resulted in highly significant and widespread induction of nuclear Homer1a in all hippocampal subfields. LTP that was facilitated by novel spatial exploration triggered similar widespread Homer1a-expression. The coupling of synaptic depression with the exploration of a novel configuration of landmarks resulted in localized IEG expression in the proximal CA3 region and the lower (infrapyramidal) blade of the DG. Our findings support that synaptic plasticity induction via perforant path inputs promotes widespread hippocampal information encoding. Furthermore, novel spatial exploration promotes the selection of a hippocampal neuronal network by means of LTP that is distributed in an experience-dependent manner across all hippocampus subfields. This network may be modified during spatial content learning by LTD in specific hippocampal subfields. Thus, long-term plasticity-inducing events result in IEG expression that supports establishment and/or restructuring of neuronal networks that are necessary for long-term information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Huong Hoang
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juliane Böge
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Jefsen OH, Elfving B, Wegener G, Müller HK. Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:483-493. [PMID: 33143539 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120959614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic found in "magic mushrooms" with a putative therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. In rodents, psilocybin acutely induces plasticity-related immediate early genes in cortical tissue; however, studies into the effects on subcortical regions, of different doses, and the subsequent translation of corresponding proteins are lacking. METHODS We examined the acute effects of a single administration of psilocybin (0.5-20 mg/kg) on the expression of selected genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In total, 46 target genes and eight reference genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Corresponding protein levels of the three most commonly regulated genes were assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS In the prefrontal cortex, psilocybin increased the expression of Cebpb, c-Fos, Dups1, Fosb, Junb, Iκβ-α, Nr4a1, P11, Psd95, and Sgk1, and decreased the expression of Clk1. In the hippocampus, psilocybin strongly increased the expression of Arrdc2, Dusp1, Iκβ-α, and Sgk1 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of Arc, Clk1, Egr2, and Ptgs2. Protein levels of Sgk1, Dusp1, and Iκβ-α showed only partial agreement with transcriptional patterns, stressing the importance of assessing downstream translation when investigating rapid gene responses. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that psilocybin rapidly induces gene expression related to neuroplasticity, biased towards the prefrontal cortex, compared to the hippocampus. Our findings provide further evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hougaard Jefsen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUGUST Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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ELAV Proteins Bind and Stabilize C/EBP mRNA in the Induction of Long-Term Memory in Aplysia. J Neurosci 2020; 41:947-959. [PMID: 33298536 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2284-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) formation is a critical survival process by which an animal retains information about prior experiences to guide future behavior. In the experimentally advantageous marine mollusk Aplysia, LTM for sensitization can be induced by the presentation of two aversive shocks to the animal's tail. Each of these training trials recruits distinct growth factor signaling systems that promote LTM formation. Specifically, whereas intact TrkB signaling during Trial 1 promotes an initial and transient increase of the immediate early gene apc/ebp mRNA, a prolonged increase in apc/ebp gene expression required for LTM formation requires the addition of TGFβ signaling during Trial 2. Here we explored the molecular mechanisms by which Trial 2 achieves the essential prolonged gene expression of apc/ebp We find that this prolonged gene expression is not dependent on de novo transcription, but that apc/ebp mRNA synthesized by Trial 1 is post-transcriptionally stabilized by interacting with the RNA-binding protein ApELAV. This interaction is promoted by p38 MAPK activation initiated by TGFβ. We further demonstrate that blocking the interaction of ApELAV with its target mRNA during Trial 2 blocks both the prolonged increase in apc/ebp gene expression and the behavioral induction of LTM. Collectively, our findings elucidate both when and how ELAV proteins are recruited for the stabilization of mRNA in LTM formation. Stabilization of a transiently expressed immediate early gene mRNA by a repeated training trial may therefore serve as a "filter" for learning, permitting only specific events to cause lasting transcriptional changes and behavioral LTM.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the present paper, we significantly extend the general field of molecular processing in long-term memory (LTM) by describing a novel form of pretranslational processing required for LTM, which relies on the stabilization of a newly synthesized mRNA by a class of RNA binding proteins (ELAVs). There are now compelling data showing that important processing can occur after transcription of a gene, but before translation of the message into protein. Although the potential importance of ELAV proteins in LTM formation has previously been reported, the specific actions of ELAV proteins during LTM formation remained to be understood. Our new findings thus complement and extend this literature by demonstrating when and how this post-transcriptional gene regulation is mediated in the induction of LTM.
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Rosiles T, Nguyen M, Duron M, Garcia A, Garcia G, Gordon H, Juarez L, Calin-Jageman IE, Calin-Jageman RJ. Registered Report: Transcriptional Analysis of Savings Memory Suggests Forgetting is Due to Retrieval Failure. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0313-19.2020. [PMID: 32928882 PMCID: PMC7665899 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0313-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is fundamental debate about the nature of forgetting: some have argued that it represents the decay of the memory trace, others that the memory trace persists but becomes inaccessible because of retrieval failure. These different accounts of forgetting lead to different predictions about savings memory, the rapid re-learning of seemingly forgotten information. If forgetting is because of decay, then savings requires re-encoding and should thus involve the same mechanisms as initial learning. If forgetting is because of retrieval failure, then savings should be mechanistically distinct from encoding. In this registered report, we conducted a preregistered and rigorous test between these accounts of forgetting. Specifically, we used microarray to characterize the transcriptional correlates of a new memory (1 d after training), a forgotten memory (8 d after training), and a savings memory (8 d after training but with a reminder on day 7 to evoke a long-term savings memory) for sensitization in Aplysia californica (n = 8 samples/group). We found that the reactivation of sensitization during savings does not involve a substantial transcriptional response. Thus, savings is transcriptionally distinct relative to a newer (1-d-old) memory, with no coregulated transcripts, negligible similarity in regulation-ranked ordering of transcripts, and a negligible correlation in training-induced changes in gene expression (r = 0.04 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.12, 0.20]). Overall, our results suggest that forgetting of sensitization memory represents retrieval failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rosiles
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Melissa Nguyen
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Monica Duron
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Annette Garcia
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - George Garcia
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Hannah Gordon
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Lorena Juarez
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
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Alexandrescu A, Carew TJ. Postsynaptic effects of Aplysia cysteine-rich neurotrophic factor in the induction of activity-dependent long-term facilitation in Aplysia californica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:124-129. [PMID: 32179654 PMCID: PMC7079570 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051011.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of growth factor signaling is critical for both presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity underlying long-term memory formation. We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of Aplysia cysteine-rich neurotrophic factor (ApCRNF) signaling during the induction of activity-dependent long-term facilitation (AD-LTF) at sensory-to-motor neuron synapses that mediate defensive reflexes in Aplysia We found that ApCRNF signaling is required for the induction of AD-LTF, and for training-induced early protein kinase activation and late forms of gene expression, exclusively in postsynaptic neurons. These results support the view that ApCRNF is critically involved in AD-LTF at least in part through postsynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Alexandrescu
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Thomas J Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Rivi V, Benatti C, Colliva C, Radighieri G, Brunello N, Tascedda F, Blom JMC. Lymnaea stagnalis as model for translational neuroscience research: From pond to bench. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:602-616. [PMID: 31786320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to illustrate how a reductionistic, but sophisticated, approach based on the use of a simple model system such as the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), might be useful to address fundamental questions in learning and memory. L. stagnalis, as a model, provides an interesting platform to investigate the dialog between the synapse and the nucleus and vice versa during memory and learning. More importantly, the "molecular actors" of the memory dialogue are well-conserved both across phylogenetic groups and learning paradigms, involving single- or multi-trials, aversion or reward, operant or classical conditioning. At the same time, this model could help to study how, where and when the memory dialog is impaired in stressful conditions and during aging and neurodegeneration in humans and thus offers new insights and targets in order to develop innovative therapies and technology for the treatment of a range of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rivi
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Benatti
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Colliva
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Radighieri
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N Brunello
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Tascedda
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - J M C Blom
- Dept. of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Pera T, Tompkins E, Katz M, Wang B, Deshpande DA, Weinman EJ, Penn RB. Specificity of NHERF1 regulation of GPCR signaling and function in human airway smooth muscle. FASEB J 2019; 33:9008-9016. [PMID: 31042404 PMCID: PMC6662985 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900323r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1; also known as ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50) is a PSD-95, disc large, zona occludens-1 adapter that acts as a scaffold for signaling complexes and cytoskeletal-plasma membrane interactions. NHERF1 is crucial to β-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR)-mediated activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in epithelial cells, and NHERF1 has been proposed to mediate the recycling of internalized β2AR back to the cell membrane. In the current study, we assessed the role of NHERF1 in regulating cAMP-mediated signaling and immunomodulatory functions in airway smooth muscle (ASM). NHERF1 knockdown attenuated the induction of (protein kinase A) phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP) by isoproterenol (ISO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), or forskolin (FSK) as well as the induction of p-heat shock protein 20 after 4 h of stimulation with ISO and FSK. NHERF1 knockdown fully abrogated the ISO-, PGE2-, and FSK-induced IL-6 gene expression and cytokine production without affecting cAMP-mediated phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene expression, phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and cAMP response element (CRE)-Luc, or PDGF-induced cyclin D1 expression. Interestingly, NHERF1 knockdown prevented ISO-induced chromatin-binding of the transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-β (c/EBPβ). c/EBPβ knockdown almost completely abrogated the cAMP-mediated IL-6 but not PDE4D gene expression. The differential regulation of cAMP-induced signaling and gene expression in our study indicates a role for NHERF1 in the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling in ASM.-Pera, T., Tompkins, E., Katz, M., Wang, B., Deshpande, D. A., Weinman, E. J., Penn, R. B. Specificity of NHERF1 regulation of GPCR signaling and function in human airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonio Pera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Tompkins
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Katz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepak A. Deshpande
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward J. Weinman
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond B. Penn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Malinow RA, Ying P, Koorman T, Boxem M, Jin Y, Kim KW. Functional Dissection of C. elegans bZip-Protein CEBP-1 Reveals Novel Structural Motifs Required for Axon Regeneration and Nuclear Import. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:348. [PMID: 31417366 PMCID: PMC6685058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine-zipper (bZIP) domain transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) have a variety of roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress response. In the nervous system, several isoforms of C/EBP function in learning and memory, neuronal plasticity, neuroinflammation, and axon regeneration. We previously reported that the Caenorhabditis elegans C/EBP homolog, CEBP-1, is essential for axon regeneration. CEBP-1 consists of 319 amino acids, with its bZIP domain at the C-terminus and a long N-terminal fragment with no known protein motifs. Here, using forward genetic screening with targeted genome editing, we have identified a unique domain in the N-terminus that is critical for its in vivo function. Additionally, we characterized three nuclear localization signals (NLS) in CEBP-1 that act together to mediate CEBP-1’s nuclear import. Moreover, the Importin-α, IMA-3, can bind to CEBP-1 via one of the NLS. ima-3 is ubiquitously expressed in all somatic cells, and ima-3 null mutants are larval lethal. Using Cre-lox dependent neuron-specific deletion strategy, we show that ima-3 is not critical for axon development, but is required for axon regeneration in adults. Together, these data advance our understanding of CEBP-1’s function, and suggest new regulators that remain to be identified to expand the CEBP-1 protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Aria Malinow
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Phoenix Ying
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Xu C, Li Q, Efimova O, Jiang X, Petrova M, K Vinarskaya A, Kolosov P, Aseyev N, Koshkareva K, Ierusalimsky VN, Balaban PM, Khaitovich P. Identification of Immediate Early Genes in the Nervous System of Snail Helix lucorum. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0416-18.2019. [PMID: 31053606 PMCID: PMC6584072 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0416-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediate early genes (IEGs) are useful markers of neuronal activation and essential components of neuronal response. While studies of gastropods have provided many insights into the basic learning and memory mechanisms, the genome-wide assessment of IEGs has been mainly restricted to vertebrates. In this study, we identified IEGs in the terrestrial snail Helix lucorum In the absence of the genome, we conducted de novo transcriptome assembly using reads with short and intermediate lengths cumulatively covering more than 98 billion nucleotides. Based on this assembly, we identified 37 proteins corresponding to contigs differentially expressed (DE) in either the parietal ganglia (PaG) or two giant interneurons located within the PaG of the snail in response to the neuronal stimulation. These proteins included homologues of well-known mammalian IEGs, such as c-jun/jund, C/EBP, c-fos/fosl2, and Egr1, as well as homologues of genes not yet implicated in the neuronal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Gesellschaft Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Gesellschaft Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Olga Efimova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Xi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Gesellschaft Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Marina Petrova
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Gesellschaft Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Alia K Vinarskaya
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Peter Kolosov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aseyev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Kira Koshkareva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | | | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Comparative Biology Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Gesellschaft Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Epigenetic regulation of immediate-early gene Nr4a2/Nurr1 in the medial habenula during reinstatement of cocaine-associated behavior. Neuropharmacology 2019; 153:13-19. [PMID: 30998946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Propensity to relapse following long periods of abstinence is a key feature of substance use disorder. Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cause long-term changes in the neural circuitry regulating reward, motivation, and memory processes through dysregulation of various molecular mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation of activity-dependent gene expression. Underlying drug-induced changes to neural circuit function are the molecular mechanisms regulating activity-dependent gene expression. Of note, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), powerful epigenetic regulators of gene expression, are dysregulated following both acute and chronic cocaine exposure and are linked to cocaine-induced changes in neural circuit function. To better understand the effect of drug-induced changes on epigenetic function and behavior, we investigated HDAC3-mediated regulation of Nr4a2/Nurr1 in the medial habenula, an understudied pathway in cocaine-associated behaviors. Nr4a2, a transcription factor critical in cocaine-associated behaviors and necessary for MHb development, is enriched in the cholinergic cell-population of the MHb; yet, the role of NR4A2 within the MHb in the adult brain remains elusive. Here, we evaluated whether epigenetic regulation of Nr4a2 in the MHb has a role in reinstatement of cocaine-associated behaviors. We found that HDAC3 disengages from Nr4a2 in the MHb in response to cocaine-primed reinstatement. Whereas enhancing HDAC3 function in the MHb had no effect on reinstatement, we found, using a dominant-negative splice variant (NURR2C), that loss of NR4A2 function in the MHb blocked reinstatement behaviors. These results show for the first time that regulation of NR4A2 function in the MHb is critical in relapse-like behaviors.
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Mirisis AA, Carew TJ. The ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:143-148. [PMID: 30998973 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of de novo gene expression and translation of specific gene transcripts have long been known to support long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity and behavioral long-term memory. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that gene expression is heavily regulated not only on the level of transcription, but also through post-transcriptional gene regulation, which governs the subcellular localization, stability, and likelihood of translation of mRNAs. Specific families of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) bind transcripts which contain AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3' UTR and thereby govern their downstream fate. These post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms are coordinated through the same cell signaling pathways that play critical roles in long-term memory formation. In this review, we discuss recent results that demonstrate the roles that these ARE-binding proteins play in LTM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Histone deacetylase 3 inhibitors in learning and memory processes with special emphasis on benzamides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:369-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ying Z, Byun HR, Meng Q, Noble E, Zhang G, Yang X, Gomez-Pinilla F. Biglycan gene connects metabolic dysfunction with brain disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3679-3687. [PMID: 30291886 PMCID: PMC6239930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fructose is a major contributor to the epidemic of diabetes and obesity, and it is an excellent model to study metabolic syndrome. Based on previous studies that Bgn gene occupies a central position in a network of genes in the brain in response to fructose consumption, we assessed the capacity of Bgn to modulate the action of fructose on brain and body. We exposed male biglycan knockout mice (Bgn0/-) to fructose for 7 weeks, and results showed that Bgn0/- mice compensated for a decrement in learning and memory performance when exposed to fructose. These results were consistent with an attenuation of the action of fructose on hippocampal CREB levels. Fructose also reduced the levels of CREB and BDNF in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Bgn siRNA treatment abolished these effects of fructose on CREB and BDNF levels, in conjunction with a reduction in a fructose-related increase in Bgn protein. In addition, fructose consumption perturbed the systemic metabolism of glucose and lipids, that were also altered in the Bgn0/ mice. Transcriptomic profiling of hypothalamus, hippocampus, and liver supported the regulatory action of Bgn on key molecular pathways involved in metabolism, immune response, and neuronal plasticity. Overall results underscore the tissue-specific role of the extracellular matrix in the regulation of metabolism and brain function, and support Bgn as a key modulator for the impact of fructose across body and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hyae Ran Byun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Qingying Meng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Emily Noble
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Vafaee F, Zarifkar A, Emamghoreishi M, Namavar MR, Shahpari M, Zarifkar AH. Effect of Recombinant Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 Injected into the Hippocampus on Memory Impairment Following Hippocampal Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Galen Med J 2018; 7:e1353. [PMID: 34466449 PMCID: PMC8344085 DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v0i0.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is a growth factor and an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in memory. In this study, we examined the effect of recombinant IGF-2 on memory impairment due to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Avoidance and recognition memory, locomotor activity, neurological deficit score (NDS), and the level of the IGF-2 gene expression were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce ICH, 100 μL of autologous blood was injected into the left hippocampus of male Sprague Dawley rats. Recombinant IGF-2 was injected into the damaged hippocampus 30 minutes after the induction of ICH. Then, over two weeks, NDS, locomotor activity, passive avoidance, and novel object recognition (NOR) test were evaluated. Finally, the level of IGF-2 gene expression was evaluated by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULT Our results indicated that recombinant IGF-2 injection significantly increased step-through latency (P<0.001) and total time spent in the dark box (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was seen in recognition memory and NDS. Locomotor activity did not significantly change in any group. A significantly reduced level of IGF-2 was observed after two weeks (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that a single dose of recombinant IGF-2 injection can influence hippocampus-dependent memories. Importantly, IGF-2 did not change locomotor activity and NDS after two weeks, which probably represents its specific function in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Vafaee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Emamghoreishi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shahpari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Pardo M, Cheng Y, Sitbon YH, Lowell JA, Grieco SF, Worthen RJ, Desse S, Barreda-Diaz A. Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) as an emergent target in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Review. Neurosci Res 2018; 149:1-13. [PMID: 30389571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence highlights the role of IGF2 in the brain, sustained by data showing its alterations as a common feature across a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies emphasize the potential role of IGF2 in psychiatric and neurological conditions as well as in memory impairments, targeting IGF2 as a pro-cognitive agent. New research on animal models supports that upcoming investigations should explore IGF2's strong promising role as a memory enhancer. The lack of effective treatments for cognitive disturbances as a result of psychiatric diseases lead to further explore IGF2 as a promising target for the development of new pharmacology for the treatment of memory dysfunctions. In this review, we aim at gathering all recent relevant studies and findings on the role of IGF2 in the development of psychiatric diseases that occur with cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Y Cheng
- University of California Los Angeles, Neurology Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Y H Sitbon
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - J A Lowell
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S F Grieco
- University of California, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - R J Worthen
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S Desse
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Barreda-Diaz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
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Walters ET. Nociceptive Biology of Molluscs and Arthropods: Evolutionary Clues About Functions and Mechanisms Potentially Related to Pain. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1049. [PMID: 30123137 PMCID: PMC6085516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Important insights into the selection pressures and core molecular modules contributing to the evolution of pain-related processes have come from studies of nociceptive systems in several molluscan and arthropod species. These phyla, and the chordates that include humans, last shared a common ancestor approximately 550 million years ago. Since then, animals in these phyla have continued to be subject to traumatic injury, often from predators, which has led to similar adaptive behaviors (e.g., withdrawal, escape, recuperative behavior) and physiological responses to injury in each group. Comparisons across these taxa provide clues about the contributions of convergent evolution and of conservation of ancient adaptive mechanisms to general nociceptive and pain-related functions. Primary nociceptors have been investigated extensively in a few molluscan and arthropod species, with studies of long-lasting nociceptive sensitization in the gastropod, Aplysia, and the insect, Drosophila, being especially fruitful. In Aplysia, nociceptive sensitization has been investigated as a model for aversive memory and for hyperalgesia. Neuromodulator-induced, activity-dependent, and axotomy-induced plasticity mechanisms have been defined in synapses, cell bodies, and axons of Aplysia primary nociceptors. Studies of nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae have revealed numerous molecular contributors in primary nociceptors and interacting cells. Interestingly, molecular contributors examined thus far in Aplysia and Drosophila are largely different, but both sets overlap extensively with those in mammalian pain-related pathways. In contrast to results from Aplysia and Drosophila, nociceptive sensitization examined in moth larvae (Manduca) disclosed central hyperactivity but no obvious peripheral sensitization of nociceptive responses. Squid (Doryteuthis) show injury-induced sensitization manifested as behavioral hypersensitivity to tactile and especially visual stimuli, and as hypersensitivity and spontaneous activity in nociceptor terminals. Temporary blockade of nociceptor activity during injury subsequently increased mortality when injured squid were exposed to fish predators, providing the first demonstration in any animal of the adaptiveness of nociceptive sensitization. Immediate responses to noxious stimulation and nociceptive sensitization have also been examined behaviorally and physiologically in a snail (Helix), octopus (Adopus), crayfish (Astacus), hermit crab (Pagurus), and shore crab (Hemigrapsus). Molluscs and arthropods have systems that suppress nociceptive responses, but whether opioid systems play antinociceptive roles in these phyla is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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35
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Eagle AL, Gajewski PA, Robison AJ. Role of hippocampal activity-induced transcription in memory consolidation. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:559-73. [PMID: 27180338 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Experience-dependent changes in the strength of connections between neurons in the hippocampus (HPC) are critical for normal learning and memory consolidation, and disruption of this process drives a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Proper HPC function relies upon discrete changes in gene expression driven by transcription factors (TFs) induced by neuronal activity. Here, we describe the induction and function of many of the most well-studied HPC TFs, including cyclic-AMP response element binding protein, serum-response factor, AP-1, and others, and describe their role in the learning process. We also discuss the known target genes of many of these TFs and the purported mechanisms by which they regulate long-term changes in HPC synaptic strength. Moreover, we propose that future research in this field will depend upon unbiased identification of additional gene targets for these activity-dependent TFs and subsequent meta-analyses that identify common genes or pathways regulated by multiple TFs in the HPC during learning or disease.
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Morales-Garcia JA, Gine E, Hernandez-Encinas E, Aguilar-Morante D, Sierra-Magro A, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Alonso-Gil S, Sanchez-Lanzas R, Castaño JG, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β silencing mitigates glial activation and neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13526. [PMID: 29051532 PMCID: PMC5648790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor involved in numerous physiological as well as pathological conditions in the brain. However, little is known regarding its possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously shown that C/EBPβ regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes and brain injury. Here, we have analyzed the effects of C/EBPβ interference in dopaminergic cell death and glial activation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Our results showed that lentivirus-mediated C/EBPβ deprivation conferred marked in vitro and in vivo neuroprotection of dopaminergic cells concomitant with a significant attenuation of the level of the inflammatory response and glial activation. Additionally, C/EBPβ interference diminished the induction of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta of animals injected with 6-hydroxydopamine. Taking together, these results reveal an essential function for C/EBPβ in the pathways leading to inflammatory-mediated brain damage and suggest novel roles for C/EBPβ in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically in Parkinson's disease, opening the door for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gine
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Hernandez-Encinas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Sierra-Magro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Sanchez-Lanzas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose G Castaño
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.
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Conte C, Herdegen S, Kamal S, Patel J, Patel U, Perez L, Rivota M, Calin-Jageman RJ, Calin-Jageman IE. Transcriptional correlates of memory maintenance following long-term sensitization of Aplysia californica. Learn Mem 2017; 24:502-515. [PMID: 28916625 PMCID: PMC5602346 DOI: 10.1101/lm.045450.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the transcriptional response accompanying maintenance of long-term sensitization (LTS) memory in the pleural ganglia of Aplysia californica using microarray (N = 8) and qPCR (N = 11 additional samples). We found that 24 h after memory induction there is strong regulation of 1198 transcripts (748 up and 450 down) in a pattern that is almost completely distinct from what is observed during memory encoding (1 h after training). There is widespread up-regulation of transcripts related to all levels of protein production, from transcription (e.g., subunits of transcription initiation factors) to translation (e.g., subunits of eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, eIF4, eIF5, and eIF2B) to activation of components of the unfolded protein response (e.g., CREB3/Luman, BiP, AATF). In addition, there are widespread changes in transcripts related to cytoskeleton function, synaptic targeting, synaptic function, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuronal signaling. Many of the transcripts identified have previously been linked to memory and plasticity (e.g., Egr, menin, TOB1, IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1/ZBP-1), though the majority are novel and/or uncharacterized. Interestingly, there is regulation that could contribute to metaplasticity potentially opposing or even eroding LTS memory (down-regulation of adenylate cyclase and a putative serotonin receptor, up-regulation of FMRFa and a FMRFa receptor). This study reveals that maintenance of a "simple" nonassociative memory is accompanied by an astonishingly complex transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Conte
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Samantha Herdegen
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Saman Kamal
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Jency Patel
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Ushma Patel
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Leticia Perez
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Marissa Rivota
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
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Abstract
Memory is an adaptation to particular temporal properties of past events, such as the frequency of occurrence of a stimulus or the coincidence of multiple stimuli. In neurons, this adaptation can be understood in terms of a hierarchical system of molecular and cellular time windows, which collectively retain information from the past. We propose that this system makes various timescales of past experience simultaneously available for future adjustment of behavior. More generally, we propose that the ability to detect and respond to temporally structured information underlies the nervous system's capacity to encode and store a memory at molecular, cellular, synaptic, and circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas James Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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39
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Liu RY, Neveu C, Smolen P, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. Superior long-term synaptic memory induced by combining dual pharmacological activation of PKA and ERK with an enhanced training protocol. Learn Mem 2017; 24:289-297. [PMID: 28620076 PMCID: PMC5473109 DOI: 10.1101/lm.044834.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing treatment strategies to enhance memory is an important goal of neuroscience research. Activation of multiple biochemical signaling cascades, such as the protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, is necessary to induce long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF), a correlate of long-term memory (LTM). Previously, a computational model was developed which correctly predicted a novel enhanced training protocol that augmented LTF by searching for the protocol with maximal overlap of PKA and ERK activation. The present study focused on pharmacological approaches to enhance LTF. Combining an ERK activator, NSC, and a PKA activator, rolipram, enhanced LTF to a greater extent than did either drug alone. An even greater increase in LTF occurred when rolipram and NSC were combined with the Enhanced protocol. These results indicate superior memory can be achieved by enhanced protocols that take advantage of the structure and dynamics of the biochemical cascades underlying memory formation, used in conjunction with combinatorial pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Curtis Neveu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Leonard J Cleary
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Hu J, Adler K, Farah CA, Hastings MH, Sossin WS, Schacher S. Cell-Specific PKM Isoforms Contribute to the Maintenance of Different Forms of Persistent Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2746-2763. [PMID: 28179558 PMCID: PMC5354326 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2805-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple kinase activations contribute to long-term synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism mediating long-term memory. The sensorimotor synapse of Aplysia expresses different forms of long-term facilitation (LTF)-nonassociative and associative LTF-that require the timely activation of kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC). It is not known which PKC isoforms in the sensory neuron or motor neuron L7 are required to sustain each form of LTF. We show that different PKMs, the constitutively active isoforms of PKCs generated by calpain cleavage, in the sensory neuron and L7 are required to maintain each form of LTF. Different PKMs or calpain isoforms were blocked by overexpressing specific dominant-negative constructs in either presynaptic or postsynaptic neurons. Blocking either PKM Apl I in L7, or PKM Apl II or PKM Apl III in the sensory neuron 2 d after 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) treatment reversed persistent nonassociative LTF. In contrast, blocking either PKM Apl II or PKM Apl III in L7, or PKM Apl II in the sensory neuron 2 d after paired stimuli reversed persistent associative LTF. Blocking either classical calpain or atypical small optic lobe (SOL) calpain 2 d after 5-HT treatment or paired stimuli did not disrupt the maintenance of persistent LTF. Soon after 5-HT treatment or paired stimuli, however, blocking classical calpain inhibited the expression of persistent associative LTF, while blocking SOL calpain inhibited the expression of persistent nonassociative LTF. Our data suggest that different stimuli activate different calpains that generate specific sets of PKMs in each neuron whose constitutive activities sustain long-term synaptic plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Persistent synaptic plasticity contributes to the maintenance of long-term memory. Although various kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) contribute to the expression of long-term plasticity, little is known about how constitutive activation of specific kinase isoforms sustains long-term plasticity. This study provides evidence that the cell-specific activities of different PKM isoforms generated from PKCs by calpain-mediated cleavage maintain two forms of persistent synaptic plasticity, which are the cellular analogs of two forms of long-term memory. Moreover, we found that the activation of specific calpains depends on the features of the stimuli evoking the different forms of synaptic plasticity. Given the recent controversy over the role of PKMζ maintaining memory, these findings are significant in identifying roles of multiple PKMs in the retention of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032,
| | - Kerry Adler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | - Carole Abi Farah
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - Margaret H Hastings
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Samuel Schacher
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
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Pearce K, Cai D, Roberts AC, Glanzman DL. Role of protein synthesis and DNA methylation in the consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory in Aplysia. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28067617 PMCID: PMC5310836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that long-term memory (LTM) in Aplysia can be reinstated by truncated (partial) training following its disruption by reconsolidation blockade and inhibition of PKM (Chen et al., 2014). Here, we report that LTM can be induced by partial training after disruption of original consolidation by protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) begun shortly after training. But when PSI occurs during training, partial training cannot subsequently establish LTM. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), whether during training or shortly afterwards, blocks consolidation of LTM and prevents its subsequent induction by truncated training; moreover, later inhibition of DNMT eliminates consolidated LTM. Thus, the consolidation of LTM depends on two functionally distinct phases of protein synthesis: an early phase that appears to prime LTM; and a later phase whose successful completion is necessary for the normal expression of LTM. Both the consolidation and maintenance of LTM depend on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaycey Pearce
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Diancai Cai
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Adam C Roberts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - David L Glanzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
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42
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Abstract
The classic serotonergic hallucinogens, or psychedelics, have the ability to profoundly alter perception and behavior. These can include visual distortions, hallucinations, detachment from reality, and mystical experiences. Some psychedelics, like LSD, are able to produce these effects with remarkably low doses of drug. Others, like psilocybin, have recently been demonstrated to have significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction that persist for at least several months after only a single therapeutic session. How does this occur? Much work has recently been published from imaging studies showing that psychedelics alter brain network connectivity. They facilitate a disintegration of the default mode network, producing a hyperconnectivity between brain regions that allow centers that do not normally communicate with each other to do so. The immediate and acute effects on both behaviors and network connectivity are likely mediated by effector pathways downstream of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. These acute molecular processes also influence gene expression changes, which likely influence synaptic plasticity and facilitate more long-term changes in brain neurochemistry ultimately underlying the therapeutic efficacy of a single administration to achieve long-lasting effects. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the molecular genetic responses to psychedelics within the brain and discuss how gene expression changes may contribute to altered cellular physiology and behaviors.
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Korzus E. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome and Epigenetic Alterations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:39-62. [PMID: 28523540 PMCID: PMC6863608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare genetic disorder in humans characterized by growth and psychomotor delay, abnormal gross anatomy, and mild to severe mental retardation (Rubinstein and Taybi, Am J Dis Child 105:588-608, 1963, Hennekam et al., Am J Med Genet Suppl 6:56-64, 1990). RSTS is caused by de novo mutations in epigenetics-associated genes, including the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREBBP), the gene-encoding protein referred to as CBP, and the EP300 gene, which encodes the p300 protein, a CBP homologue. Recent studies of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cognitive functions in mice provide direct evidence for the involvement of nuclear factors (e.g., CBP) in the control of higher cognitive functions. In fact, a role for CBP in higher cognitive function is suggested by the finding that RSTS is caused by heterozygous mutations at the CBP locus (Petrij et al., Nature 376:348-351, 1995). CBP was demonstrated to possess an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity (Ogryzko et al., Cell 87:953-959, 1996) that is required for CREB-mediated gene expression (Korzus et al., Science 279:703-707, 1998). The intrinsic protein acetyltransferase activity in CBP might directly destabilize promoter-bound nucleosomes, facilitating the activation of transcription. Due to the complexity of developmental abnormalities and the possible genetic compensation associated with this congenital disorder, however, it is difficult to establish a direct role for CBP in cognitive function in the adult brain. Although aspects of the clinical presentation in RSTS cases have been extensively studied, a spectrum of symptoms found in RSTS patients can be accessed only after birth, and, thus, prenatal genetic tests for this extremely rare genetic disorder are seldom considered. Even though there has been intensive research on the genetic and epigenetic function of the CREBBP gene in rodents, the etiology of this devastating congenital human disorder is largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Korzus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University Of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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44
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Ding S, Gan T, Song M, Dai Q, Huang H, Xu Y, Zhong C. C/EBPB-CITED4 in Exercised Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:247-259. [PMID: 29098625 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C/EBPB is a crucial transcription factor, participating in a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and development. In the cardiovascular system, C/EBPB-CITED4 signaling is known as a signaling pathway mediating exercise-induced cardiac growth. After its exact role in exercised heart firstly reported in 2010, more and more evidence confirmed that. MicroRNA (e.g. miR-222) and many molecules (e.g. Alpha-lipoic acid) can regulate this pathway and then involve in the cardiac protection effect induced by endurance exercise training. In addition, in cardiac growth during pregnancy, C/EBPB is also a required regulator. This chapter will give an introduction of the C/EBPB-CITED4 signaling and the regulatory network based on this signaling pathway in exercised heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengguang Ding
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Tianyi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Meiyi Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Qiying Dai
- Metrowest Medical Center, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chongjun Zhong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Levy R, Levitan D, Susswein AJ. New learning while consolidating memory during sleep is actively blocked by a protein synthesis dependent process. eLife 2016; 5:e17769. [PMID: 27919318 PMCID: PMC5140267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brief experiences while a memory is consolidated may capture the consolidation, perhaps producing a maladaptive memory, or may interrupt the consolidation. Since consolidation occurs during sleep, even fleeting experiences when animals are awakened may produce maladaptive long-term memory, or may interrupt consolidation. In a learning paradigm affecting Aplysia feeding, when animals were trained after being awakened from sleep, interactions between new experiences and consolidation were prevented by blocking long-term memory arising from the new experiences. Inhibiting protein synthesis eliminated the block and allowed even a brief, generally ineffective training to produce long-term memory. Memory formation depended on consolidative proteins already expressed before training. After effective training, long term memory required subsequent transcription and translation. Memory formation during the sleep phase was correlated with increased CREB1 transcription, but not CREB2 transcription. Increased C/EBP transcription was a correlate of both effective and ineffective training and of treatments not producing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Levy
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Levitan
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abraham J Susswein
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Kotajima-Murakami H, Narumi S, Yuzaki M, Yanagihara D. Involvement of GluD2 in Fear-Conditioned Bradycardia in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166144. [PMID: 27820843 PMCID: PMC5098744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions in the cerebellar vermis abolish acquisition of fear-conditioned bradycardia in animals and human patients. The δ2 glutamate receptor (GluD2) is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The mouse mutant ho15J carries a spontaneous mutation in GluD2 and these mice show a primary deficiency in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, multiple innervations of Purkinje cells by climbing fibers, and impairment of long-term depression. In the present study, we used ho15J mice to investigate the role of the cerebellum in fear-conditioned bradycardia. We recorded changes in heart rate of ho15J mice induced by repeated pairing of an acoustic (conditioned) stimulus (CS) with an aversive (unconditioned) stimulus (US). The mice acquired conditioned bradycardia on Day 1 of the CS-US phase, similarly to wild-type mice. However, the magnitude of the conditioned bradycardia was not stable in the mutant mice, but rather was exaggerated on Days 2-5 of the CS-US phase. We examined the effects of reversibly inactivating the cerebellum by injection of an antagonist against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor (AMPAR). The antagonist abolished expression of conditioned responses in both wild-type and ho15J mice. We conclude that the GluD2 mutation in the ho15J mice affects stable retention of the acquired conditioned bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kotajima-Murakami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Narumi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Yanagihara
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Mirisis AA, Alexandrescu A, Carew TJ, Kopec AM. The Contribution of Spatial and Temporal Molecular Networks in the Induction of Long-term Memory and Its Underlying Synaptic Plasticity. AIMS Neurosci 2016; 3:356-384. [PMID: 27819030 PMCID: PMC5096789 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form long-lasting memories is critical to survival and thus is highly conserved across the animal kingdom. By virtue of its complexity, this same ability is vulnerable to disruption by a wide variety of neuronal traumas and pathologies. To identify effective therapies with which to treat memory disorders, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms which subserve normal learning and memory. A significant challenge to achieving this level of understanding is posed by the wide range of distinct temporal and spatial profiles of molecular signaling induced by learning-related stimuli. In this review we propose that a useful framework within which to address this challenge is to view the molecular foundation of long-lasting plasticity as composed of unique spatial and temporal molecular networks that mediate signaling both within neurons (such as via kinase signaling) as well as between neurons (such as via growth factor signaling). We propose that evaluating how cells integrate and interpret these concurrent and interacting molecular networks has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios A. Mirisis
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anamaria Alexandrescu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J. Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley M. Kopec
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hernandez-Encinas E, Aguilar-Morante D, Morales-Garcia JA, Gine E, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. Complement component 3 (C3) expression in the hippocampus after excitotoxic injury: role of C/EBPβ. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:276. [PMID: 27769255 PMCID: PMC5073972 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor implicated in the control of proliferation, differentiation, and inflammatory processes mainly in adipose tissue and liver; although more recent results have revealed an important role for this transcription factor in the brain. Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β is implicated in inflammatory process and brain injury, since mice lacking this gene were less susceptible to kainic acid-induced injury. More recently, we have shown that the complement component 3 gene (C3) is a downstream target of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and it could be a mediator of the proinflammatory effects of this transcription factor in neural cells. Methods Adult male Wistar rats (8–12 weeks old) were used throughout the study. C/EBPβ+/+ and C/EBPβ–/– mice were generated from heterozygous breeding pairs. Animals were injected or not with kainic acid, brains removed, and brain slices containing the hippocampus analyzed for the expression of both CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and C3. Results In the present work, we have further extended these studies and show that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and C3 co-express in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus after an excitotoxic injury. Studies using CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β knockout mice demonstrate a marked reduction in C3 expression after kainic acid injection in these animals, suggesting that indeed this protein is regulated by C/EBPβ in the hippocampus in vivo. Conclusions Altogether these results suggest that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β could regulate brain disorders, in which excitotoxic and inflammatory processes are involved, at least in part through the direct regulation of C3. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0742-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hernandez-Encinas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Present Address: Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gine
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
This article highlights the defining principles, progress, and future directions in epigenetics research in relation to this Special Issue. Exciting studies in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry have provided new insights into the epigenetic factors (e.g., DNA methylation) that are responsive to environmental input and serve as biological pathways in behavioral development. Here we highlight the experimental evidence, mainly from animal models, that factors such as psychosocial stress and environmental adversity can become encoded within epigenetic factors with functional consequences for brain plasticity and behavior. We also highlight evidence that epigenetic marking of genes in one generation can have consequences for future generations (i.e., inherited), and work with humans linking epigenetics, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorder. Though epigenetics has offered more of a beginning than an answer to the centuries-old nature-nurture debate, continued research is certain to yield substantial information regarding biological determinants of central nervous system changes and behavior with relevance for the study of developmental psychopathology.
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Sun X, Lin Y. Npas4: Linking Neuronal Activity to Memory. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:264-275. [PMID: 26987258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are rapidly activated after sensory and behavioral experience and are believed to be crucial for converting experience into long-term memory. Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), a recently discovered IEG, has several characteristics that make it likely to be a particularly important molecular link between neuronal activity and memory: it is among the most rapidly induced IEGs, is expressed only in neurons, and is selectively induced by neuronal activity. By orchestrating distinct activity-dependent gene programs in different neuronal populations, Npas4 affects synaptic connections in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, neural circuit plasticity, and memory formation. It may also be involved in circuit homeostasis through negative feedback and psychiatric disorders. We summarize these findings and discuss their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Sun
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yingxi Lin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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