1
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Atique M, Javed R, Seerat I, Atique U, Bhatti T. The Intensity and Pattern of Syndecan-1 (CD138) Expression in Normal and Diseased Livers. Cureus 2023; 15:e46718. [PMID: 38022112 PMCID: PMC10630907 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) belong to the syndecan family, and syndecan-1 (CD138) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Syndecan-1 has a potential role in cell-matrix and cell-cell communications as they are present in cell epithelium. Its expression is different in an extensive range of benign, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. In routine histopathology, it is used as a marker for plasma cells. However, it is expressed in a large variety of normal and neoplastic epithelia including squamous epithelium and gastric glandular epithelium expressed in other tissues, i.e., the liver. In the liver, variable expression is seen in cirrhosis, hepatitis, and carcinoma. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of this marker in normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions of the liver. This in turn may help clinicians to select patients who may benefit from anti-CD138 therapy. It is currently used in the diagnosis and management of plasma cell proliferations. Material and methods This is a retrospective study in which we retrieved 53 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver specimen blocks and selected one block from each case by reviewing the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides of each case. Syndecan-1 (CD138), pancytokeratin, and CD68 expression were analyzed immunohistochemically (IHC) to evaluate the percentage and intensity of CD138 expression in various hepatic entities and identify those entities where syndecan-1 can be consistently used to make a definitive diagnosis. Results The expression of pancytokeratin and CD68 was analyzed in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, respectively. For syndecan-1 (CD138), 15.4% of cases showed basolateral membranous positivity, 44.6% of cases showed complete membranous positivity, and 40% of cases showed no positivity in hepatocytes. Cytokeratin (CK) was positive as expected in hepatocytes, and CD68 was expressed in Kupffer cells. Conclusion CD138 does not appear to be a reliable surrogate marker for liver disease. However, it may be included with other ancillary markers as a predictor of the stage of chronic liver disease and metastatic potential. The response to anti-CD138 therapy needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atique
- Histopathology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rabia Javed
- Histopathology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Iqtadar Seerat
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Usman Atique
- Histopathology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Tayyaba Bhatti
- Pathology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
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2
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Gastrointestinally absorbable lactoferrin-heparin conjugate with anti-angiogenic activity for treatment of brain tumor. J Control Release 2023; 355:730-744. [PMID: 36764526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a central nervous system disease with poor prognosis. Curative treatments for GBM involve chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical pathways. Recently, antiangiogenic therapy through medications has been tried to slow tumor growth, but the drugs can induce side effects. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new orally absorbable form of heparin that can attenuate angiogenic activity by binding to growth factors around the tumor tissue. We conjugated lactoferrin (Lf) to heparin because Lf can be orally absorbed, and it interacts with the lactoferrin receptor (Lf-R) expressed on the intestine, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and glioma tumor masses. We successfully conjugated Lf and heparin by amide bond formation, as evidenced by advanced physicochemical properties such as pharmacokinetics and stability in acidic condition. This new material inhibited angiogenesis in vitro without toxicity. In addition, Lf-heparin administered orally to GBM orthotopic mice was absorbed in the small intestine and delivered specifically to the brain tumor by receptor transcytosis (Lf-R). Lf-heparin further attenuated angiogenesis progression in GBM orthotopic mice. Based on these results, Lf-heparin shows potential as a new oral medication for treatment of glioblastoma.
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3
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Cerezo-Magaña M, Bång-Rudenstam A, Belting M. Proteoglycans: a common portal for SARS-CoV-2 and extracellular vesicle uptake. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C76-C84. [PMID: 36458979 PMCID: PMC9799137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00453.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As structural components of the glycocalyx, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in multiple pathophysiological processes at the apex of cell signaling cascades, and as endocytosis receptors for particle structures, such as lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles, and enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Given their diversity and complex biogenesis regulation, HSPGs remain understudied. Here we compile some of the latest studies focusing on HSPGs as internalizing receptors of extracellular vesicles ("endogenous virus") and SARS-CoV-2 lipid-enclosed particles and highlight similarities in their biophysical and structural characteristics. Specifically, the similarities in their biogenesis, size, and lipid composition may explain a common dependence on HSPGs for efficient cell-surface attachment and uptake. We further discuss the relative complexity of extracellular vesicle composition and the viral mechanisms that evolve towards increased infectivity that complicate therapeutic strategies addressing blockade of their uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bång-Rudenstam
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,2Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,3Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Radiophysics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Chen K, Yong J, Zauner R, Wally V, Whitelock J, Sajinovic M, Kopecki Z, Liang K, Scott KF, Mellick AS. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 as a Marker for Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5564. [PMID: 36428658 PMCID: PMC9688099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a cell surface proteoglycan that is currently under investigation as a marker of cancer malignancy, and as a potential target of anticancer drug treatment. CSPG4 acts as a driver of tumourigenesis by regulating turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tumour cell invasion, migration as well as inflammation and angiogenesis. While CSPG4 has been widely studied in certain malignancies, such as melanoma, evidence is emerging from global gene expression studies, which suggests a role for CSPG4 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While relatively treatable, lack of widely agreed upon diagnostic markers for SCCs is problematic, especially for clinicians managing certain patients, including those who are aged or infirm, as well as those with underlying conditions such as epidermolysis bullosa (EB), for which a delayed diagnosis is likely lethal. In this review, we have discussed the structure of CSPG4, and quantitatively analysed CSPG4 expression in the tissues and pathologies where it has been identified to determine the usefulness of CSPG4 expression as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in management of malignant SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Chen
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Joel Yong
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - John Whitelock
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Mila Sajinovic
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Zlatko Kopecki
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Kieran Francis Scott
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Albert Sleiman Mellick
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
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5
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Yamaguchi F, Hayakawa S, Kawashima S, Asakura T, Oishi Y. Antitumor effect of memantine is related to the formation of the splicing isoform of GLG1, a decoy FGF‑binding protein. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:80. [PMID: 35543162 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy for repurposing the approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of the original medical indication. Memantine is used as a non‑competitive N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor antagonist to prevent glutamate‑mediated excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, and is one of the promising agents which is utilized for the purpose of cancer therapy. However, the association between memantine and Golgi glycoprotein 1 (GLG1), an intracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor, in cancers has not yet been clarified. The present study analyzed the expression and location of GLG1 in tumor cells treated with memantine. Memantine was found to suppress the growth of malignant glioma and breast cancer cells in a concentration‑dependent manner. The mRNA expression of GLG1 was upregulated in a concentration‑dependent manner, and the splicing variant profiles were altered in all cell lines examined. The results of western blot analysis revealed an increase in the full‑length and truncated forms of GLG1. Moreover, GLG1 spread in the cytosol of memantine‑treated cells, whereas it localized in the Golgi apparatus in control cells. Since GLG1 functions as a decoy FGF receptor, the modulation of GLG1 may prove to be one of the mechanisms underlying the cancer‑suppressive effects of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Shota Kawashima
- Faculty of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asakura
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
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6
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Sparn C, Dimou E, Meyer A, Saleppico R, Wegehingel S, Gerstner M, Klaus S, Ewers H, Nickel W. Glypican-1 drives unconventional secretion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2. eLife 2022; 11:75545. [PMID: 35348113 PMCID: PMC8986318 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a tumor cell survival factor that is transported into the extracellular space by an unconventional secretory mechanism. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are known to play an essential role in this process. Unexpectedly, we found that among the diverse sub-classes consisting of syndecans, perlecans, glypicans and others, Glypican-1 (GPC1) is the principle and rate-limiting factor that drives unconventional secretion of FGF2. By contrast, we demonstrate GPC1 to be dispensable for FGF2 signaling into cells. We provide first insights into the structural basis for GPC1-dependent FGF2 secretion, identifying disaccharides with N-linked sulfate groups to be enriched in the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 to which FGF2 binds with high affinity. Our findings have broad implications for the role of GPC1 as a key molecule in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helge Ewers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin
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7
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Hayashida K, Aquino RS, Park PW. Coreceptor Functions of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C896-C912. [PMID: 35319900 PMCID: PMC9109798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00050.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions play an important role in many biological processes by triggering specific cellular responses. These interactions are frequently regulated by coreceptors that facilitate, alter, or inhibit signaling. Coreceptors work in parallel with other specific and accessory molecules to coordinate receptor-ligand interactions. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) function as unique coreceptors because they can bind to many ligands and receptors through their HS and core protein motifs. Cell surface HSPGs are typically expressed in abundance of the signaling receptors and, thus, are capable of mediating the initial binding of ligands to the cell surface. HSPG coreceptors do not possess kinase domains or intrinsic enzyme activities and, for the most part, binding to cell surface HSPGs does not directly stimulate intracellular signaling. Because of these features, cell surface HSPGs primarily function as coreceptors for many receptor-ligand interactions. Given that cell surface HSPGs are widely conserved, they likely serve fundamental functions to preserve basic physiological processes. Indeed, cell surface HSPGs can support specific cellular interactions with growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microbial pathogens and their secreted virulence factors. Through these interactions, HSPG coreceptors regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and impact the onset, progression, and outcome of pathophysiological processes, such as development, tissue repair, inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis. This review seeks to provide an overview of the various mechanisms of how cell surface HSPGs function as coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hayashida
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Abdollahzadeh F, Khoshdel-Rad N, Moghadasali R. Kidney development and function: ECM cannot be ignored. Differentiation 2022; 124:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Wilson SE. Defective perlecan-associated basement membrane regeneration and altered modulation of transforming growth factor beta in corneal fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:144. [PMID: 35188596 PMCID: PMC8972081 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the cornea, the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and corneal endothelial Descemet's basement membrane (DBM) critically regulate the localization, availability and, therefore, the functions of transforming growth factor (TGF)β1, TGFβ2, and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) that modulate myofibroblast development. Defective regeneration of the EBM, and notably diminished perlecan incorporation, occurs via several mechanisms and results in excessive and prolonged penetration of pro-fibrotic growth factors into the stroma. These growth factors drive mature myofibroblast development from both corneal fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived fibrocytes, and then the persistence of these myofibroblasts and the disordered collagens and other matrix materials they produce to generate stromal scarring fibrosis. Corneal stromal fibrosis often resolves completely if the inciting factor is removed and the BM regenerates. Similar defects in BM regeneration are likely associated with the development of fibrosis in other organs where perlecan has a critical role in the modulation of signaling by TGFβ1 and TGFβ2. Other BM components, such as collagen type IV and collagen type XIII, are also critical regulators of TGF beta (and other growth factors) in the cornea and other organs. After injury, BM components are dynamically secreted and assembled through the cooperation of neighboring cells-for example, the epithelial cells and keratocytes for the corneal EBM and corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes for the corneal DBM. One of the most critical functions of these reassembled BMs in all organs is to modulate the pro-fibrotic effects of TGFβs, PDGFs and other growth factors between tissues that comprise the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, I-32, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Wille I, Harre J, Oehmichen S, Lindemann M, Menzel H, Ehlert N, Lenarz T, Warnecke A, Behrens P. Development of Neuronal Guidance Fibers for Stimulating Electrodes: Basic Construction and Delivery of a Growth Factor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:776890. [PMID: 35141211 PMCID: PMC8819688 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.776890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art treatment for sensorineural hearing loss is based on electrical stimulation of residual spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) with cochlear implants (CIs). Due to the anatomical gap between the electrode contacts of the CI and the residual afferent fibers of the SGNs, spatial spreading of the stimulation signal hampers focused neuronal stimulation. Also, the efficiency of a CI is limited because SGNs degenerate over time due to loss of trophic support. A promising option to close the anatomical gap is to install fibers as artificial nerve guidance structures on the surface of the implant and install on these fibers drug delivery systems releasing neuroprotective agents. Here, we describe the first steps in this direction. In the present study, suture yarns made of biodegradable polymers (polyglycolide/poly-ε-caprolactone) serve as the basic fiber material. In addition to the unmodified fiber, also fibers modified with amine groups were employed. Cell culture investigations with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts attested good cytocompatibility to both types of fibers. The fibers were then coated with the extracellular matrix component heparan sulfate (HS) as a biomimetic of the extracellular matrix. HS is known to bind, stabilize, modulate, and sustainably release growth factors. Here, we loaded the HS-carrying fibers with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which is known to act neuroprotectively. Release of this neurotrophic factor from the fibers was followed over a period of 110 days. Cell culture investigations with spiral ganglion cells, using the supernatants from the release studies, showed that the BDNF delivered from the fibers drastically increased the survival rate of SGNs in vitro. Thus, biodegradable polymer fibers with attached HS and loaded with BDNF are suitable for the protection and support of SGNs. Moreover, they present a promising base material for the further development towards a future neuronal guiding scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wille
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Harre
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Oehmichen
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Lindemann
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Menzel
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Ehlert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Barilleau E, Védrine M, Koczerka M, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Kempf F, Grépinet O, Virlogeux-Payant I, Velge P, Wiedemann A. Investigation of the invasion mechanism mediated by the outer membrane protein PagN of Salmonella Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 34020586 PMCID: PMC8140442 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella can invade host cells via a type three secretion system called T3SS-1 and its outer membrane proteins, PagN and Rck. However, the mechanism of PagN-dependent invasion pathway used by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that PagN is well conserved and widely distributed among the different species and subspecies of Salmonella. We showed that PagN of S. Typhimurium was sufficient and necessary to enable non-invasive E. coli over-expressing PagN and PagN-coated beads to bind to and invade different non-phagocytic cells. According to the literature, PagN is likely to interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as PagN-mediated invasion could be inhibited by heparin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. This report shows that this interaction is not sufficient to allow the internalization mechanism. Investigation of the role of β1 integrin as co-receptor showed that mouse embryo fibroblasts genetically deficient in β1 integrin were less permissive to PagN-mediated internalization. Moreover, PagN-mediated internalization was fully inhibited in glycosylation-deficient pgsA-745 cells treated with anti-β1 integrin antibody, supporting the hypothesis that β1 integrin and HSPG cooperate to induce the PagN-mediated internalization mechanism. In addition, use of specific inhibitors and expression of dominant-negative derivatives demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation and class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were crucial to trigger PagN-dependent internalization, as for the Rck internalization mechanism. Finally, scanning electron microscopy with infected cells showed microvillus-like extensions characteristic of Zipper-like structure, engulfing PagN-coated beads and E. coli expressing PagN, as observed during Rck-mediated internalization. CONCLUSIONS Our results supply new comprehensions into T3SS-1-independent invasion mechanisms of S. Typhimurium and highly indicate that PagN induces a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, leading to a Zipper-like entry mechanism as the Salmonella outer membrane protein Rck.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mégane Védrine
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Present Address: Service Biologie Vétérinaire et Santé Animale, Inovalys, Angers, France
| | | | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Present Address: IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Stapornwongkul KS, Vincent JP. Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:393-411. [PMID: 33767424 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells within developing tissues rely on morphogens to assess positional information. Passive diffusion is the most parsimonious transport model for long-range morphogen gradient formation but does not, on its own, readily explain scaling, robustness and planar transport. Here, we argue that diffusion is sufficient to ensure robust morphogen gradient formation in a variety of tissues if the interactions between morphogens and their extracellular binders are considered. A current challenge is to assess how the affinity for extracellular binders, as well as other biophysical and cell biological parameters, determines gradient dynamics and shape in a diffusion-based transport system. Technological advances in genome editing, tissue engineering, live imaging and in vivo biophysics are now facilitating measurement of these parameters, paving the way for mathematical modelling and a quantitative understanding of morphogen gradient formation and modulation.
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13
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Stapornwongkul KS, de Gennes M, Cocconi L, Salbreux G, Vincent JP. Patterning and growth control in vivo by an engineered GFP gradient. Science 2020; 370:321-327. [PMID: 33060356 PMCID: PMC7611032 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients provide positional information during development. To uncover the minimal requirements for morphogen gradient formation, we have engineered a synthetic morphogen in Drosophila wing primordia. We show that an inert protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), can form a detectable diffusion-based gradient in the presence of surface-associated anti-GFP nanobodies, which modulate the gradient by trapping the ligand and limiting leakage from the tissue. We next fused anti-GFP nanobodies to the receptors of Dpp, a natural morphogen, to render them responsive to extracellular GFP. In the presence of these engineered receptors, GFP could replace Dpp to organize patterning and growth in vivo. Concomitant expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nonsignaling receptors further improved patterning, to near-wild-type quality. Theoretical arguments suggest that GPI anchorage could be important for these receptors to expand the gradient length scale while at the same time reducing leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc de Gennes
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Luca Cocconi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Imperial College, Department of Mathematics, London, UK
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14
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Koehler M, Delguste M, Sieben C, Gillet L, Alsteens D. Initial Step of Virus Entry: Virion Binding to Cell-Surface Glycans. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:143-165. [PMID: 32396772 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-122019-070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection is an intricate process that requires the concerted action of both viral and host cell components. Entry of viruses into cells is initiated by interactions between viral proteins and cell-surface receptors. Various cell-surface glycans function as initial, usually low-affinity attachment factors, providing a first anchor of the virus to the cell surface, and further facilitate high-affinity binding to virus-specific cell-surface receptors, while other glycans function as specific entry receptors themselves. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using different techniques, define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes, and study these interactions at the single-virion level. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of glycans in viral infection and highlights experimental approaches to study virus-glycan binding along with specific examples. In particular, we highlight the development of the atomic force microscope to investigate interactions with glycans at the single-virion level directly on living mammalian cells, which offers new perspectives to better understand virus-glycan interactions in physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Christian Sieben
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; .,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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15
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Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium. Dermatol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8125081. [PMID: 32425997 PMCID: PMC7222612 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8125081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular proteoglycans are key players with structural, functional, and regulatory roles in the growth and cycling behaviour of the hair follicles. The expression pattern of specific proteoglycans is strongly correlated with follicular phase transitions, which further affirms their functional involvement. Research shows that bioactive proteoglycans, e.g., versican and decorin, can actively trigger follicular phase shift by their anagen-inducing, anagen-maintaining, and immunoregulatory properties. This emerging insight has led to the recognition of “dysregulated proteoglycan metabolism” as a plausible causal or mediating pathology in hair growth disorders in both men and women. In support of this, declined expression of proteoglycans has been reported in cases of anagen shortening and follicular miniaturisation. To facilitate scientific communication, we propose designating this pathology “follicular hypoglycania (FHG),” which results from an impaired ability of follicular cells to replenish and maintain a minimum relative concentration of key proteoglycans during anagen. Lasting FHG may advance to structural decay, called proteoglycan follicular atrophy (PFA). This process is suggested to be an integral pathogenetic factor in pattern hair loss (PHL) and telogen effluvium (TE). To address FHG and PFA, a proteoglycan replacement therapy (PRT) program using oral administration of a marine-derived extract (Nourkrin® with Marilex®, produced by Pharma Medico Aps, Aarhus, Denmark) containing specific proteoglycans has been developed. In clinical studies, this treatment significantly reduced hair fall, promoted hair growth, and improved quality of life in patients with male- and female-pattern hair loss. Accordingly, PRT (using Nourkrin® with Marilex®) can be recommended as an add-on treatment or monotherapy in patients with PHL and TE.
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16
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Miftode RS, Şerban IL, Timpau AS, Miftode IL, Ion A, Buburuz AM, Costache AD, Costache II. Syndecan-1: A Review on Its Role in Heart Failure and Chronic Liver Disease Patients' Assessment. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:4750580. [PMID: 31815014 PMCID: PMC6878788 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4750580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The close connection and interaction between the cardiac and the liver functions are well-known, as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is an important clinical entity which best describes the mutual pathogenical influence between these two organs. Due to the fact that cardiac dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatic disorders is oligosymptomatic or even asymptomatic, an early diagnosis represents a challenge for every physician. Syndecan-1-a transmembrane proteoglycan that exerts its functions mainly via its heparane sulfate chains-is a very promising biomarker, correlated not only with the degree of cardiac fibrosis but also with the severity of liver fibrosis. Many studies highlighted its role in the development of cardiac fibrosis or atherogenesis, being significantly correlated with the activity of angiotensin II. Multiple evidence revealed that syndecan-1 is also associated with tissue injury and may regulate inflammatory and regenerative responses, being considered a protective molecule that limits the inflammation and reduces cardiac remodelling and dysfunction after a myocardial infarction. Syndecan-1 may also be used as a reliable biomarker for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. Under various fibrogenetic conditions, shedding of syndecan's extracellular domain took place, becoming a soluble form that binds different growth factors and inhibits further fibrosis. This complex molecule is also involved in the lipid metabolism, by altering the clearance of cholesterol particles, and in chronic hepatitis, by enhancing the viral invasion of hepatocytes. Due to the growing interest in this biomarker, multiple studies aimed at revealing syndecan-1's potential benefits in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment in patients with heart failure or chronic liver disorders. In this review, we review the mechanisms by which syndecan-1 exerts its effects and the possible perspectives opened by its use as a dual cardio-hepatic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-Stefan Miftode
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ionela-Lăcrămioara Şerban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (II), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Amalia-Stefana Timpau
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ionela-Larisa Miftode
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Adriana Ion
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Buburuz
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, Iasi 700115, Romania
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17
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Cerezo-Magaña M, Bång-Rudenstam A, Belting M. The pleiotropic role of proteoglycans in extracellular vesicle mediated communication in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:99-107. [PMID: 31276785 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Compartmental exchange between cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, has emerged as a central mechanism that coordinates the complex communication between malignant and stromal cells during tumor initiation and evolution. Some of the most critical processes of EV-mediated communication, including EV biogenesis and EV uptake, can be mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that reside on the surface of producer and recipient cells as well as on EVs. With interestingly similar, HSPG-dependent, pathways as the ones exploited by some viruses, EVs may, in an evolutionary perspective, be viewed as endogenous counterparts of viral particles. Cancer cell-derived EVs exert their protumorigenic effects by direct interactions of biologically active surface molecules, by transfer of proteins and nucleic acids into recipient cells or by transfer of metabolites that can be utilized as an energy source by the recipient cell. Here, we discuss the pleiotropic role of the HSPG family in these different contexts of EV communication with a specific focus on tumor development. We propose EV-associated PGs as dynamic reservoirs and chaperones of signaling molecules with potential implications in ligand exchange between EVs and tumor target cells. The protumorigenic consequences of EV mediated communication through HSPG should motivate the development of therapeutic approaches targeting EV-HSPG interactions as a novel strategy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Bång-Rudenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiophysics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Xie M, Li JP. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan - A common receptor for diverse cytokines. Cell Signal 2018; 54:115-121. [PMID: 30500378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are macromolecular glyco-conjugates expressed ubiquitously on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix where they interact with a wide range of ligands to regulate many aspects of cellular function. The capacity of the side glycosaminoglycan chain heparan sulfate (HS) being able to interact with diverse protein ligands relies on its complex structure that is generated by a controlled biosynthesis process, involving the actions of glycosyl-transferases, sulfotransferases and the glucuronyl C5-epimerase. It is believed that activities of the modification enzymes control the HS structures that are designed to serve the biological functions in a given cell or biological status. In this review, we briefly discuss recent understandings on the roles of HSPG in cytokine stimulated cellular signaling, focusing on FGF, TGF-β, Wnt, Hh, HGF and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Whitehead MJ, McGonigal R, Willison HJ, Barnett SC. Heparanase attenuates axon degeneration following sciatic nerve transection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5219. [PMID: 29581478 PMCID: PMC5980233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration underlies many nervous system diseases; therefore understanding the regulatory signalling pathways is fundamental to identifying potential therapeutics. Previously, we demonstrated heparan sulphates (HS) as a potentially new target for promoting CNS repair. HS modulate cell signalling by both acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes and in sequestering ligands in the extracellular matrix. The enzyme heparanase (Hpse) negatively regulates these processes by cleaving HS and releasing the attached proteins, thereby attenuating their ligand-receptor interaction. To explore a comparative role for HS in PNS axon injury/repair we data mined published microarrays from distal sciatic nerve injury. We identified Hpse as a previously unexplored candidate, being up-regulated following injury. We confirmed these results and demonstrated inhibition of Hpse led to an acceleration of axonal degeneration, accompanied by an increase in β-catenin. Inhibition of β-catenin and the addition of Heparinase I both attenuated axonal degeneration. Furthermore the inhibition of Hpse positively regulates transcription of genes associated with peripheral neuropathies and Schwann cell de-differentiation. Thus, we propose Hpse participates in the regulation of the Schwann cell injury response and axo-glia support, in part via the regulation of Schwann cell de-differentiation and is a potential therapeutic that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whitehead
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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20
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Harada E, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Takahashi Y, Takahashi T, Hara H, Nakatsuka R, Sugase T, Nishigaki T, Saito Y, Hiramatsu K, Nojima S, Mitsuo R, Ohkawara T, Morii E, Mori M, Doki Y, Kaneda Y, Naka T. Glypican-1 targeted antibody-based therapy induces preclinical antitumor activity against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24741-24752. [PMID: 28445969 PMCID: PMC5421884 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a poor prognosis despite the development of multimodal therapy. Expression of glypican-1 (GPC1) has been reported to be elevated in a subset of patients with ESCC and associated with chemoresistance. This study aimed to determine the association of GPC1 with ESCC growth and potential usefulness of the GPC1 targeted therapy by monoclonal antibody (mAb) in ESCC. Expression of GPC1 was higher in ESCC tumor tissues than in adjacent non-tumoral tissues and normal tissues. Knockdown of GPC1 decreased growth of ESCC cells and induced apoptosis via inhibition of EGFR, AKT and p44/42-MAPK signaling pathways in vitro. Anti-GPC1 mAb strongly inhibited tumor growth via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity dependent and independent manner in GPC1-positive ESCC xenograft models. Anti-GPC1 mAb also inhibited tumor growth of GPC1 positive ESCC patients derived tumor xenograft models. Furthermore, anti-GPC1 mAb showed a significant tumor growth inhibition with decreased angiogenesis compared with IgG treated controls in ESCC xenografted mice. Treatment with anti-GPC1 mAb was not toxic in mice. Anti-GPC1 mAb may have a potent anti-tumor effect and represent a novel treatment option for patients with GPC1-positive ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Harada
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rie Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahito Sugase
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nishigaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yurina Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Risa Mitsuo
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ohkawara
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are diverse, complex extracellular/cell surface macromolecules composed of a central core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains; both of these components contribute to the growing list of important bio-active functions attributed to proteoglycans. Increasingly, attention has been paid to the roles of proteoglycans in nervous tissue development due to their highly regulated spatio/temporal expression patterns, whereby they promote/inhibit neurite outgrowth, participate in specification and maturation of various precursor cell types, and regulate cell behaviors like migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis and plasticity. These functions emanate from both the environments proteoglycans create around cells by retaining ions and water or serving as scaffolds for cell shaping or motility, and from dynamic interactions that modulate signaling fields for cytokines, growth factors and morphogens, which may bind to either the protein or GAG portions. Also, genetic abnormalities impacting proteoglycan synthesis during critical steps of brain development and response to environmental insults and injuries, as well as changes in microenvironment interactions leading to tumors in the central nervous system, all suggest roles for proteoglycans in behavioral and intellectual disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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23
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Capurro M, Izumikawa T, Suarez P, Shi W, Cydzik M, Kaneiwa T, Gariepy J, Bonafe L, Filmus J. Glypican-6 promotes the growth of developing long bones by stimulating Hedgehog signaling. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2911-2926. [PMID: 28696225 PMCID: PMC5584141 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive omodysplasia (OMOD1) is caused by mutations in glypican-6. Capurro et al. show that glypican-6 stimulates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and reduced Hh signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of OMOD1. Autosomal-recessive omodysplasia (OMOD1) is a genetic condition characterized by short stature, shortened limbs, and facial dysmorphism. OMOD1 is caused by loss-of-function mutations of glypican 6 (GPC6). In this study, we show that GPC6-null embryos display most of the abnormalities found in OMOD1 patients and that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is significantly reduced in the long bones of these embryos. The Hh-stimulatory activity of GPC6 was also observed in cultured cells, where this GPC increased the binding of Hh to Patched 1 (Ptc1). Consistent with this, GPC6 interacts with Hh through its core protein and with Ptc1 through its glycosaminoglycan chains. Hh signaling is triggered at the primary cilium. In the absence of Hh, we observed that GPC6 is localized outside of the cilium but moves into the cilium upon the addition of Hh. We conclude that GPC6 stimulates Hh signaling by binding to Hh and Ptc1 at the cilium and increasing the interaction of the receptor and ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Capurro
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Suarez
- Center for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wen Shi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marzena Cydzik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomoyuki Kaneiwa
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariepy
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luisa Bonafe
- Center for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Minsky BB, Dubin PL, Kaltashov IA. Electrostatic Forces as Dominant Interactions Between Proteins and Polyanions: an ESI MS Study of Fibroblast Growth Factor Binding to Heparin Oligomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:758-767. [PMID: 28211013 PMCID: PMC5808462 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are facilitated by heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin (Hp), highly sulfated biological polyelectrolytes. The molecular basis of FGF interactions with these polyelectrolytes is highly complex due to the structural heterogeneity of HS/Hp, and many details still remain elusive, especially the significance of charge density and minimal chain length of HS/Hp in growth factor recognition and multimerization. In this work, we use electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) to investigate the association of relatively homogeneous oligoheparins (octamer, dp8, and decamer, dp10) with acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1). This growth factor forms 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 protein/heparinoid complexes with both dp8 and dp10, and the fraction of bound protein is highly dependent on protein/heparinoid molar ratio. Multimeric complexes are preferentially formed on the highly sulfated Hp oligomers. Although a variety of oligomers appear to be binding-competent, there is a strong correlation between the affinity and the overall level of sulfation (the highest charge density polyanions binding FGF most strongly via multivalent interactions). These results show that the interactions between FGF-1 and Hp oligomers are primarily directed by electrostatics, and also demonstrate the power of ESI MS as a tool to study multiple binding equilibria between proteins and structurally heterogeneous polyanions. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Baykal Minsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Paul L Dubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Jendresen C, Årskog V, Daws MR, Nilsson LNG. The Alzheimer's disease risk factors apolipoprotein E and TREM2 are linked in a receptor signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:59. [PMID: 28320424 PMCID: PMC5360024 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) are genetically linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we investigated whether human ApoE mediates signal transduction through human and murine TREM2 and sought to identify a TREM2-binding domain in human ApoE. Methods To investigate cell signaling through TREM2, a cell line was used which expressed an NFAT-inducible β-galactosidase reporter and human or murine TREM2, fused to CD8 transmembrane and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domains. ELISA-based binding assays were used to determine binding affinities of human ApoE isoforms to human TREM2 and to identify a TREM2-binding domain in ApoE. Results ApoE was found to be an agonist to human TREM2 with EC50 in the low nM range, and to murine TREM2 with reduced potency. In the reporter cells, TREM2 expression was lower than in nontransgenic mouse brain. Human ApoE isoforms ε2, ε3, and ε4 bound to human TREM2 with Kd in the low nM range. The binding was displaced by an ApoE-mimetic peptide (amino acids 130–149). Conclusions An ApoE-mediated dose-dependent signal transduction through TREM2 in reporter cells was demonstrated, and a TREM2-binding region in ApoE was identified. The relevance of an ApoE-TREM2 receptor signaling pathway to Alzheimer’s disease is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0835-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jendresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Årskog
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael R Daws
- Division of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Sethi MK, Zaia J. Extracellular matrix proteomics in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:379-394. [PMID: 27601046 PMCID: PMC5203946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly organized system that consists of collagens, noncollagenous proteins, glycoproteins, hyaluronan, and proteoglycans. Recognized physiological roles of ECM include developmental regulation, tissue homeostasis, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, neuronal plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. Aberrant ECM structure is associated with brain neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on two neurodegenerative conditions, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and summarizes recent findings of altered ECM components, including proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, and glycoproteins, and proteins and genes related to other brain components. The scope includes immunohistochemical, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and glycomics studies, and a critical assessment of current state of proteomic studies for neurodegenerative disorders. The intent is to summarize the ECM molecular alterations associated with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Graphical Abstract Brain extracellular matrix showing HSPGs, CSPGs, HA, collagens, and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Huang H, Kornberg TB. Cells must express components of the planar cell polarity system and extracellular matrix to support cytonemes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27591355 PMCID: PMC5030081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila dorsal air sac development depends on Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) proteins produced by the wing imaginal disc and transported by cytonemes to the air sac primordium (ASP). Dpp and FGF signaling in the ASP was dependent on components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) system in the disc, and neither Dpp- nor FGF-receiving cytonemes extended over mutant disc cells that lacked them. ASP cytonemes normally navigate through extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen, laminin, Dally and Dally-like (Dlp) proteins that are stratified in layers over the disc cells. However, ECM over PCP mutant cells had reduced levels of laminin, Dally and Dlp, and whereas Dpp-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dally layer and required Dally (but not Dlp), FGF-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dlp layer, requiring Dlp (but not Dally). These findings suggest that cytonemes interact directly and specifically with proteins in the stratified ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Abstract
In this short review, I introduce an integrated vision of human hair follicle behavior and describe opposing influences that control hair follicle homeostasis, from morphogenesis to hair cycling. The interdependence and complementary roles of these influences allow us to propose that the hair follicle is a true paradigm of a "Yin Yang" type, that is a cold/slow-hot/fast duality. Moreover, a new promising field is emerging, suggesting that glycans are key elements of hair follicle growth control.
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Liu YQ, Li HF, Han JJ, Tang QL, Sun Q, Huang ZQ, Li HG. CD44v3 and VEGF-C expression and its relationship with lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5049-53. [PMID: 24998585 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the expression of CD44v3 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and their relationship with lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the uterine cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of CD44v3 and VEGF-C was analyzed in 109 cases of cervical SCC by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship was analyzed between expression and the patient age, histological differentiation, formation of tumor emboli in lymphoid vessels, lymph node metastasis, FIGO staging, and TNM classification. RESULTS Expression rates for both CD44v3 and VEGF-C were 43.1% in cervical SCC. The cells with positive immunohistochemical staining of CD44v3 were distributed mainly around the keratin pearls in well differentiated carcinomas, but distributed diffusely in the moderately and poorly differentiated lesions. VEGF-C was found stained positively in most of the tumor cells. There were differences in expression between normal epithelium and atypical hyperplasia as well as carcinoma. Both CD44v3 and VEGF-C were found to be associated positively with lymph node metastasis and TNM classification (both p=0.000). Neither CD44v3 nor VEGF-C was found to be associated with patient age, histological differentiation, formation of tumor emboli in lymphoid vessels and FIGO staging. CD44v3 was found to be associated with VEGF-C positively (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal expression of CD44v3 and VEGF-C is associated closely with the lymph node metastasis in cervical SCC, and these agents may cooperate in carcinogenesis and development of metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China E-mail :
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Nikitovic D, Mytilinaiou M, Berdiaki A, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparin regulate melanoma cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2471-81. [PMID: 24486410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solid melanoma tumor consists of transformed melanoma cells, and the associated stromal cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, as well as, soluble macro- and micro-molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) forming the complex network of the tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an important component of the melanoma tumor ECM. Importantly, there appears to be both a quantitative and a qualitative shift in the content of HSPGs, in parallel to the nevi-radial growth phase-vertical growth phase melanoma progression. Moreover, these changes in HSPG expression are correlated to modulations of key melanoma cell functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will critically discuss the roles of HSPGs/heparin in melanoma development and progression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We have correlated HSPGs' expression and distribution with melanoma cell signaling and functions as well as angiogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current knowledge of HSPGs/heparin biology in melanoma provides a foundation we can utilize in the ongoing search for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - M Mytilinaiou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ai Berdiaki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - N K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - G N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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Li Y, Cai H, Fang W, Meng Q, Li J, Deng M, Long X. Fibroblast growth factor 2 involved in the pathogenesis of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:388-94. [PMID: 24372705 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare proliferative disorder characterized by the formation of cartilaginous or osteocartilaginous nodules in synovium and joint space. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is frequently applied in chondrogenic differentiation assays. Therefore, we hypothesized that FGF-2 might involved in the pathogenesis of SC. METHODS SC synovium and loose bodies (LBs) specimens were observed by histological and immunohistochemical methods. Real-time PCR was conducted for comparing genes expressions in SC and normal synovium. SC synoviocytes were stimulated by FGF-2 in the presence or absence of its antagonist long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) for 6 days. Real-time PCR and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed to examine the effects exerted by FGF-2 and PTX3. RESULTS SC synovium, no matter facing the articular cavity or covering LB, was characterized by increased quantity of synoviocytes and blood vessels. FGF-2 was expressed in chondrocytes and fibroblast-like cells of LBs, and the wall of blood vessels. Expressions of chondrogenic genes (Sox9 and Wnt-4), osteogenic genes (Foxc2), FGF-2, and VEGF-A mRNA were significantly higher in SC synovium than that of the control group. The stimulation of FGF-2 on SC synoviocytes increased ALP activity and expressions of chondrogenic genes (Sox9, Col2α1, and Aggrecan), osteogenic genes (Foxc2, osteocalcin, and Col1α1), and VEGF-A, but PTX3 inhibited these effects. CONCLUSION FGF-2 was responsible for the formation of cartilaginous loose bodies and involved in the pathogenesis of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Harlow DE, Macklin WB. Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs. Exp Neurol 2013; 251:39-46. [PMID: 24200549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After inflammation-induced demyelination, such as in the disease multiple sclerosis, endogenous remyelination often fails. However, in animal models of demyelination induced with toxins, remyelination can be quite robust. A significant difference between inflammation-induced and toxin-induced demyelination is the response of local cells within the lesion, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and NG2+ cells, which respond to inflammatory stimuli with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production and deposition. Here, we summarize current knowledge of ECM changes in demyelinating lesions, as well as oligodendrocyte responses to aberrant ECM proteins and CSPGs after various types of demyelinating insults. The discovery that CSPGs act through the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and the Rho-ROCK pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte process extension and myelination, but not oligodendrocyte differentiation (Pendleton et al., Experimental Neurology (2013) vol. 247, pp. 113-121), highlights the need to better understand the ECM changes that accompany demyelination and their influence on oligodendrocytes and effective remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Targeting tumor micro-environment for design and development of novel anti-angiogenic agents arresting tumor growth. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:333-54. [PMID: 24139944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis: a process of generation of new blood vessels has been proved to be necessary for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Inhibiting angiogenesis pathway has long been remained a significant hope for the development of novel, effective and target orientated antitumor agents arresting the tumor proliferation and metastasis. The process of neoangiogenesis as a biological process is regulated by several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 and transforming growth factor. Every endothelial cell destined for vessel formation is equipped with receptors for these angiogenic peptides. Moreover, numerous other angiogenic cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PGDF), placenta growth factor (PGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), stem-cell factor (SCF), and interleukins-2, 4, 6 etc. These molecular players performs critical role in regulating the angiogenic switch. Couple of decade's research in molecular aspects of tumor biology has unraveled numerous structural and functional mysteries of these angiogenic peptides. In present article, a detailed update on the functional and structural peculiarities of the various angiogenic peptides is described focusing on structural opportunities made available that has potential to be used to modulate function of these angiogenic peptides in developing therapeutic agents targeting neoplastic angiogenesis. The data may be useful in the mainstream of developing novel anticancer agents targeting tumor angiogenesis. We also discuss major therapeutic agents that are currently used in angiogenesis associated therapies as well as those are subject of active research or are in clinical trials.
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Gdalevitch M, Kasaai B, Alam N, Dohin B, Lauzier D, Hamdy RC. The effect of heparan sulfate application on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56790. [PMID: 23457615 PMCID: PMC3574072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are recognized for their ability to induce bone formation in vivo and in vitro. Their osteogenic and osteoinductive properties are tightly regulated by the secretion of specific BMP antagonists, which have been shown to physically bind and sometimes be blocked by the extracellular proteoglycan heparan sulphate side chains (from hereon referred to as HS). The purpose of this study was to investigate if local application of 5 µg of HS proteoglycan to a bone regenerate site in a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis (DO) can accelerate bone healing and affect the expression of key members of the BMP signaling pathway. DO was performed on the right tibia of 115 adult male wild-type mice. At mid-distraction (day 11), half the group was injected locally with 5 µg of HS, while the other half was injected with saline. The mice were sacrificed at 2 time-points: mid-consolidation (34 days) and full consolidation (51 days). The distracted tibial zone was then collected for analysis by μCT, radiology, biomechanical testing, immunohistochemistry, and histology. While μCT data showed no statistically significant difference in bone formation, the results of biomechanical testing in stiffness and ultimate force were significantly lower in the HS-injected bones at 51 days, compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry results also suggested a decrease in expression of several key members of the BMP signaling pathway at 34 days. Furthermore, wound dehiscence and infection rates were significantly elevated in the HS group compared to the controls, which resulted in a higher rate of euthanasia in the treatment group. Our findings demonstrate that exogenous application of 5 µg of HS in the distracted gap of a murine model had a negative impact on bone and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gdalevitch
- Division of Orthopedics, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Metabolite control of angiogenesis: angiogenic effect of citrate. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:383-95. [PMID: 23161184 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to hypoxic changes with resultant accumulation of several metabolites and switch over to angiogenic phenotype. Although certain intermediates of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways have been known to affect angiogenesis, the effect of citrate, which accumulates in certain tumors, on angiogenesis is not known. Therefore, the effect of citrate on angiogenesis was studied using different model systems. Increased vascularization in chorioallantoic membrane assay, increased endothelial sprouting in rat aortic rings, and increased expression of CD31, E-selectin in endothelial cells suggested a possible proangiogenic effect of citrate. Upregulation of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor suggested that the effect of citrate involves modulation of expression of angiogenic growth factors. LY 294002, an inhibitor of PI3K-Akt pathway, and wortmannin, an inhibitor of Akt pathway, reversed the effect of citrate in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Citrate induced significant upregulation and activation of Akt in endothelial cells. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, also reversed the effect of citrate in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and sprouting of aortic rings suggesting that the angiogenic effect of citrate involves activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway.
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Oliva F, Via AG, Maffulli N. Physiopathology of intratendinous calcific deposition. BMC Med 2012; 10:95. [PMID: 22917025 PMCID: PMC3482552 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In calcific tendinopathy (CT), calcium deposits in the substance of the tendon, with chronic activity-related pain, tenderness, localized edema and various degrees of decreased range of motion. CT is particularly common in the rotator cuff, and supraspinatus, Achilles and patellar tendons. The presence of calcific deposits may worsen the clinical manifestations of tendinopathy with an increase in rupture rate, slower recovery times and a higher frequency of post-operative complications. The aetiopathogenesis of CT is still controversial, but seems to be the result of an active cell-mediated process and a localized attempt of the tendon to compensate the original decreased stiffness. Tendon healing includes many sequential processes, and disturbances at different stages of healing may lead to different combinations of histopathological changes, diverting the normal healing processes to an abnormal pathway. In this review, we discuss the theories of pathogenesis behind CT. Better understanding of the pathogenesis is essential for development of effective treatment modalities and for improvement of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Oliva
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' School of Medicine, Viale Oxford 81, Rome, Italy
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Blalock TD, Gibson DJ, Duncan MR, Tuli SS, Grotendorst GR, Schultz GS. A connective tissue growth factor signaling receptor in corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3387-94. [PMID: 22511630 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To biochemically characterize the receptor for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) of human corneal fibroblasts (HCF). METHODS Radiolabeled recombinant human CTGF was used to determine the specificity and time course of binding to low-passage cultures of HCF. The affinity and number of receptors present were calculated by Scatchard and best-fit analyses. In vitro immunoprecipitation assays with radiolabeled CTGF and soluble mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF-2-R) alone, or with CTGF-related growth factors were conducted. Additionally, (125)I-CTGF-binding and CTGF-stimulated proliferation were measured in cultures of M6P/IGF-2-R knockout fibroblasts. RESULTS Binding of (125)I-CTGF to fibroblast cultures was significantly displaced by CTGF, but not by related growth factors. Scatchard plot analysis indicated the presence of both a high-affinity, low-abundance binding site, and a low-affinity, high-abundance binding site; whereas, the best-fit analysis suggests a single high-affinity, low-abundance binding site. A 280 kDa complex containing cross-linked (125)I-CTGF was immunoprecipitated by antibodies to CTGF or M6P/IGF-2-R. M6P/IGF-2-R knockout cells have a reduced proliferative response to TGF-β, and don't proliferate at all in response to CTGF. CONCLUSIONS CTGF binds to the M6P/IGF-2-R with high affinity, and the M6P/IGF-2-R is required for CTGF-stimulated proliferation in fibroblasts. These observations suggest that the M6P/IGF-2-R may be a new antifibrotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Blalock
- Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Phospholipase D1 is an Important Regulator of bFGF-Induced Neurotrophin-3 Expression and Neurite Outgrowth in H19-7 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:507-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The roles of neuronal and glial precursors in overcoming chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibition. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:627-37. [PMID: 22498104 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extension of axons through the major inhibitory component of the glial scar, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), remains a key obstacle for regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). We have previously shown that transplants composed of neuronal and glial restricted precursors (NRP and GRP respectively) promote regeneration and connectivity in the injured spinal cord (Bonner et al., 2010, 2011), however, little is known about the properties of these precursors at a cellular level. We now report that NRP-derived neurons, in contrast to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, have the ability to extend axons and cross over from a permissive substratum (laminin) onto inhibitory CSPG in vitro. Growth cones of neurons derived from NRP, compared to DRG, exhibit significantly lower levels of the CSPG receptors protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase (LAR). GRP-conditioned medium prepared from the same cell densities did not affect the response of primary sensory neurons to CSPG confirming that the ability of NRP-derived neurons to cross onto CSPG is determined intrinsically. However, GRP-conditioned medium collected from high density cultures increased the probability of DRG axons to cross from LN onto CSPG and increased the length of DRG axons extending on CSPG. Collectively, these results suggest that (1) neurons derived from NRPs are intrinsically insensitive to CSPGs due to low levels of receptor expression, and (2) high levels of factors secreted by GRP can reduce the inhibitory effects of CSPG and promote axonal growth. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the specific roles of NRPs and GRPs in promoting regeneration and repair following SCI.
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Leali D, Inforzato A, Ronca R, Bianchi R, Belleri M, Coltrini D, Di Salle E, Sironi M, Norata GD, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Day AJ, Presta M. Long pentraxin 3/tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 interaction: a biological rheostat for fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:696-703. [PMID: 22267482 PMCID: PMC3551298 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.243998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis is regulated by the balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors and by extracellular matrix protein interactions. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a major proangiogenic inducer inhibited by the interaction with the soluble pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin 3 (PTX3). PTX3 is locally coexpressed with its ligand tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), a secreted glycoprotein that cooperates with PTX3 in extracellular matrix assembly. Here, we characterized the effect of TSG-6 on PTX3/FGF2 interaction and FGF2-mediated angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid phase binding and surface plasmon resonance assays show that TSG-6 and FGF2 bind the PTX3 N-terminal domain with similar affinity. Accordingly, TSG-6 prevents FGF2/PTX3 interaction and suppresses the inhibition exerted by PTX3 on heparan sulfate proteoglycan/FGF2/FGF receptor complex formation and on FGF2-dependent angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Also, endogenous PTX3 exerts an inhibitory effect on vascularization induced by FGF2 in a murine subcutaneous Matrigel plug assay, the inhibition being abolished in Ptx3-null mice or by TSG-6 treatment in wild-type animals. CONCLUSION TSG-6 reverts the inhibitory effects exerted by PTX3 on FGF2-mediated angiogenesis through competition of FGF2/PTX3 interaction. This may provide a novel mechanism to control angiogenesis in those pathological settings characterized by the coexpression of TSG-6 and PTX3, in which the relative levels of these proteins may fine-tune the angiogenic activity of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Leali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
New chemical-enzymatic technology based on the modification of the bacterial polysaccharide K5 from Escherichia coli leads to the synthesis of a number of heparin/heparan sulfate-like molecules with different biological activities. With this technology, two families of sulfated compounds were synthesized, which differ in their uronic acid content. The first group contains only glucuronic acid, whereas the second group contains about 50% iduronic acid following epimerization by immobilized recombinant C5 epimerase. This has led to the development of various anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant K5 derivatives endowed with different - and sometimes highly specific - antitumor, antiviral, and/or anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oreste
- Glycores 2000 S.r.l., Milan, Italy.
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42
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Lönn J, Starkhammar Johansson C, Kälvegren H, Brudin L, Skoglund C, Garvin P, Särndahl E, Ravald N, Richter A, Bengtsson T, Nayeri F. Hepatocyte growth factor in patients with coronary artery disease and its relation to periodontal condition. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 2:7-12. [PMID: 24371561 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an angiogenic, cardioprotective factor important for tissue and vascular repair. High levels of HGF are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and periodontitis, and are suggested as a marker of the ongoing atherosclerotic event in patients with CAD. Periodontal disease is more prevalent among patients with CAD than among healthy people. Recent studies indicate a reduced biological activity of HGF in different chronic inflammatory conditions. Biologically active HGF has high affinity to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) on cell-membrane and extracellular matrix. The aim of the study was to investigate the serum concentration and the biological activity of HGF with ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively, before and at various time points after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with CAD, and to examine the relationship with periodontal condition. The periodontal status of the CAD patients was examined, and the presence of P. gingivalis in periodontal pockets was analyzed with PCR. The HGF concentration was significantly higher, at all time-points, in patients with CAD compared to the age-matched controls (P< 0.001), but was independent of periodontal status. The HGF concentration and the affinity to HSPG adversely fluctuated over time, and the biological activity increased one month after intervention in patients without periodontitis. We conclude that elevated concentration of HGF but with reduced biological activity might indicate a chronic inflammatory profile in patients with CAD and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lönn
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden ; PEAS Institute, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C Starkhammar Johansson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Centre for Oral Rehabilitation, Public Dental Health Care, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Kälvegren
- Division of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - L Brudin
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C Skoglund
- Department of Medical and Health and Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Molecular Physics and Nanoscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Garvin
- Division of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Särndahl
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden ; Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - N Ravald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Centre for Oral Rehabilitation, Public Dental Health Care, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Richter
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - T Bengtsson
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - F Nayeri
- PEAS Institute, Linköping, Sweden ; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is considered a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM) progression. In the present study, we evaluated the morphological and functional features of endothelial cells (ECs) derived from bone marrow (BM) of patients affected by MM (MMECs). We found that MMECs compared with normal BM ECs (BMECs) showed increased expression of syndecan-1. Silencing of syndecan-1 expression by RNA interference technique decreased in vitro EC survival, proliferation and organization in capillary-like structures. In vivo, in severe combined immunodeficient mice, syndecan-1 silencing inhibited MMEC organization into patent vessels. When overexpressed in human umbilical vein ECs and BMECs, syndecan-1 induced in vitro and in vivo angiogenic effects. Flow-cytometric analysis of MMECs silenced for syndecan-1 expression indicated a decreased membrane expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Immunoprecipitation and confocal analysis showed colocalization of VEGFR-2 with syndecan-1. Absence of nuclear translocation of VEGFR-2 in syndecan-1-knockdown cells together with the shift from perinuclear localization to recycling compartments suggest a role of syndecan-1 in modulation of VEGFR-2 localization. This correlated with an in vitro decreased VEGF-induced invasion and motility. These results suggest that syndecan-1 may contribute to the highly angiogenic phenotype of MMECs by promoting EC proliferation, survival and modulating VEGF-VEGFR-2 signalling.
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44
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STAGSTED JAN. Journey beyond immunology. Regulation of receptor internalization by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and effect of peptides derived from MHC-I. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1998.tb05657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Showalter AM. AtAGP18, a lysine-rich arabinogalactan protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, functions in plant growth and development as a putative co-receptor for signal transduction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:855-7. [PMID: 21849816 PMCID: PMC3218486 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.6.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a class of hyperglycosylated, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. AtAGP17, 18 and 19 are homologous genes encoding three classical lysine-rich AGPs in Arabidopsis. We observed subcellular localization of AtAGP18 at the plasma membrane by expressing a translational fusion gene construction of AtAGP18 attached to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag in Arabidopsis plants. We also overexpressed AtAGP18 without the GFP tag in Arabidopsis plants, and the resulting transgenic plants had a short, bushy phenotype. Here we discuss putative roles of AtAGP18 as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein involved in a signal transduction pathway regulating plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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46
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Common variation in GPC5 is associated with acquired nephrotic syndrome. Nat Genet 2011; 43:459-63. [PMID: 21441931 DOI: 10.1038/ng.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe proteinuria is a defining factor of nephrotic syndrome irrespective of the etiology. Investigation of congenital nephrotic syndrome has shown that dysfunction of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) plays a crucial role in this disease. Acquired nephrotic syndrome is also assumed to be associated with podocyte injury. Here we identify an association between variants in GPC5, encoding glypican-5, and acquired nephrotic syndrome through a genome-wide association study and replication analysis (P value under a recessive model (P(rec)) = 6.0 × 10(-11), odds ratio = 2.54). We show that GPC5 is expressed in podocytes and that the risk genotype is associated with higher expression. We further show that podocyte-specific knockdown and systemic short interfering RNA injection confers resistance to podocyte injury in mouse models of nephrosis. This study identifies GPC5 as a new susceptibility gene for nephrotic syndrome and implicates GPC5 as a promising therapeutic target for reducing podocyte vulnerability in glomerular disease.
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47
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Leali D, Bianchi R, Bugatti A, Nicoli S, Mitola S, Ragona L, Tomaselli S, Gallo G, Catello S, Rivieccio V, Zetta L, Presta M. Fibroblast growth factor 2-antagonist activity of a long-pentraxin 3-derived anti-angiogenic pentapeptide. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:2109-21. [PMID: 19627396 PMCID: PMC3823002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) plays a major role in angiogenesis. The pattern recognition receptor long-pentraxin 3 (PTX3) inhibits the angiogenic activity of FGF2. To identify novel FGF2-antagonistic peptide(s), four acetylated (Ac) synthetic peptides overlapping the FGF2-binding region PTX3-(97-110) were assessed for their FGF2-binding capacity. Among them, the shortest pentapeptide Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) (PTX3-[100-104]) inhibits the interaction of FGF2 with PTX3 immobilized to a BIAcore sensorchip and suppresses FGF2-dependent proliferation in endothelial cells, without affecting the activity of unrelated mitogens. Also, Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) inhibits angiogenesis triggered by FGF2 or by tumorigenic FGF2-overexpressing murine endothelial cells in chick and zebrafish embryos, respectively. Accordingly, the peptide hampers the binding of FGF2 to Chinese Hamster ovary cells overexpressing the tyrosine-kinase FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) and to recombinant FGFR1 immobilized to a BIAcore sensorchip without affecting heparin interaction. In all the assays the mutated Ac-ARPSA-NH(2) peptide was ineffective. In keeping with the observation that hydrophobic interactions dominate the interface between FGF2 and the FGF-binding domain of the Ig-like loop D2 of FGFR1, amino acid substitutions in Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) and saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of its mode of interaction with FGF2 implicate the hydrophobic methyl groups of the pentapeptide in FGF2 binding. These results will provide the basis for the design of novel PTX3-derived anti-angiogenic FGF2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Leali
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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48
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Prince RN, Schreiter ER, Zou P, Wiley HS, Ting AY, Lee RT, Lauffenburger DA. The heparin-binding domain of HB-EGF mediates localization to sites of cell-cell contact and prevents HB-EGF proteolytic release. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2308-18. [PMID: 20530570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a ligand for EGF receptor (EGFR) and possesses the ability to signal in juxtacrine, autocrine and/or paracrine mode, with these alternatives being governed by the degree of proteolytic release of the ligand. Although the spatial range of diffusion of released HB-EGF is restricted by binding heparan-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix and/or cellular glycocalyx, ascertaining mechanisms governing non-released HB-EGF localization is also important for understanding its effects. We have employed a new method for independently tracking the localization of the extracellular EGF-like domain of HB-EGF and the cytoplasmic C-terminus. A striking observation was the absence of the HB-EGF transmembrane pro-form from the leading edge of COS-7 cells in a wound-closure assay; instead, this protein localized in regions of cell-cell contact. A battery of detailed experiments found that this localization derives from a trans interaction between extracellular HSPGs and the HB-EGF heparin-binding domain, and that disruption of this interaction leads to increased release of soluble ligand and a switch in cell phenotype from juxtacrine-induced growth inhibition to autocrine-induced proliferation. Our results indicate that extracellular HSPGs serve to sequester the transmembrane pro-form of HB-EGF at the point of cell-cell contact, and that this plays a role in governing the balance between juxtacrine versus autocrine and paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Prince
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical correction of the hip and knee in patients with diastrophic dysplasia is extremely difficult secondary to the markedly distorted pathoanatomy of both the bone and soft tissues. The objective of this study is to provide a 3-dimensional model and carefully and extensively describe the pathoanatomy of the diastrophic hip and knee. METHODS Three-dimensional computer model reconstructions were developed based on clinical, radiographic, and surgical observations performed "meticulously" by a single surgeon on 110 hips in 55 patients. An additional 13 patients seen by another surgeon were also reviewed. In addition to the clinical and radiographic evaluations, 10 computed tomographic scans were performed of the pelvis and hip areas and 53 arthrograms were done in 13 patients. Sixty-six patients underwent a myriad of operative procedures on the hip and proximal femur. RESULTS The typical pathoanatomy seen in cases of diastrophic dysplasia reflects the severe and rampantly progressive flexion deformity of the hip and knee with time, and the anatomical aberrations of development of the proximal femur and the knee joint, which are highlighted in our computer model. Replacement arthroplasty at the hip and knee may hold the only solution to adolescents and adults with advanced disease; however, the unavailability of long-term data precludes a reasonable management recommendation. CONCLUSIONS The disturbed pathoanatomy of the diastrophic dysplasia hip and knee reflects the difficulties in achieving any substantial surgical correction even with customization. This report provides the most extensive 3-dimensional pathoanatomical observations as yet presented in the literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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50
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Mailankot M, Howell S, Nagaraj RH. Kynurenine inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated expression of crystallins and MIP26 in lens epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:609-20. [PMID: 20478381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-mediated signaling plays an important role in fiber cell differentiation in eye lens. We had previously shown that kynurenine (KYN) produced from the overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) causes defects in the differentiation of fiber cells, induces fiber cell apoptosis and cataract formation in the mouse lens, and leads to cell cycle arrest in cultured mouse lens epithelial cells (mLEC). In this study, we demonstrate that exogenous KYN reduces FGF2-mediated expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin and MIP26 in mLEC. We show that endogenously produced KYN in mLEC of IDO transgenic animals causes similar defects in FGF2-induced protein expression and that a competitive inhibitor of IDO prevents such defects. Our data also show that KYN inhibits FGF2-induced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mLEC, which are required for crystallin and MIP26 expression in the lens. KYN does not inhibit FGF2 binding to cells but inhibit phosphorylation of FGFR1in mLEC. Together our data suggest that KYN might inhibit FGF2-mediated fiber cell differentiation by preventing expression of crystallins and MIP26. Our studies provide a novel mechanism by which KYN can exert deleterious effects in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Mailankot
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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