1
|
Kraynak TE, Karim HT, Banihashemi L, Tudorascu DL, Butters MA, Pascoal T, Lopresti B, Andreescu C. A preliminary investigation of worry, cortical amyloid burden, and stressor-evoked brain and cardiovascular reactivity in older adults. J Affect Disord 2024; 367:623-631. [PMID: 39151757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Worry is a transdiagnostic symptom common to many neurocognitive disorders of aging, including early stages of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Severe worry is associated with amyloid burden in cognitively intact older adults, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. We hypothesize that this relationship involves altered brain and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stressors, a brain-body phenotype that also increases risk for cardiovascular disease. Twenty cognitively normal older adults (age 60 to 80) with varying levels of worry severity underwent positron emission tomography using Pittsburgh Compound-B and functional magnetic resonance imaging. We examined associations of worry severity and amyloid burden with cardiovascular reactivity, brain activation, and brain connectivity using a cognitive stressor task. Worry severity was not associated with global amyloid burden, but was associated with greater resting levels of cardiovascular physiology and lower systolic blood pressure reactivity. Worry severity also was associated with altered stressor-evoked activation and effective connectivity in brain circuits implicated in stress processing, emotion perception, and physiological regulation. These associations showed small to medium effect sizes. These preliminary findings introduce key components of a model that may link severe worry to ADRD risk via stressor-evoked brain-body interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Meryl A Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Tharick Pascoal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Brian Lopresti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Carmen Andreescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philippi CL, Weible E, Ehlers A, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Birn RM, Abercrombie HC. Effects of cortisol administration on heart rate variability and functional connectivity across women with different depression histories. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114923. [PMID: 38408523 PMCID: PMC10942667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Abnormalities within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system have been implicated in depression. Studies have reported glucocorticoid insensitivity and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in depressive disorders. However, little is known about the effects of cortisol on HRV and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the central autonomic network (CAN) in depression. We collected resting-state fMRI and cardiac data for women with different depression histories (n = 61) after administration of cortisol and placebo using a double-blind crossover design. We computed rsFC for R-amygdala and L-amygdala seeds and assessed the change in HRV after cortisol (cortisol-placebo). Analyses examined the effects of acute cortisol administration on HRV and rsFC of the R-amygdala and L-amygdala. There was a significant interaction between HRV and treatment for rsFC between the amygdala and CAN regions. We found lower rsFC between the L-amygdala and putamen for those with a greater decrease in HRV after cortisol. There was also reduced rsFC between the R-amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, putamen, middle cingulate cortex, insula, and cerebellum in those with lower HRV after cortisol. These results remained significant after adjusting for depression symptoms, age, and race. Our findings suggest that the effect of cortisol on CAN connectivity is related to its effects on HRV. Overall, these results could inform transdiagnostic interventions targeting HRV and the stress response systems across clinical and non-clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
| | - Emily Weible
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alissa Ehlers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7167, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison., 625 W. Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison., 625 W. Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaplan GB, Thompson BL. Neuroplasticity of the extended amygdala in opioid withdrawal and prolonged opioid abstinence. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1253736. [PMID: 38044942 PMCID: PMC10690374 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1253736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is characterized by excessive use of opioids, inability to control its use, a withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation of opioids, and long-term likelihood of relapse. The behavioral stages of opioid addiction correspond with affective experiences that characterize the opponent process view of motivation. In this framework, active involvement is accompanied by positive affective experiences which gives rise to "reward craving," whereas the opponent process, abstinence, is associated with the negative affective experiences that produce "relief craving." Relief craving develops along with a hypersensitization to the negatively reinforcing aspects of withdrawal during abstinence from opioids. These negative affective experiences are hypothesized to stem from neuroadaptations to a network of affective processing called the "extended amygdala." This negative valence network includes the three core structures of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc shell), in addition to major inputs from the basolateral amygdala (BLA). To better understand the major components of this system, we have reviewed their functions, inputs and outputs, along with the associated neural plasticity in animal models of opioid withdrawal. These models demonstrate the somatic, motivational, affective, and learning related models of opioid withdrawal and abstinence. Neuroadaptations in these stress and motivational systems are accompanied by negative affective and aversive experiences that commonly give rise to relapse. CeA neuroplasticity accounts for many of the aversive and fear-related effects of opioid withdrawal via glutamatergic plasticity and changes to corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons. Neuroadaptations in BNST pre-and post-synaptic GABA-containing neurons, as well as their noradrenergic modulation, may be responsible for a variety of aversive affective experiences and maladaptive behaviors. Opioid withdrawal yields a hypodopaminergic and amotivational state and results in neuroadaptive increases in excitability of the NAc shell, both of which are associated with increased vulnerability to relapse. Finally, BLA transmission to hippocampal and cortical regions impacts the perception of conditioned aversive effects of opioid withdrawal by higher executive systems. The prevention or reversal of these varied neuroadaptations in the extended amygdala during opioid withdrawal could lead to promising new interventions for this life-threatening condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mattioni L, Spada MM, Ferri F, Sestieri C. The relationship between perseverative thinking, proactive control, and inhibition in psychological distress: a study in a women's cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19319. [PMID: 37935825 PMCID: PMC10630504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is a core feature of several mental disorders. A recent account poses that health problems may derive from proactive forms of cognitive control that maintain stress representation over time. The working hypothesis of the present study is that psychological distress is caused by the tendency to select a particular maladaptive self-regulation strategy over time, namely perseverative thinking, rather than by transient stimulus-response patterns. To test this hypothesis, we asked 84 women to carry out a battery of standardized questionnaires regarding their tendency to undertake perseverative thinking and their level of psychological distress, followed by cognitive tasks measuring the tendency to use proactive versus reactive control modality and disinhibition. Through a series of mediation analyses, we demonstrate that the tendency to use proactive control correlates with psychological distress and that this relation is mediated by perseverative thinking. Moreover, we show that the relation between low inhibitory control and psychological stress is more strongly mediated by perseverative thinking than impulsiveness, a classical construct that focuses on more transient reactions to stimuli. The present results underline the importance of considering psychological distress as the consequence of a maladaptive way of applying control over time, rather than the result of a general deficit in cognitive control abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mattioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - and ITAB, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - and ITAB, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Sestieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - and ITAB, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Juster RP, Misiak B. Advancing the allostatic load model: From theory to therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023:106289. [PMID: 37202225 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Paul Juster
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Blazej Misiak
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stacy M, Schulkin J. Suicide: Allostatic regulation and resilience. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 139:105691. [PMID: 35218982 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a complex public health problem that is the result of a number of intertwined biopsychosocial factors. The diathesis-stress model suggests that suicide is the result of an interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. Chronic stress and trauma contribute to biologic adaptations, including hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, that contribute to the degradation of regulatory mechanisms and promote wear and tear the body, represented by allostatic load (AL). AL has been associated with a number of negative outcomes, including mental health problems and suicide. Fortunately, there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that are effective at reducing AL and reversing its effects. Thus, AL may provide a construct for supporting early risk identification, prevention, and treatment of suicide. AL biomarkers that are amenable to measurable change, effective treatments to reduce AL and perhaps help prevent suicide, and how to best tailor them to the individual and societal levels are important avenues of therapeutic inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Stacy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Jay Schulkin
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hormone and enzyme reactivity before, during, and after a music performance: Cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 9:100111. [PMID: 35755925 PMCID: PMC9216250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance anxiety is common in a wide range of settings. This study was designed to explore the hormonal correlates of a music performance recital – a setting commonly associated with extreme and often unsettling anxiety linked to the anticipation of performing. Thirty-nine college undergraduate participants (24 women and 15 men) were recruited from students enrolled in an undergraduate music performance course. Each gave a saliva sample on a neutral non-performance day and gave additional samples immediately before and 10 and 30-min after each of two solo music recitals. Samples were subsequently assayed for cortisol, alpha-amylase, and testosterone. For women, pre-performance salivary cortisol levels were significantly elevated relative to neutral-day baseline (presumably in anticipation of performing) and continued to rise in association with the performance phase of the recital. Pre-performance alpha-amylase was significantly higher than neutral-day baseline. Testosterone increased in connection with the performance phase of the recital, but not during the anticipation phase. For all three products, patterns for men were generally similar to those for women, though not as statistically robust, perhaps owing to the smaller sample size. Increases in cortisol and alpha-amylase, from neutral-day to immediately pre-performance on recital day, suggest an effect related to the psychological anticipation of the recital. Cortisol and testosterone (but not alpha-amylase) increased in association with the performance phase of the recital. Phase-related changes in these products appears to reflect a coordinated response to the stress of a music recital and perhaps, more generally, to social-evaluative threat. Salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and testosterone increase in association with a music recital. Cortisol and alpha-amylase increase in anticipation of the performance phase. Cortisol and testosterone increase during the performance phase. Cortisol/Testosterone coupling increases testosterone reactivity in this setting.
Collapse
|
8
|
Atasoy S, Johar H, Fleischer T, Beutel M, Binder H, Braehler E, Schomerus G, Zöller D, Kruse J, Ladwig KH. Depression Mediates the Association Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From German Multi-Cohort Prospective Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825678. [PMID: 35463485 PMCID: PMC9019116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of glucose homeostasis via mental health stress is increasingly acknowledged, whereby depression independently increases the risk of the onset of type 2 diabetes by up to 60%. Contributing mental health factors starting in early life have further been considered, indicating that exposure to childhood emotional abuse is associated with both depression and an increased onset of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. However, the potential role of depression within the emotional abuse and type 2 diabetes link remains unknown. METHODS Data were derived from community-dwelling participants in southern and northeastern Germany who participated in the longitudinal KORA-F4 and SHIP-3 studies. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for lifestyle, somatic, and psychological risk factors were used to investigate the association between childhood emotional abuse, assessed retrospectively by the Childhood Trauma Screener, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases, which were confirmed using a standard oral glucose tolerance test. The mediating role of depressive symptoms between childhood emotional abuse and type 2 diabetes was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and calculated by using the Sobel test for mediation. RESULTS A total of 2,973 (53.2% women, 46.8% men) participants with a mean age of 49.7 were included in the analyses, of whom 5.9% (7.1% women, 4.5% men) reported emotional abuse in childhood. Participants exposed to childhood emotional abuse had a 1.70 (1.12-2.56; p = 0.02) times higher odds of depression in the fully adjusted model than unexposed participants. During the 6.5-year follow-up period, 104 (3.5%) participants developed type 2 diabetes. Participants who were exposed to childhood emotional abuse had a 2.56 (1.31-4.98, p = 0.005) times higher odds of developing type 2 diabetes than unexposed participants. This association was significantly mediated by the increased odds of depression in participants with childhood emotional abuse (Sobel Test, 1.84, p = 0.06; Goodman Test, 1.91, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION The current results indicate that the increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes onset in participants who were exposed to childhood emotional abuse is significantly attributed to increased depression in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seryan Atasoy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamimatunnisa Johar
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Toni Fleischer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agashe S, Kumar S, Rai R. Exploring the Relationship Between Social Ties and Resilience From Evolutionary Framework. FRONTIERS IN HUMAN DYNAMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fhumd.2021.683755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This conceptual paper examines the necessity and importance of social bonds and networks in building resilience to fight the COVID-19. Resilience is a quality that energizes an individual’s actions and acts as a buffer to stressful events. The current article is intended to explore the evolutionary programmed behavior of the human mind to make social ties and structure. Humans have a strong need to connect and relate with other individuals by developing cooperation and perspective-taking. The ability to make social connections, group living, and sharing resources had a selective advantage in coping with physical and psychological stress. Social bonds provide resilience to people’s approach while making adjustments and adapting to situations, thus presents fitness benefits at both group and individual levels. An attempt has also been made to address how social isolation as a strategy to contain the infection adversely influence body homeostasis. Finally, this article recommends health practitioners, clinicians, and researchers to encourage research on the impact of social isolation/social interaction on mental and physical health indicators.
Collapse
|
10
|
Anxiety Disorders in the Elderly. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:561-576. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Pulopulos MM, Baeken C, De Raedt R. Cortisol response to stress: The role of expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation. Horm Behav 2020; 117:104587. [PMID: 31639385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An exacerbated physiological response to stress is associated with the development of stress-related disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety disorders). Recently, it has been proposed that individuals with high expectancies of being able to deal with stressful situations will activate regulatory mechanisms during the anticipation of the stressful event that would improve stress regulation. To test this hypothesis, 52 women in young adulthood (M = 21.06; SD = 2.58) anticipated and performed a laboratory-based stress task after receiving positive or negative bogus feedback on their abilities to deal with stressful events. Heart rate variability and salivary cortisol were assessed throughout the experimental protocol. Participants receiving positive bogus feedback (i.e., High Expectancy group) showed a more positive anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal (i.e., they anticipated the stress task as less threatening/challenging, and they perceived that they were more able to deal with it), and they showed a lower cortisol response to stress. Moreover, a more positive anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal was associated with better anticipatory stress regulation (indexed as less decrease in heart rate variability), leading to a lower cortisol response. Our results indicate that people with positive expectancy initiate mechanisms of anticipatory stress regulation that enhance the regulation of the physiological stress response. Expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation may be key mechanisms in the development and treatment of stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias M Pulopulos
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium; Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manjaly ZM, Iglesias S. A Computational Theory of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy from the "Bayesian Brain" Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:404. [PMID: 32499726 PMCID: PMC7243935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was developed to combine methods from cognitive behavioral therapy and meditative techniques, with the specific goal of preventing relapse in recurrent depression. While supported by empirical evidence from multiple clinical trials, the cognitive mechanisms behind the effectiveness of MBCT are not well understood in computational (information processing) or biological terms. This article introduces a testable theory about the computational mechanisms behind MBCT that is grounded in "Bayesian brain" concepts of perception from cognitive neuroscience, such as predictive coding. These concepts regard the brain as embodying a model of its environment (including the external world and the body) which predicts future sensory inputs and is updated by prediction errors, depending on how precise these error signals are. This article offers a concrete proposal how core concepts of MBCT-(i) the being mode (accepting whatever sensations arise, without judging or changing them), (ii) decentering (experiencing thoughts and percepts simply as events in the mind that arise and pass), and (iii) cognitive reactivity (changes in mood reactivate negative beliefs)-could be understood in terms of perceptual and metacognitive processes that draw on specific computational mechanisms of the "Bayesian brain." Importantly, the proposed theory can be tested experimentally, using a combination of behavioral paradigms, computational modelling, and neuroimaging. The novel theoretical perspective on MBCT described in this paper may offer opportunities for finessing the conceptual and practical aspects of MBCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zina-Mary Manjaly
- Department of Neurology, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Iglesias
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Packyanathan JS, Lakshmanan R, Jayashri P. Effect of music therapy on anxiety levels on patient undergoing dental extractions. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3854-3860. [PMID: 31879625 PMCID: PMC6924244 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_789_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dental anxiety has been found to be a significant problem faced by patients undergoing extractions. Anxious patients tend to avoid dental care ultimately leading to complications. Treatment of anxious patients can be very challenging to the dentists, prolonging the treatment duration. There has been various methods to reduce anxiety of which non pharmacological ways include music and aroma therapy. Music has been known to reduce fear, stress and is a form of meditation and relaxation. Hence effect of music on the reduction of anxiety levels for patients undergoing extractions were assessed. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of music therapy on dental anxiety levels of patients undergoing extractions. METHODS 50 patients visiting the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College for dental extractions were randomly selected and allocated to Test group and Control group. The test group (N = 25) were subjected to music during extractions and Control (N = 25) were not exposed. Dental anxiety levels and hemodynamic changes namely systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and heart rate were assessed before and after extraction. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS software with Paired t Test. RESULTS The study showed that the control population had elevated hemodynamic changes with regard to systolic, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, of which the diastolic pressure rise was significant. In the test population, there was fall in the hemodynamic changes with respect to systolic diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, all of which were statistically significant. This was evident in the modified dental anxiety scale as well. CONCLUSION Music seems to be a psychological and spiritual way to calm oneself down. Hence music therapy can be used as an anxiolytic agent for stressful dental procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha S. Packyanathan
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Reema Lakshmanan
- Department of Periodontology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - P Jayashri
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Addiction and stress: An allostatic view. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:245-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Hennessy MB, Schiml PA, Berberich K, Beasley NL, Deak T. Early Attachment Disruption, Inflammation, and Vulnerability for Depression in Rodent and Primate Models. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:314. [PMID: 30666192 PMCID: PMC6330302 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early experiments in nonhuman primates established the relation between disruption of filial attachment and depressive-like outcomes. Subsequent studies in rats and mice have been instrumental in linking depressive-like outcomes to disturbances in maternal behavior. Another aspect of attachment disruption, absence of the attachment object per se, may be studied more effectively in a different laboratory rodent-the guinea pig. Here, we discuss the rationale for using guinea pigs for this work. We then review guinea pig studies providing evidence for inflammatory mechanisms mediating both depressive-like behavior during separation as well as sensitization of stress responsiveness such as is thought to lead to increased vulnerability to depression at later ages. Finally, we discuss recent complementary work in adult monkeys that suggests cross-species generalizability of broad principles derived from the guinea pig experiments. Overall, the findings provide experimental support for human research implicating inflammatory mechanisms in the development of increased stress responsiveness and vulnerability to depression following attachment disruption and other forms of early-life stress. Specifically, the findings suggest inflammatory mechanisms may set in motion a cascade of underlying processes that mediate later increased stress responsiveness and, therefore, depression susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Patricia A Schiml
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Katelyn Berberich
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Nicole L Beasley
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Deurzen I, Vanhoutte B. A Longitudinal Study of Allostatic Load in Later Life: The Role of Sex, Birth Cohorts, and Risk Accumulation. Res Aging 2018; 41:419-442. [DOI: 10.1177/0164027518813839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Are challenging life courses associated with more wear and tear on the biological level? This study investigates this question from a life-course perspective by examining the influence of life-course risk accumulation on allostatic load (AL), considering the role of sex and birth cohorts. Using biomarker data collected over three waves (2004, 2008, and 2012) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( N = 3,824) in a growth curve framework, AL trajectories over a period of 8 years are investigated. Our results illustrate that AL increases substantially in later life. Men have higher AL than women, but increases are similar for both sexes. Older cohorts have both higher levels and a steeper increase of AL over time. Higher risk accumulation over the life course goes hand in hand with higher AL levels and steeper trajectories, contributing to the body of evidence on cumulative (dis)advantage processes in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bram Vanhoutte
- Sociology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Acupuncture on the Stress-Related Drug Relapse to Seeking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5367864. [PMID: 30416533 PMCID: PMC6207895 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5367864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, which causes serious social and economic problems. The most important trial for the successful treatment of drug addiction is to prevent the high rate of relapse to drug-seeking behaviors. Opponent process as a motivational theory with excessive drug seeking in the negative reinforcement of drug dependence reflects both loss of brain reward system and recruitment of brain stress system. The negative emotional state produced by brain stress system during drug withdrawal might contribute to the intense drug craving and drive drug-seeking behaviors via negative reinforcement mechanisms. Decrease in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor in the extended amygdala are hypothesized to be implicated in mediating this motivated behavior. Also, a brain stress response system is hypothesized to increase drug craving and contribute to relapse to drug-seeking behavior during the preoccupation and anticipation stage of dependence caused by the exposure to stress characterized as the nonspecific responses to any demands on the body. Acupuncture has proven to be effective for reducing drug addiction and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, acupuncture has been shown to correct reversible brain malfunctions by regulating drug addiction and stress-related neurotransmitters. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to propose that acupuncture attenuates relapse to drug-seeking behavior through inhibition of stress response. In this review, a brief description of stress in relapse to drug-seeking behavior and the effects of acupuncture were presented.
Collapse
|
18
|
Alpár A, Zahola P, Hanics J, Hevesi Z, Korchynska S, Benevento M, Pifl C, Zachar G, Perugini J, Severi I, Leitgeb P, Bakker J, Miklosi AG, Tretiakov E, Keimpema E, Arque G, Tasan RO, Sperk G, Malenczyk K, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lubec G, Palkovits M, Giordano A, Hökfelt TG, Romanov RA, Horvath TL, Harkany T. Hypothalamic CNTF volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100087. [PMID: 30209240 PMCID: PMC6213283 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cortical alertness is maintained by a heightened excitability of noradrenergic neurons innervating, notably, the prefrontal cortex. However, neither the signaling axis linking hypothalamic activation to delayed and lasting noradrenergic excitability nor the molecular cascade gating noradrenaline synthesis is defined. Here, we show that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-releasing neurons innervate ependymal cells of the 3rd ventricle to induce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) release for transport through the brain's aqueductal system. CNTF binding to its cognate receptors on norepinephrinergic neurons in the locus coeruleus then initiates sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase with the Ca2+-sensor secretagogin ensuring activity dependence in both rodent and human brains. Both CNTF and secretagogin ablation occlude stress-induced cortical norepinephrine synthesis, ensuing neuronal excitation and behavioral stereotypes. Cumulatively, we identify a multimodal pathway that is rate-limited by CNTF volume transmission and poised to directly convert hypothalamic activation into long-lasting cortical excitability following acute stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Zahola
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Leitgeb
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andras G Miklosi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gloria Arque
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomas Gm Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coplan JD, Gupta NK, Flynn SK, Reiner WJ, Gaita D, Fulton SL, Rozenboym AV, Tang JE, Cooper TB, Mann JJ. Maternal Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamate in Response to Variable Foraging Demand: Relationship to Cerebrospinal Fluid Serotonin Metabolites in Grown Offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 30246167 PMCID: PMC6145812 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018785625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Maternal response to allostatic overload during infant rearing may alter
neurobiological measures in grown offspring, potentially increasing
susceptibility to mood and anxiety disorders. We examined maternal
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate response during exposure to variable
foraging demand (VFD), a bonnet macaque model of allostatic overload,
testing whether activation relative to baseline predicted concomitant CSF
elevations of the stress neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor. We
investigated whether VFD-induced activation of maternal CSF glutamate
affects maternal–infant attachment patterns and offspring CSF
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Methods Mother–infant dyads were exposed to the “VFD stressor,” a paradigm in which
mothers experience 16 weeks of foraging uncertainty while rearing their
infant offspring. Through staggering the infant age of VFD onset, both a
cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design were used. Maternal CSF
glutamate and glutamine concentrations post-VFD exposure were
cross-sectionally compared to maternal VFD naive controls. Proportional
change in concentrations of maternal glutamate (and glutamine), a
longitudinal measure, was evaluated in relation to VFD-induced elevations of
CSF corticotropin-releasing factor. The former measure was related to
maternal–infant proximity scores obtained during the final phases of VFD
exposure. Maternal glutamatergic response to VFD exposure was used as a
predictor variable for young adolescent offspring CSF metabolites of
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Results Following VFD exposure, maternal CSF glutamate concentrations correlated
positively with maternal CSF CRF concentrations. Activation relative to
baseline of maternal CSF glutamate concentrations following VFD exposure
correlated directly with a) increased maternal-infant proximity during the
final phases of VFD and b) offspring CSF concentrations of monoamine
metabolites including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which was elevated
relative to controls. Conclusions Activation of maternal CSF glutamate in response to VFD-induced allostasis is
directly associated with elevations of maternal CSF corticotropin-releasing
factor. Maternal CSF glutamate alterations induced by VFD potentially
compromise serotonin neurotransmission in grown offspring, conceivably
modeling human vulnerability to treatment-resistant mood and anxiety
disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nishant K Gupta
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah K Flynn
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Wade J Reiner
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - David Gaita
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sasha L Fulton
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna V Rozenboym
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jean E Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas B Cooper
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pulopulos MM, Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R. Association between changes in heart rate variability during the anticipation of a stressful situation and the stress-induced cortisol response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 94:63-71. [PMID: 29758470 PMCID: PMC5967249 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vagal activity - reflecting the activation of stress regulatory mechanisms and prefrontal cortex activation - is thought to play an inhibitory role in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, most studies investigating the association between stress-induced changes in heart rate variability (HRV, an index of cardiac vagal tone) and cortisol have shown a non-significant relationship. It has been proposed that physiological changes observed during anticipation of a stressor allow individuals to make behavioral, cognitive, and physiological adjustments that are necessary to deal with the upcoming actual stressor. In this study, in a large sample of 171 healthy adults (96 men and 75 women; mean age = 29.98, SD = 11.07), we investigated whether the cortisol response to a laboratory-based stress task was related to anticipation-induced or stress task-induced changes in HRV. As expected, regression analyses showed that a larger decrease in HRV during the anticipation of a stress task was related to higher stress task-induced cortisol increase, but not cortisol recovery. In line with prior research, the stress task-induced change in HRV was not significantly related to cortisol increase or recovery. Our results show for the first time that anticipatory HRV (reflecting differences in stress regulation and prefrontal activity before the encounter with the stressor) is important to understand the stress-induced cortisol increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias M Pulopulos
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, Garcia-Cairasco N, de Lima Umeoka EH. A Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:127. [PMID: 30034327 PMCID: PMC6043787 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is recognized as an important issue in basic and clinical neuroscience research, based upon the founding historical studies by Walter Canon and Hans Selye in the past century, when the concept of stress emerged in a biological and adaptive perspective. A lot of research after that period has expanded the knowledge in the stress field. Since then, it was discovered that the response to stressful stimuli is elaborated and triggered by the, now known, stress system, which integrates a wide diversity of brain structures that, collectively, are able to detect events and interpret them as real or potential threats. However, different types of stressors engage different brain networks, requiring a fine-tuned functional neuroanatomical processing. This integration of information from the stressor itself may result in a rapid activation of the Sympathetic-Adreno-Medullar (SAM) axis and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, the two major components involved in the stress response. The complexity of the stress response is not restricted to neuroanatomy or to SAM and HPA axes mediators, but also diverge according to timing and duration of stressor exposure, as well as its short- and/or long-term consequences. The identification of neuronal circuits of stress, as well as their interaction with mediator molecules over time is critical, not only for understanding the physiological stress responses, but also to understand their implications on mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Polianna Delfino-Pereira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique de Lima Umeoka
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ottaviani C. Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13082. [PMID: 29607505 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The move from the concept of homeostasis to that of allostasis has led reactivity stress research to widen the object of its investigation: from the brief physiological response that occurs when one is facing a stressor to what happens when one is anticipating or recovering from a stressor. A paradigmatic example is represented by perseverative cognition, during which human beings react "as if" they were constantly facing a concrete stressor. The core idea behind this review is that the cognitive inflexibility that characterizes perseverative cognition is reflected in both our body (by increased autonomic nervous system rigidity assessed by heart rate variability; HRV) and our brain (by reduced prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity). This is a review of studies conducted in different settings (laboratory, daily life), populations (healthy, major depression, generalized anxiety), location (United States, Europe), and age groups (children, adults) that consistently replicated the association between autonomic, subjective, and behavioral measures of cognitive inflexibility during perseverative cognition. Moreover, compelling neuroimaging data suggest that HRV reduction from pre- to post-induction of perseverative cognition is associated with both structural and functional brain abnormalities reflecting impaired prefrontal inhibitory control over subcortical structures (e.g., diminished prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity). The integration of neuroscience techniques with clinical autonomic research has advanced our understanding of the neurobiology of brain-heart interaction during perseverative cognition, potentially yielding to more effective treatment packages. This is clinically relevant if one considers that perseverative cognition is a pervasive transdiagnostic factor that carries prognostic risk for both psychological and somatic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC. Mechanisms of Stress-induced Visceral Pain. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:7-18. [PMID: 29291604 PMCID: PMC5753899 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that long-term stress facilitates visceral pain through sensitization of pain pathways and promotes chronic visceral pain disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This review will describe the importance of stress in exacerbating IBS-induced abdominal pain. Additionally, we will briefly review our understanding of the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by both chronic adult stress and following early life stress in the pathogenesis of IBS. The review will focus on the glucocorticoid receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated mechanisms in the amygdala involved in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. One potential mechanism underlying persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. While there are relatively few studies examining epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in stress-induced visceral nociception, alterations in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns within the brain, have been linked to alterations in nociceptive signaling via increased expression of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. This review will discuss the latest studies investigating the long-term effects of stress on visceral sensitivity. Additionally, we will critically review the importance of experimental models of adult stress and early life stress in enhancing our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of nociceptive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK,
USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK,
USA
- VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK,
USA
| | - Anthony C Johnson
- VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:164-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Roberto M, Spierling SR, Kirson D, Zorrilla EP. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Addictive Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:5-51. [PMID: 29056155 PMCID: PMC6155477 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a complex disorder that is characterized by compulsivity to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake of the drug, and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. The transition from casual drug use to dependence is mediated by changes in reward and brain stress functions and has been linked to a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement. The recruitment of brain stress systems mediates the negative emotional state produced by dependence that drives drug seeking through negative reinforcement mechanisms, defined as the "dark side" of addiction. In this chapter we focus on behavioral and cellular neuropharmacological studies that have implicated brain stress systems (i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) in the transition to addiction and the predominant brain regions involved. We also discuss the implication of CRF recruitment in compulsive eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | | | - Dean Kirson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Hulle CA, Moore MN, Lemery-Chalfant K, Goldsmith HH, Brooker RJ. Infant stranger fear trajectories predict anxious behaviors and diurnal cortisol rhythm during childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1119-1130. [PMID: 28318454 PMCID: PMC5509479 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although a robust literature has linked stable, high levels of fear across childhood to increased risk for anxiety problems, less is known about alternative pathways to anxiety. We tested two putatively normative developmental pathways of early fearfulness for their distinct associations with behavioral (anxiety-related behaviors and symptoms) and biological (diurnal cortisol) markers of anxiety risk in middle childhood in a community-based sample (n = 107). Steeper increases in fear from 6 to 36 months predicted more parent-reported anxiety symptoms at age 8 years. In addition, children who exhibited steep increases in fear during infancy were overrepresented among children with diagnoses of separation anxiety disorder at age 8 years. Finally, we showed that steeper increases in fearfulness in infancy predicted flatter slopes of diurnal cortisol at age 8 years for girls. Thus, differences in stranger fear across infancy may indicate varying degrees of risk for anxious behaviors in later childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Van Hulle
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mollie N. Moore
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - H. Hill Goldsmith
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sakurai R, Suzuki H, Fujiwara Y, Yasunaga M, Takeuchi R, Murayama Y, Cuya KEK, Kanosue K, Ishii K. Neural basis for the relationship between frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:589-595. [PMID: 27162102 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low frequency of going outdoors (e.g. being homebound) is associated with depressive mood; however, the underlying neural mechanism of this association is unclear. We therefore investigated the neural substrate involved in the relationship between frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood using positron emission tomography (PET), focusing on the frontal lobe and the limbic system. METHODS One hundred fifty-eight community-dwelling older adults aged 65-85 years underwent PET with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose normalized in reference to cerebellar glucose metabolic value (normalized-rCMRglc) in six regions of interest. We also assessed depressive mood, frequency of going outdoors, and potential covariates. Depressive mood was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS The proportion of participants who reported low frequency of going outdoors (LG, every 2-3 days or less) was 36.1%. The LG group showed significantly higher GDS scores than those who reported high (once a day or more) frequency of going outdoors. A multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential covariates showed higher GDS scores were associated with lower normalized-rCMRglc in the ventrolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Adjusting for frequency of going outdoors, the association between GDS score and normalized-rCMRglc in the orbitofrontal cortex was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex may mediate the relationship between low frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood among community-dwelling older adults. These findings may help disentangle the role of going outdoors in regulating brain function to improve and/or maintain mental health among community-dwelling older adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakurai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yasunaga
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Takeuchi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh Murayama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimi Estela Kobayashi Cuya
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kanosue
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benderlioglu Z, Dow E. Low temperatures during ontogeny increase fluctuating asymmetry and reduce maternal aggression in the house mouse, Mus musculus. Ethology 2017; 123:442-452. [PMID: 29062162 PMCID: PMC5650073 DOI: 10.1111/eth.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal aggression is behavior displayed by post-partum lactating female mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics, presumably as a defense against infanticide. A variety of perinatal stressors can impair maternal care in adulthood. Previous studies on associations between developmental perturbations and maternal aggression have produced mixed results. To address this issue, we employed a proxy for developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) to further elucidate the relationship between low temperature stress and maternal aggression. FA, small, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral characters is used as a quantitative measure of stress during ontogeny. Dams were either maintained in standard laboratory temperatures (21 ± 2 °C), or cold temperatures (8 ± 2 °C) during gestation. During lactation, their progeny either remained in the temperature condition in which they were gestated or were transferred to the other temperature condition. Four individual measures of FA, a composite of these measures, and three measures of maternal aggression were assessed in the female progeny in adulthood. Exposure to low temperatures during both pre- and early post-natal development increased composite FA and reduced all three measures of maternal aggression compared to controls. Exposure to low temperatures during the pre- or postnatal period alone did not induce either high FA or altered maternal aggression. Certain measures of FA and nest defense were negatively correlated. Our results suggest that low temperatures experienced during gestation and lactation may have important fitness costs. Low maternal aggression towards infanticidal conspecifics is likely to limit the number of offspring surviving into adulthood. Overall, FA appears to be a reliable indicator of chronic developmental stress with implications for fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Benderlioglu
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eliot Dow
- The Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dekel S, Ein-Dor T, Rosen JB, Bonanno GA. Differences in Cortisol Response to Trauma Activation in Individuals with and without Comorbid PTSD and Depression. Front Psychol 2017; 8:797. [PMID: 28572779 PMCID: PMC5435820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although depression symptoms are often experienced by individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma exposure, little is know about the biological correlates associated with PTSD and depression co-morbidity vs. those associated with PTSD symptoms alone. Methods: Here we examined salivary cortisol responses to trauma activation in a sample of 60 survivors of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. Participants recalled the escape from the attacks 7 months post 9/11. Salivary cortisol levels were measured before and after their recollection of the trauma. PTSD, depression, and somatic symptoms were also assessed. From the behavioral assessment scales, the participants were grouped into three conditions: those with comorbid PTSD and depressive symptoms, PTSD alone symptoms, or no-pathology. Results: Baseline and cortisol response levels differed between the comorbid, PTSD alone, and no-pathology groups. Individuals endorsing co-morbid symptoms had higher PTSD and somatic symptom severity and their cortisol response decreased following their trauma reminder while a trend of an elevated response to the trauma was found in the PTSD alone group. Our findings show distinct psychological and biological correlates related to the endorsement of PTSD with and without depression comorbidity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that comorbidity symptoms manifestation entails a separate trauma induced condition from PTSD. Future research on biological correlates of comorbid PTSD and depression is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dekel
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Tsachi Ein-Dor
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary CenterHerzliya, Israel
| | - Jeffrey B Rosen
- Department of Psychology, University of DelawareNewark, NJ, United States
| | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia UniveristyNew York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hennessy MB, Chun K, Capitanio JP. Depressive-like behavior, its sensitization, social buffering, and altered cytokine responses in rhesus macaques moved from outdoor social groups to indoor housing. Soc Neurosci 2017; 12:65-75. [PMID: 26801639 PMCID: PMC4988930 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1145595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stressors appear to promote the onset of depressive illness through activation and sensitization of inflammatory mechanisms. Here, adult male rhesus monkeys brought from large outdoor social groups to indoor housing for 8 days reliably exhibited a hunched, depressive-like posture. When rehoused indoors a second 8 days about 2 weeks later, monkeys housed alone, but not those with an affiliative partner, showed sensitization of the depressive-like hunched posture. Housing indoors also affected circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β showed increased responsiveness to immune challenge, and IL-1β and TNF-α showed reduced suppression by dexamethasone. Sensitivity of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to immune challenge exhibited a relative increase from the first to the second round of indoor housing in animals housed in pairs, and a relative decrease in animals housed alone. Cytokine levels during indoor housing were positively correlated with duration of depressive-like behavior. Plasma cortisol levels increased but did not differentiate housing conditions or rounds. Results demonstrate a rapid induction and sensitization of depressive-like behavior to indoor individual housing, social buffering of sensitization, and associated inflammatory responses. This paradigm may provide a practical nonhuman primate model for examining inflammatory-mediated consequences of psychosocial stressors on depression and possible social buffering of these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie Chun
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John P. Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jimerson SR, Durbrow EH, Adam E, Gunnar M, Bozoky IK. Associations Among Academic Achievement, Attention, and Adrenocortical Reactivity in Caribbean Village Children. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573506298899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations among academic achievement problems, attention problems, and cortisol levels in 86 children (ages 5 to 12) in St. Vincent, the West Indies. Findings revealed that morning cortisol levels were more elevated at school than at home. Attention problems contributed negatively to academic scores. Children with the most attention problems showed greater school relative to home cortisol elevations than did other children. Once the variance due to attention problems was accounted for, the interaction between attention problems and cortisol elevation explained additional variance in academic scores. There was some evidence that attention problems and cortisol reactivity were associated. Furthermore, greater cortisol reactivity was correlated with the academic difficulties of children who exhibited more attention problems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Philbrook LE, Teti DM. Associations between bedtime and nighttime parenting and infant cortisol in the first year. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:1087-1100. [PMID: 27363863 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined how maternal care within the bedtime and nighttime contexts influences infant cortisol levels and patterning. Eighty-two mothers (Mage = 29.4 years) and infants participated in a longitudinal study when infants were 3, 6, and 9 months old. At each time point, bedtime and nighttime parenting were recorded and infant cortisol at bedtime and the following morning was analyzed. Multilevel model analyses showed that infants had lower cortisol levels when mothers were more emotionally available at bedtime, and infants whose mothers responded more often to their non-distressed cues had lower cortisol levels on average. Less co-sleeping and more maternal responses to infant distress were linked to healthier cortisol patterning. By shedding light on parenting qualities and behaviors that influence infant cortisol, these results indicate avenues for intervention and suggest the utility of studying parenting in infant sleep contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Philbrook
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Douglas M Teti
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Winn P. The Lateral Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior: An Old Syndrome Reassessed and a New Perspective Gained. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Winn
- Lecturer in Psychology in the University of St. Andrews
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Effects of Outgroup Threat and Opportunity to Derogate on Salivary Cortisol Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060616. [PMID: 27338433 PMCID: PMC4924073 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perceptions of intergroup threat have been related to both experiences of physiological stress responses and derogation of the outgroup. In this study, a neuroscience perspective was used to investigate the relationship between stress and opportunity to derogate the outgroup, in a threatening intergroup context. Research from a social identity perspective suggests that engaging in outgroup derogation alleviates stress when perceiving an intergroup threat. However, in line with the model of intergroup anxiety, opportunity to derogate could exacerbate the negative connotations of a threatening situation, resulting in more stress. Canadian participants (N = 110) were exposed to text describing either discriminatory or favorable comments expressed by Chinese individuals towards Canadians. Half of the participants were given the opportunity to derogate via a bias task. Salivary cortisol was used as a measure of stress and was collected at baseline, post-threat, and post-derogation. As expected, threatening identity led to more stress as evidenced by increased cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, threatened participants who had an opportunity to derogate showed greater cortisol concentrations than those who did not. These results demonstrate a link between stress and the opportunity to derogate, and highlights the value of using biological markers within the intergroup context. Rewrite abstract to remove all the references (they are meaningless because the abstracting services will use the abstract as is but will not provide the references so their presence is useless.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tuber DS, Miller DD, Caris KA, Halter R, Linden F, Hennessy MB. Dogs in Animal Shelters: Problems, Suggestions, and Needed Expertise. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of very real practical constraints, conditions in animal shelters are often reminiscent of those in early primate deprivation studies. Dogs are frequently surrendered to shelters because of behavior problems, and aspects of the shelter environment may induce anomalous behavior, increasing the chances that adopted dogs will be returned to the shelters. Comparative psychologists, psychobiologists, and other behavioral scientists possess the knowledge and techniques to help shelters intervene in this cycle. Experience suggests human interaction and the application of basic conditioning procedures can reduce the impact of the shelter environment, and ease the transition into the adoptive home. A program developed to meet these goals is described. Shelters can provide opportunities both for the training of students in animal-related exercises and for limited applied research. Behavioral scientists stand in a unique position to help transform conditions in animal shelters to the benefit of all involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fran Linden
- Pet Behavior and Training Services, Dayton, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harris BN, Carr JA. The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis in mediating predator-avoidance trade-offs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 230-231:110-42. [PMID: 27080550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining energy balance and reproducing are important for fitness, yet animals have evolved mechanisms by which the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis can shut these activities off. While HPA/HPI axis inhibition of feeding and reproduction may have evolved as a predator defense, to date there has been no review across taxa of the causal evidence for such a relationship. Here we review the literature on this topic by addressing evidence for three predictions: that exposure to predators decreases reproduction and feeding, that exposure to predators activates the HPA/HPI axis, and that predator-induced activation of the HPA/HPI axis inhibits foraging and reproduction. Weight of evidence indicates that exposure to predator cues inhibits several aspects of foraging and reproduction. While the evidence from fish and mammals supports the hypothesis that predator cues activate the HPA/HPI axis, the existing data in other vertebrate taxa are equivocal. A causal role for the HPA axis in predator-induced suppression of feeding and reproduction has not been demonstrated to date, although many studies report correlative relationships between HPA activity and reproduction and/or feeding. Manipulation of HPA/HPI axis signaling will be required in future studies to demonstrate direct mediation of predator-induced inhibition of feeding and reproduction. Understanding the circuitry linking sensory pathways to their control of the HPA/HPI axis also is needed. Finally, the role that fear and anxiety pathways play in the response of the HPA axis to predator cues is needed to better understand the role that predators have played in shaping anxiety related behaviors in all species, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - James A Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferrante V, Mugnai C, Ferrari L, Marelli SP, Spagnoli E, Lolli S. Stress and reactivity in three Italian chicken breeds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1185978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
38
|
Thoma MV, Zemp M, Kreienbühl L, Hofer D, Schmidlin PR, Attin T, Ehlert U, Nater UM. Effects of Music Listening on Pre-treatment Anxiety and Stress Levels in a Dental Hygiene Recall Population. Int J Behav Med 2016; 22:498-505. [PMID: 25200448 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waiting for a medical procedure can exert significant feelings of state anxiety in patients. Music listening has been shown to be effective in decreasing anxiety levels. No study so far examined the potential anxiety and stress-reducing effect of a music intervention on pre-treatment anxiety and stress in patients waiting for dental hygiene treatment. Knowing whether the anxiety-reducing effect of music would also be detectible in the context of preventive routine medical procedures in healthy individuals would widen the area of application of music from the hospital or clinical environment to medical offices in general. PURPOSE Waiting for a medical treatment can induce anxiety and may lead to the experience of stress. We set out to examine the effect of music on pre-treatment anxiety in a healthy patient sample waiting for a dental treatment. METHODS In a randomized controlled clinical trial, 92 consecutive volunteer patients (mean age, 57 years) waiting for their scheduled dental hygiene treatment were randomly allocated to either an experimental (n = 46, listening to music for 10 min) or a control group (n = 46, waiting in silence). State and habitual anxiety, subjective stress, and mood measures were assessed before and after music listening or silence, respectively. RESULTS State anxiety levels in the music group decreased significantly after intervention as compared to the control group (F(1/90) = 8.06; p = 0.006). Participants' trait anxiety and dental anxiety were not found to moderate this effect. CONCLUSIONS Listening to music prior to dental hygiene treatment decreases anxiety levels to a greater extent than waiting in silence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V Thoma
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 1, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tran L, Schulkin J, Ligon CO, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Epigenetic modulation of chronic anxiety and pain by histone deacetylation. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1219-31. [PMID: 25288139 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure of the central amygdala (CeA) to elevated corticosteroids (CORT) facilitates long-term anxiety and pain through activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). However, the mechanisms maintaining these responses are unknown. Since chronic phenotypes can be sustained by epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications such as deacetylation, we tested the hypothesis that histone deacetylation contributes to the maintenance of chronic anxiety and pain induced by prolonged exposure of the CeA to CORT. We found that bilateral infusions of a histone deacetylase inhibitor into the CeA attenuated anxiety-like behavior as well as somatic and visceral hypersensitivity resulting from elevated CORT exposure. Moreover, we delineated a novel pathway through which histone deacetylation could contribute to CORT regulation of GR and subsequent CRF expression in the CeA. Specifically, deacetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9), through the coordinated action of the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), sequesters GR expression leading to disinhibition of CRF. Our results indicate that epigenetic programming in the amygdala, specifically histone modifications, is important in the maintenance of chronic anxiety and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tran
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J Schulkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C O Ligon
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - B Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,V.A. Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Turan B. Predictors of anticipatory cortisol reactivity to subsequent stressors. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:239-46. [PMID: 26071396 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature, predictors, and consequences of anticipatory biological stress responses are important in understanding long-term effects of repeated stressors. We examined anticipatory cortisol responses after an individual has actually experienced and reacted to a stressor once and is anticipating a second similar stressor. We hypothesized that how an individual reacts to the first stressor may predict that individual's anticipatory responses to further stressors. In Session 1, 77 male participants delivered speeches and performed arithmetic tasks in front of two evaluators. In Session 2 one week later, participants were told that they would do the same tasks again in front of evaluators. Stress cortisol reactivity in Session 1 (increase in cortisol from pre-stressor to post-stressor) predicted anticipatory cortisol reactivity in Session 2 (increase in cortisol from baseline to immediately pre-stressor). In addition, trait measures of low self-esteem and a "Submissive and Disconnected" interpersonal orientation predicted stronger anticipatory cortisol reactivity in Session 2. If the cortisol response to an initial stressor does in fact shape consequent anticipatory cortisol responses, this self-perpetuating nature of the initial cortisol response may contribute to negative long-term effects of repeated stressors on health. One factor that may be able to counteract this effect is a dominant and confident interpersonal orientation, which may lead to lower anticipatory cortisol reactions regardless of the response to the initial stressor.
Collapse
|
41
|
Turan B, Foltz C, Cavanagh JF, Wallace BA, Cullen M, Rosenberg EL, Jennings PA, Ekman P, Kemeny ME. Anticipatory sensitization to repeated stressors: the role of initial cortisol reactivity and meditation/emotion skills training. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:229-38. [PMID: 25497480 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticipation may play a role in shaping biological reactions to repeated stressors-a common feature of modern life. We aimed to demonstrate that: (a) individuals who display a larger cortisol response to an initial stressor exhibit progressive anticipatory sensitization, showing progressively higher cortisol levels before subsequent exposures, and (b) attention/emotional skills training can reduce the magnitude of this effect on progressive anticipatory sensitization. Female school teachers (N=76) were randomly assigned to attention/emotion skills and meditation training or to a control group. Participants completed 3 separate Trier Social Stress Tests (TSST): at baseline (Session 1), post-training (Session 2), and five months post (Session 3). Each TSST session included preparing and delivering a speech and performing an arithmetic task in front of critical evaluators. In each session participants' salivary cortisol levels were determined before and after the stressor. Control participants with larger cortisol reactivity to the first stressor showed increasing anticipatory (pre-stressor) cortisol levels with each successive stressor exposure (TSST session)-suggesting progressive anticipatory sensitization. Yet this association was absent in the training group. Supplementary analyses indicated that these findings occurred in the absence of group differences in cortisol reactivity. Findings suggest that the stress response can undergo progressive anticipatory sensitization, which may be modulated by attention/emotion-related processes. An important implication of the construct of progressive anticipatory sensitization is a possible self-perpetuating effect of stress reactions, providing a candidate mechanism for the translation of short-to-long-term stress reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Turan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Carol Foltz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - B Alan Wallace
- Santa Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93130, USA
| | - Margaret Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Erika L Rosenberg
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Patricia A Jennings
- Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, CA 22904, USA
| | - Paul Ekman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Margaret E Kemeny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tuerk C, Zhang H, Sachdev P, Lord SR, Brodaty H, Wen W, Delbaere K. Regional Gray Matter Volumes Are Related to Concern About Falling in Older People: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:138-44. [PMID: 25645388 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about falling is common in older people. Various related psychological constructs as well as poor balance and slow gait have been associated with decreased gray matter (GM) volume in old age. The current study investigates the association between concern about falling and voxel-wise GM volumes. METHODS A total of 281 community-dwelling older people aged 70-90 years underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Concern about falling was assessed using Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). For each participant, voxel-wise GM volumes were generated with voxel-based morphometry and regressed on raw FES-I scores (p < .05 family-wise error corrected on cluster level). RESULTS FES-I scores were negatively correlated with total brain volume (r = -.212; p ≤ .001), GM volume (r = -.210; p ≤ .001), and white matter volume (r = -.155; p ≤ .001). Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed significant negative associations between FES-I and GM volumes of (i) left cerebellum and bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (voxels-in-cluster = 2,981; p < .001) and (ii) bilateral superior frontal gyrus and left supplementary motor area (voxels-in-cluster = 1,900; p = .004). Additional adjustment for vision and physical fall risk did not alter these associations. After adjustment for anxiety, only left cerebellum and bilateral inferior occipital gyrus remained negatively associated with FES-I scores (voxels-in-cluster = 2,426; p < .001). Adjustment for neuroticism removed all associations between FES-I and GM volumes. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings show that concern about falling is negatively associated with brain volumes in areas important for emotional control and for motor control, executive functions and visual processing in a large sample of older men and women. Regression analyses suggest that these relationships were primarily accounted for by psychological factors (generalized anxiety and neuroticism) and not by physical fall risk or vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Tuerk
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Haobo Zhang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moore CJ, Johnson ZP, Higgins M, Toufexis D, Wilson ME. Antagonism of corticotrophin-releasing factor type 1 receptors attenuates caloric intake of free feeding subordinate female rhesus monkeys in a rich dietary environment. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:33-43. [PMID: 25674637 PMCID: PMC4309459 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Social subordination in macaque females is a known chronic stressor and previous studies have shown that socially subordinate female rhesus monkeys consume fewer kilocalories than dominant animals when a typical laboratory chow diet is available. However, in a rich dietary environment that provides access to chow in combination with a more palatable diet (i.e. high in fat and refined sugar), subordinate animals consume significantly more daily kilocalories than dominant conspecifics. Substantial literature is available supporting the role of stress hormone signals in shaping dietary preferences and promoting the consumption of palatable, energy-dense foods. The present study was conducted using stable groups of adult female rhesus monkeys to test the hypothesis that pharmacological treatment with a brain penetrable corticotrophin-releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1) antagonist would attenuate the stress-induced consumption of a palatable diet among subordinate animals in a rich dietary environment but would be without effect in dominant females. The results show that administration of the CRF1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced daily caloric intake of both available diets among subordinate females compared to dominant females. Importantly, multiple regression analyses showed that the attenuation in caloric intake in response to Antalarmin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was significantly predicted by the frequency of submissive and aggressive behaviour emitted by females, independent of social status. Taken together, the findings support the involvement of activation of CRF1 receptors in the stress-induced consumption of excess calories in a rich dietary environment and also support the growing literature concerning the importance of CRF for sustaining emotional feeding.
Collapse
|
44
|
Thoma MV, Zemp M, Kreienbühl L, Hofer D, Schmidlin PR, Attin T, Ehlert U, Nater UM. Effects of Music Listening on Pre-treatment Anxiety and Stress Levels in a Dental Hygiene Recall Population. Int J Behav Med 2014. [PMID: 25200448 DOI: 10.1007/s12529–014–9439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waiting for a medical procedure can exert significant feelings of state anxiety in patients. Music listening has been shown to be effective in decreasing anxiety levels. No study so far examined the potential anxiety and stress-reducing effect of a music intervention on pre-treatment anxiety and stress in patients waiting for dental hygiene treatment. Knowing whether the anxiety-reducing effect of music would also be detectible in the context of preventive routine medical procedures in healthy individuals would widen the area of application of music from the hospital or clinical environment to medical offices in general. PURPOSE Waiting for a medical treatment can induce anxiety and may lead to the experience of stress. We set out to examine the effect of music on pre-treatment anxiety in a healthy patient sample waiting for a dental treatment. METHODS In a randomized controlled clinical trial, 92 consecutive volunteer patients (mean age, 57 years) waiting for their scheduled dental hygiene treatment were randomly allocated to either an experimental (n = 46, listening to music for 10 min) or a control group (n = 46, waiting in silence). State and habitual anxiety, subjective stress, and mood measures were assessed before and after music listening or silence, respectively. RESULTS State anxiety levels in the music group decreased significantly after intervention as compared to the control group (F(1/90) = 8.06; p = 0.006). Participants' trait anxiety and dental anxiety were not found to moderate this effect. CONCLUSIONS Listening to music prior to dental hygiene treatment decreases anxiety levels to a greater extent than waiting in silence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V Thoma
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 1, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li H, Li W, Wei D, Chen Q, Jackson T, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Examining brain structures associated with perceived stress in a large sample of young adults via voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2014; 92:1-7. [PMID: 24495811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
46
|
Allostatic load as a tool for monitoring physiological dysregulations and comorbidities in patients with severe mental illnesses. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2013; 21:296-313. [PMID: 24201821 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are disabling, chronic conditions that are often accompanied by medical comorbidities. In this theoretical article, we review the allostatic load model representing the "wear and tear" that chronic stress exacts on the brain and body. We propose an innovative way of monitoring physical and psychiatric comorbidities by integrating the allostatic load model into clinical practice. By interpreting peripheral biomarkers differently, medical professionals can calculate a simple, count-based, allostatic load index known to predict diverse stress-related pathologies. In addition to screening for comorbidities, allostatic load indices can be used to monitor the effects of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. This framework can also be used to generate a dialogue between patient and practitioner to promote preventive and proactive approaches to health care.
Collapse
|
47
|
Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS. Resilience and vulnerability: a neurobiological perspective. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:13. [PMID: 23710327 PMCID: PMC3643078 DOI: 10.12703/p5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain is constantly adapting to a changing environment. It detects environmental stimuli, integrates that information with internal states, and engages appropriate behavioral and physiological responses. This process of stability through change is termed “allostasis”, and serves as a mechanism by which an organism can adapt to a changing environment to function optimally, and ultimately ensure survival. The ability to adapt to stressors in the environment by “bending” but not “breaking” can be considered as “resilience”. Individuals that are more able to withstand such challenges to their stability, and bounce back after, can be considered more resilient than those that do not. This review will explore what resilience means in a neurobiological context, the role of stress and allostasis, and focuses on the role of neurotrophins, particularly BDNF, in mediating adaptive plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N. Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Veterinary and Biomedical Research Building1815 Ferdinand's Lane, Pullman, WA, 99163
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, Weiss Research Building1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stein JS, Johnson PS, Renda CR, Smits RR, Liston KJ, Shahan TA, Madden GJ. Early and prolonged exposure to reward delay: effects on impulsive choice and alcohol self-administration in male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 21:172-80. [PMID: 23356729 PMCID: PMC3686290 DOI: 10.1037/a0031245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring impulsive choice has been found to positively predict alcohol consumption in rats. However, the extent to which experimental manipulation of impulsive choice may modify alcohol consumption remains unclear. In the present study, we sought to: (a) train low levels of impulsive choice in rats using early, prolonged exposure to reward delay, and (b) determine the effects of this manipulation on subsequent alcohol consumption. During a prolonged training regimen, three groups of male, adolescent Long-Evans rats (21-22 days old at intake) responded on a single lever for food rewards delivered after either a progressively increasing delay, a fixed delay, or no delay. Posttests of impulsive choice were conducted, as was an evaluation of alcohol consumption using a limited-access, two-bottle test. Following delay-exposure training, both groups of delay-exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices than did rats in the no-delay group. In addition, fixed-delay rats consumed significantly more alcohol during daily, 30-min sessions than no-delay rats. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed, as is the significance of these findings to nonhuman models of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stein
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS, McEwen BS. Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:337-47. [PMID: 23517425 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation is key to survival. An organism must adapt to environmental challenges in order to be able to thrive in the environment in which they find themselves. Resilience can be thought of as a measure of the ability of an organism to adapt, and to withstand challenges to its stability. In higher animals, the brain is a key player in this process of adaptation and resilience, and through a process known as "allostasis" can obtain "stability through change"; protecting homeostasis in the face of stressors in the environment. Mediators of allostasis, such as glucocorticoids, can cause changes in the structure and function of neural circuits, clearly impacting behavior. How developmental stage interacts with stress and leads to long-lasting changes is a key question addressed in this review. SCOPE AND METHODS We discuss the concept of allostasis, its role in resilience, the neural and physiological systems mediating these responses, the modulatory role of development, and the consequences for adult functioning. We present this in the context of mediators the brain and body engage to protect against threats to homeostasis. The review has been informed by comprehensive searches on PubMed and Scopus through November 2012. FINDINGS Stressors in the environment can have long lasting effects on development, depending upon the stage of life at which they are experienced. As such, adverse childhood experiences can alter resilience of individuals, making it more difficult for them to respond normally to adverse situations in adulthood, but the brain maintains the capacity to re-enter a more plastic state where such effects can be mitigated. CONCLUSIONS The brain regulates responses that allow for adaptation to challenges in the environment. The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to stability can be considered as "resilience". While adverse childhood experiences can have long-term negative consequences, under the right circumstances, the brain can re-enter plastic states, and negative outcomes may be mitigated, even later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schuetze P, Eiden RD, Colder CR, Gray TR, Huestis MA. Physiological Regulation at 9 Months of Age in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Cigarettes. INFANCY 2013; 18:233-255. [PMID: 23646002 PMCID: PMC3640595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the association between prenatal cigarette exposure and physiological regulation at 9 months of age. Specifically, we explored the possibility that any association between prenatal cigarette exposure and infant physiological regulation was moderated by postnatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or infant gender. We evaluated whether male infants with prenatal cigarette exposure or infants who were also exposed to ETS after birth had the highest levels of physiological dysregulation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was obtained from 206 (142 exposed and 64 nonexposed) infants during a baseline period and during procedures designed to elicit both positive and negative affect. There was a significant suppression of RSA during the negative affect task for nonexposed infants but not for exposed infants. Postnatal ETS exposure did not moderate this association; however, gender did moderate this association such that boys with prenatal cigarette exposure had a significant increase in RSA rather than the suppression seen among both nonexposed boys and girls. These results provide additional support for the idea that boys are particularly vulnerable to the effects of prenatal cigarette exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, Buffalo State College
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Teresa R. Gray
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
| |
Collapse
|