1
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Kane NF, Kiani BH, Desrosiers MR, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Artemisia extracts differ from artemisinin effects on human hepatic CYP450s 2B6 and 3A4 in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115587. [PMID: 35934190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese medicinal herb, Artemisia annua L., has been used for >2,000 yr as traditional tea infusions to treat a variety of infectious diseases including malaria, and its use is spreading globally (along with A. afra Jacq. ex Willd.) mainly through grassroots efforts. AIM OF THE STUDY Artemisinin is more bioavailable delivered from the plant, Artemisia annua L. than the pure drug, but little is known about how delivery via a hot water infusion (tea) alters induction of hepatic CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 that metabolize artemisinin. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepaRG cells were treated with 10 μM artemisinin or rifampicin (positive control), and teas (10 g/L) of A. annua SAM, and A. afra SEN and MAL with 1.6, 0.05 and 0 mg/g DW artemisinin in the leaves, respectively; qPCR and Western blots were used to measure CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 responses. Enzymatic activity of these P450s was measured using human liver microsomes and P450-Glo assays. RESULTS All teas inhibited activity of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. Artemisinin and the high artemisinin-containing tea infusion (SAM) induced CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 transcription, but artemisinin-deficient teas, MAL and SEN, did not. Artemisinin increased CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 protein levels, but none of the three teas did, indicating a post-transcription inhibition by all three teas. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Artemisia teas inhibit activity and artemisinin autoinduction of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 post transcription, a response likely the effect of other phytochemicals in these teas. Results are important for understanding Artemisia tea posology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye F Kane
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Bushra H Kiani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Matthew R Desrosiers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Melissa J Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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2
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Zhang J, Li Y, Wan J, Zhang M, Li C, Lin J. Artesunate: A review of its therapeutic insights in respiratory diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154259. [PMID: 35849970 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artesunate, as a semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative of sesquiterpene lactone, is widely used in clinical antimalarial treatment due to its endoperoxide group. Recent studies have found that artesunate may have multiple pharmacological effects, indicating its significant therapeutic potential in multiple respiratory diseases. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize proven and potential therapeutic effects of artesunate in common respiratory disorders. STUDY DESIGN This review summarizes the pharmacological properties of artesunate and then interprets the function of artesunate in various respiratory diseases in detail, such as bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung injury, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019, etc., on different target cells and receptors according to completed and ongoing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies (including clinical trials). METHODS Literature was searched in electronic databases, including Pubmed, Web of Science and CNKI with the primary keywords of 'artesunate', 'pharmacology', 'pharmacokinetics', 'respiratory disorders', 'lung', 'pulmonary', and secondary search terms of 'Artemisia annua L.', 'artemisinin', 'asthma', 'chronic obstructive lung disease', 'lung injury', 'lung cancer', 'pulmonary fibrosis', 'COVID-19' and 'virus' in English and Chinese. All experiments were included. Reviews and irrelevant studies to the therapeutic effects of artesunate on respiratory diseases were excluded. Information was sort out according to study design, subject, intervention, and outcome. RESULTS Artesunate is promising to treat multiple common respiratory disorders via various mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-hyperresponsiveness, anti-proliferation, airway remodeling reverse, induction of cell death, cell cycle arrest, etc. CONCLUSION: Artesunate has great potential to treat various respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100-730, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100-029, China
| | - Jingxuan Wan
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100-730, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100-730, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China; Peking University China‑Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100-029, China
| | - Jiangtao Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100-029, China.
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3
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Antimalarial Naphthoquine in Combination with Artemisinin in Tanzanian Children and Adults: Dose Optimization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0169621. [PMID: 35465706 PMCID: PMC9112936 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01696-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination antimalarial therapy of artemisinin-naphthoquine (ART-NQ) was developed as a single-dose therapy, aiming to improve adherence relative to the multiday schedules of other artemisinin combination therapies. The pharmacokinetics of ART-NQ has not been well characterized, especially in children. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in adults and children over 5 years of age (6 to 10, 11 to 17, and ≥18 years of age) with uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania. The median weights for the three age groups were 20, 37.5, and 55 kg, respectively. Twenty-nine patients received single doses of 20 mg/kg of body weight for artemisinin and 8 mg/kg for naphthoquine, and plasma drug concentrations were assessed at 13 time points over 42 days from treatment. We used nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to interpret the data, and allometric scaling was employed to adjust for the effect of body size. The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin was best described by one-compartment model and that of naphthoquine by a two-compartment disposition model. Clearance values for a typical patient (55-kg body weight and 44.3-kg fat-free mass) were estimated as 66.7 L/h (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.3 to 78.5 L/h) for artemisinin and 44.2 L/h (95% CI, 37.9 to 50.6 L/h) for naphthoquine. Nevertheless, we show via simulation that patients weighing ≥70 kg achieve on average a 30% lower day 7 concentration compared to a 48-kg reference patient at the doses tested, suggesting dose increases may be warranted to ensure adequate exposure. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01930331.).
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4
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Tsamesidis I, Mousavizadeh F, Egwu CO, Amanatidou D, Pantaleo A, Benoit-Vical F, Reybier K, Giannis A. In Vitro and In Silico Antimalarial Evaluation of FM-AZ, a New Artemisinin Derivative. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 35200752 PMCID: PMC8880451 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are currently the frontline treatment against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but parasite resistance to artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives, core components of ACTs, is spreading in the Mekong countries. In this study, we report the synthesis of several novel artemisinin derivatives and evaluate their in vitro and in silico capacity to counteract Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin resistance. Furthermore, recognizing that the malaria parasite devotes considerable resources to minimizing the oxidative stress that it creates during its rapid consumption of hemoglobin and the release of heme, we sought to explore whether further augmentation of this oxidative toxicity might constitute an important addition to artemisinins. The present report demonstrates, in vitro, that FM-AZ, a newly synthesized artemisinin derivative, has a lower IC50 than artemisinin in P. falciparum and a rapid action in killing the parasites. The docking studies for important parasite protein targets, PfATP6 and PfHDP, complemented the in vitro results, explaining the superior IC50 values of FM-AZ in comparison with ART obtained for the ART-resistant strain. However, cross-resistance between FM-AZ and artemisinins was evidenced in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsamesidis
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Universite de Toulouse III, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (C.O.E.); (K.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Farnoush Mousavizadeh
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04301 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Chinedu O. Egwu
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Universite de Toulouse III, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (C.O.E.); (K.R.)
- Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B. 1010, Abakaliki 482131, Nigeria
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC—CNRS, Universite de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Dionysia Amanatidou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC—CNRS, Universite de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Karine Reybier
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Universite de Toulouse III, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (C.O.E.); (K.R.)
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04301 Leipzig, Germany;
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5
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Woodley CM, Amado PSM, Cristiano MLS, O'Neill PM. Artemisinin inspired synthetic endoperoxide drug candidates: Design, synthesis, and mechanism of action studies. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:3062-3095. [PMID: 34355414 DOI: 10.1002/med.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) have been used as the first-line treatments against Plasmodium falciparum malaria for decades. Recent advances in chemical proteomics have shed light on the complex mechanism of action of semi-synthetic artemisinin (ARTs), particularly their promiscuous alkylation of parasite proteins via previous heme-mediated bioactivation of the endoperoxide bond. Alarmingly, the rise of resistance to ART in South East Asia and the synthetic limitations of the ART scaffold have pushed the course for the necessity of fully synthetic endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several classes of synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials have been described in literature utilizing various endoperoxide warheads including 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Two of these classes, the 1,2,4-trioxolanes (arterolane and artefenomel) and the 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (N205 and E209) based antimalarials, have been explored extensively and are still in active development. In contrast, the most recent publication pertaining to the development of the 1,2-dioxane, Arteflene, and 1,2,4-trioxanes fenozan-50F, DU1301, and PA1103/SAR116242 was published in 2008. This review summarizes the synthesis, biological and clinical evaluation, and mechanistic studies of the most developed synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, providing an update on those classes still in active development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia S M Amado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Zhao Y, Sun P, Ma Y, Chang X, Chen X, Ji X, Bai Y, Zhang D, Yang L. Metabolite Profiling of Dihydroartemisinin in Blood of Plasmodium-Infected and Healthy Mice Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS E. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:614159. [PMID: 33536920 PMCID: PMC7848114 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and its’ derivatives have been employed as the most powerful first-line drugs for malarial treatment for several decades. The metabolism of DHA has not been studied clearly. Previous reports were focused on the pharmacokinetics procedure of DHA in healthy rats. The metabolites of DHA in red blood cells (RBC), especially in the RBC from Plasmodium-infected models, have rarely been studied. The Plasmodium species parasitize inside RBC, and these cells should be the final place where DHA performs its activity. In this study, the profile of DHA metabolites in biosample (blood, plasma, and RBC) of the infected and healthy mice was investigated with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UNIFI platform to gain insight into DHA metabolism. Results show that a total of 25 metabolites were successfully identified in infected (30 in healthy) blood, 27 in infected (27 in healthy) plasma, and 15 in infected (22 in healthy) RBC. Results show that hydroxylation, OH-dehydration, and glucuronidation reactions were important in the metabolic pathway in vivo. Significantly, DHA metabolites inside RBC were identified for the first time. 8-Hydroxy (8-OH) DHA, 4α-OH deoxy ART, and 6β-OH deoxy ART were identified in vivo for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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8
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Trasi NS, Bhujbal SV, Zemlyanov DY, Zhou QT, Taylor LS. Physical stability and release properties of lumefantrine amorphous solid dispersion granules prepared by a simple solvent evaporation approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100052. [PMID: 32760909 PMCID: PMC7390794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of lumefantrine, which has low aqueous solubility, have been shown to improve bioavailability relative to crystalline formulations. Herein, the crystallization tendency and release properties of a variety of lumefantrine ASD granules, formed on a blend of microcrystalline cellulose and anhydrous lactose, prepared using a simple solvent evaporation method, were evaluated. Several polymers, a majority of which contained acidic moieties, and different drug loadings were assessed. Crystallinity as a function of time following exposure to stress storage conditions of 40 °C and 75% relative humidity was monitored for the various dispersions. Release testing was performed and ASD characteristics were further evaluated using infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A large difference in stability to crystallization was observed between the various ASDs, most notably depending on polymer chemistry. This could be largely rationalized based on the extent of drug-polymer interactions, specifically the degree of lumefantrine-polymer salt formation, which could be readily assessed with XPS spectroscopy. Lumefantrine release from the ASDs also varied considerably, whereby the best polymer for promoting physical stability did not lead to the highest extent of drug release. Several formulations led to concentrations above the amorphous solubility of lumefantrine, with the formation of nano-sized drug-rich aggregates. A balance between the ability of a given polymer to promote physical stability and drug release may need to be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj S Trasi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sonal V Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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9
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Gonsalves MD, Colizza K, Smith JL, Oxley JC. In vitro and in vivo studies of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) metabolism in humans. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a volatile but powerful explosive that appeals to terrorists due to its ease of synthesis from household items. For this reason, bomb squad, canine (K9) units, and scientists must work with this material to mitigate this threat. However, no information on the metabolism of TATP is available.
Methods
In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were performed on TATP and TATP-OH for metabolite identification and enzyme phenotyping. Enzyme kinetics for TATP hydroxylation were also investigated. Urine from laboratory personnel collected before and after working with TATP was analyzed for TATP and its metabolites.
Results
While experiments with flavin monooxygenases were inconclusive, those with recombinant cytochrome P450s (CYPs) strongly suggested that CYP2B6 was the principle enzyme responsible for TATP hydroxylation. TATP-O-glucuronide was also identified and incubations with recombinant uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that UGT2B7 catalyzes this reaction. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for TATP hydroxylation, with Km = 1.4 µM and Vmax = 8.7 nmol/min/nmol CYP2B6. TATP-O-glucuronide was present in the urine of all three volunteers after being exposed to TATP vapors showing good in vivo correlation to in vitro data. TATP and TATP-OH were not observed.
Conclusions
Since scientists working to characterize and detect TATP to prevent terrorist attacks are constantly exposed to this volatile compound, attention should be paid to its metabolism. This paper is the first to elucidate some exposure, metabolism and excretion of TATP in humans and to identify a marker of TATP exposure, TATP-O-glucuronide in urine.
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10
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Desrosiers MR, Mittleman A, Weathers PJ. Dried Leaf Artemisia Annua Improves Bioavailability of Artemisinin via Cytochrome P450 Inhibition and Enhances Artemisinin Efficacy Downstream. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E254. [PMID: 32046156 PMCID: PMC7072484 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. and artemisinin, have been used for millennia to treat malaria. We used human liver microsomes (HLM) and rats to compare hepatic metabolism, tissue distribution, and inflammation attenuation by dried leaves of A. annua (DLA) and pure artemisinin. For HLM assays, extracts, teas, and phytochemicals from DLA were tested and IC50 values for CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 were measured. For tissue distribution studies, artemisinin or DLA was orally delivered to rats, tissues harvested at 1 h, and blood, urine and feces over 8 h; all were analyzed for artemisinin and deoxyartemisinin by GC-MS. For inflammation, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of water or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 70 mg/kg oral artemisinin as pure drug or DLA. Serum was collected over 8 h and analyzed by ELISA for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. DLA-delivered artemisinin distributed to tissues in higher concentrations in vivo, but elimination remained mostly unchanged. This seemed to be due to inhibition of first-pass metabolism by DLA phytochemicals, as demonstrated by HLM assays of DLA extracts, teas and phytochemicals. DLA was more effective than artemisinin in males at attenuating proinflammatory cytokine production; the data were less conclusive in females. These results suggest that the oral consumption of artemisinin as DLA enhances the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potency of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Desrosiers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Alexis Mittleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Pamela J. Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
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11
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Liu Y, You T, Wang HX, Tang Z, Zhou CY, Che CM. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5310-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in iron and cobalt catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions with emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, i.e. natural products and pharmaceuticals synthesis and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Tingjie You
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
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12
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Šícho M, Stork C, Mazzolari A, de Bruyn Kops C, Pedretti A, Testa B, Vistoli G, Svozil D, Kirchmair J. FAME 3: Predicting the Sites of Metabolism in Synthetic Compounds and Natural Products for Phase 1 and Phase 2 Metabolic Enzymes. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3400-3412. [PMID: 31361490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present the third generation of FAst MEtabolizer (FAME 3), a collection of extra trees classifiers for the prediction of sites of metabolism (SoMs) in small molecules such as drugs, druglike compounds, natural products, agrochemicals, and cosmetics. FAME 3 was derived from the MetaQSAR database ( Pedretti et al. J. Med. Chem. 2018 , 61 , 1019 ), a recently published data resource on xenobiotic metabolism that contains more than 2100 substrates annotated with more than 6300 experimentally confirmed SoMs related to redox reactions, hydrolysis and other nonredox reactions, and conjugation reactions. In tests with holdout data, FAME 3 models reached competitive performance, with Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs) ranging from 0.50 for a global model covering phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism, to 0.75 for a focused model for phase 2 metabolism. A model focused on cytochrome P450 metabolism yielded an MCC of 0.57. Results from case studies with several synthetic compounds, natural products, and natural product derivatives demonstrate the agreement between model predictions and literature data even for molecules with structural patterns clearly distinct from those present in the training data. The applicability domains of the individual models were estimated by a new, atom-based distance measure (FAMEscore) that is based on a nearest-neighbor search in the space of atom environments. FAME 3 is available via a public web service at https://nerdd.zbh.uni-hamburg.de/ and as a self-contained Java software package, free for academic and noncommercial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šícho
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics , Universität Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany.,Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Conrad Stork
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics , Universität Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Facoltà di Scienze del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche "Pietro Pratesi" , Università degli Studi di Milano , I-20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Christina de Bruyn Kops
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics , Universität Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Alessandro Pedretti
- Facoltà di Scienze del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche "Pietro Pratesi" , Università degli Studi di Milano , I-20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Bernard Testa
- University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Facoltà di Scienze del Farmaco, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche "Pietro Pratesi" , Università degli Studi di Milano , I-20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Daniel Svozil
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics , Universität Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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de Boer JG, Busula AO, Ten Berge J, van Dijk TS, Takken W. Does artemether-lumefantrine administration affect mosquito olfactory behaviour and fitness? Malar J 2019; 18:28. [PMID: 30691446 PMCID: PMC6350316 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the recommended treatment against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections, and ACT is widely used. It has been shown that gametocytes may be present after ACT and transmission to mosquitoes is still possible. Artemether–lumefantrine (AL) is a broadly used artemisinin-based combination medicine. Here, it is tested whether AL influences behaviour and fitness of Anopheles mosquitoes, which are the main vectors of P. falciparum. Results Dual-choice olfactometer and screenhouse experiments showed that skin odour of healthy human individuals obtained before, during and after AL-administration was equally attractive to Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, apart from a small (but significant) increase in mosquito response to skin odour collected 3 weeks after AL-administration. Anopheles coluzzii females fed on parasite-free blood supplemented with AL or on control-blood had similar survival, time until oviposition and number of eggs produced. Conclusions Based on the results, AL does not appear to influence malaria transmission through modification of vector mosquito olfactory behaviour or fitness. Extending these studies to Plasmodium-infected individuals and malaria mosquitoes with parasites are needed to further support this conclusion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2646-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetske G de Boer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annette O Busula
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kaimosi Friends University College, P.O BOX 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya
| | - Jet Ten Berge
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa S van Dijk
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rassias DJ, Weathers PJ. Dried leaf Artemisia annua efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:247-253. [PMID: 30599905 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major subtype of lung cancer with poor prognosis. Artemisinin (AN), produced naturally in Artemisia annua L., has anti-cancer activity. Artemisinin delivered as dried leaf Artemisia (DLA) showed efficacy against malaria in rodents and humans. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE DLA is posited as being at least as efficacious as artesunate (AS) in its ability to induce cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells and also inhibit tumor growth in a NSCLC xenograft murine model. STUDY DESIGN Three NSCLC cell lines were used, a non-cancerous human fibroblast line, and xenograft murine models to compare efficacy of artemisinin delivered p.o. via DLA, DLA extracts (DLAe), and AS. METHODS DLAe was compared to AS using NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and PC9 as well as non-cancerous human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) CCD-1108Sk line. Cell viability, cell migration and cell cycle were compared for AS and DLAe. Westerns measured activated caspases-3, -8 and -9 to determine involvement of intrinsic and/or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Xenograft murine models of A549 and PC9 cells were used to measure tumor growth inhibition by AS or DLA, with tumor volume the primary endpoint. RESULTS Both DLAe and AS suppressed A549, H1299 and PC9 cell viability with no inhibition of non-cancerous HDF CCD-1108Sk cells. Caspases-3, -8 and -9 were activated, suggesting cell death was stimulated through both intrinsic and/or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Both drugs induced G2/M or mitotic arrest in PC9 and H1299 cells, and DLAe induced G1 arrest in A549 cells. AS and DLAe induced DNA damage as double stranded breaks evidenced by phosphorylation of histone H2AX. DLAe inhibited migration of PC9 and A549 cells. In A549 xenografted animals, p.o. AS and DLA inhibited relative tumor growth by 40% and 50%, respectively, compared to controls. AS was ineffective at inhibiting PC9-induced tumor growth, but DLA inhibited relative tumor growth by ∼50% compared to controls. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating efficacy of DLA and mechanistic differences of DLAe vs. AS, against NSCLC cells. Compared to AS, DLA possesses qualities of a novel therapeutic for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina J Rassias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, United States
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 United States.
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15
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Mvango S, Matshe WMR, Balogun AO, Pilcher LA, Balogun MO. Nanomedicines for Malaria Chemotherapy: Encapsulation vs. Polymer Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2018; 35:237. [PMID: 30324329 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the oldest infectious diseases that afflict humans and its history extends back for millennia. It was once prevalent throughout the globe but today it is mainly endemic to tropical regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia. Ironically, treatment for malaria has existed for centuries yet it still exerts an enormous death toll. This contradiction is attributed in part to the rapid development of resistance by the malaria parasite to chemotherapeutic drugs. In turn, resistance has been fuelled by poor patient compliance to the relatively toxic antimalarial drugs. While drug toxicity and poor pharmacological potentials have been addressed or ameliorated with various nanomedicine drug delivery systems in diseases like cancer, no clinically significant success story has been reported for malaria. There have been several reviews on the application of nanomedicine technologies, especially drug encapsulation, to malaria treatment. Here we extend the scope of the collation of the nanomedicine research literature to polymer therapeutics technology. We first discuss the history of the disease and how a flurry of scientific breakthroughs in the latter part of the nineteenth century provided scientific understanding of the disease. This is followed by a review of the disease biology and the major antimalarial chemotherapy. The achievements of nanomedicine in cancer and other infectious diseases are discussed to draw parallels with malaria. A review of the current state of the research into malaria nanomedicines, both encapsulation and polymer therapeutics polymer-drug conjugation technologies, is covered and we conclude with a consideration of the opportunities and challenges offered by both technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindisiwe Mvango
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - William M R Matshe
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Abideen O Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lynne A Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Mohammed O Balogun
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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16
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Sudina PR, Motati DR, Seema A. Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Nonenolide. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1399-1404. [PMID: 29889525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonenolide (1) was first isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaries BCC2816 and exhibited good antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1. Structurally, it features a decanolide with a trans-double bond attached to two chiral hydroxy groups, making the total synthesis of the exclusive isomer of 1 more difficult. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of 1 by employing a MacMillan α-hydroxylation to generate three chiral centers in both the key fragments, starting from 1,6-hexanediol and 1,4-butanediol, followed by Steglich esterification of compounds 2 and 3. The exclusive E-isomer was obtained via a ring-closing metathesis of the mono-PMB-protected diene 19. Deprotection provided the required natural product 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushotham Reddy Sudina
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
| | - Damoder Reddy Motati
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
| | - Aravind Seema
- Department of Chemistry , Osmania University , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
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17
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18
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de Souza GAG, da Silva NC, de Souza J, de Oliveira KRM, da Fonseca AL, Baratto LC, de Oliveira ECP, Varotti FDP, Moraes WP. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial potential of oleoresin obtained from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Fabaceae) in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 24:111-118. [PMID: 28160850 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of the wide variety of the flora of the Amazon region, many plants have been studied in the search for new antimalarial agents. Copaifera reticulata is a tree distributed throughout the Amazon region which contains an oleoresin rich in sesquiterpenes and diterpenes with β-caryophyllene as the major compound. The oleoresin has demonstrated antiparasitic activity against Leishmania amazonensis. Because of this previously reported activity, this oleoresin would be expected to also have antimalarial activity. PURPOSE In this study we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial potential of C. reticulata oleoresin. METHODS In vitro assays were done using P. falciparum W2 and 3D7 strains and the human fibroblast cell line 26VA Wi-4. For in vivo analysis, BALB/c mice were infected with approximately 106 erythrocytes parasitized by P. berghei and their parasitemia levels were observed over 7 days of treatment with C. reticulata; hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed at the end of experiment. RESULTS The oleoresin of C. reticulata containing the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (41.7%) and β-bisabolene (18.6%) was active against the P. falciparum W2 and 3D7 strains (IC50 = 1.66 and 2.54 µg/ml, respectively) and showed low cytotoxicity against the 26VA Wi-4 cell line (IC50 > 100 µg/ml). The C. reticulata oleoresin reduced the parasitemia levels of infected animals and doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg/day reached a rate of parasitemia elimination resembling that obtained with artemisinin 100 mg/kg/day. In addition, treatment with oleoresin improved the hypoglycemic, hematologic, hepatic and renal parameters of the infected animals. CONCLUSION The oleoresin of C. reticulata has antimalarial properties and future investigations are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana A G de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Brazil
| | - Nazaré C da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Brazil
| | - Juarez de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Esperança de Ensino Superior - IESPES, Brazil
| | - Karen R M de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Brazil
| | - Amanda L da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Medicinal, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei - UFSJ, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo C Baratto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil.
| | - Elaine C P de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Brazil
| | | | - Waldiney P Moraes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Brazil
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Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K, Thanavibul A, Molunto P. Plasma concentrations of artemether and its major plasma metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, following a 5-day regimen of oral artemether, in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Guo S, Cui Y, Wang K, Zhang W, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody for the Quantification of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua and Rat Serum. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2701-6. [PMID: 26822789 PMCID: PMC5045448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin, extracted from Artemisia annua, and its derivatives are important frontline antimalarials. To produce specific antibodies for the detection and quantification of artemisinin, artemisinin was transformed to 9-hydroxyartemisinin by microbial fermentation, which was used to prepare a 9-succinate artemisinin hapten for conjugation with ovalbumin. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as 3H7A10, was selected from hybridoma cell lines which showed high specificity to artemisinin. No competitive inhibition was observed with artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and artemether for up to 20,000 ng mL(-1). An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed, which showed a concentration causing 50% of inhibition (IC50) for artemisinin as 2.6 ng mL(-1) and a working range of 0.6-11.5 ng mL(-1). The icELISA was applied for the quantification of artemisinin in crude extracts of wild A. annua and the study of pharmacokinetics of artemisinin in rat serum after intraperitoneal injection. The results were highly correlated with those determined by HPLC-UV analysis (R(2) = 0.9919). In comparison with reported antiartemisinin mAbs which have broad cross-reactivity with other artemisinin derivatives, the high specificity of 3H7A10 for artemisinin will enable development of methods for quantification of artemisinin in Artemisia plants and antimalarial drugs such as Arco and for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kunbi Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Deng X, Duffy SP, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Matthews K, Santoso AT, Du YL, Ryan KS, Ma H. Reduced deformability of parasitized red blood cells as a biomarker for anti-malarial drug efficacy. Malar J 2015; 14:428. [PMID: 26520795 PMCID: PMC4628286 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a challenging and fatal infectious disease in developing nations and the urgency for the development of new drugs is even greater due to the rapid spread of anti-malarial drug resistance. While numerous parasite genetic, protein and metabolite biomarkers have been proposed for testing emerging anti-malarial compounds, they do not universally correspond with drug efficacy. The biophysical character of parasitized cells is a compelling alternative to these conventional biomarkers because parasitized erythrocytes become specifically rigidified and this effect is potentiated by anti-malarial compounds, such as chloroquine and artesunate. This biophysical biomarker is particularly relevant because of the mechanistic link between cell deformability and enhanced splenic clearance of parasitized erythrocytes. Methods Recently a microfluidic mechanism, called the multiplexed fluidic plunger that provides sensitive and rapid measurement of single red blood cell deformability was developed. Here it was systematically used to evaluate the deformability changes of late-stage trophozoite-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) after treatment with established clinical and pre-clinical anti-malarial compounds. Results It was found that rapid and specific iRBC rigidification was a universal outcome of all but one of these drug treatments. The greatest change in iRBC rigidity was observed for (+)-SJ733 and NITD246 spiroindolone compounds, which target the Plasmodium falciparum cation-transporting ATPase ATP4. As a proof-of-principle, compounds of the bisindole alkaloid class were screened, where cladoniamide A was identified based on rigidification of iRBCs and was found to have previously unreported anti-malarial activity with an IC50 lower than chloroquine. Conclusion These results demonstrate that rigidification of iRBCs may be used as a biomarker for anti-malarial drug efficacy, as well as for new drug screening. The novel anti-malarial properties of cladoniamide A were revealed in a proof-of-principle drug screen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0957-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Aline Teresa Santoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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Xie H, Yang B, Wang F, Zhao Y. Host–guest inclusion system of artesunate with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives: Characterization and antitumor activity. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Ericsson T, Blank A, von Hagens C, Ashton M, Äbelö A. Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin during long-term oral administration of artesunate to patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1453-63. [PMID: 25248945 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study were firstly to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of artesunate (ARS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in patients with metastatic breast cancer during long-term (>3 weeks) daily oral ARS administration and secondly to study the relationship between salivary and plasma concentrations of DHA. METHODS Drug concentration-time data from 23 patients, receiving oral ARS (100, 150, or 200 mg OD), was analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. A combined drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics of ARS and DHA in plasma. Saliva drug concentrations were incorporated as being directly proportional to plasma concentrations. RESULTS A first-order absorption model for ARS linked to a combined two-compartment disposition model for ARS and one-compartment disposition model for DHA provided the best fit to the data. No covariates were identified that could explain between-subject variability. A time-dependent increase in apparent elimination clearance of DHA was observed. Salivary DHA concentrations were proportionally correlated with total DHA plasma concentrations, with an estimated slope factor of 0.116. CONCLUSIONS Population pharmacokinetics of ARS and DHA in patients with breast cancer was well described by a combined drug-metabolite model without any covariates and with an increase in apparent elimination clearance of DHA over time. The estimated DHA saliva/plasma ratio was in good agreement with the reported DHA unbound fraction in human plasma. Saliva ARS concentrations correlated poorly with plasma concentrations. This suggests the use of saliva sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of DHA. However, further studies are warranted to investigate the robustness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Ericsson
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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Weathers PJ, Elfawal MA, Towler MJ, Acquaah-Mensah GK, Rich SM. Pharmacokinetics of artemisinin delivered by oral consumption of Artemisia annua dried leaves in healthy vs. Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:732-6. [PMID: 24661969 PMCID: PMC4020007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese have used Artemisia annua as a tea infusion to treat fever for >2000 years. The active component is artemisinin. Previously we showed that when compared to mice fed an equal amount of pure artemisinin, a single oral dose of dried leaves of Artemisia annua (pACT) delivered to Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice reduced parasitemia at least fivefold. Dried leaves also delivered >40 times more artemisinin in the blood with no toxicity. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of artemisinin delivered from dried plant material has not been adequately studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy and Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice were oral gavaged with pACT to deliver a 100 mg kg(-1) body weight dose of artemisinin. Concentrations of serum artemisinin and one of its liver metabolites, deoxyartemisinin, were measured over two hours by GCMS. RESULTS The first order elimination rate constant for artemisinin in pACT-treated healthy mice was estimated to be 0.80 h(-1) with an elimination half-life (T½) of 51.6 min. The first order absorption rate constant was estimated at 1.39 h(-1). Cmax and Tmax were 4.33 mg L(-1) and 60 min, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 299.5 mg min L(-1). In contrast, the AUC for pACT-treated infected mice was significantly greater at 435.6 mg min L(-1). Metabolism of artemisinin to deoxyartemisinin was suppressed in infected mice over the period of observation. Serum levels of artemisinin in the infected mice continued to rise over the 120 min of the study period, and as a result, the T½ was not determined; the Cmax and Tmax were estimated at ≥6.64 mgL(-1) and ≥120 min, respectively. Groups of healthy mice were also fed either artemisinin or artemisinin mixed in mouse chow. When compared at 60 min, artemisinin was undetectable in the serum of mice fed 100 mg AN kg(-1) body weight. When plant material was present either as mouse chow or Artemisia annua pACT, artemisinin levels in the serum rose to 2.44 and 4.32 mg L(-1), respectively, indicating that the presence of the plant matrix, even that of mouse chow, had a positive impact on the appearance of artemisinin in the blood. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that artemisinin and one of its drug metabolites were processed differently in healthy and infected mice. The results have implications for possible therapeutic use of pACT in treating malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, United States.
| | - Mostafa A Elfawal
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Melissa J Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - George K Acquaah-Mensah
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS University), Worcester, MA 01608, United States
| | - Stephen M Rich
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Matar KM, Awad AI, Elamin SB. Pharmacokinetics of artesunate alone and in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1087-93. [PMID: 24615137 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Artesunate (AS) in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) is the first-line therapy for management of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan. The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of SP on the pharmacokinetics of AS and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), in healthy adults. A single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study design with a washout period of three weeks was performed with 16 volunteers. After oral administration of AS alone or in combination with SP, Tmax values of AS and DHA were significantly prolonged in the combination group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect on the other pharmacokinetic parameters (P > 0.05). The t1/2 values of AS and DHA were significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). The present findings suggest that co-administration of SP with AS has no clinically relevant impact on the pharmacokinetics of AS or DHA in healthy persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Matar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdelmoneim I Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sakina B Elamin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
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van der Kooy F, Sullivan SE. The complexity of medicinal plants: the traditional Artemisia annua formulation, current status and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:1-13. [PMID: 23973523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua has a long tradition of use for the treatment of intermittent fevers which we now relate to malarial infections. The active principle artemisinin has been isolated from Artemisia annua and today forms the backbone of the global fight against malaria. The traditionally prepared Artemisia annua formulation is however still being used on a global scale for the treatment of malaria, and it is claimed that its action is superior to the single purified drug. Artemisia annua is therefore on the forefront of the heated debate between the single drug-single target approach of western based medicine and the holistic approach of traditional medicinal systems. This review aims to highlight the complexities we face in the general study of medicinal plants at the hand of three levels of complexity. These levels consist of (a) the chemistry of the medicinal plant, (b) the influence of the preparation method on the chemistry of the final formulation and (c) the influence of metabolism on the chemistry of the formulation. We also aim to provide an up-to-date report on all scientific work that has been conducted and published in English on the traditional formulation of Artemisia annua. MATERIALS AND METHODS All English scientific literatures published until the first quarter of 2013 were retrieved from well-known scientific databases (Scifinder scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar) and Non-governmental organisations active in this field were consulted. A draft version of this manuscript was sent to the African office of the World Health Organisation (WHO), and to the Non-governmental organisations "Action Médicine Naturelle" (ANAMED) and "Iwerliewen fir bedreete Volleker - Réseau belgo-luxembourgeois pour la valorisation des herbes médicinales" (IFBV-BELHERB) for comments. RESULTS Very little scientific work has been conducted on the Artemisia annua formulation. The available literature contains many discrepancies which are unfortunately selectively being used by the two different sides in this debate to further their arguments. On one side of the argument we have the low content of artemisinin in Artemisia annua, the low bioavailability of artemisinin when the traditional formulation is administered and the high levels of recrudescence, which are being emphasised, while on the other side the possible role of synergism and prodrugs are being highlighted. This review reports that there are still too many gaps in our existing knowledge to provide conclusive evidence for either of the two sides of the argument. CONCLUSIONS Much more research is needed into Artemisia annua formulations. We stand to gain invaluable knowledge into how traditional medicinal plant works, discover the identities of new active compounds (which can be used against other diseases such as HIV, diarrhoea, and cancer) and possibly bring both sides of this debate closer together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank van der Kooy
- Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Gaur R, Patel S, Verma RK, Mathur A, Bhakuni RS. Biotransformation of artemisinin derivatives by Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lavandula officinalis, and Panax quinquefolium. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Burk O, Piedade R, Ghebreghiorghis L, Fait JT, Nussler AK, Gil JP, Windshügel B, Schwab M. Differential effects of clinically used derivatives and metabolites of artemisinin in the activation of constitutive androstane receptor isoforms. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:666-81. [PMID: 22577882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Widespread resistance to antimalarial drugs requires combination therapies with increasing risk of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Here, we explore the capacity of antimalarial drugs to induce drug metabolism via activation of constitutive androstane receptors (CAR) by ligand binding. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A total of 21 selected antimalarials and 11 major metabolites were screened for binding to CAR isoforms using cellular and in vitro CAR-coactivator interaction assays, combined with in silico molecular docking. Identified ligands were further characterized by cell-based assays and primary human hepatocytes were used to elucidate induction of gene expression. KEY RESULTS Only two artemisinin derivatives arteether and artemether, the metabolite deoxyartemisinin and artemisinin itself demonstrated agonist binding to the major isoforms CAR1 and CAR3, while arteether and artemether were also inverse agonists of CAR2. Dihydroartemisinin and artesunate acted as weak inverse agonists of CAR1. While arteether showed the highest activities in vitro, it was less active than artemisinin in inducing hepatic CYP3A4 gene expression in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Artemisinin derivatives and metabolites differentially affect the activities of CAR isoforms and of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). This negates a common effect of these drugs on CAR/PXR-dependent induction of drug metabolism and further provides an explanation for artemisinin consistently inducing cytochrome P450 genes in vivo, whereas arteether and artemether do not. All these drugs are metabolized very rapidly, but only artemisinin is converted to an enzyme-inducing metabolite. For better understanding of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction possibilities, the inducing properties of artemisinin metabolites should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K, Congpoung K, Thanavibul A, Harinasuta T. Pharmacokinetics of oral artesunate in thai patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Clin Drug Investig 2012; 15:37-43. [PMID: 18370464 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-199815010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its major plasma metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, were investigated in 11 Thai male patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria during the acute and recovery phases. Patients were given an oral dose of 200mg artesunate (Guilin Pharmaceutical) on the first day, followed by 100mg 12 hours later, then 100mg daily for another 4 days (total dose of 700mg). All the patients showed a rapid initial response with median (range) parasite and fever clearance times of 30 (18 to 60) and 24 (4 to 94) hours, respectively; no patients showed reappearance of parasites during the 28-day follow-up period. No significant clinical adverse effects were detected in any patient. Acute phase malaria infection significantly influenced the pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin. Maximum plasma drug concentration (C(max)), absorption half-life (t((1/2)a)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last observed time (AUC) and terminal elimination half-life (t((1/2)z)) of artesunate were decreased, while apparent total body clearance (CL/f) was increased during the acute phase, compared with the recovery phase. In addition, a decrease in the C(max) and an increase in the AUC(DHA/ARS ) ratio were found. Optimisation of therapy with oral artesunate should therefore be based on the kinetics of the drug and dihydroartemisinin in malaria patients with acute phase infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karbwang
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Musharraf SG, Uddin J, Akhter M, Parvez M, Saifullah, Khan S, Yousuf S, Khan S, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of an antimalarial drug, artemether by plant and fungal cell cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Qinghaosu and its derivatives are widely used in the world as a new generation of antimalarial drug. Up to now, some important progresses of Qinghaosu research have been made, including synthesis of new qinghaosu derivatives and analogs, investigation on their bioactivities and mode of actions. The present review briefly describes these efforts made by researchers in China, particularly in this Institute.
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Liu T, Du F, Zhu F, Xing J. Metabolite identification of artemether by data-dependent accurate mass spectrometric analysis using an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer in combination with the online hydrogen/deuterium exchange technique. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3303-3313. [PMID: 22006394 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Artemether (ARM), the O-methyl ether prodrug of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), is a first-line antimalarial drug used in areas of multi-drug resistance. Artemisinin drugs can be metabolized extensively in vivo and this seems related to their autoinduction pharmacokinetics. In the present study, the metabolite identification of ARM was performed by the generic data-dependent accurate mass spectrometric analysis, using high-resolution (HR) liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer in conjunction with online hydrogen (H)/deuterium (D) exchange for rapid structural characterization. The LC separation was improved allowing the separation of ARM parent drugs and their metabolites from their diastereomers. A total of 77 phase I metabolites of ARM were identified in rat liver microsomal incubates and rat urine, including dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin. In rat bile, 12 phase II metabolites were found. Accurate mass data were obtained in both full scan and HR-MS/MS mode to support assignments of metabolite structures. Online H/D exchange LC/HR-ESI-MS experiments provided additional evidence in differentiating dihydroxylated deoxy-ARM from mono-hydroxylated ARM. The results showed the main phase I metabolites of artemether are hydroxylated, dehydro, demethylated and deoxy products, and they will undergo subsequent phase II glucuronidation processes. Most metabolites were reported for the first time. This study also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with an online H/D exchange LC/HR-MS(n) technique in rapid identification of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Locatelli M, Governatori L, Carlucci G, Genovese S, Mollica A, Epifano F. Recent application of analytical methods to phase I and phase II drugs development: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:283-300. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Luciana Governatori
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
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Chadha R, Gupta S, Shukla G, Jain DVS, Pissurlenkar RRS, Coutinho EC. Interaction of artesunate with β-cyclodextrin: Characterization, thermodynamic parameters, molecular modeling, effect of PEG on complexation and antimalarial activity. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2011; 1:38-48. [PMID: 25755980 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of artesunate in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as well as its methyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives was investigated experimentally and by molecular modeling studies. The effect of PEG on the inclusion was also studied. A 1:1 stoichiometry was indicated by phase-solubility studies both in the presence and absence of PEG and suggested by the mass spectrometry. The mode of inclusion was supported by 2D NMR and results were further verified by docking studies utilizing Fast Rigid Exhaustive Docking acronym. The thermodynamic parameters were determined for both binary and ternary systems using solution calorimetry and were found to be best for the methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) system. However, the presence of PEG improves the complexation ability as evident from elevation in the numerical value of the stability constant (K). Solubility and dissolution profile of binary complex is enhanced in the presence of PEG, which is approximately at par with drug Me-β-CD complexes. In vivo studies showed 100% survivability in artesunate-Me-β-CD complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sushma Gupta
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Geeta Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - D V S Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | - Evans C Coutinho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400098, India
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Steyn M, N'Da DD, Breytenbach JC, Smith PJ, Meredith S, Breytenbach WJ. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of ethylene glycol oligomeric ethers of artemisinin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:278-86. [PMID: 21235593 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of ethylene glycol ether derivatives of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, determine their values for selected physicochemical properties and evaluate their antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum strains. METHODS The ethers were synthesized in a one-step process by coupling ethylene glycol moieties of various chain lengths to carbon C-10 of artemisinin. The aqueous solubility and log D values were determined in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). The derivatives were screened for antimalarial activity alongside artemether and chloroquine against chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and moderately chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum. KEY FINDINGS The aqueous solubility within each series increased as the ethylene glycol chain lengthened. The IC50 values revealed that all the derivatives were active against both D10 and Dd2 strains. All were less potent than artemether irrespective of the strain. However, they proved to be more potent than chloroquine against the resistant strain. Compound 8, featuring three ethylene oxide units, was the most active of all the synthesized ethers. CONCLUSIONS The conjugation of dihydroartemisinin to ethylene glycol units of various chain lengths through etheral linkage led to water-soluble derivatives. The strategy did not result in an increase of antimalarial activity compared with artemether. It is nevertheless a promising approach to further investigate and synthesize water-soluble derivatives of artemisinin that may be more active than artemether by increasing the ethylene glycol chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minette Steyn
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn.) and Lavandula officinalis (L.) cell suspension cultures-based biotransformation of β-artemether. J Nat Med 2011; 65:646-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Bigucci F, Kamsu-Kom T, Cholet C, Besnard M, Bonnet-Delpon D, Ponchel G. Transport of fluoroalkyl dihydroartemisinin derivatives across rat intestinal tissue. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:163-9. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.2.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives represent an important class of antimalarials. In order to obtain new derivatives with a longer half-life and better bioavailability, the development of fluorinated analogues has received increasing attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of artemisinin and of two fluoroalkyl derivatives of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), namely 10β-(trifluoropropyloxy)dihydroartemisinin (F1-DHA) and 10-trifluoromethyl-16-[2-(hydroxyethyl)piperazine] (F2-DHA), across rat intestine using Ussing diffusion chambers. Further, the saturation solubility and partition coefficient of the compounds were determined in order to determine whether the substitution of hydrogen atoms by fluorine can induce great changes in these molecular properties. Artemisinin and F2-DHA permeability coefficients of 27.5 ± 1.6 and 23.2 ± 1.2 (x 10−6, cm s−1), respectively, are predictive of good oral absorption. This indicates that the introduction of a fluoroalkyl group in a compound such as artemisinin in order to prolong its half-life does not constitute an obstacle for its absorption after oral administration. Moreover, the introduction of a polar substituent into the DHA structural scaffold increased the aqueous solubility of F2-DHA relative to artemisinin. F1-DHA permeability measurements showed low transepithelial diffusion across the intestinal mucosa. This indicates that the introduction of a fluorinated substituent at the α-methylene carbon of DHA ethers in order to provide protection against oxidative processes constitutes an obstacle for the absorption after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bologna University, via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tayou Kamsu-Kom
- Physicochimie-Pharmacotechnie-Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Constance Cholet
- Danièle Bonnet-Delpon. BIOCIS-CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris-Sud, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Madeleine Besnard
- Physicochimie-Pharmacotechnie-Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Danièle Bonnet-Delpon
- Danièle Bonnet-Delpon. BIOCIS-CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris-Sud, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gilles Ponchel
- Physicochimie-Pharmacotechnie-Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Abstract
AIM To compare in vitro metabolism rates for artemisinin and the CYP2B6 substrates, bupropion, propofol and efavirenz in human liver microsomes. METHODS Rate constants of artemisinin, bupropion, propofol and efavirenz metabolism by human liver microsomes from a panel of 12 donors, with different levels of CYP2B6 activity, were estimated in WinNonlin. Correlations between the metabolic rate constant for artemisinin and the other CYP2B6 substrates were examined. RESULTS Artemisinin and propofol depletion data in human liver microsomes were described by first order kinetic models. For bupropion and efavirenz, metabolite formation data were incorporated in the model. Rate constants varied considerably for all substrates. There was a high degree of correlation of rate constants between substrates (r> or =0.87, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The rate of in vitro metabolism of artemisinin was correlated significantly to that of bupropion, propofol and efavirenz, suggesting artemisinin to be a potential alternative marker to assess CYP2B6 activity. Further studies characterizing the metabolic fate of artemisinin are needed in order to evaluate its utility as an in vitro and in vivo CYP2B6 probe substrate, since CYP2B6 might not be the only CYP isoform involved in the depletion of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Asimus
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Despite great international efforts, malaria still inflicts an enormous toll on human lives, especially in Africa. Throughout history, antimalarial medicines have been one of the most powerful tools in malaria control. However, the acquisition and spread of parasite strains that are resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs have become one of the greatest challenges to malaria treatment, and are associated with the increase in morbidity and mortality in many malaria-endemic countries. To deal with this grave situation, artemisinin-based combinatory therapies (ACTs) have been introduced and widely deployed in malarious regions. Artemisinin is a new class of antimalarial compounds discovered by Chinese scientists from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua. The potential development of resistance to artemisinins by Plasmodium falciparum threatens the usable lifespan of ACTs, and therefore is a subject of close surveillance and extensive research. Studies at the Thai-Cambodian border, a historical epicenter of multidrug resistance, have detected reduced susceptibility to artemisinins as manifested by prolonged parasite-clearance times, raising considerable concerns on resistance development. Despite this significance, there is still controversy on the mode of action of artemisinins. Although a number of potential cellular targets of artemisinins have been proposed, they remain to be verified experimentally. Here, we review the history of artemisinin discovery, discuss the mode of action and potential drug targets, and present strategies to elucidate resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 537 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA, Tel.: +1 814 863 7663, Fax: +1 814 865 3048,
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel.: +1 301 402 0876, Fax: +1 301 402 2201,
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41
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Kumar V, Mahajan A, Chibale K. Synthetic medicinal chemistry of selected antimalarial natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2236-75. [PMID: 19157883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products remain a rich source of novel molecular scaffolds for novel antimalarial agents in the fight against malaria. This has been well demonstrated in the case of quinine and artemisinin both of which have served as templates for the development of structurally simpler analogues that either served or continue to serve as effective antimalarials. This review will expound on these two natural products as well as other selected natural products that have served either as antimalarial agents or as potential lead compounds in the development of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosh 7701, South Africa
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42
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Le Thi DT, Le NH, Nguyen CH, Phan Thi D, Na-Bangchang K. Pharmacokinetics of a five-day oral dihydroartemisinin monotherapy regimen in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 23:158-64. [PMID: 18574319 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.23.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in a 5-day oral monotherapy regimen was investigated in ten adult Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The patients were treated with a total dose of 900 mg DHA divided as single daily doses of 300, 300, 100, 100, and 100 mg from day 0 through day 4. There were no differences in the concentrations of DHA within the first two days of treatment. The pharmacokinetics of DHA in the acute phase, however, was significantly different from that in the convalescent phase of malaria. Reduced half-life (T(1/2z)) and lower area under concentration curve (AUC(infinity)) values were observed on the final day of treatment in comparison to those obtained on the first day. These decreases in T(1/2z) and AUC(infinity) were observed in concordance with increased drug clearance (CL/F). Furthermore, the time required to reach maximum plasma DHA concentration (T(max)) on day 4 was shorter than that on day 0. Together, these findings suggest that the change in pharmacokinetics of DHA is related to the physiological change in malaria patients between the acute and convalescent phases of the disease.
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43
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Bégué JP, Bonnet-Delpon D. Fluoroartemisinins: Metabolically More Stable Antimalarial Artemisinin Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:608-24. [PMID: 17252616 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report is an overview on the design, preparation, and evaluation of metabolically stable artemisinins, using fluorine substitution. The chemical challenges encountered for the incorporation of fluorine-containing elements and the preparation of a large range of 10-trifluoromethyl artemisinin derivatives are detailed. Impact of the fluorine substitution on the antimalarial activity is also highlighted. Preclinical data of lead compounds, and evidence for their strong and prolonged antimalarial activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bégué
- BIOCIS-UMR-CNRS-8086, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Rue J.B. Clément, Chatenay-Malabry, 92296, France
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44
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Tinto H, Rwagacondo C, Karema C, Mupfasoni D, Vandoren W, Rusanganwa E, Erhart A, Van Overmeir C, Van Marck E, D'Alessandro U. In-vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to monodesethylamodiaquine, dihydroartemisinin and quinine in an area of high chloroquine resistance in Rwanda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 100:509-14. [PMID: 16337665 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum in-vitro susceptibility to chloroquine (CQ), monodesethylamodiaquine, quinine and dihydroartemisinin was investigated in Rwandan patients with a parasitaemia of at least >or=4000/microl. The study was carried out in November-December 2003. Dihydroartemisinin was the most potent (GM IC(50)=2.6nmol/l, 95% CI 2.2-3.2) among the drugs tested. Resistance to chloroquine was 45% (33/74) and that to monodesethylamodiaquine 7% (5/74). All the tested isolates were susceptible to quinine. The mean IC(50) of monodesethylamodiaquine, quinine and dihydroartemisinin was significantly higher for chloroquine-resistant than for chloroquine-sensitive strains (P<0.05). The IC(50) of each drug was significantly and positively correlated to that of the other three drugs (P<0.005), and this correlation was higher between CQ and monodesethylamodiaquine (r=0.8). In-vitro CQ resistance is linked to that of the other drugs tested. Most worrying is the positive correlation between the IC(50) of dihydroartemisinin and the other drugs, more particularly with CQ, suggesting an increased tolerance of the parasites to all drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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45
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Robert A, Benoit-Vical F, Claparols C, Meunier B. The antimalarial drug artemisinin alkylates heme in infected mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13676-80. [PMID: 16155128 PMCID: PMC1224611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500972102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme alkylation by the antimalarial drug artemisinin is reported in vivo, within infected mice that have been treated at pharmacologically relevant doses. Adducts resulting from the alkylation of heme by the drug were characterized in the spleen of treated mice, and their glucuroconjugated derivatives were present in the urine. Because these heme-artemisinin adducts were not observed in noninfected mice, this report confirms that the alkylating activity of this antimalarial drug is related to the presence of the parasite in infected animals. The identification of heme-artemisinin adducts in mice should be considered as the signature of the alkylation capacity of artemisinin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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46
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Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, Dufall K, Kemiki A, Bockarie M, Alpers MP, Barrett PH, Vicini P, Davis TME. Disposition of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin after administration of artesunate suppositories in children from Papua New Guinea with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2966-72. [PMID: 15273107 PMCID: PMC478493 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.8.2966-2972.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with 47 children from Papua New Guinea with uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria treated with artesunate (ARTS) suppositories (Rectocaps) given in two doses of approximately 13 mg/kg of body weight 12 h apart. Following an intensive sampling protocol, samples were assayed for ARTS and its primary active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the data. Following administration of the first dose, the mean maximal concentrations of ARTS and DHA were 1,085 nmol/liter at 0.9 h and 2,525 nmol/liter at 2.3 h, respectively. The absorption half-life for ARTS was 2.3 h, and the conversion half-life (ARTS to DHA) was 0.27 h, while the elimination half-life of DHA was 0.71 h. The mean common volumes of distribution for ARTS and DHA relative to bioavailability were 42.8 and 2.04 liters/kg, respectively, and the mean clearance values relative to bioavailability were 6 and 2.2 liters/h/kg for ARTS and DHA, respectively. Substantial interpatient variability was observed, and the bioavailability of the second dose relative to that of the first was estimated to be 0.72. The covariates age, sex, and alpha-thalassemia genotype were not influential in the pharmacokinetic model development; but the inclusion of weight as a covariate significantly improved the performance of the model. An ARTS suppositories dose of 10 of 20 mg/kg is appropriate for use in children with uncomplicated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harin A Karunajeewa
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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47
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Maggs JL, Bishop LPD, Batty KT, Dodd CC, Ilett KF, O'Neill PM, Edwards G, Kevin Park B. Hepatocellular bioactivation and cytotoxicity of the synthetic endoperoxide antimalarial arteflene. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 147:173-84. [PMID: 15013819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arteflene is a synthetic endoperoxide antimalarial. Its peroxide bridge undergoes iron(II)-mediated reduction in vitro which yields a carbon-centered cyclohexyl radical and a mixture of cis- and trans-alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones (enones). The enones are biliary metabolites in rats and therefore surrogate markers of bioactivation. Arteflene is reported to be more cytotoxic to primary rat hepatocytes than some non-endoperoxide antimalarials. Hepatic metabolism of arteflene was investigated in recirculating isolated perfused rat livers, and the drug's metabolism and cytotoxicity were compared using hepatocytes from male rats. Both preparations metabolized [(14)C]arteflene to cis- and trans-[(14)C]enone, 8-hydroxyarteflene glucuronide and an unassigned isomeric glucuronide. During a 2 h liver perfusion, the cis- and trans-enones recovered in bile represented 8.1 +/- 3.4 and 11.3 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- S.D., N=6), respectively, of the [(14)C]arteflene (52 microM) added to the perfusate. After a 3 h incubation of [(14)C]arteflene (10 microM) with hepatocytes in suspension, the cis- and trans-enones comprised, respectively, 14.8 +/- 7.1 and 2.1 +/- 1.0% (N = 4) of the recovered radioactivity; the corresponding data for cultured hepatocytes being 18.6 +/- 6.9 and 3.3 +/- 2.2%. Arteflene was significantly (P < 0.05) toxic to isolated hepatocytes with reference to extramitochondrial reductase activity (tetrazolium reduction) but not enzyme leakage when the cells were exposed to drug concentrations > or =50 microM for 24 h. Cellular glutathione was depleted under these conditions. Therefore arteflene was acutely cytotoxic, though only at relatively high concentrations, when it was metabolized via a pathway which generates carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Maggs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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48
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Kotecka BM, Rieckmann KH, Davis TME, Batty KT, Ilett KF. Comparison of bioassay and high performance liquid chromatographic assay of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in plasma. Acta Trop 2003; 87:371-5. [PMID: 12875931 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was a comparison of bioassay and HPLC analysis of artesunate (ARTS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in plasma. ARTS and DHA in plasma samples from patients treated with ARTS were quantified by HPLC and expressed as DHA. DHA-equivalents in the same plasma samples were measured using a standardised parasite culture technique. DHA concentrations estimated by both methods were highly correlated (bioassay=0.96 x HPLC+11.0; r2=0.92). At high concentrations (>12000 nmol/l) bioassay sometimes overestimated DHA. Bioassay of active drug in plasma correlates well with specific chemical analysis by HPLC. ARTS and DHA appear to account for the total antimalarial activity in plasma after ARTS administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Kotecka
- Australian Army Malaria Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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49
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Ilett KF, Ethell BT, Maggs JL, Davis TME, Batty KT, Burchell B, Binh TQ, Thu LTA, Hung NC, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Edwards G. Glucuronidation of dihydroartemisinin in vivo and by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:1005-12. [PMID: 12167566 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.9.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolic pathways for dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the active metabolite of the artemisinin derivative artesunate (ARTS). Urine was collected from 17 Vietnamese adults with falciparum malaria who had received 120 mg of ARTS i.v., and metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Human liver microsomes were incubated with [12-(3)H]DHA and cofactors for either glucuronidation or cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation. Human liver cytosol was incubated with cofactor for sulfation. Metabolites were detected by HPLC-MS and/or HPLC with radiochemical detection. Metabolism of DHA by recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was studied. HPLC-MS analysis of urine identified alpha-DHA-beta-glucuronide (alpha-DHA-G) and a product characterized as the tetrahydrofuran isomer of alpha-DHA-G. DHA was present only in very small amounts. The ratio of the tetrahydrofuran isomer, alpha-DHA-G, was highly variable (median 0.75; range 0.09-64). Nevertheless, alpha-DHA-G was generally the major urinary product of DHA glucuronidation in patients. The tetrahydrofuran isomer appeared to be at least partly a product of nonenzymic reactions occurring in urine and was readily formed from alpha-DHA-G by iron-mediated isomerization. In human liver microsomal incubations, DHA-G (diastereomer unspecified) was the only metabolite found (V(max) 177 +/- 47 pmol min(-1) mg(-1), K(m) 90 +/- 16 microM). Alpha-DHA-G was formed in incubations of DHA with expressed UGT1A9 (K(m) 32 microM, V(max) 8.9 pmol min(-1) mg(-1)) or UGT2B7 (K(m) 438 microM, V(max) 10.9 pmol mg(-1) min(-1)) but not with UGT1A1 or UGT1A6. There was no significant metabolism of DHA by cytochrome-P450 oxidation or by cytosolic sulfotransferases. We conclude that alpha-DHA-G is an important metabolite of DHA in humans and that its formation is catalyzed by UGT1A9 and UGT2B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Ilett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.
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50
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Ilett KF, Batty KT, Powell SM, Binh TQ, Thu LTA, Phuong HL, Hung NC, Davis TME. The pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular artesunate and rectal dihydroartemisinin in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:23-30. [PMID: 11849191 PMCID: PMC1874553 DOI: 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To obtain pharmacokinetic data for artesunate (ARTS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) following i.m. ARTS and rectal DHA administration. METHODS Twelve Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were randomized to receive either i.v. or i.m. ARTS (120 mg), with the alternative preparation given 8 h later in an open crossover design. A further 12 patients were given i.v. ARTS (120 mg) at 0 h and rectal DHA (160 mg) 8 h later. RESULTS Following i.v. bolus, ARTS had a peak concentration of 42 microm (16 mg l(-1), elimination t1/2 = 3.2 min, CL = 2.8 l h(-1) kg(-1) and V = 0.22 l kg(-1) . The Cmax for DHA was 9.7 microm (2.7 mg l(-1) ), t1/2 = 59 min, CL = 0.64 l h(-1) kg(-1) and V = 0.8 l kg(-1) . Following i.m. ARTS, Cmax was 2.3 microm (3.7 mg l(-1)), the apparent t1/2 = 41 min, CL = 2.9 l h(-1) kg(-1) and V = 2.6 l kg(-1). The relative bioavailability of DHA was 88%, Cmax was 4.1 microm (1.16 mg l(-1)) and t1/2 = 64 min. In the rectal DHA study, relative bioavailability of DHA was 16%. CONCLUSIONS For patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria i.m. ARTS is a suitable alternative to i.v. ARTS, at equal doses. To achieve plasma DHA concentrations equivalent to parenteral administration of ARTS, rectal DHA should be given at approximately four-fold higher milligram doses. Further studies are needed to determine whether these recommendations can be applied to patients with severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Ilett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 Western Australia.
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