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Haghir H, Kuckertz A, Zhao L, Hami J, Palomero-Gallagher N. A new map of the rat isocortex and proisocortex: cytoarchitecture and M 2 receptor distribution patterns. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1795-1822. [PMID: 37318645 PMCID: PMC11485150 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and their receptors are key molecules in information transfer between neurons, thus enabling inter-areal communication. Therefore, multimodal atlases integrating the brain's cyto- and receptor architecture constitute crucial tools to understand the relationship between its structural and functional segregation. Cholinergic muscarinic M2 receptors have been shown to be an evolutionarily conserved molecular marker of primary sensory areas in the mammalian brain. To complement existing rodent atlases, we applied a silver cell body staining and quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiographic visualization of M2 receptors to alternating sections throughout the entire brain of five adult male Wistar rats (three sectioned coronally, one horizontally, one sagittally). Histological sections and autoradiographs were scanned at a spatial resolution of 1 µm and 20 µm per pixel, respectively, and files were stored as 8 bit images. We used these high-resolution datasets to create an atlas of the entire rat brain, including the olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brainstem. We describe the cyto- and M2 receptor architectonic features of 48 distinct iso- and proisocortical areas across the rat forebrain and provide their mean M2 receptor density. The ensuing parcellation scheme, which is discussed in the framework of existing comprehensive atlasses, includes the novel subdivision of mediomedial secondary visual area Oc2MM into anterior (Oc2MMa) and posterior (Oc2MMp) parts, and of lateral visual area Oc2L into rostrolateral (Oc2Lr), intermediate dorsolateral (Oc2Lid), intermediate ventrolateral (Oc2Liv) and caudolateral (Oc2Lc) secondary visual areas. The M2 receptor densities and the comprehensive map of iso-and proisocortical areas constitute useful tools for future computational and neuroscientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Haghir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anika Kuckertz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Javad Hami
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Feng Y, Zhang M, Jia SY, Guo YX, Jia X. Dexamethasone alleviates etomidate-induced myoclonus by reversing the inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporters. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1399653. [PMID: 38979126 PMCID: PMC11228700 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1399653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Etomidate can induce myoclonus with an incidence of 50 ~ 85% during anesthesia induction. Dexamethasone, as a long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid, has neuroprotective effects. However, the effects of dexamethasone on the etomidate-induced myoclonus remain uncertain. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive etomidate (1.5 mg/kg) plus dexamethasone (4 mg/kg) (etomidate plus dexamethasone group) or etomidate (1.5 mg/kg) plus the same volume of normal saline (NS) (etomidate plus NS group). The mean behavioral scores, local field potentials and muscular tension were recorded to explore the effects of dexamethasone on etomidate-induced myoclonus. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric system (LC-MS/MS), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting were applied to analyze the levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the mRNA and protein expression of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), and plasma corticosterone levels at different time points after anesthesia. Results Compared with the etomidate plus NS treatment, the etomidate plus dexamethasone treatment significantly decreased the mean behavioral score at 1, 3, 4, and 5 min after administration; the peak power spectral density (PSD) (p = 0.0197) in the analysis of ripple waves; and the glutamate level (p = 0.0139) in the neocortex. However, compared with etomidate plus NS, etomidate plus dexamethasone increased the expression of the neocortical proteins of EAAT1 (p = 0.0207) and EAAT2 (p = 0.0022) and aggravated the inhibition of corticosterone at 4 h (p = 0.0019), 5 h (p = 0.0041), and 6 h (p = 0.0009) after administration. Conclusion Dexamethasone can attenuate the myoclonus, inhibit the glutamate accumulation, and reverse the suppression of EAATs in the neocortex induced by etomidate following myoclonus, while conversely aggravating etomidate-induced adrenal suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Shuai-Ying Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yan-Xia Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xue Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Bi M, Zhang H, Ma Y, Wang H, Wang W, Shi Y, Sheng W, Li Q, Gao G, Cai L. Modulation Steering Motion by Quantitative Electrical Stimulation in Pigeon Robots. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:595. [PMID: 38793168 PMCID: PMC11123149 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The pigeon robot has attracted significant attention in the field of animal robotics thanks to its outstanding mobility and adaptive capability in complex environments. However, research on pigeon robots is currently facing bottlenecks, and achieving fine control over the motion behavior of pigeon robots through brain-machine interfaces remains challenging. Here, we systematically quantify the relationship between electrical stimulation and stimulus-induced motion behaviors, and provide an analytical method to demonstrate the effectiveness of pigeon robots based on electrical stimulation. In this study, we investigated the influence of gradient voltage intensity (1.2-3.0 V) on the indoor steering motion control of pigeon robots. Additionally, we discussed the response time of electrical stimulation and the effective period of the brain-machine interface. The results indicate that pigeon robots typically exhibit noticeable behavioral responses at a 2.0 V voltage stimulus. Increasing the stimulation intensity significantly controls the steering angle and turning radius (p < 0.05), enabling precise control of pigeon robot steering motion through stimulation intensity regulation. When the threshold voltage is reached, the average response time of a pigeon robot to the electrical stimulation is 220 ms. This study quantifies the role of each stimulation parameter in controlling pigeon robot steering behavior, providing valuable reference information for the precise steering control of pigeon robots. Based on these findings, we offer a solution for achieving precise control of pigeon robot steering motion and contribute to solving the problem of encoding complex trajectory motion in pigeon robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Bi
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Yaohong Ma
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China; (H.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenbo Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China; (H.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Yuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China;
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Qiushun Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Guangheng Gao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Lei Cai
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China; (M.B.); (H.Z.); (Y.M.); (W.S.); (Q.L.); (G.G.)
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Cullins MJ, Connor NP. Differential impact of unilateral stroke on the bihemispheric motor cortex representation of the jaw and tongue muscles in young and aged rats. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1332916. [PMID: 38572491 PMCID: PMC10987714 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1332916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysphagia commonly occurs after stroke, yet the mechanisms of post-stroke corticobulbar plasticity are not well understood. While cortical activity associated with swallowing actions is bihemispheric, prior research has suggested that plasticity of the intact cortex may drive recovery of swallowing after unilateral stroke. Age may be an important factor as it is an independent predictor of dysphagia after stroke and neuroplasticity may be reduced with age. Based on previous clinical studies, we hypothesized that cranial muscle activating volumes may be expanded in the intact hemisphere and would contribute to swallowing function. We also hypothesized that older age would be associated with limited map expansion and reduced function. As such, our goal was to determine the impact of stroke and age on corticobulbar plasticity by examining the jaw and tongue muscle activating volumes within the bilateral sensorimotor cortices. Methods Using the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat stroke model, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to map regions of sensorimotor cortex that activate tongue and jaw muscles in both hemispheres. Young adult (7 months) and aged (30 months) male F344 × BN rats underwent a stroke or sham-control surgery, followed by ICMS mapping 8 weeks later. Videofluoroscopy was used to assess oral-motor functions. Results Increased activating volume of the sensorimotor cortex within the intact hemisphere was found only for jaw muscles, whereas significant stroke-related differences in tongue activating cortical volume were limited to the infarcted hemisphere. These stroke-related differences were correlated with infarct size, such that larger infarcts were associated with increased jaw representation in the intact hemisphere and decreased tongue representation in the infarcted hemisphere. We found that both age and stroke were independently associated with swallowing differences, weight loss, and increased corticomotor thresholds. Laterality of tongue and jaw representations in the sham-control group revealed variability between individuals and between muscles within individuals. Conclusion Our findings suggest the role of the intact and infarcted hemispheres in the recovery of oral motor function may differ between the tongue and jaw muscles, which may have important implications for rehabilitation, especially hemisphere-specific neuromodulatory approaches. This study addressed the natural course of recovery after stroke; future work should expand to focus on rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J. Cullins
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nadine P. Connor
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Eguibar JR, Cortes C, Hernandez VH, Lopez-Juarez A, Piazza V, Carmona D, Kleinert-Altamirano A, Morales-Campos B, Salceda E, Roncagliolo M. 4-aminopyridine improves evoked potentials and ambulation in the taiep rat: A model of hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298208. [PMID: 38427650 PMCID: PMC10906851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The taiep rat is a tubulin mutant with an early hypomyelination followed by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system due to a point mutation in the Tubb4a gene. It shows clinical, radiological, and pathological signs like those of the human leukodystrophy hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC). Taiep rats had tremor, ataxia, immobility episodes, epilepsy, and paralysis; the acronym of these signs given the name to this autosomal recessive trait. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in adult taiep rats and in a patient suffering from H-ABC. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on sensory responses and locomotion and finally, we compared myelin loss in the spinal cord of adult taiep and wild type (WT) rats using immunostaining. Our results showed delayed SSEPs in the upper and the absence of them in the lower extremities in a human patient. In taiep rats SSEPs had a delayed second negative evoked responses and were more susceptible to delayed responses with iterative stimulation with respect to WT. MEPs were produced by bipolar stimulation of the primary motor cortex generating a direct wave in WT rats followed by several indirect waves, but taiep rats had fused MEPs. Importantly, taiep SSEPs improved after systemic administration of 4-AP, a potassium channel blocker, and this drug induced an increase in the horizontal displacement measured in a novelty-induced locomotor test. In taiep subjects have a significant decrease in the immunostaining of myelin in the anterior and ventral funiculi of the lumbar spinal cord with respect to WT rats. In conclusion, evoked potentials are useful to evaluate myelin alterations in a leukodystrophy, which improved after systemic administration of 4-AP. Our results have a translational value because our findings have implications in future medical trials for H-ABC patients or with other leukodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Eguibar
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta y Control Motor, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
- Dirección General de Desarrollo Internacional, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Carmen Cortes
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta y Control Motor, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Victor H. Hernandez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
| | - Alejandra Lopez-Juarez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
| | - Valeria Piazza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., León, Gto, México
| | - Diego Carmona
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto, México
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., León, Gto, México
| | | | - Blanca Morales-Campos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Emilio Salceda
- Revista Elementos, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Manuel Roncagliolo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Taccola G, Kissane R, Culaclii S, Apicella R, Liu W, Gad P, Ichiyama RM, Chakrabarty S, Edgerton VR. Dynamic electrical stimulation enhances the recruitment of spinal interneurons by corticospinal input. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114589. [PMID: 37907125 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly varying patterns of electrostimulation (Dynamic Stimulation, DS) delivered to the dorsal cord through an epidural array with 18 independent electrodes transiently facilitate corticospinal motor responses, even after spinal injury. To partly unravel how corticospinal input are affected by DS, we introduced a corticospinal platform that allows selective cortical stimulation during the multisite acquisition of cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) and the simultaneous supply of DS. Firstly, the epidural interface was validated by the acquisition of the classical multisite distribution of CDPs and their input-output profile elicited by pulses delivered to peripheral nerves. Apart from increased EMGs, DS selectively increased excitability of the spinal interneurons that first process corticospinal input, without changing the magnitude of commands descending from the motor cortex, suggesting a novel correlation between muscle recruitment and components of cortically-evoked CDPs. Finally, DS increases excitability of post-synaptic spinal interneurons at the stimulation site and their responsiveness to any residual supraspinal control, thus supporting the use of electrical neuromodulation whenever the motor output is jeopardized by a weak volitional input, due to a partial disconnection from supraspinal structures and/or neuronal brain dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Taccola
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Roger Kissane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Stanislav Culaclii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rosamaria Apicella
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy
| | - Wentai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parag Gad
- SpineX Inc, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Ronaldo M Ichiyama
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samit Chakrabarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Rancho Research Institute, Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA; University of Southern California Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033; USA; Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona 08916, Spain
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Mizes KGC, Lindsey J, Escola GS, Ölveczky BP. Motor cortex is required for flexible but not automatic motor sequences. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556348. [PMID: 37732225 PMCID: PMC10508748 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
How motor cortex contributes to motor sequence execution is much debated, with studies supporting disparate views. Here we probe the degree to which motor cortex's engagement depends on task demands, specifically whether its role differs for highly practiced, or 'automatic', sequences versus flexible sequences informed by external events. To test this, we trained rats to generate three-element motor sequences either by overtraining them on a single sequence or by having them follow instructive visual cues. Lesioning motor cortex revealed that it is necessary for flexible cue-driven motor sequences but dispensable for single automatic behaviors trained in isolation. However, when an automatic motor sequence was practiced alongside the flexible task, it became motor cortex-dependent, suggesting that subcortical consolidation of an automatic motor sequence is delayed or prevented when the same sequence is produced also in a flexible context. A simple neural network model recapitulated these results and explained the underlying circuit mechanisms. Our results critically delineate the role of motor cortex in motor sequence execution, describing the condition under which it is engaged and the functions it fulfills, thus reconciling seemingly conflicting views about motor cortex's role in motor sequence generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. C. Mizes
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for
Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jack Lindsey
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia
University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - G. Sean Escola
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia
University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY,
10032, USA
| | - Bence P. Ölveczky
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for
Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Duguay M, Bonizzato M, Delivet-Mongrain H, Fortier-Lebel N, Martinez M. Uncovering and leveraging the return of voluntary motor programs after paralysis using a bi-cortical neuroprosthesis. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 228:102492. [PMID: 37414352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitative and neuroprosthetic approaches after spinal cord injury (SCI) aim to reestablish voluntary control of movement. Promoting recovery requires a mechanistic understanding of the return of volition over action, but the relationship between re-emerging cortical commands and the return of locomotion is not well established. We introduced a neuroprosthesis delivering targeted bi-cortical stimulation in a clinically relevant contusive SCI model. In healthy and SCI cats, we controlled hindlimb locomotor output by tuning stimulation timing, duration, amplitude, and site. In intact cats, we unveiled a large repertoire of motor programs. After SCI, the evoked hindlimb lifts were highly stereotyped, yet effective in modulating gait and alleviating bilateral foot drag. Results suggest that the neural substrate underpinning motor recovery had traded-off selectivity for efficacy. Longitudinal tests revealed that the return of locomotion after SCI was correlated with recovery of the descending drive, which advocates for rehabilitation interventions directed at the cortical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Duguay
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marco Bonizzato
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Delivet-Mongrain
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Fortier-Lebel
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Mimica B, Tombaz T, Battistin C, Fuglstad JG, Dunn BA, Whitlock JR. Behavioral decomposition reveals rich encoding structure employed across neocortex in rats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3947. [PMID: 37402724 PMCID: PMC10319800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical population code is pervaded by activity patterns evoked by movement, but it remains largely unknown how such signals relate to natural behavior or how they might support processing in sensory cortices where they have been observed. To address this we compared high-density neural recordings across four cortical regions (visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor) in relation to sensory modulation, posture, movement, and ethograms of freely foraging male rats. Momentary actions, such as rearing or turning, were represented ubiquitously and could be decoded from all sampled structures. However, more elementary and continuous features, such as pose and movement, followed region-specific organization, with neurons in visual and auditory cortices preferentially encoding mutually distinct head-orienting features in world-referenced coordinates, and somatosensory and motor cortices principally encoding the trunk and head in egocentric coordinates. The tuning properties of synaptically coupled cells also exhibited connection patterns suggestive of area-specific uses of pose and movement signals, particularly in visual and auditory regions. Together, our results indicate that ongoing behavior is encoded at multiple levels throughout the dorsal cortex, and that low-level features are differentially utilized by different regions to serve locally relevant computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartul Mimica
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, 100190, NJ, USA.
| | - Tuçe Tombaz
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Battistin
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jingyi Guo Fuglstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin A Dunn
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonathan R Whitlock
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
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Feng Y, Chang P, Kang Y, Liao P, Li CY, Liu J, Zhang WS. Etomidate-Induced Myoclonus in Sprague-Dawley Rats Involves Neocortical Glutamate Accumulation and N -Methyl- d -Aspartate Receptor Activity. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:221-233. [PMID: 36607803 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etomidate-induced myoclonus, a seizure-like movement, is of interest to anesthetists. However, its origin in the brain and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with etomidate, propofol, or lidocaine plus etomidate. We assessed the incidence of myoclonus, behavioral scores, and levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neocortex and hippocampus. To determine the origin and how N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) modulate etomidate-induced neuroexcitability, the local field potential and muscular tension were monitored. Calcium imaging in vitro and immunoblotting in vivo were conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying myoclonus. RESULTS The incidence of etomidate (1.5 mg/kg in vivo)-induced myoclonus was higher than that of propofol (90% vs 10%, P = .0010) and lidocaine plus etomidate (90% vs 20%, P = .0050). Etomidate at doses of 3.75 and 6 mg/kg decreased the mean behavioral score at 1 (mean difference [MD]: 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-3.02; P = .0058 for both), 2 (MD: 1.60, 95% CI, 0.43-2.77; P = .0084 and MD: 1.70, 95% CI, 0.54-2.86; P = .0060), 3 (MD: 1.60, 95% CI, 0.35-2.85; P = .0127 and MD: 1.70, 95% CI, 0.46-2.94; P = .0091) minutes after administration compared to etomidate at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. In addition, 0.5 and 1 µM etomidate in vitro increased neocortical intracellular calcium signaling; this signaling decreased when the concentration increased to 5 and 10 μM. Etomidate increased the glutamate level compared to propofol (mean rank difference: 18.20; P = .003), and lidocaine plus etomidate (mean rank difference: 21.70; P = .0002). Etomidate in vivo activated neocortical ripple waves and was positively correlated with muscular tension amplitude (Spearman's r = 0.785, P < .0001). Etomidate at 1.5 mg/kg decreased the K-Cl cotransporter isoform 2 (KCC2) level compared with propofol (MD: -1.15, 95% CI, -1.47 to -0.83; P < .0001) and lidocaine plus etomidate (MD: -0.64, 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.32; P = .0002), DL-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (AP5) suppressed these effects, while NMDA enhanced them. CONCLUSIONS Etomidate-induced myoclonus or neuroexcitability is concentration dependent. Etomidate-induced myoclonus originates in the neocortex. The underlying mechanism involves neocortical glutamate accumulation and NMDAR modulation and myoclonus correlates with NMDAR-induced downregulation of KCC2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Chang
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Kang
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liao
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Li
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wolsh CC, Brown RM, Brown AR, Pratt GA, Boychuk JA. Extensive complex neocortical movement topography devolves to simple output following experimental stroke in mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1162664. [PMID: 37350800 PMCID: PMC10282139 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1162664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex encodes complex and simple motor outputs in all mammalian species that have been tested. Given that changes in neocortical reorganization (and corresponding corticospinal output) have been implicated in long term motor recovery after stroke injury, there remains a need to understand this biology in order to expedite and optimize clinical care. Here, changes in the neocortical topography of complex and simple movement outputs were evaluated in mice following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Neocortical motor output was defined using long-duration parameters of intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) based on area and spatial coordinates of separate motor output types to build upon our recent report in uninjured mice. LD-ICMS test sites that elicited complex (multi-joint) movement, simple (single skeletal joint) movement, as well as co-elicited FORELIMB + HINDLIMB responses were detected and recorded. Forelimb reaching behavior was assessed using the single pellet reaching (SPR) task. At 6 weeks post-surgery, behavioral deficits persisted and neocortical territories for separate movements exhibited differences in neocortical area, and spatial location, and differed between MCAo-Injured animals (i.e., the MCAo group) and Sham-Injured animals (i.e., the Control group). MCAo-Injury reduced neocortical area of complex movements while increasing area of simple movements. Limited effects of injury were detected for spatial coordinates of neocortical movements. Significant positive correlations were detected between final SPR performance and either area of complex retract or area of co-occurring FORELIMB + HINDLIMB sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeffery Allen Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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12
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Burnsed J, Matysik W, Yang L, Sun H, Joshi S, Kapur J. Increased glutamatergic synaptic transmission during development in layer II/III mouse motor cortex pyramidal neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4645-4653. [PMID: 36137566 PMCID: PMC10110452 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal maturation of the motor cortex is vital to developing a variety of functions, including the capacity for motor learning. The first postnatal weeks involve many neuronal and synaptic changes, which differ by region and layer, likely due to different functions and needs during development. Motor cortex layer II/III is critical to receiving and integrating inputs from somatosensory cortex and generating attentional signals that are important in motor learning and planning. Here, we examined the neuronal and synaptic changes occurring in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the mouse motor cortex from the neonatal (postnatal day 10) to young adult (postnatal day 30) period, using a combination of electrophysiology and biochemical measures of glutamatergic receptor subunits. There are several changes between p10 and p30 in these neurons, including increased dendritic branching, neuronal excitability, glutamatergic synapse number and synaptic transmission. These changes are critical to ongoing plasticity and capacity for motor learning during development. Understanding these changes will help inform future studies examining the impact of early-life injury and experiences on motor learning and development capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
| | - Weronika Matysik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong University, Jian, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huayu Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0386, USA
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13
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Itoh Y, Sahni V, Shnider SJ, McKee H, Macklis JD. Inter-axonal molecular crosstalk via Lumican proteoglycan sculpts murine cervical corticospinal innervation by distinct subpopulations. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112182. [PMID: 36934325 PMCID: PMC10167627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How CNS circuits sculpt their axonal arbors into spatially and functionally organized domains is not well understood. Segmental specificity of corticospinal connectivity is an exemplar for such regional specificity of many axon projections. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) innervate spinal and brainstem targets with segmental precision, controlling voluntary movement. Multiple molecularly distinct CSN subpopulations innervate the cervical cord for evolutionarily enhanced precision of forelimb movement. Evolutionarily newer CSNBC-lat exclusively innervate bulbar-cervical targets, while CSNmedial are heterogeneous; distinct subpopulations extend axons to either bulbar-cervical or thoraco-lumbar segments. We identify that Lumican controls balance of cervical innervation between CSNBC-lat and CSNmedial axons during development, which is maintained into maturity. Lumican, an extracellular proteoglycan expressed by CSNBC-lat, non-cell-autonomously suppresses cervical collateralization by multiple CSNmedial subpopulations. This inter-axonal molecular crosstalk between CSN subpopulations controls murine corticospinal circuitry refinement and forelimb dexterity. Such crosstalk is generalizable beyond the corticospinal system for evolutionary incorporation of new neuron populations into preexisting circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Holly McKee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Amiri M, Nazari S, Jafari AH, Makkiabadi B. A new full closed-loop brain-machine interface approach based on neural activity: A study based on modeling and experimental studies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13766. [PMID: 36851970 PMCID: PMC9958500 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bidirectional brain-machine interfaces algorithms are machines that decode neural response in order to control the external device and encode position of artificial limb to proper electrical stimulation, so that the interface between brain and machine closes. Most BMI researchers typically consider four basic elements: recording technology to extract brain activity, decoding algorithm to translate brain activity to the predicted movement of the external device, external device (prosthetic limb such as a robotic arm), and encoding interface to convert the motion of the external machine to set of the electrical stimulation of the brain. New method In this paper, we develop a novel approach for bidirectional brain-machine interface (BMI). First, we propose a neural network model for sensory cortex (S1) connected to the neural network model of motor cortex (M1) considering the topographic mapping between S1 and M1. We use 4-box model in S1 and 4-box in M1 so that each box contains 500 neurons. Individual boxes include inhibitory and excitatory neurons and synapses. Next, we develop a new BMI algorithm based on neural activity. The main concept of this BMI algorithm is to close the loop between brain and mechaical external device. Results The sensory interface as encoding algorithm convert the location of the external device (artificial limb) into the electrical stimulation which excite the S1 model. The motor interface as decoding algorithm convert neural recordings from the M1 model into a force which causes the movement of the external device. We present the simulation results for the on line BMI which means that there is a real time information exchange between 9 boxes and 4 boxes of S1-M1 network model and the external device. Also, off line information exchange between brain of five anesthetized rats and externnal device was performed. The proposed BMI algorithm has succeeded in controlling the movement of the mechanical arm towards the target area on simulation and experimental data, so that the BMI algorithm shows acceptable WTPE and the average number of iterations of the algorithm in reaching artificial limb to the target region.Comparison with existing methods and Conclusions: In order to confirm the simulation results the 9-box model of S1-M1 network was developed and the valid "spike train" algorithm, which has good results on real data, is used to compare the performance accuracy of the proposed BMI algorithm versus "spike train" algorithm on simulation and off line experimental data of anesthetized rats. Quantitative and qualitative results confirm the proper performance of the proposed algorithm compared to algorithm "spike train" on simulations and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Amiri
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Nazari
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Homayoun Jafari
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahador Makkiabadi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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15
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Wu X, Sarpong GA, Zhang J, Sugihara I. Divergent topographic projection of cerebral cortical areas to overlapping cerebellar lobules through distinct regions of the pontine nuclei. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14352. [PMID: 37025843 PMCID: PMC10070096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The massive axonal projection from the cerebrum to the cerebellum through the pontine nuclei supports the cerebrocerebellar coordination of motor and nonmotor functions. However, the cerebrum and cerebellum have distinct patterns of functional localization in their cortices. We addressed this issue by bidirectional neuronal tracing from 22 various locations of the pontine nuclei in the mouse in a comprehensive manner. Cluster analyses of the distribution patterns of labeled cortical pyramidal cells and cerebellar mossy fiber terminals classified all cases into six groups located in six different subareas of the pontine nuclei. The lateral (insular), mediorostral (cingulate and prefrontal), and caudal (visual and auditory) cortical areas of the cerebrum projected to the medial, rostral, and lateral subareas of the pontine nuclei, respectively. These pontine subareas then projected mainly to the crus I, central vermis, and paraflocculus divergently. The central (motor and somatosensory) cortical areas projected to the centrorostral, centrocaudal and caudal subareas of the pontine nuclei, which then projected mainly to the rostral and caudal lobules with a somatotopic arrangement. The results indicate a new pontine nuclei-centric view of the corticopontocerebellar projection: the generally parallel corticopontine projection to pontine nuclei subareas is relayed to the highly divergent pontocerebellar projection terminating in overlapping specific lobules of the cerebellum. Consequently, the mode of the pontine nuclei relay underlies the cerebellar functional organization.
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16
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Brown AR, Mitra S, Teskey GC, Boychuk JA. Complex forelimb movements and cortical topography evoked by intracortical microstimulation in male and female mice. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1866-1875. [PMID: 35511684 PMCID: PMC9977357 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor cortex is crucial for the voluntary control of skilled movement in mammals and is topographically organized into representations of the body (motor maps). Intracortical microstimulation of the motor cortex with long-duration pulse trains (LD-ICMS; ~500 ms) evokes complex movements, occurring in multiple joints or axial muscles, with characteristic movement postures and cortical topography across a variety of mammalian species. Although the laboratory mouse is extensively used in basic and pre-clinical research, high-resolution motor maps elicited with electrical LD-ICMS in both sexes of the adult mouse has yet to be reported. To address this knowledge gap, we performed LD-ICMS of the forelimb motor cortex in both male (n = 10) and naturally cycling female (n = 8) C57/BL6J mice under light ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Complex and simple movements were evoked from historically defined caudal (CFA) and rostral (RFA) forelimb areas. Four complex forelimb movements were identified consisting of Elevate, Advance, Dig, and Retract postures with characteristic movement sequences and endpoints. Furthermore, evoked complex forelimb movements and cortical topography in mice were organized within the CFA in a unique manner relative to a qualitative comparison with the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Brown
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Shaarang Mitra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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17
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Lopes G, Nogueira J, Dimitriadis G, Menendez JA, Paton JJ, Kampff AR. A robust role for motor cortex. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:971980. [PMID: 36845435 PMCID: PMC9950416 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.971980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of motor cortex in non-primate mammals remains unclear. More than a century of stimulation, anatomical and electrophysiological studies has implicated neural activity in this region with all kinds of movement. However, following the removal of motor cortex, rats retain most of their adaptive behaviors, including previously learned skilled movements. Here we revisit these two conflicting views of motor cortex and present a new behavior assay, challenging animals to respond to unexpected situations while navigating a dynamic obstacle course. Surprisingly, rats with motor cortical lesions show clear impairments facing an unexpected collapse of the obstacles, while showing no impairment with repeated trials in many motor and cognitive metrics of performance. We propose a new role for motor cortex: extending the robustness of sub-cortical movement systems, specifically to unexpected situations demanding rapid motor responses adapted to environmental context. The implications of this idea for current and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Lopes
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NeuroGEARS Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Nogueira
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NeuroGEARS Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Aurelio Menendez
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph J. Paton
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam R. Kampff
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Voight-Kampff Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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18
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Bayesian prediction of psychophysical detection responses from spike activity in the rat sensorimotor cortex. J Comput Neurosci 2023; 51:207-222. [PMID: 36696073 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-023-00844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Decoding of sensorimotor information is essential for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) as well as in normal functioning organisms. In this study, Bayesian models were developed for the prediction of binary decisions of 10 awake freely-moving male/female rats based on neural activity in a vibrotactile yes/no detection task. The vibrotactile stimuli were 40-Hz sinusoidal displacements (amplitude: 200 µm, duration: 0.5 s) applied on the glabrous skin. The task was to depress the right lever for stimulus detection and left lever for stimulus-off condition. Spike activity was recorded from 16-channel microwire arrays implanted in the hindlimb representation of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), overlapping also with the associated representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Single-/multi-unit average spike rate (Rd) within the stimulus analysis window was used as the predictor of the stimulus state and the behavioral response at each trial based on a Bayesian network model. Due to high neural and psychophysical response variability for each rat and also across subjects, mean Rd was not correlated with hit and false alarm rates. Despite the fluctuations in the neural data, the Bayesian model for each rat generated moderately good accuracy (0.60-0.90) and good class prediction scores (recall, precision, F1) and was also tested with subsets of data (e.g. regular vs. fast spike groups). It was generally observed that the models were better for rats with lower psychophysical performance (lower sensitivity index A'). This suggests that Bayesian inference and similar machine learning techniques may be especially helpful during the training phase of BCIs or for rehabilitation with neuroprostheses.
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Fang K, Mei H, Tang Y, Wang W, Wang H, Wang Z, Dai Z. Grade-control outdoor turning flight of robo-pigeon with quantitative stimulus parameters. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1143601. [PMID: 37139263 PMCID: PMC10149694 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The robo-pigeon using homing pigeons as a motion carrier has great potential in search and rescue operations due to its superior weight-bearing capacity and sustained flight capabilities. However, before deploying such robo-pigeons, it is necessary to establish a safe, stable, and long-term effective neuro-electrical stimulation interface and quantify the motion responses to various stimuli. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of stimulation variables such as stimulation frequency (SF), stimulation duration (SD), and inter-stimulus interval (ISI) on the turning flight control of robo-pigeons outdoors, and evaluated the efficiency and accuracy of turning flight behavior accordingly. Results The results showed that the turning angle can be significantly controlled by appropriately increasing SF and SD. Increasing ISI can significantly control the turning radius of robotic pigeons. The success rate of turning flight control decreases significantly when the stimulation parameters exceed SF > 100 Hz or SD > 5 s. Thus, the robo-pigeon's turning angle from 15 to 55° and turning radius from 25 to 135 m could be controlled in a graded manner by selecting varying stimulus variables. Discussion These findings can be used to optimize the stimulation strategy of robo-pigeons to achieve precise control of their turning flight behavior outdoors. The results also suggest that robo-pigeons have potential for use in search and rescue operations where precise control of flight behavior is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Hao Wang
| | - Zhouyi Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouyi Wang
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Zhendong Dai
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Skovgård K, Barrientos SA, Petersson P, Halje P, Cenci MA. Distinctive Effects of D1 and D2 Receptor Agonists on Cortico-Basal Ganglia Oscillations in a Rodent Model of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:304-324. [PMID: 36344723 PMCID: PMC10119363 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease has been linked to oscillatory neuronal activities in the cortico-basal ganglia network. We set out to examine the pattern of cortico-basal ganglia oscillations induced by selective agonists of D1 and D2 receptors in a rat model of LID. Local field potentials were recorded in freely moving rats using large-scale electrodes targeting three motor cortical regions, dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum, external globus pallidus, and substantial nigra pars reticulata. Abnormal involuntary movements were elicited by the D1 agonist SKF82958 or the D2 agonist sumanirole, while overall motor activity was quantified using video analysis (DeepLabCut). Both SKF82958 and sumanirole induced dyskinesia, although with significant differences in temporal course, overall severity, and body distribution. The D1 agonist induced prominent narrowband oscillations in the high gamma range (70-110 Hz) in all recorded structures except for the nigra reticulata. Additionally, the D1 agonist induced strong functional connectivity between the recorded structures and the phase analysis revealed that the primary motor cortex (forelimb area) was leading a supplementary motor area and striatum. Following treatment with the D2 agonist, narrowband gamma oscillations were detected only in forelimb motor cortex and dorsolateral striatum, while prominent oscillations in the theta band occurred in the globus pallidus and nigra reticulata. Our results reveal that the dyskinetic effects of D1 and D2 receptor agonists are associated with distinct patterns of cortico-basal ganglia oscillations, suggesting a recruitment of partially distinct networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Skovgård
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Barrientos
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Halje
- The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Halley AC, Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Englund M, Pineda CR, Schmid T, Yartsev MM, Krubitzer L. Coevolution of motor cortex and behavioral specializations associated with flight and echolocation in bats. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2935-2941.e3. [PMID: 35617952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bats have evolved behavioral specializations that are unique among mammals, including self-propelled flight and echolocation. However, areas of motor cortex that are critical in the generation and fine control of these unique behaviors have never been fully characterized in any bat species, despite the fact that bats compose ∼25% of extant mammalian species. Using intracortical microstimulation, we examined the organization of motor cortex in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), a species that has evolved a novel form of tongue-based echolocation.1,2 We found that movement representations include an enlarged tongue region containing discrete subregions devoted to generating distinct tongue movement types, consistent with their behavioral specialization generating active sonar using tongue clicks. This magnification of the tongue in motor cortex is comparable to the enlargement of somatosensory representations in species with sensory specializations.3-5 We also found a novel degree of coactivation between the forelimbs and hindlimbs, both of which are involved in altering the shape and tension of wing membranes during flight. Together, these findings suggest that the organization of motor cortex has coevolved with peripheral morphology in bats to support the unique motor demands of flight and echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive E K9625, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC#3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael M Yartsev
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC#3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 306 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
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22
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Tchoe Y, Bourhis AM, Cleary DR, Stedelin B, Lee J, Tonsfeldt KJ, Brown EC, Siler DA, Paulk AC, Yang JC, Oh H, Ro YG, Lee K, Russman SM, Ganji M, Galton I, Ben-Haim S, Raslan AM, Dayeh SA. Human brain mapping with multithousand-channel PtNRGrids resolves spatiotemporal dynamics. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj1441. [PMID: 35044788 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological devices are critical for mapping eloquent and diseased brain regions and for therapeutic neuromodulation in clinical settings and are extensively used for research in brain-machine interfaces. However, the existing clinical and experimental devices are often limited in either spatial resolution or cortical coverage. Here, we developed scalable manufacturing processes with a dense electrical connection scheme to achieve reconfigurable thin-film, multithousand-channel neurophysiological recording grids using platinum nanorods (PtNRGrids). With PtNRGrids, we have achieved a multithousand-channel array of small (30 μm) contacts with low impedance, providing high spatial and temporal resolution over a large cortical area. We demonstrated that PtNRGrids can resolve submillimeter functional organization of the barrel cortex in anesthetized rats that captured the tissue structure. In the clinical setting, PtNRGrids resolved fine, complex temporal dynamics from the cortical surface in an awake human patient performing grasping tasks. In addition, the PtNRGrids identified the spatial spread and dynamics of epileptic discharges in a patient undergoing epilepsy surgery at 1-mm spatial resolution, including activity induced by direct electrical stimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the power of the PtNRGrids to transform clinical mapping and research with brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Tchoe
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Bourhis
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel R Cleary
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brittany Stedelin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen J Tonsfeldt
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erik C Brown
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dominic A Siler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keundong Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samantha M Russman
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ian Galton
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sharona Ben-Haim
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ahmed M Raslan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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23
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Preuss TM, Wise SP. Evolution of prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:3-19. [PMID: 34363014 PMCID: PMC8617185 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) evolved at different times. Agranular parts of the PFC emerged in early mammals, and rodents, primates, and other modern mammals share them by inheritance. These are limbic areas and include the agranular orbital cortex and agranular medial frontal cortex (areas 24, 32, and 25). Rodent research provides valuable insights into the structure, functions, and development of these shared areas, but it contributes less to parts of the PFC that are specific to primates, namely, the granular, isocortical PFC that dominates the frontal lobe in humans. The first granular PFC areas evolved either in early primates or in the last common ancestor of primates and tree shrews. Additional granular PFC areas emerged in the primate stem lineage, as represented by modern strepsirrhines. Other granular PFC areas evolved in simians, the group that includes apes, humans, and monkeys. In general, PFC accreted new areas along a roughly posterior to anterior trajectory during primate evolution. A major expansion of the granular PFC occurred in humans in concert with other association areas, with modifications of corticocortical connectivity and gene expression, although current evidence does not support the addition of a large number of new, human-specific PFC areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Steven P Wise
- Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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24
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Collapse of complexity of brain and body activity due to excessive inhibition and MeCP2 disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106378118. [PMID: 34686597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106378118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex body movements require complex dynamics and coordination among neurons in motor cortex. Conversely, a long-standing theoretical notion supposes that if many neurons in motor cortex become excessively synchronized, they may lack the necessary complexity for healthy motor coding. However, direct experimental support for this idea is rare and underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we recorded three-dimensional body movements and spiking activity of many single neurons in motor cortex of rats with enhanced synaptic inhibition and a transgenic rat model of Rett syndrome (RTT). For both cases, we found a collapse of complexity in the motor system. Reduced complexity was apparent in lower-dimensional, stereotyped brain-body interactions, neural synchrony, and simpler behavior. Our results demonstrate how imbalanced inhibition can cause excessive synchrony among movement-related neurons and, consequently, a stereotyped motor code. Excessive inhibition and synchrony may underlie abnormal motor function in RTT.
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25
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Sahni V, Shnider SJ, Jabaudon D, Song JHT, Itoh Y, Greig LC, Macklis JD. Corticospinal neuron subpopulation-specific developmental genes prospectively indicate mature segmentally specific axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109843. [PMID: 34686320 PMCID: PMC8653526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For precise motor control, distinct subpopulations of corticospinal neurons (CSN) must extend axons to distinct spinal segments, from proximal targets in the brainstem and cervical cord to distal targets in thoracic and lumbar spinal segments. We find that developing CSN subpopulations exhibit striking axon targeting specificity in spinal white matter, which establishes the foundation for durable specificity of adult corticospinal circuitry. Employing developmental retrograde and anterograde labeling, and their distinct neocortical locations, we purified developing CSN subpopulations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify genes differentially expressed between bulbar-cervical and thoracolumbar-projecting CSN subpopulations at critical developmental times. These segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from the earliest stages of axon extension, enabling prospective identification even before eventual axon targeting decisions are evident in the spinal cord. This molecular delineation extends beyond simple spatial separation of these subpopulations in the cortex. Together, these results identify candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Janet H T Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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26
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Sahni V, Itoh Y, Shnider SJ, Macklis JD. Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 exert complementary dual-directional developmental control over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109842. [PMID: 34686337 PMCID: PMC8697027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex executes highly skilled movement, necessitating that it connects accurately with specific brainstem and spinal motor circuitry. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) must correctly target specific spinal segments, but the basis for this targeting remains unknown. In the accompanying report, we show that segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from early development, identifying candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific axon targeting. Here, we functionally investigate two of these candidate molecular controls, Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 (Klhl14), identifying their critical roles in directing CSN axons to appropriate spinal segmental levels in the white matter prior to axon collateralization. Crim1 and Klhl14 are specifically expressed by distinct CSN subpopulations and regulate their differental white matter projection targeting-Crim1 directs thoracolumbar axon extension, while Klhl14 limits axon extension to bulbar-cervical segments. These molecular regulators of descending spinal projections constitute the first stages of a dual-directional set of complementary controls over CSN diversity for segmentally and functionally distinct circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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27
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Muñoz-Castañeda R, Zingg B, Matho KS, Chen X, Wang Q, Foster NN, Li A, Narasimhan A, Hirokawa KE, Huo B, Bannerjee S, Korobkova L, Park CS, Park YG, Bienkowski MS, Chon U, Wheeler DW, Li X, Wang Y, Naeemi M, Xie P, Liu L, Kelly K, An X, Attili SM, Bowman I, Bludova A, Cetin A, Ding L, Drewes R, D'Orazi F, Elowsky C, Fischer S, Galbavy W, Gao L, Gillis J, Groblewski PA, Gou L, Hahn JD, Hatfield JT, Hintiryan H, Huang JJ, Kondo H, Kuang X, Lesnar P, Li X, Li Y, Lin M, Lo D, Mizrachi J, Mok S, Nicovich PR, Palaniswamy R, Palmer J, Qi X, Shen E, Sun YC, Tao HW, Wakemen W, Wang Y, Yao S, Yuan J, Zhan H, Zhu M, Ng L, Zhang LI, Lim BK, Hawrylycz M, Gong H, Gee JC, Kim Y, Chung K, Yang XW, Peng H, Luo Q, Mitra PP, Zador AM, Zeng H, Ascoli GA, Josh Huang Z, Osten P, Harris JA, Dong HW. Cellular anatomy of the mouse primary motor cortex. Nature 2021; 598:159-166. [PMID: 34616071 PMCID: PMC8494646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An essential step toward understanding brain function is to establish a structural framework with cellular resolution on which multi-scale datasets spanning molecules, cells, circuits and systems can be integrated and interpreted1. Here, as part of the collaborative Brain Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN), we derive a comprehensive cell type-based anatomical description of one exemplar brain structure, the mouse primary motor cortex, upper limb area (MOp-ul). Using genetic and viral labelling, barcoded anatomy resolved by sequencing, single-neuron reconstruction, whole-brain imaging and cloud-based neuroinformatics tools, we delineated the MOp-ul in 3D and refined its sublaminar organization. We defined around two dozen projection neuron types in the MOp-ul and derived an input-output wiring diagram, which will facilitate future analyses of motor control circuitry across molecular, cellular and system levels. This work provides a roadmap towards a comprehensive cellular-resolution description of mammalian brain architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Zingg
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bingxing Huo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Laura Korobkova
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Sin Park
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Young-Gyun Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Bienkowski
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Uree Chon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Diek W Wheeler
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Peng Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xu An
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarojini M Attili
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ian Bowman
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ali Cetin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liya Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rhonda Drewes
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Corey Elowsky
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Gao
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Lin Gou
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Hatfield
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Houri Hintiryan
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junxiang Jason Huang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiuli Kuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xu Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengkuan Lin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Darrick Lo
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jason Palmer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elise Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yimin Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Zhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- Division of Biological Science, Neurobiology section, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - James C Gee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Partha P Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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28
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Gomez-Tames J, Asai A, Hirata A. Multiscale Computational Model Reveals Nerve Response in a Mouse Model for Temporal Interference Brain Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:684465. [PMID: 34276293 PMCID: PMC8277927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.684465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in the non-invasive stimulation of specific brain tissues, while reducing unintended stimulation in surrounding regions, for the medical treatment of brain disorders. Traditional methods for non-invasive brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), can stimulate brain regions, but they also simultaneously stimulate the brain and non-brain regions that lie between the target and the stimulation site of the source. Temporal interference (TI) stimulation has been suggested to selectively stimulate brain regions by superposing two alternating currents with slightly different frequencies injected through electrodes attached to the scalp. Previous studies have reported promising results for TI applied to the motor area in mice, but the mechanisms are yet to be clarified. As computational techniques can help reveal different aspects of TI, in this study, we computationally investigated TI stimulation using a multiscale model that computes the generated interference current pattern effects in a neural cortical model of a mouse head. The results indicated that the threshold increased with the carrier frequency and that the beat frequency did not influence the threshold. It was also found that the intensity ratio between the alternating currents changed the location of the responding nerve, which is in agreement with previous experiments. Moreover, particular characteristics of the envelope were investigated to predict the stimulation region intuitively. It was found that regions with high modulation depth (| maximum| − | minimum| values of the envelope) and low minimum envelope (near zero) corresponded with the activation region obtained via neural computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gomez-Tames
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Nandakumar B, Blumenthal GH, Pauzin FP, Moxon KA. Hindlimb Somatosensory Information Influences Trunk Sensory and Motor Cortices to Support Trunk Stabilization. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5165-5187. [PMID: 34165153 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration in the trunk system is poorly understood despite its importance for functional recovery after neurological injury. To address this, a series of mapping studies were performed in the rat. First, the receptive fields (RFs) of cells recorded from thoracic dorsal root ganglia were identified. Second, the RFs of cells recorded from trunk primary sensory cortex (S1) were used to assess the extent and internal organization of trunk S1. Finally, the trunk motor cortex (M1) was mapped using intracortical microstimulation to assess coactivation of trunk muscles with hindlimb and forelimb muscles, and integration with S1. Projections from trunk S1 to trunk M1 were not anatomically organized, with relatively weak sensorimotor integration between trunk S1 and M1 compared to extensive integration between hindlimb S1/M1 and trunk M1. Assessment of response latency and anatomical tracing suggest that trunk M1 is abundantly guided by hindlimb somatosensory information that is derived primarily from the thalamus. Finally, neural recordings from awake animals during unexpected postural perturbations support sensorimotor integration between hindlimb S1 and trunk M1, providing insight into the role of the trunk system in postural control that is useful when studying recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharadwaj Nandakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Gary H Blumenthal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | | | - Karen A Moxon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616 CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, Davis, 95618 CA, USA
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30
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O'Connor DH, Krubitzer L, Bensmaia S. Of mice and monkeys: Somatosensory processing in two prominent animal models. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102008. [PMID: 33587956 PMCID: PMC8096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation is based largely on studies of the whisker system of mice and rats and the hands of macaque monkeys. Results across these animal models are often interpreted as providing direct insight into human somatosensation. Work on these systems has proceeded in parallel, capitalizing on the strengths of each model, but has rarely been considered as a whole. This lack of integration promotes a piecemeal understanding of somatosensation. Here, we examine the functions and morphologies of whiskers of mice and rats, the hands of macaque monkeys, and the somatosensory neuraxes of these three species. We then discuss how somatosensory information is encoded in their respective nervous systems, highlighting similarities and differences. We reflect on the limitations of these models of human somatosensation and consider key gaps in our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Sliman Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, United States; Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, United States; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, United States.
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31
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Brown AR, Martinez M. Chronic inactivation of the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex after thoracic spinal cord hemisection impedes locomotor recovery in the rat. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113775. [PMID: 34081986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
After incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), cortical plasticity is involved in hindlimb locomotor recovery. Nevertheless, whether cortical activity is required for motor map plasticity and recovery remains unresolved. Here, we combined a unilateral thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) with a cortical inactivation protocol that uncovered a functional role of contralesional cortical activity in hindlimb recovery and ipsilesional map plasticity. In adult rats, left hindlimb paralysis was induced by sectioning half of the spinal cord at the thoracic level (hemisection) and we used a continuous infusion of muscimol (GABAA agonist, 10 mM, 0.11 µl/h) delivered via implanted osmotic pump (n = 9) to chronically inactivate the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex. Hemisected rats with saline infusion served as a SCI control group (n = 8), and intact rats with muscimol infusion served as an inactivation control group (n = 6). Locomotion was assessed in an open field, on a horizontal ladder, and on a treadmill prior to and for three weeks after hemisection. Cortical inactivation after hemisection significantly impeded hindlimb locomotor recovery in all tasks and specifically disrupted the ability of rats to generate proper flexion of the affected hindlimb during stepping compared to SCI controls, with no significant effect of inactivation in intact rats. Chronic and acute (n = 4) cortical inactivation after hemisection also significantly reduced the representation of the affected hindlimb in the ipsilesional motor cortex derived with intracortical microsimulation (ICMS). Our results provide evidence that residual activity in the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex after thoracic hemisection contributes to spontaneous locomotor recovery and map plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Brown
- Département de Neurosciences Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau au service de l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Département de Neurosciences Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau au service de l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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32
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Tsai SY, Schreiber JA, Adamczyk NS, Wu JY, Ton ST, Hofler RC, Walter JS, O'Brien TE, Kartje GL, Nockels RP. Improved Functional Outcome After Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Impaired Forelimb Post-stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:610434. [PMID: 33959086 PMCID: PMC8093517 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.610434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of blood flow to the brain, i.e., ischemic stroke, results in loss of nerve cells and therefore loss of function in the effected brain regions. There is no effective treatment to improve lost function except restoring blood flow within the first several hours. Rehabilitation strategies are widely used with limited success. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of electrical stimulation on the impaired upper extremity to improve functional recovery after stroke. We developed a rodent model using an electrode cuff implant onto a single peripheral nerve (median nerve) of the paretic forelimb and applied daily electrical stimulation. The skilled forelimb reaching test was used to evaluate functional outcome after stroke and electrical stimulation. Anterograde axonal tracing from layer V pyramidal neurons with biotinylated dextran amine was done to evaluate the formation of new neuronal connections from the contralesional cortex to the deafferented spinal cord. Rats receiving electrical stimulation on the median nerve showed significant improvement in the skilled forelimb reaching test in comparison with stroke only and stroke with sham stimulation. Rats that received electrical stimulation also exhibited significant improvement in the latency to initiate adhesive removal from the impaired forelimb, indicating better sensory recovery. Furthermore, axonal tracing analysis showed a significant higher midline fiber crossing index in the cervical spinal cord of rats receiving electrical stimulation. Our results indicate that direct peripheral nerve stimulation leads to improved sensorimotor recovery in the stroke-impaired forelimb, and may be a useful approach to improve post-stroke deficits in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Tsai
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer A Schreiber
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | | | - Joanna Y Wu
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Son T Ton
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Ryan C Hofler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - James S Walter
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Russ P Nockels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
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33
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Morrison RA, Danaphongse TT, Abe ST, Stevens ME, Ezhil V, Seyedahmadi A, Adcock KS, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. High intensity VNS disrupts VNS-mediated plasticity in motor cortex. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147332. [PMID: 33539792 PMCID: PMC7971691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with motor rehabilitation enhances recovery of function after neurological injury in rats and humans. This effect is ascribed to VNS-dependent facilitation of plasticity in motor networks. Previous studies document an inverted-U relationship between VNS intensity and cortical plasticity, such that moderate intensities increase plasticity, while low or high intensity VNS does not. We tested the interaction of moderate and high intensity VNS trains to probe the mechanisms that may underlie VNS-dependent plasticity. Rats performed a behavioral task where VNS was paired with jaw movement during chewing. For five days, subjects received 100 pairings of moderate intensity VNS (Standard VNS), 100 pairings alternating between moderate and high intensity VNS (Interleaved VNS), or 50 pairings of moderate intensity VNS (Short VNS) approximately every 8 s. After the final behavioral session, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to evaluate movement representations in motor cortex. 100 pairings of moderate intensity VNS enhanced motor cortex plasticity. Replacing half of moderate intensity stimulation with high intensity VNS blocked this enhancement of plasticity. Removing high intensity stimulation, leaving only 50 pairings of moderate intensity VNS, reinstated plasticity. These results demonstrate that there is a period for at least 8 s after high intensity stimulation in which moderate intensity VNS is not able to engage mechanisms required for synaptic reorganization. More importantly, this study demonstrates that changes in stimulation parameters are a critical determinant of the magnitude of plasticity and likely the efficacy of VNS-enhanced recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States.
| | - Tanya T Danaphongse
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie T Abe
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Madison E Stevens
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Vikram Ezhil
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Armin Seyedahmadi
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Katherine S Adcock
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, United States
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34
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Singleton AC, Brown AR, Teskey GC. Development and plasticity of complex movement representations. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:628-637. [PMID: 33471611 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00531.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian motor cortex is topographically organized into representations of discrete body parts (motor maps). Studies in adult rats using long-duration intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) reveal that forelimb motor cortex is functionally organized into several spatially distinct areas encoding complex, multijoint movement sequences: elevate, advance, grasp, and retract. The topographical arrangement of complex movements during development and the influence of skilled learning are unknown. Here, we determined the emergence and topography of complex forelimb movement representations in rats between postnatal days (PND) 13 and 60. We further investigated the expression of the maps for complex movements under conditions of reduced cortical inhibition and whether skilled forelimb motor training could alter their developing topography. We report that simple forelimb movements are first evoked at PND 25 and are confined to the caudal forelimb area (CFA), whereas complex movements first reliably appear at PND 30 and are observed in both the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (RFA). During development, the topography of complex movement representations undergoes reorganization with "grasp" and "elevate" movements predominantly observed in the RFA and all four complex movements observed in CFA. Under reduced cortical inhibition, simple and complex movements were first observed in the CFA on PND 15 and 20, respectively, and the topography is altered relative to a saline control. Further, skilled motor learning was associated with increases in "grasp" and "retract" representations specific to the trained limb. Our results demonstrate that early-life motor experience during development can modify the topography of complex forelimb movement representations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The motor cortex is topographically organized into maps of different body parts. We used to think that the function of motor cortex was to drive individual muscles, but more recently we have learned that it is also organized to make complex movements. However, the development and plasticity of those complex movements is completely unknown. In this paper, the emergence and topography of complex movement representation, as well as their plasticity during development, is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Salimi O, Zangbar HS, Shadiabad SH, Ghorbani M, Ghadiri T, Kalan AE, Kheyrkhah H, Shahabi P. Forelimb Motor Skills Deficits Following Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: Underlying Dopaminergic and Neural Oscillatory Changes in Rat Primary Motor Cortex. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211044000. [PMID: 34596443 PMCID: PMC8495518 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211044000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of spinal sensorimotor pathways following spinal cord injury (SCI) can induce retrograde neurodegeneration in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, the effect of thoracic SCI on forelimb motor skills has not been studied clearly. So, herein we aimed to examine the effects of the thoracic SCI model on forelimb motor skills learning, parallel with dopaminergic and oscillatory changes in hindlimb and forelimb areas (HLA and FLA) of M1 in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly subjected to laminectomy (Control) or contusion SCI at the thoracic (T10) level. Oscillatory activity and motor skills performance were evaluated for six consecutive days using local field potential (LFP) recording and skilled forelimb reaching task, respectively. Dopamine (DA) levels and expression of dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R) were determined in HLA and FLA by ELISA and western blotting. LFP recording results showed a sustained increase of LFP power in SCI rats compared with uninjured rats through skilled reaching training. Also, the SCI group had a lower reaching performance and learning rate in contrast to the Control group. Biochemical analysis of HLA and FLA showed a reduction in DA levels and expression of D1R and D2R after SCI. According to these findings, thoracic SCI causes aberrant changes in the oscillatory activity and dopaminergic system of M1, which are not restricted to HLA but also found in FLA accompanied by a deficit in forelimb motor skills performance.Summary statement: The reorganization of the primary motor cortex, following spinal cord injury, is not restricted to the hind limb area, and interestingly extends to the forelimb limb area, which appears as a dysfunctional change in oscillations and dopaminergic system, associated with a deficit in motor skills learning of forelimb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Salimi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Ghorbani
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hasan Kheyrkhah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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36
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Midzyanovskaya IS, Petrenko TE, Birioukova LM, Tuomisto LM. Reduced H3 histamine receptor binding densities in the upper layers of motor cortex in rats prone to audiogenic convulsive seizures. Epilepsy Res 2020; 170:106543. [PMID: 33387800 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fits of audiogenic seizures in rodents are considered as a model for generalized convulsive epilepsies in humans. The laminar distribution of the H3 histamine receptor binding densities was quantified in the motor cortex of two strains of rats with genetically determined generalized epilepsies, namely KM rats with audiogenic seizures only, and WAGRij rats with both audiogenic seizures and absence seizures. It was found that H3 histamine receptor binding densities in layer 2/3d of the primary and secondary motor cortices of the rats that experienced audiogenic seizure fits were significantly lower than in the cortices of control rats. Possible explanations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Midzyanovskaya
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation; University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Finland.
| | - T E Petrenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - L M Birioukova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation; University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Finland
| | - L M Tuomisto
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Finland
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37
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Laubach M, Amarante LM, Caetano MS, Horst NK. Reward signaling by the rodent medial frontal cortex. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 158:115-133. [PMID: 33785143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical relevance and functional significance of medial parts of the rodent frontal cortex have been intensely debated over the modern history of neuroscience. Early studies emphasized common functions among medial frontal regions in rodents and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates. Behavioral tasks emphasized memory-guided performance and persistent neural activity as a marker of working memory. Over time, it became clear that long-standing concerns about cross-species homology were justified and the view emerged that rodents are useful for understanding medial parts of the frontal cortex in primates, and not the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here, we summarize a series of studies on the rodent medial frontal cortex that began with an interest in studying working memory in the perigenual prelimbic area and ended up studying reward processing in the medial orbital region. Our experiments revealed a role for a 4-8Hz "theta" rhythm in tracking engagement in the consumption of rewarding fluids and denoting the value of a given reward. Evidence for a functional differentiation between the rostral and caudal medial frontal cortex and its relationship to other frontal cortical areas is also discussed with the hope of motivating future work on this part of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Laubach
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Linda M Amarante
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo S Caetano
- Center for Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Nicole K Horst
- Centre for Teaching and Learning and Postdoc Academy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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38
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Zhang Q, Weber MA, Narayanan NS. Medial prefrontal cortex and the temporal control of action. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 158:421-441. [PMID: 33785154 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Across species, the medial prefrontal cortex guides actions in time. This process can be studied using behavioral paradigms such as simple reaction-time and interval-timing tasks. Temporal control of action can be influenced by prefrontal neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine and is highly relevant to human diseases such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We review evidence that across species, medial prefrontal lesions impair the temporal control of action. We then consider neurophysiological correlates in humans, primates, and rodents that might encode temporal processing and relate to cognitive-control mechanisms. These data have informed brain-stimulation studies in rodents and humans that can compensate for timing deficits. This line of work illuminates basic mechanisms of temporal control of action in the medial prefrontal cortex, which underlies a range of high-level cognitive processing and could contribute to new biomarkers and therapies for human brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Matthew A Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Tsuda S, Golam M, Hou J, Nelson R, Bernavil P, Richardson K, Wang KKW, Thompson F, Bose P. Altered monoaminergic levels, spasticity, and balance disability following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147060. [PMID: 32828734 PMCID: PMC10424094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spasticity and balance disability are major complications following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although monoaminergic inputs provide critical adaptive neuromodulations to the motor system, data are not available regarding the levels of monoamines in the brain regions related to motor functions following repetitive blast TBI (bTBI). The objective of this study was to determine if mild, repetitive bTBI results in spasticity/balance deficits and if these are correlated with altered levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the brain regions related to the motor system. Repetitive bTBI was induced by a blast overpressure wave in male rats on days 1, 4, and 7. Following bTBI, physiological/behavioral tests were conducted and tissues in the central motor system (i.e., motor cortex, locus coeruleus, vestibular nuclei, and lumbar spinal cord) were collected for electrochemical detection of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that norepinephrine was significantly increased in the locus coeruleus and decreased in the vestibular nuclei, while dopamine was significantly decreased in the vestibular nuclei. On the other hand, serotonin was significantly increased in the motor cortex and the lumbar spinal cord. Because these monoamines play important roles in regulating the excitability of neurons, these results suggest that mild, repetitive bTBI-induced dysregulation of monoaminergic inputs in the central motor system could contribute to spasticity and balance disability. This is the first study to report altered levels of multiple monoamines in the central motor system following acute mild, repetitive bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Tsuda
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd m509, Gainesville, FL 32610-0254, USA
| | - Mustafa Golam
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jiamei Hou
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd m509, Gainesville, FL 32610-0254, USA
| | - Rachel Nelson
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA
| | - Phillip Bernavil
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329 SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Floyd Thompson
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Prodip Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville 32608-1197, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd m509, Gainesville, FL 32610-0254, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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40
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Ton ST, Adamczyk NS, Gerling JP, Vaagenes IC, Wu JY, Hsu K, O’Brien TE, Tsai SY, Kartje GL. Dentate Gyrus Proliferative Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury and Binge Alcohol in Adult Rats. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520968904. [PMID: 33241218 PMCID: PMC7672731 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520968904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury is a significant public health issue that results in serious disability in survivors. Traumatic brain injury patients are often intoxicated with alcohol when admitted to the hospital; however, it is not clear how acute intoxication affects recovery from a traumatic brain injury. Our group has previously shown that binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury resulted in long-term impairment in a fine sensorimotor task that was correlated with a decreased proliferative and neuroblast response from the subventricular zone. However, whether binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury affects the proliferative response in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is not yet known. METHODS Male rats underwent binge alcohol (3 g/kg/day) by gastric gavage for 3 days prior to traumatic brain injury. Cell proliferation was labeled by BrdU injections following traumatic brain injury. Stereological quantification and immunofluorescence confocal analysis of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampal dorsal dentate gyrus was performed at 24 hours, 1 week and 6 weeks post traumatic brain injury. RESULTS We found that either traumatic brain injury alone or binge alcohol alone significantly increased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours and 1 week. However, a combined binge alcohol and traumatic brain injury regimen resulted in decreased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours post-traumatic brain injury. At the 6 week time point, binge alcohol overall reduced the number of BrdU+ cells. Furthermore, more BrdU+ cells were found in the dentate hilar region of alcohol traumatic brain injury compared to vehicle traumatic brain injury groups. The location and double-labeling of these mismigrated BrdU+ cells was consistent with hilar ectopic granule cells. CONCLUSION The results from this study showed that pre-traumatic brain injury binge alcohol impacts the injury-induced proliferative response in the dentate gyrus in the short-term and may affect the distribution of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son T Ton
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Jack P Gerling
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Ian C Vaagenes
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Joanna Y Wu
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Hsu
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O’Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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41
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Primary motor cortex in Parkinson's disease: Functional changes and opportunities for neurostimulation. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105159. [PMID: 33152506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from disordered neural activity in multiple interconnected brain structures. The planning and execution of movement requires recruitment of a heterogeneous collection of pyramidal projection neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). The neural representations of movement in M1 single-cell and field potential recordings are directly and indirectly influenced by the midbrain dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in PD. This review examines M1 functional alterations in PD as uncovered by electrophysiological recordings and neurostimulation studies in patients and experimental animal models. Dysfunction of the parkinsonian M1 depends on the severity and/or duration of dopamine-depletion and the species examined, and is expressed as alterations in movement-related firing dynamics; functional reorganisation of local circuits; and changes in field potential beta oscillations. Neurostimulation methods that modulate M1 activity directly (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) or indirectly (subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation) improve motor function in PD patients, showing that targeted neuromodulation of M1 is a realistic therapy. We argue that the therapeutic profile of M1 neurostimulation is likely to be greatly enhanced with alternative technologies that permit cell-type specific control and incorporate feedback from electrophysiological biomarkers measured locally.
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Brown AR, Coughlin GM, Teskey GC. Seizures Alter Cortical Representations for Complex Movements. Neuroscience 2020; 449:134-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Moënne-Loccoz C, Astudillo-Valenzuela C, Skovgård K, Salazar-Reyes CA, Barrientos SA, García-Núñez XP, Cenci MA, Petersson P, Fuentes-Flores RA. Cortico-Striatal Oscillations Are Correlated to Motor Activity Levels in Both Physiological and Parkinsonian Conditions. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 32903888 PMCID: PMC7439091 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillatory neural activity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) loop is associated with the motor state of a subject, but also with the availability of modulatory neurotransmitters. For example, increased low-frequency oscillations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are related to decreased levels of dopamine and have been proposed as biomarkers to adapt and optimize therapeutic interventions, such as deep brain stimulation. Using neural oscillations as biomarkers require differentiating between changes in oscillatory patterns associated with parkinsonism vs. those related to a subject’s motor state. To address this point, we studied the correlation between neural oscillatory activity in the motor cortex and striatum and varying degrees of motor activity under normal and parkinsonian conditions. Using rats with bilateral or unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions as PD models, we correlated the motion index (MI)—a measure based on the physical acceleration of the head of rats—to the local field potential (LFP) oscillatory power in the 1–80 Hz range. In motor cortices and striata, we observed a robust correlation between the motion index and the oscillatory power in two main broad frequency ranges: a low-frequency range [5.0–26.5 Hz] was negatively correlated to motor activity, whereas a high-frequency range [35.0–79.9 Hz] was positively correlated. We observed these correlations in both normal and parkinsonian conditions. In addition to these general changes in broad-band power, we observed a more restricted narrow-band oscillation [25–40 Hz] in dopamine-denervated hemispheres. This oscillation, which seems to be selective to the parkinsonian state, showed a linear frequency dependence on the concurrent motor activity level. We conclude that, independently of the parkinsonian condition, changes in broad-band oscillatory activities of cortico-basal ganglia networks (including changes in the relative power of low- and high-frequency bands) are closely correlated to ongoing motions, most likely reflecting he operations of these neural circuits to control motor activity. Hence, biomarkers based on neural oscillations should focus on specific features, such as narrow frequency bands, to allow differentiation between parkinsonian states and physiological movement-dependent circuit modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Moënne-Loccoz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Astudillo-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katrine Skovgård
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carolina A Salazar-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Magíster en Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian A Barrientos
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ximena P García-Núñez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, The Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rómulo A Fuentes-Flores
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Control Motor y Neuromodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Veuthey TL, Derosier K, Kondapavulur S, Ganguly K. Single-trial cross-area neural population dynamics during long-term skill learning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4057. [PMID: 32792523 PMCID: PMC7426952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cortex has both local and cross-area connections, suggesting vital roles for both local and cross-area neural population dynamics in cortically-dependent tasks, like movement learning. Prior studies of movement learning have focused on how single-area population dynamics change during short-term adaptation. It is unclear how cross-area dynamics contribute to movement learning, particularly long-term learning and skill acquisition. Using simultaneous recordings of rodent motor (M1) and premotor (M2) cortex and computational methods, we show how cross-area activity patterns evolve during reach-to-grasp learning in rats. The emergence of reach-related modulation in cross-area activity correlates with skill acquisition, and single-trial modulation in cross-area activity predicts reaction time and reach duration. Local M2 neural activity precedes local M1 activity, supporting top-down hierarchy between the regions. M2 inactivation preferentially affects cross-area dynamics and behavior, with minimal disruption of local M1 dynamics. Together, these results indicate that cross-area population dynamics are necessary for learned motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Veuthey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Derosier
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Kondapavulur
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Ganguly
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Halley AC, Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Englund M, Krubitzer L. Distributed Motor Control of Limb Movements in Rat Motor and Somatosensory Cortex: The Sensorimotor Amalgam Revisited. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6296-6312. [PMID: 32691053 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Which areas of the neocortex are involved in the control of movement, and how is motor cortex organized across species? Recent studies using long-train intracortical microstimulation demonstrate that in addition to M1, movements can be elicited from somatosensory regions in multiple species. In the rat, M1 hindlimb and forelimb movement representations have long been thought to overlap with somatosensory representations of the hindlimb and forelimb in S1, forming a partial sensorimotor amalgam. Here we use long-train intracortical microstimulation to characterize the movements elicited across frontal and parietal cortex. We found that movements of the hindlimb, forelimb, and face can be elicited from both M1 and histologically defined S1 and that representations of limb movement types are different in these two areas. Stimulation of S1 generates retraction of the contralateral forelimb, while stimulation of M1 evokes forelimb elevation movements that are often bilateral, including a rostral region of digit grasping. Hindlimb movement representations include distinct regions of hip flexion and hindlimb retraction evoked from S1 and hip extension evoked from M1. Our data indicate that both S1 and M1 are involved in the generation of movement types exhibited during natural behavior. We draw on these results to reconsider how sensorimotor cortex evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nieuwenhuis B, Haenzi B, Hilton S, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Hobo B, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW. Optimization of adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transduction of the corticospinal tract: comparison of four promoters. Gene Ther 2020; 28:56-74. [PMID: 32576975 PMCID: PMC7902269 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vectors are widely used as vehicles for gene transfer to the nervous system. The promoter and viral vector serotype are two key factors that determine the expression dynamics of the transgene. A previous comparative study has demonstrated that AAV1 displays efficient transduction of layer V corticospinal neurons, but the optimal promoter for transgene expression in corticospinal neurons has not been determined yet. In this paper, we report a side-by-side comparison between four commonly used promoters: the short CMV early enhancer/chicken β actin (sCAG), human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), mouse phosphoglycerate kinase (mPGK) and human synapsin (hSYN) promoter. Reporter constructs with each of these promoters were packaged in AAV1, and were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of rats and mice in order to transduce the corticospinal tract. Transgene expression levels and the cellular transduction profile were examined after 6 weeks. The AAV1 vectors harbouring the hCMV and sCAG promoters resulted in transgene expression in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The mPGK and hSYN promoters directed the strongest transgene expression. The mPGK promoter did drive expression in cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes, while transduction with AAV harbouring the hSYN promoter resulted in neuron-specific expression, including perineuronal net expressing interneurons and layer V corticospinal neurons. This promoter comparison study contributes to improve transgene delivery into the brain and spinal cord. The optimized transduction of the corticospinal tract will be beneficial for spinal cord injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK. .,Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Sam Hilton
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Barbara Hobo
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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McCann MM, Fisher KM, Ahloy-Dallaire J, Darian-Smith C. Somatosensory corticospinal tract axons sprout within the cervical cord following a dorsal root/dorsal column spinal injury in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1293-1306. [PMID: 31769033 PMCID: PMC7102935 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) is the major descending pathway controlling voluntary hand function in primates, and though less dominant, it mediates voluntary paw movements in rats. As with primates, the CST in rats originates from multiple (albeit fewer) cortical sites, and functionally different motor and somatosensory subcomponents terminate in different regions of the spinal gray matter. We recently reported in monkeys that following a combined cervical dorsal root/dorsal column lesion (DRL/DCL), both motor and S1 CSTs sprout well beyond their normal terminal range. The S1 CST sprouting response is particularly dramatic, indicating an important, if poorly understood, somatosensory role in the recovery process. As rats are used extensively to model spinal cord injury, we asked if the S1 CST response is conserved in rodents. Rats were divided into sham controls, and two groups surviving post-lesion for ~6 and 10 weeks. A DRL/DCL was made to partially deafferent one paw. Behavioral testing showed a post-lesion deficit and recovery over several weeks. Three weeks prior to ending the experiment, S1 cortex was mapped electrophysiologically, for tracer injection placement to determine S1 CST termination patterns within the cord. Synaptogenesis was also assessed for labeled S1 CST terminals within the dorsal horn. Our findings show that the affected S1 CST sprouts well beyond its normal range in response to a DRL/DCL, much as it does in macaque monkeys. This, along with evidence for increased synaptogenesis post-lesion, indicates that CST terminal sprouting following a central sensory lesion, is a robust and conserved response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. McCann
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA94305-5342
- Margaret M. McCann, Creighton University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2500 California Plaza, Criss II, Omaha NE 68178
| | - Karen M. Fisher
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA94305-5342
| | - Jamie Ahloy-Dallaire
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA94305-5342
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Corinna Darian-Smith
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA94305-5342
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Morrison RA, Danaphongse TT, Pruitt DT, Adcock KS, Mathew JK, Abe ST, Abdulla DM, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP, Hays SA. A limited range of vagus nerve stimulation intensities produce motor cortex reorganization when delivered during training. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112705. [PMID: 32473844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pairing vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) with rehabilitation has emerged as a potential strategy to improve recovery after neurological injury, an effect ascribed to VNS-dependent enhancement of synaptic plasticity. Previous studies demonstrate that pairing VNS with forelimb training increases forelimb movement representations in motor cortex. However, it is not known whether VNS-dependent enhancement of plasticity is restricted to forelimb training or whether VNS paired with other movements could induce plasticity of other motor representations. We tested the hypothesis that VNS paired with orofacial movements associated with chewing during an unskilled task would drive a specific increase in jaw representation in motor cortex compared to equivalent behavioral experience without VNS. Rats performed a behavioral task in which VNS at a specified intensity between 0 and 1.2 mA was paired with chewing 200 times per day for five days. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was then used to document movement representations in motor cortex. VNS paired with chewing at 0.8 mA significantly increased motor cortex jaw representation compared to equivalent behavioral training without stimulation (Bonferroni-corrected unpaired t-test, p < 0.01). Higher and lower intensities failed to alter cortical plasticity. No changes in other movement representations or total motor cortex area were observed between groups. These results demonstrate that 0.8 mA VNS paired with training drives robust plasticity specific to the paired movement, is not restricted to forelimb representations, and occurs with training on an unskilled task. This suggests that moderate intensity VNS may be a useful adjuvant to enhance plasticity and support benefits of rehabilitative therapies targeting functions beyond upper limb movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States.
| | - Tanya T Danaphongse
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - David T Pruitt
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Katherine S Adcock
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Jobin K Mathew
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie T Abe
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Dina M Abdulla
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, Richardson, TX, United States
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Touvykine B, Elgbeili G, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interhemispheric modulations of motor outputs by the rostral and caudal forelimb areas in rats. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1355-1368. [PMID: 32130080 PMCID: PMC7191520 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00591.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements are evoked from two cortical regions, the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA, respectively). These areas are densely interconnected and RFA induces complex and powerful modulations of CFA outputs. CFA and RFA also have interhemispheric connections, and these areas from both hemispheres send projections to common targets along the motor axis, providing multiple potential sites of interactions for movement production. Our objective was to characterize how CFA and RFA in one hemisphere can modulate motor outputs of the opposite hemisphere. To do so, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS), while recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of forelimb muscles in sedated rats. A subthreshold conditioning stimulation was applied in either CFA or RFA in one hemisphere simultaneously or before a suprathreshold test stimulation in either CFA or RFA in the opposite hemisphere. Both CFA and RFA tended to facilitate motor outputs with short (0–2.5 ms) or long (20–35 ms) delays between the conditioning and test stimuli. In contrast, they tended to inhibit motor outputs with intermediate delays, in particular 10 ms. When comparing the two areas, we found that facilitatory effects from RFA were more frequent and powerful than the ones from CFA. In contrast, inhibitory effects from CFA on its homolog were more frequent and powerful than the ones from RFA. Our results demonstrate that interhemispheric modulations from CFA and RFA share some similarities but also have clear differences that could sustain specific functions these cortical areas carry for the generation of forelimb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA) have distinct effects on motor outputs from the opposite hemisphere, supporting that they are distinct nodes in the motor network of rats. However, the pattern of interhemispheric modulations from RFA has no clear equivalent among premotor areas in nonhuman primates, suggesting they contribute differently to the generation of ipsilateral hand movements. Understanding these interspecies differences is important given the common use of rodent models in motor control and recovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Institute Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Morishita S, Hokamura K, Yoshikawa A, Agata N, Tsutsui Y, Umemura K, Kumada T. Different exercises can modulate the differentiation/maturation of neural stem/progenitor cells after photochemically induced focal cerebral infarction. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01535. [PMID: 31989796 PMCID: PMC7066356 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise therapies during rehabilitation significantly promote recovery from various deficits after cerebral infarction, which is mediated by neuronal plasticity with distinct inputs. Although adult neurogenesis can also be modulated by neuronal activity before synaptogenesis, how distinct exercises contribute to the neurological reorganization of the injured cerebral cortex remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of different exercise therapies on motor recovery and neuronal reorganization after photochemically induced focal cerebral infarction. METHODS Here, we examined the effects of three different exercises-(a) forced lower-intensity and (b) higher-intensity treadmill exercises, and (c) voluntary exercise with wheel running-on motor recovery and adult neurogenesis in a rat model of focal cerebral infarction. Photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) was used to generate focal infarction in rats that was mostly confined to their motor cortices. RESULTS Beam walking tests showed that recovery after PIT-induced cortical infarction differed in acute and chronic stages and was influenced by the type of exercise. Furthermore, forced low-intensity training had more positive effects on functional recovery than other exercises or control. To evaluate the production of newly generated cells including de novo neurogenesis, we performed lineage analysis with BrdU labeling and immunofluorescence experiments. Lower-intensity treadmill exercise increased the number of BrdU/NeuN colabeled cells, but not total BrdU-retaining or BrdU/Sox2-colabeled cells, in the peri-infarct region of the ipsilateral cortex. In contrast, high-intensity treadmill or voluntary exercises had the opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neuronal maturation can be differently modulated by distinct exercises and that low-intensity treadmill exercise could result in more potent generation of mature neurons. This also suggests the possibility that the generation of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiation might be modulated by rehabilitation-mediated neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saho Morishita
- Department of Health and Nutritional SciencesFaculty of Health Promotional SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Department of PharmacologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - Kazuya Hokamura
- Department of PharmacologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of PhysiologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuhide Agata
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsutsui
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of PharmacologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - Tatsuro Kumada
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
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