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Goldberg Y, Segal S, Hamdi L, Nabat H, Fainstein N, Mediouni E, Asis Y, Theotokis P, Salamotas I, Grigoriadis N, Katz A, Ben-Hur T, Einstein O. High-intensity interval training attenuates development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis solely by systemic immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16513. [PMID: 37783693 PMCID: PMC10545672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the central nervous system (CNS) in autoimmune neuroinflammation is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the direct effects of HIIT on the CNS and development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Healthy mice were subjected to HIIT by treadmill running and the proteolipid protein (PLP) transfer EAE model was utilized. To examine neuroprotection, PLP-reactive lymph-node cells (LNCs) were transferred to HIIT and sedentary (SED) mice. To examine immunomodulation, PLP-reactive LNCs from HIIT and SED donor mice were transferred to naïve recipients and analyzed in vitro. HIIT in recipient mice did not affect the development of EAE following exposure to PLP-reactive LNCs. HIIT mice exhibited enhanced migration of systemic autoimmune cells into the CNS and increased demyelination. In contrast, EAE severity in recipient mice injected with PLP-reactive LNCs from HIIT donor mice was significantly diminished. The latter positive effect was associated with decreased migration of autoimmune cells into the CNS and inhibition of very late antigen (VLA)-4 expression in LNCs. Thus, the beneficial effect of HIIT on EAE development is attributed solely to systemic immunomodulatory effects, likely because of systemic inhibition of autoreactive cell migration and reduced VLA-4 integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Goldberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shir Segal
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Liel Hamdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Hanan Nabat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Mediouni
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yarden Asis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Salamotas
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
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2
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Hamdi L, Nabat H, Goldberg Y, Fainstein N, Segal S, Mediouni E, Asis Y, Touloumi O, Grigoriadis N, Katz A, Ben-Hur T, Einstein O. Exercise training alters autoimmune cell invasion into the brain in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1792-1806. [PMID: 36217574 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which exercise training (ET) elicits beneficial effects on the systemic immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) in autoimmune neuroinflammation are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate (1) the systemic effects of high-intensity continuous training (HICT) on the migratory potential of autoimmune cells; (2) the direct effects of HICT on blood-brain-barrier (BBB) properties. METHODS Healthy mice were subjected to high-intensity continuous training (HICT) by treadmill running. The proteolipid protein (PLP) transfer EAE model was utilized to examine the immunomodulatory effects of training, where PLP-reactive lymph-node cells (LNCs) from HICT and sedentary donor mice were analyzed in vitro and transferred to naïve recipients that developed EAE. To examine neuroprotection, encephalitogenic LNCs from donor mice were transferred into HICT or sedentary recipient mice and the BBB was analyzed. RESULTS Transfer of PLP-reactive LNCs obtained from HICT donor mice attenuated EAE severity and inflammation in recipient mice. HICT markedly inhibited very late antigen (VLA)-4 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 expression in LNCs. Transfer of encephalitogenic LNCs into HICT recipients resulted in milder EAE and attenuated CNS inflammation. HICT reduced BBB permeability and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in CNS blood vessels. INTERPRETATION HICT attenuates EAE development by both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. The reduction in destructive CNS inflammation in EAE is attributed to systemic inhibition of autoreactive cell migratory potential, as well as reduction in BBB permeability, which are associated with reduced VLA-4/VCAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liel Hamdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Hanan Nabat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yehuda Goldberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shir Segal
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Efrat Mediouni
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yarden Asis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Olga Touloumi
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Mitroulis I, Alexaki VI, Kourtzelis I, Ziogas A, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Leukocyte integrins: role in leukocyte recruitment and as therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:123-135. [PMID: 25448040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection or sterile inflammation triggers site-specific attraction of leukocytes. Leukocyte recruitment is a process comprising several steps orchestrated by adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and endogenous regulatory molecules. Distinct adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes and signaling mechanisms contribute to the temporal and spatial fine-tuning of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Central players in the leukocyte adhesion cascade include the leukocyte adhesion receptors of the β2-integrin family, such as the αLβ2 and αMβ2 integrins, or of the β1-integrin family, such as the α4β1-integrin. Given the central involvement of leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, the leukocyte adhesion cascade in general, and leukocyte integrins in particular, represent key therapeutic targets. In this context, the present review focuses on the role of leukocyte integrins in the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Experimental evidence that has implicated leukocyte integrins as targets in animal models of inflammatory disorders, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bone loss and inflammatory bowel disease as well as preclinical and clinical therapeutic applications of antibodies that target leukocyte integrins in various inflammatory disorders are presented. Finally, we review recent findings on endogenous inhibitors that modify leukocyte integrin function, which could emerge as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia I Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Athanassios Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Blezer ELA, Deddens LH, Kooij G, Drexhage J, van der Pol SMA, Reijerkerk A, Dijkhuizen RM, de Vries HE. In vivoMR imaging of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:111-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin L. A. Blezer
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lisette H. Deddens
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost Drexhage
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M. A. van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arie Reijerkerk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Criste G, Trapp B, Dutta R. Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: causes and mechanisms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:101-13. [PMID: 24507515 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the leading cause of non-traumatic neurologic disability in young adults in the United States and Europe. The disease course is variable and starts with reversible episodes of neurologic disability which transforms into continuous and irreversible neurologic decline. It is well established that loss of axons and neurons is the major cause of the progressive neurologic decline that most MS patients endure. Current hypotheses support primary inflammatory demyelination as the underlying cause of axonal loss during earlier stages in MS. The transition to progressive disease course is thought to occur when a threshold of neuronal and axonal loss is reached and the compensatory capacity of the central nervous system is surpassed. Available immunomodulatory therapies are of little benefit to MS after entering this irreversible phase of the disease. Elucidation of mechanisms that are responsible for axonal loss is therefore essential for the development of therapies directed to stop neurologic decline in MS patients. The current chapter reviews existing data on mechanisms of axonal pathology in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Criste
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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6
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Doerck S, Göbel K, Weise G, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Reinhardt M, Hauff P, Schwab N, Linker R, Mäurer M, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. Temporal pattern of ICAM-I mediated regulatory T cell recruitment to sites of inflammation in adoptive transfer model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15478. [PMID: 21085578 PMCID: PMC2981557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of immune cells to the target organ plays a key role in autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact underlying mechanisms of this active process during autoimmune lesion pathogenesis remain elusive. To test if pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells migrate via a similar molecular mechanism, we analyzed the expression of different adhesion molecules, as well as the composition of infiltrating T cells in an in vivo model of MS, adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. We found that the upregulation of ICAM-I and VCAM-I parallels the development of clinical disease onset, but persists on elevated levels also in the phase of clinical remission. However, the composition of infiltrating T cells found in the developing versus resolving lesion phase changed over time, containing increased numbers of regulatory T cells (FoxP3) only in the phase of clinical remission. In order to test the relevance of the expression of cell adhesion molecules, animals were treated with purified antibodies to ICAM-I and VCAM-I either in the phase of active disease or in early remission. Treatment with a blocking ICAM-I antibody in the phase of disease progression led to a milder disease course. However, administration during early clinical remission aggravates clinical symptoms. Treatment with anti-VCAM-I at different timepoints had no significant effect on the disease course. In summary, our results indicate that adhesion molecules are not only important for capture and migration of pro-inflammatory T cells into the central nervous system, but also permit access of anti-inflammatory cells, such as regulatory T cells. Therefore it is likely to assume that intervention at the blood brain barrier is time dependent and could result in different therapeutic outcomes depending on the phase of CNS lesion development.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Doerck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gesa Weise
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hauff
- Research Laboratories, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ralf Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Caritas Hospital Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I – Neuropathophysiology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pirko I, Johnson AJ. Neuroimaging of demyelination and remyelination models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 318:241-66. [PMID: 18219821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73677-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Small-animal magnetic resonance imaging is becoming an increasingly utilized noninvasive tool in the study of animal models of MS including the most commonly used autoimmune, viral, and toxic models. Because most MS models are induced in rodents with brains and spinal cords of a smaller magnitude than humans, small-animal MRI must accomplish much higher resolution acquisition in order to generate useful data. In this review, we discuss key aspects and important differences between high field strength experimental and human MRI. We describe the role of conventional imaging sequences including T1, T2, and proton density-weighted imaging, and we discuss the studies aimed at analyzing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and acute inflammation utilizing gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Advanced MRI methods, including diffusion-weighted and magnetization transfer imaging in monitoring demyelination, axonal damage, and remyelination, and studies utilizing in vivo T1 and T2 relaxometry, provide insight into the pathology of demyelinating diseases at previously unprecedented details. The technical challenges of small voxel in vivo MR spectroscopy and the biologically relevant information obtained by analysis of MR spectra in demyelinating models is also discussed. Novel cell-specific and molecular imaging techniques are becoming more readily available in the study of experimental MS models. As a growing number of tissue restorative and remyelinating strategies emerge in the coming years, noninvasive monitoring of remyelination will be an important challenge in small-animal imaging. High field strength small-animal experimental MRI will continue to evolve and interact with the development of new human MR imaging and experimental NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Waddell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson St, Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA.
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Bullard DC, Hu X, Schoeb TR, Collins RG, Beaudet AL, Barnum SR. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression is required on multiple cell types for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:851-7. [PMID: 17202346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many members of the Ig superfamily of adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Although it is well-established that VCAM-1/VLA-4 interactions can play important roles in mediating CNS inflammatory events in multiple sclerosis patients and during the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the contributions of ICAM-1 are poorly understood. This is due in large part to conflicting results from Ab inhibition studies and the observation of exacerbated EAE in ICAM-1 mutant mice that express a restricted set of ICAM-1 isoforms. To determine ICAM-1-mediated mechanisms in EAE, we analyzed ICAM-1 null mutant mice (ICAM-1(null)), which express no ICAM-1 isoforms. ICAM-1(null) mice had significantly attenuated EAE characterized by markedly reduced spinal cord T cell infiltration and IFN-gamma production by these cells. Adoptive transfer of Ag-restimulated T cells from wild-type to ICAM-1(null) mice or transfer of ICAM-1(null) Ag-restimulated T cells to control mice failed to induce EAE. ICAM-1(null) T cells also showed reduced proliferative capacity and substantially reduced levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 compared with that of control T cells following myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 restimulation in vitro. Our results indicate that ICAM-1 expression is critical on T cells and other cell types for the development of demyelinating disease and suggest that expression of VCAM-1 and other adhesion molecules cannot fully compensate for the loss of ICAM-1 during EAE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Bullard
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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9
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Padden M, Leech S, Craig B, Kirk J, Brankin B, McQuaid S. Differences in expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A and beta-catenin in multiple sclerosis brain tissue: increasing evidence for the role of tight junction pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:177-86. [PMID: 17024496 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have employed antibodies to the tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins ZO-1 and occludin to describe endothelial tight junction abnormalities, in lesional and normal appearing white matter, in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). This work is extended here by use of antibodies to the independent TJ-specific proteins and junctional adhesion molecule A & B (JAM-A, JAM-B). We have also assessed the expression in MS of beta-catenin, a protein specific to the TJ-associated adherens junction. Immunocytochemistry and semiquantitative confocal microscopy for JAM-A and beta-catenin was performed on snap-frozen sections from MS cases (n=11) and controls (n=6). Data on 1,443 blood vessels was acquired from active lesions (n=13), inactive lesions (n=13), NAWM (n=20) and control white matter (n=13). In MS abnormal JAM-A expression was found in active (46%) and inactive lesions (21%), comparable to previous data using ZO-1. However, a lower level of TJ abnormality was found in MS NAWM using JAM-A (3%) compared to ZO-1 (13%). JAM-B was strongly expressed on a small number of large blood vessels in control and MS tissues but at too low a level for quantitative analysis. By comparison with the high levels of abnormality observed with the TJ proteins, the adherens junction protein beta-catenin was normally expressed in all MS and control tissue categories. These results confirm, by use of the independent marker JAM-A, that TJ abnormalities are most frequent in active white matter lesions. Altered expression of JAM-A, in addition to affecting junctional tightness may also both reflect and affect leukocyte trafficking, with implications for immune status within the diseased CNS. Conversely, the adherens junction component of the TJ, as indicated by beta-catenin expression is normally expressed in all MS and control tissue categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Padden
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Turowski P, Adamson P, Greenwood J. Pharmacological Targeting of ICAM-1 Signaling in Brain Endothelial Cells: Potential for Treating Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:153-70. [PMID: 15962512 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-004-1380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) The vasculature of the blood-brain barrier allows only comparatively few leukocytes to enter and survey the healthy central nervous system (CNS). However, during pathological CNS inflammation, the number of leukocytes adhering to and penetrating the CNS vasculature increases strongly. (2) Endothelial adhesion molecules do not only mediate firm adhesion of leukocyte to vascular beds but also trigger signaling cascades within the endothelial cell, which play a crucial role in modulating subsequent leukocyte diapedesis. (3) Signaling through endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) has been shown to induce changes of the endothelial cytoskeleton, transcription, and interendothelial junctions, all of which may be important in modulating endothelial disposition to infiltrating leukocytes. Furthermore, a number of recent reports document that drugs interfering with endothelial ICAM-1 signaling, efficiently reduce leukocyte migration both in vitro and in animal models of CNS inflammation. (4) These approaches are novel in as much as they target vascular beds rather than the penetrating leukocytes. Since endothelial ICAM-1 signaling appears to differ between different vascular beds we propose that such compounds could potentially be used as exquisite drugs in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Turowski
- Division of Cell Therapy, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London ECIV 9EL, UK.
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11
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Elhofy A, Wang J, Tani M, Fife BT, Kennedy KJ, Bennett J, Huang D, Ransohoff RM, Karpus WJ. Transgenic expression of CCL2 in the central nervous system prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:229-37. [PMID: 15539456 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, a member of the CC chemokine family, is a chemoattractant for monocytes and T cells through interaction with its receptor CCR2. In the present study, we examined a T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-dependent disease, proteolipid protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, in a transgenic mouse line that constitutively expressed low levels of CCL2 in the central nervous system (CNS) under control of the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. CCL2 transgenic mice developed significantly milder clinical disease than littermate controls. As determined by flow cytometry, mononuclear cell infiltrates in the CNS tissues of CCL2 transgenic and littermate-control mice contained equal numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the CCL2 transgenic mice showed an enhanced number of CNS-infiltrating monocytes. CNS antigen-specific T cells from CCL2 transgenic mice produced markedly less interferon-gamma. Overexpression of CCL2 in the CNS resulted in decreased interleukin-12 receptor expression by antigen-specific T cells. Collectively, these results indicate that sustained, tissue-specific expression of CCL2 in vivo down-regulates the Th1 autoimmune response, culminating in milder clinical disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elhofy
- Department of Pathology, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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12
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Floris S, Blezer ELA, Schreibelt G, Döpp E, van der Pol SMA, Schadee-Eestermans IL, Nicolay K, Dijkstra CD, de Vries HE. Blood-brain barrier permeability and monocyte infiltration in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a quantitative MRI study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 127:616-27. [PMID: 14691063 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced cerebrovascular permeability and cellular infiltration mark the onset of early multiple sclerosis lesions. So far, the precise sequence of these events and their role in lesion formation and disease progression remain unknown. Here we provide quantitative evidence that blood-brain barrier leakage is an early event and precedes massive cellular infiltration in the development of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal correlate of multiple sclerosis. Cerebrovascular leakage and monocytes infiltrates were separately monitored by quantitative in vivo MRI during the course of the disease. Magnetic resonance enhancement of the contrast agent gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Gd-DTPA), reflecting vascular leakage, occurred concomitantly with the onset of neurological signs and was already at a maximal level at this stage of the disease. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the presence of the serum-derived proteins such as fibrinogen around the brain vessels early in the disease, whereas no cellular infiltrates could be detected. MRI further demonstrated that Gd-DTPA leakage clearly preceded monocyte infiltration as imaged by the contrast agent based on ultra small particles of iron oxide (USPIO), which was maximal only during full-blown EAE. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation revealed that USPIOs were present in newly infiltrated macrophages within the inflammatory lesions. To validate the use of USPIOs as a non-invasive tool to evaluate therapeutic strategies, EAE animals were treated with the immunomodulator 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, which ameliorated clinical scores. MRI showed that the USPIO load in the brain was significantly diminished in lovastatin-treated animals. Data indicate that cerebrovascular leakage and monocytic trafficking into the brain are two distinct processes in the development of inflammatory lesions during multiple sclerosis, which can be monitored on-line with MRI using USPIOs and Gd-DTPA as contrast agents. These studies also implicate that USPIOs are a valuable tool to visualize monocyte infiltration in vivo and quantitatively assess the efficacy of new therapeutics like lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Floris
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center FdG, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 Mbyte Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Avolio C, Giuliani F, Liuzzi GM, Ruggieri M, Paolicelli D, Riccio P, Livrea P, Trojano M. Adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in Multiple Sclerosis: effects induced by Interferon-beta. Brain Res Bull 2003; 61:357-64. [PMID: 12909305 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathology, early inflammation involves leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the central nervous system. In this process, adhesion molecules (AMs), both membrane-bound and soluble-circulating forms, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) certainly play a regulatory role. In MS, recombinant Interferon-beta (rIFNbeta) is effective in reducing gadolinium contrast-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and this suggests that it may reduce BBB damage or even restore its integrity by different mechanisms that include interference with both AM and MMP pathways. This review will highlight the effects induced by rIFNbeta, both in vitro and in vivo, on cell-bound and soluble forms of AMs and on MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Avolio
- Neurology Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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14
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Karpus WJ, Fife BT, Kennedy KJ. Immunoneutralization of chemokines for the prevention and treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease. Methods 2003; 29:362-8. [PMID: 12725803 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-2023(02)00360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-induced lymphocyte migration has long been hypothesized to regulate the appearance and continued presence of lymphocytes and monocytes in tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, including central nervous system autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. For instance, a large body of evidence points to the temporal association of chemokine expression with the appearance of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, experiments using mice with targeted mutations for chemokines have shown the importance of those molecules in the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease. We have hypothesized that temporal and spatial expression of chemokines is a key factor in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. To test our hypothesis we have employed the strategy of eliminating chemokine function by the passive transfer of chemokine-specific polyclonal antibodies. This approach has allowed us not only to test the function of chemokines in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development, but also to ask questions about the roles of chemokines during disease progression. Moreover, this approach has allowed us to assess the efficacy of targeting chemokines and their receptors for treatment of ongoing disease. In the present report we summarize our experience using anti-chemokine administration for the prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as provide specific examples of how this approach is efficacious for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Karpus
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, W127, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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15
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Feinstein DL, Heneka MT, Gavrilyuk V, Dello Russo C, Weinberg G, Galea E. Noradrenergic regulation of inflammatory gene expression in brain. Neurochem Int 2002; 41:357-65. [PMID: 12176079 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is now well accepted that inflammatory events contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and AID's dementia. Whereas inflammation in the periphery is subject to rapid down regulation by increases in anti-inflammatory molecules and the presence of scavenging soluble cytokine receptors, the presence of an intact blood-brain barrier may limit a similar autoregulation from occurring in brain. Mechanisms intrinsic to the brain may provide additional immunomodulatory functions, and whose dysregulation could contribute to increased inflammation in disease. The findings that noradrenaline (NA) reduces cytokine expression in microglial, astroglial, and brain endothelial cells in vitro, and that modification of the noradrenergic signaling system occurs in some brain diseases having an inflammatory component, suggests that NA could act as an endogenous immunomodulator in brain. Furthermore, accumulating studies indicate that modification of the noradrenergic signaling system occurs in some neurodiseases. In this article, we will briefly review the evidence that NA can modulate inflammatory gene expression in vitro, summarize data supporting a similar immunomodulatory role in brain, and present recent data implicating a role for NA in attenuating the cortical inflammatory response to beta amyloid protein.
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16
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Elhofy A, Kennedy KJ, Fife BT, Karpus WJ. Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by chemokines and chemokine receptors. Immunol Res 2002; 25:167-75. [PMID: 11999170 DOI: 10.1385/ir:25:2:167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Insights into the pathogenesis of this model may help scientists understand the human disease and aid in rational drug discovery. In this review we summarize the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in disease pathogenesis and suggest a pathway of events that leads to demyelination and subsequent clinical disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elhofy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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17
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Peterson JW, Bö L, Mörk S, Chang A, Ransohoff RM, Trapp BD. VCAM-1-positive microglia target oligodendrocytes at the border of multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:539-46. [PMID: 12071637 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.6.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and lineage of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-positive cells was investigated in 43 lesions from the brain tissue of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Numerous VCAM-1-positive macrophages/microglia were detected at the edges of MS lesions. Quantitative analysis of 6 active, 7 chronic active, and 4 chronic inactive MS lesions identified most VCAM-1-positive cells at the actively demyelinating borders of active (102/mm3) and chronic active (29/mm3) lesions, but rarely in chronic inactive lesions (4/mm3). Further, approximately 17% of the VCAM-1-positive cells closely apposed or surrounded oligodendrocyte perikarya at the edges of active and chronic active lesions that were sites of ongoing demyelination. Endothelial cells were VCAM-1-negative in both lesion and non-lesion MS brain tissue. This report is the first to document direct microglial interaction with oligodendrocytes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Peterson
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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18
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Fife BT, Paniagua MC, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Karpus WJ. Selective CC chemokine receptor expression by central nervous system-infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66:705-14. [PMID: 11746391 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) T cell disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, demyelination, and paralysis. Recent studies describing the relationship of chemokine expression with development of clinical disease have led to the hypothesis that distinct chemokine receptors corresponding to specific ligands are expressed by CNS-infiltrating antigen-specific encephalitogenic T cells as well as host-derived bystander T cells and monocytes. In an effort to study encephalitogenic T cell chemokine receptor expression, we examined CC chemokine receptor expression from resting, activated, and CNS-isolated CD4(+) T cells. CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, and CCR8 mRNA is expressed by normal CD4(+) T cells. In vitro activated T cells expressed CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, and CCR8 mRNA as well as CCR4. After EAE induction, CCR1 mRNA was expressed by donor-derived encephalitogenic and host-derived CD4(+) T cells isolated only from CNS and not from spleen. In vivo neutralization of the CCR1 ligand, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (CCL3), resulted in less encephalitogenic CD4(+) T cell CNS infiltration. These results demonstrate the importance of CC chemokine receptor expression by CD4(+) encephalitogenic T cells for CNS infiltration and subsequent disease development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Recurrence
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- Thy-1 Antigens/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Fife
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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19
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Fife BT, Kennedy KJ, Paniagua MC, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Luster AD, Karpus WJ. CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10) control of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cell accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7617-24. [PMID: 11390519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) Th1-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. A critical event in the pathogenesis of EAE is the entry of both Ag-specific and Ag-nonspecific T lymphocytes into the CNS. In the present report, we investigated the role of the CXC chemokine CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10) in the pathogenesis of EAE. Production of CXCL10 in the CNS correlated with the development of clinical disease. Administration of anti-CXCL10 decreased clinical and histological disease incidence, severity, as well as infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS. Anti-CXCL10 specifically decreased the accumulation of encephalitogenic PLP(139-151) Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in the CNS compared with control-treated animals. Anti-CXCL10 administration did not affect the activation of encephalitogenic T cells as measured by Ag-specific proliferation and the ability to adoptively transfer EAE. These results demonstrate an important role for the CXC chemokine CXCL10 in the recruitment and accumulation of inflammatory mononuclear cells during the pathogenesis of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Memory
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Fife
- Department of Pathology, Immunobiology Center, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, and Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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20
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Vougioukas VI, Siebert H, Heinecke K, Brück W. Effects of the immunomodulator linomide on macrophage migration and myelin phagocytic activity in peripheral nerve trauma: an experimental study. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:555-62. [PMID: 11393258 DOI: 10.1089/089771501300227350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve transection leads to the phagocytosis of degenerated myelin and axon components by macrophages. These phagocytes are recruited from the systemic circulation and Wallerian degeneration may therefore be used as a model for myelin removal by hematogenous macrophages, a feature that is also a hallmark of demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. The immunomodulator linomide has been shown to be effective in the treatment of experimental demyelinating diseases although the exact mode of its action is not yet defined. The present study investigated the effect of linomide on monocyte invasion and myelin phagocytosis after sciatic nerve transection. Linomide had a dual effect in Wallerian degeneration. Monocyte migration from the circulation to the damaged nervous system was significantly reduced. Additionally, the myelin phagocytic capacity of macrophages was impaired, finally resulting in a significant delay in the removal of myelin. The present experiments may provide an explanation for the effects of linomide during the course of demyelinating diseases of the nervous system.
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21
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Fife BT, Huffnagle GB, Kuziel WA, Karpus WJ. CC chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2000; 192:899-905. [PMID: 10993920 PMCID: PMC2193286 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) T lymphocyte-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, demyelination, and paralysis. We previously demonstrated a role for chemokines in acute and relapsing EAE pathogenesis. Presently, we investigated the role of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in acute EAE. CCR2(-/-) mice did not develop clinical EAE or CNS histopathology, and showed a significant reduction in T cell- and CNS-infiltrating CD45(high)F4/80(+) monocyte subpopulations. Peripheral lymphocytes from CCR2(-/-) mice produced comparable levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-2 in response to antigen-specific restimulation when compared with control mice. Adoptively transferred myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-specific T cells lacking expression of CCR2 were able to induce EAE, whereas CCR2(-/-) recipients of wild-type T cells failed to develop disease. These results suggest that CCR2 expression on host-derived mononuclear cells is critical for disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Fife
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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22
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Linke AT, Antonopoulos M, Davies DH, Male DK. Strain specific variation in cytokine regulated ICAM-1 expression by rat brain-endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 104:10-4. [PMID: 10683509 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine induced levels of ICAM-1 expressed by rat brain-endothelial cells were quantitated by enzyme immunoassay in response to stimulation by TNF-alpha in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma. The rat strains investigated differ in their susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; significantly less ICAM-1 was induced by BEC derived from the resistant PVG strain as compared to the susceptible LEW strain with both cytokine combinations. In contrast, despite the difference in disease susceptibility, equivalent levels of ICAM-1 were induced between the LEW and BN strain. Furthermore, evidence for a synergistic interaction of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was observed in the BN strain. The results are discussed with relevance to the disease profile of each strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Linke
- N.H.L.I., Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK.
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23
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Balyasnikova IV, Pelligrino DA, Greenwood J, Adamson P, Dragon S, Raza H, Galea E. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule and the inducible nitric oxide synthase in brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:688-99. [PMID: 10779013 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200004000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied whether cyclic AMP (cAMP), a widespread regulator of inflammation, modulates the cytokine-mediated expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and the inflammatory nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2), in primary and immortalized brain endothelial cell cultures (GP8.3 cell line). When measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ICAM-1 was constitutively expressed and was up-regulated twofold by interleukin-1beta, with no effect of interferon-gamma. The NOS-2 activity, assessed by nitrite accumulation, was absent from untreated cultures but was induced by interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma acting synergistically. Stimulation of cAMP-dependent pathways with forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP decreased ICAM-1 protein expression, whereas it increased NOS-2 protein expression. For both ICAM-1 and NOS-2, mRNA expression correlated with protein expression. Blockade of NOS activity with L-N-monomethylargiuine (L-NMMA) did not alter ICAM-1 expression, indicating that the nitric oxide released by NOS-2 did not cause the down-regulation of ICAM-1. Analysis of NFKB activation indicated that cAMP acted through a mechanism other than inhibition of nuclear translocation of NFKB. The authors conclude that cAMP modulates the expression of proinflammatory molecules in brain endothelium. This suggests that inflammatory processes at the blood-brain barrier in vivo may be regulated by perivascular neurotransmitters via cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Balyasnikova
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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24
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Karlik SJ, Munoz D, St Louis J, Strejan G. Correlation between MRI and clinico-pathological manifestations in Lewis rats protected from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by acylated synthetic peptide of myelin basic protein. Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 17:731-7. [PMID: 10372527 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(98)00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system which constitutes an accepted animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). The disease can take an acute or chronic form depending on the injection route, animal strain and nature of the disease-inducing antigen administered. The neuroinflammation associated with the acute form can be detected with T2-weighted, T1-weighted and diffusion MRI, and blood-brain barrier changes can be investigated with Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, similar to that of MS patients. A synthetic peptide of myelin basic protein (MBP) encephalitogenic for the Lewis rat (MBP 68-86) was acylated by the attachment of a palmitoyl residue (PAL68-86), and was shown to confer almost complete protection against EAE, when administered to rats before and after an encephalitogenic challenge. In this study, treatment of Lewis rats with PAL68-86 prevented the appearance of clinical signs (p < 0.0001) after challenge with the native peptide (p68-86) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and reduced considerably the MRI and histopathological signs of the disease (p < 0.0001). Measurement of the gadolinium leakage due to neuroinflammation revealed a significant decrease in permeability from 4.09 +/- 2.1 to 2.95 +/- 1.79% pixels > mean + 2 SD (p = 0.011). Therefore, quantitative MRI measurements correlate very well with the reduced cellular infiltration in the CNS and the absence of clinical signs in the EAE-protected animal.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Animals
- Contrast Media
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Gadolinium DTPA
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Injections, Intravenous
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Basic Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Basic Protein/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Karlik
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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25
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Lee SJ, Park JY, Hou J, Benveniste EN. Transcriptional regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by proinflammatory cytokines in human astrocytes. Glia 1999; 25:21-32. [PMID: 9888295 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(19990101)25:1<21::aid-glia3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression is upregulated by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in numerous cell types including the astrocyte, which functions as an immunoregulatory cell within the central nervous system. We investigated the mechanism by which ICAM-1 is transcriptionally regulated by proinflammatory cytokines in human fetal astrocytes. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta enhanced ICAM-1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, while IFN-gamma had a modest enhancing effect. However, a synergistic response was noted when IFN-gamma was added with either TNF-alpha or IL-1beta. Using human ICAM-1 deletion constructs and linker scanning mutants, we determined that the NF-kappaB element (-186 bp region) is critical for both TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-mediated ICAM-1 expression, while the IFN-gamma activation sequence (GAS) element at -75 bp region is important for IFN-gamma stimulation. The synergistic effect between TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma is dependent on both NF-kappaB and GAS elements. Upon TNF-alpha and IL-1beta stimulation, p65 homodimers and p65/p50 heterodimers bind to the NF-kappaB site, and STAT-1alpha homodimers bind to the GAS element upon IFN-gamma stimulation. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that overexpression of the p65 protein transactivated the promoter activity of an ICAM-1 reporter construct, while p50 overexpression inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, p65-mediated ICAM-1 expression. These data collectively suggest that in human astrocytes, the p65 homodimer is responsible for ICAM-1 upregulation upon TNF-alpha or IL-1beta stimulation, and that IFN-gamma enhancement of ICAM-1 involves activation of STAT-1alpha homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0005, USA
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26
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Kennedy KJ, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW, Karpus WJ. Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92:98-108. [PMID: 9916884 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T lymphocyte-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination resulting in paralysis. We examined CC chemokine expression in the CNS throughout the entire course of the disease and found that the production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha correlated with increasing acute disease severity and remained elevated throughout chronic, relapsing disease. In contrast, a substantial level of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 expression was not observed until late in acute disease and continued to be evident in the relapsing phase of the disease. MCP-1 expression correlated with increasing severity of clinical relapses. Lower levels of RANTES in the CNS were noted throughout the disease course, but showed little correlation with either acute or relapsing disease. Although RANTES expression was observed during the entire course of disease, anti-RANTES treatment had no effect on clinical disease progression. Anti-MCP-1, but not anti-MIP-1alpha, treatment during relapsing EAE decreased clinical severity of relapsing disease. Furthermore, anti-MCP-1 treatment reduced CNS macrophage accumulation during relapsing EAE. These results suggest that MIP-1alpha controls mononuclear cell accumulation during acute EAE, while MCP-1 controls mononuclear cell infiltration during relapsing EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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27
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Lee SJ, Hou J, Benveniste EN. Transcriptional regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in astrocytes involves NF-kappaB and C/EBP isoforms. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92:196-207. [PMID: 9916895 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ICAM-1 is an inducible cell surface protein that is involved in cell extravasation into inflamed tissues as well as immune responses. ICAM-1 expression is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in numerous cell types including the astrocyte, which functions as an immune effector cell in the central nervous system (CNS). We investigated the mechanism by which the ICAM-1 gene is transcriptionally regulated in astrocytes in response to TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Human ICAM-1 promoter constructs linked to the reporter gene luciferase were transiently transfected into astrocytes, stimulated with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and ICAM-1 promoter activity examined. We determined that binding sites for both NF-kappaB (-186 bp region) and C/EBP (-198 bp region) are involved in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta-mediated ICAM-1 upregulation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using antibodies against NF-kappaB and C/EBP isoforms showed that p65 homodimers and p65/p50 heterodimers bind to the NF-kappaB site, and C/EBPdelta homodimers and C/EBPbeta/delta heterodimers bind to the C/EBP site. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that overexpression of p65 could transactivate the promoter activity of ICAM-1 reporter constructs. p50 overexpression had no effect on the basal levels of ICAM-1 transcription, but inhibited, in a dose dependent manner, p65 mediated transcription. Overexpression of C/EBPbeta slightly inhibited basal levels of ICAM-1 promoter activity, however, when C/EBPbeta and p65 were cotransfected, C/EBPbeta completely abolished the transactivating effects of p65. These results demonstrate that cytokine-induced ICAM-1 expression in astrocytes is regulated by interactions between NF-kappaB and C/EBP transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0005, USA
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28
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Muñoz-Fernández MA, Fresno M. The role of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 6, interferon-gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the development and pathology of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56:307-40. [PMID: 9770242 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-6, have multiple effects in the central nervous system (CNS) not strictly cytotoxic being involved in controlling neuronal and glial activation, proliferation, differentiation and survival, thus influencing neuronal and glial plasticity, degeneration as well as development and regeneration of the nervous system. Moreover, they can contribute to CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia complex. Recent results with deficient mice in the expression of those cytokines indicate that they are in general more sensible to insults resulting in neural damage. Some of the actions induced by TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, including both beneficial and detrimental, are mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) production. NO produced by iNOS may be beneficial by promoting the differentiation and survival of neurons. IL-6 does not induce iNOS, explaining why this cytokine is less often involved in this dual role protection pathology. Some of the proinflammatory as well as the neurotrophic effects of those cytokines also involve upregulation of cell adhesion molecules (CAM). Those apparently conflicting results may be reconciled considering that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in promoting the disease, mostly by inducing expression of CAM leading to alteration of the blood-brain barrier integrity, whereas they have a protective role once disease is established due to its immunosuppressive or neurotrophic role. Understanding the dichotomy pathogenesis/neuroprotection of those cytokines may provide a rationale for better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Muñoz-Fernández
- Division of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Ahrens ET, Laidlaw DH, Readhead C, Brosnan CF, Fraser SE, Jacobs RE. MR microscopy of transgenic mice that spontaneously acquire experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40:119-32. [PMID: 9660562 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathology of fixed spinal cords from transgenic mice with a myelin basic protein (MBP) specific T cell receptor was investigated. These mice spontaneously acquire the demyelinating disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Several complementary imaging modalities, all on the same tissues, were used to visualize lesions; these included high-field (11.7-T) microscopic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), T2*-weighted imaging, and optical microscopy on histological sections. Lesions were predominantly in white matter around meninges and vasculature and appeared hyperintense in anatomical images. DTIs showed reduced diffusion anisotropy in the same hyperintense regions, consistent with inflammation and edema. Histology in the same tissues exhibited the characteristic pathology of EAE. Two techniques for visualizing the effective diffusion tensor fields are presented, which display direction, organization, and integrity of neuronal fibers. It is shown that DTI offers intriguing possibilities for visualizing axonal organization and lesions within white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Ahrens
- Beckman Institute and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.
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30
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Trojano M, Avolio C, Ruggieri M, Defazio G, Giuliani F, Paolicelli D, Livrea P. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I in MS: relation to clinical and Gd-MRI activity and to rIFN beta-Ib treatment. Mult Scler 1998; 4:183-7. [PMID: 9762671 DOI: 10.1177/135245859800400318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The validity of serum sICAM-I levels to assess Multiple Sclerosis (MS) activity was evaluated in 49 untreated definite relapsing-remitting (RR) patients. sICAM-I levels were significantly (P = 0.0009) higher in the 'clinically active' group (No 22) than in the 'clinically inactive' (No 27), whereas no different values were found between patients with Gd-enhancing lesions at MRI (Gd-positive) (No 32) and patients without such lesions (Gd-negative) (No 17) independently of their clinical activity. Among the 'clinically active' MS, the Gd-positive (No 16) subgroup showed significant (P < 0.05) lower sICAM-I levels when compared to the Gd-negative (No 6) subgroup, but higher (P = 0.009) than those of the 'clinically inactive Gd-positive' (No 16) patients. The sICAM-I levels did not differ between the two 'clinically inactive' subgroups Gd-positive (No 16) and Gd-negative (No 11). Finally the clinically active Gd-negative (No 6) showed sICAM-I levels higher (P = 0.002) than the clinically inactive Gd-negative (No 11). The specificity of high serum sICAM-I levels (above M +/- 2 s.d. of control values) to assess the disease activity in MS resulted higher (100%) using clinical than Gd-MRI activity (76%) as gold standard. The changes induced by 1 year recombinant Interferon-beta-Ib (rIFN beta-Ib) treatment on sICAM-I serum levels were also longitudinally investigated in 36 of the 49 RR MS. sICAM-I levels at baseline significantly increased in the first 2 months (baseline vs 1st month P < 0.0001 and 1st vs 2nd month P = 0.02), persisted at high levels without any significant change after 3 months, showed a temporary decrease at 6 months, then significantly increased again at 9 and 12 months. Fourteen patients experienced relapses, with a total of 20 relapses, during the whole treatment duration. The mean relapse/rate and the frequency of patients with Gd-positive MRI scans resulted significantly higher in the first semester compared to the second semester of treatment. This study adds further insights into the validity of serum sICAM-I to assess disease activity in MS and on the immunomodulatory properties of rIFN beta-Ib.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trojano
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Bari, Italy
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31
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Trojano M, Avolio C, Ruggieri M, De Robertis F, Giuliani F, Paolicelli D, Livrea P. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I (sICAM-I) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. Mult Scler 1998; 4:39-44. [PMID: 9532592 DOI: 10.1177/135245859800400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I) levels were evaluated (ELISA) in 22 untreated and 13 corticosteroid-treated active relapsing remitting (RR) Multiple Sclerosis (MS), in 10 untreated and 10 corticosteroid-treated Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and in 17 non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND). Twenty-eight clinically inactive RR MS were assayed for serum sICAM-I before and after 3 months treatment of 8 MIU rIFN beta-Ib taken s.c. every other day. High sICAM-I serum levels above the NIND values were found in untreated clinically active MS and in untreated GBS (P < 0.05) but not in the untreated clinically inactive MS group. The active MS group showed significantly (P = 0.0001) higher sICAM-I serum levels if compared to the inactive group. Corticosteroid-treated active MS and GBS patients showed lower (P < 0.05) serum sICAM-I levels than the corresponding untreated groups. Serum sICAM-I levels after 3 months of rIFN beta-Ib treatment (P < 0.0001, paired t-test) resulted increased compared to pretreatment values in MS. The mean values of CSF/serum sICAM-I:CSF/serum Albumin ratios (sICAM-I Index) in active untreated MS patients were higher compared to NIND (P < 0.005) and to corticosteroid-treated MS group (P = 0.01). sICAM Index values in GBS did not differ from those in NIND. The results seem to suggest potential roles for serum sICAM-I in downregulating the ongoing inflammatory response at the blood-brain barrier level and for CSF sICAM-I in the maintenance of a central nervous system local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trojano
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Bari, Italy
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