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Moradi K, Badripour A, Moradi A, Bagheri S, Soltani ZE, Moassefi M, Faghani S, Dehpour AR. Sumatriptan attenuates fear-learning despair induced by social isolation stress in mice: Mediating role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 164:107006. [PMID: 38432042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has demonstrated that chronic stress experienced early in life can lead to impairments in memory and learning. These deficits are attributed to an imbalance in the interaction between glucocorticoids, the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and glucocorticoid receptors in brain regions responsible for mediating memory, such as the hippocampus. This imbalance can result in detrimental conditions like neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sumatriptan, a selective agonist for 5-HT 1B/1D receptors, on fear learning capabilities in a chronic social isolation stress model in mice, with a particular focus on the role of the HPA axis. METHODS Mice were assigned to two opposing conditions, including social condition (SC) and isolated condition (IC) for a duration of five weeks. All mice underwent passive avoidance test, with their subsequent freezing behavior serving as an indicator of fear retrieval. Mice in the IC group were administered either a vehicle, sumatriptan, GR-127935 (a selective antagonist for 5-HT 1B/1D receptors), or a combination of sumatriptan and GR-127935 during the testing sessions. At the end, all mice were sacrificed and samples of their serum and hippocampus were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Isolation was found to significantly reduce freezing behavior (p<0.001). An increase in the freezing response among IC mice was observed following the administration of varying doses of sumatriptan, as indicated by a one-way ANOVA analysis (p<0.001). However, the mitigating effects of sumatriptan were reversed upon the administration of GR-127935. An ELISA assay conducted before and after the passive avoidance test revealed no significant change in serum corticosterone levels among SC mice. In contrast, a significant increase was observed among IC mice, suggesting hyper-responsiveness of the HPA axis in isolated animals. This hyper-responsiveness was ameliorated following the administration of sumatriptan. Furthermore, both the sumatriptan and SC groups exhibited a similar trend, showing a significant increase in the expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors following the stress of the passive avoidance test. Lastly, the elevated production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) observed following social isolation was attenuated in the sumatriptan group. CONCLUSION Sumatriptan improved fear learning probably through modulation of HPA axis and hippocampus neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Badripour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayna Bagheri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Moassefi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Faghani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kondo T, Okada Y, Shizuya S, Yamaguchi N, Hatakeyama S, Maruyama K. Neuroimmune modulation by tryptophan derivatives in neurological and inflammatory disorders. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151418. [PMID: 38729083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems are highly developed, and each performs specialized physiological functions. However, they work together, and their dysfunction is associated with various diseases. Specialized molecules, such as neurotransmitters, cytokines, and more general metabolites, are essential for the appropriate regulation of both systems. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is converted into functional molecules such as serotonin and kynurenine, both of which play important roles in the nervous and immune systems. The role of kynurenine metabolites in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases has recently received particular attention. Recently, we found that hyperactivity of the kynurenine pathway is a critical risk factor for septic shock. In this review, we first outline neuroimmune interactions and tryptophan derivatives and then summarized the changes in tryptophan metabolism in neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the potential of tryptophan derivatives as therapeutic targets for neuroimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8636, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Saika Shizuya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8636, Japan
| | - Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Bee R, Ahmad M, Verma S. A Review on Exploring the Potential of Vincamine and Melatonin as an Effective Anti-depressant Agent. Curr Drug Res Rev 2024; 16:395-402. [PMID: 37622717 DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230825095036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder and one of the leading causes of disability around the world. Herbal and synthetic medications used to treat depression, may interrupt the therapy process and cause adverse effects. Currently, the use of medicinal and phytochemical plants, which have various therapeutic effects and has potential strategy for treating depression. According to the studies, medicinal plants have a variety of effects on the brain system and have antidepressant properties such as synaptic modulation of serotonin, noradrenalin and dopamine as well as inflammatory mediators. According to the literature review, Vinca Rosea extract has a variety of pharmacological activities, but there is no evidence of its antidepressant properties. OBJECTIVES The main aim of the present study is to gather data from the literature review regarding the antidepressant activity of vincamine alone and along with melatonin. METHODS According to the review antidepressant activity of various medications can be tested using two different types of studies, including in-vivo and in-vitro. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical research suggests that one of the main mediators in the pathophysiology of depression seems to be stress. Depression can be evaluated using experimental methods based on a variety of physical indicators, including locomotor activity, rearing, faeces, and the quantity of entries in the centre square (in-vivo and in-vitro). Biological conditions can be used to find it as well. It has been successfully concluded that vincamine, either alone or in combination with melatonin, may provide a potential role as an antidepressant. CONCLUSION According to the Globe Health Organization, depression will become the most common cause of loss of interest in working in the world. As a result, depression research is one of the most significant ways in which we might create new treatments in the form of vincamine and combination with melatonin for depression and improve existing therapies to make them work better for depressed people. It will also aid in the development and creation of novel ways for the better treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Bee
- Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology (Pharmacy) Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243202, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Shashi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology (Pharmacy) Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243202, India
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Cui L, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li T, Li M, Yuan J, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Kong H, Qu H, Zhao Y. Anxiolytic effects of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Carbonisata-based carbon dots in mCPP-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice: a nature-inspired approach. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1222415. [PMID: 37520324 PMCID: PMC10373738 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1222415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anxiety disorders have emerged as a predominant health concern, yet existing pharmacological treatments for anxiety still present various challenges. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Carbonisata (CMRC) has been utilized in China for approximately 400 years as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety disorders. In this study, a novel type of carbon dots derived from the decoction of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Carbonisata (CMRC-CDs) was identified and isolated, and their morphological structure and functional groups were characterized. Furthermore, the effects of CMRC-CDs on m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)-induced anxiety-like behaviour in mice were examined and quantified. In order to investigate the potential mechanisms of their anxiolytic effects, concentrations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones, amino acid neurotransmitters, and monoamine neurotransmitters were measured. Methods: In this study, we synthesized CMRC-CDs and evaluated their potential anti-anxiety effects in a controlled experiment involving 48 male ICR mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups, treated with CMRC-CDs at different doses for 14 days, and subjected to Open-Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) tests. Post-behavioral evaluations, blood samples and brain tissues were collected for neurotransmitter and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis hormone quantification via ELISA. Additionally, cytotoxicity of CMRC-CDs was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay on RAW 264.7 cells. Results and Discussion: CMRC-CDs were spherical and homogeneously dispersed, with diameters ranging from 1.4 to 4.0 nm and an abundance of chemical groups on their surface. In the open-field (OF) test, mice pre-treated with CMRC-CDs demonstrated an increased proportion of time spent in the central area and a higher frequency of entries into the central area. In the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, mice pre-treated with CMRC-CDs exhibited a greater number of entries into the open arm and an extended duration spent in the open arm. CMRC-CDs were observed to decrease serum concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosterone (CORT). Furthermore, CMRC-CDs were found to increase γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, while concurrently reducing glutamic acid (Glu) concentrations in brain tissue. CMRC-CDs demonstrated anxiolytic effects, which may be attributed to their modulation of hormones and neurotransmitters. This finding suggests the potential therapeutic value of CMRC-CDs in the clinical treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Qingdao Zhonghengneng Environmental Science Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingjie Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinye Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Qu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Zhao S, Zhu L, Yang J. Association between depression and macrovascular disease: a mini review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1215173. [PMID: 37457763 PMCID: PMC10344456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and macrovascular diseases are globally recognized as significant disorders that pose a substantial socioeconomic burden because of their associated disability and mortality. In addition, comorbidities between depression and macrovascular diseases have been widely reported in clinical settings. Patients afflicted with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral artery disease exhibit an elevated propensity for depressive symptoms. These symptoms, in turn, augment the risk of macrovascular diseases, thereby reflecting a bidirectional relationship. This review examines the physiological and pathological mechanisms behind comorbidity while also examining the intricate connection between depression and macrovascular diseases. The present mechanisms are significantly impacted by atypical activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Elevated levels of cortisol and other hormones may disrupt normal endothelial cell function, resulting in vascular narrowing. At the same time, proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 and C-reactive protein have been shown to disrupt the normal function of neurons and microglia by affecting blood-brain barrier permeability in the brain, exacerbating depressive symptoms. In addition, platelet hyperactivation or aggregation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction are important comorbidity mechanisms. Collectively, these mechanisms provide a plausible physiological basis for the interplay between these two diseases. Interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial for future research aiming to reveal the pathogenesis of comorbidity and develop customised prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Murck H, Lehr L, Jezova D. A viewpoint on aldosterone and BMI related brain morphology in relation to treatment outcome in patients with major depression. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13219. [PMID: 36539978 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of knowledge has been collected describing the involvement of neuroendocrine parameters in major depression. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis regulating cortisol release has been extensively studied; however, attempts to target the HPA axis pharmacologically to treat major depression have failed. This review focuses on the importance of the adrenocortical stress hormone aldosterone, which is released by adrenocorticotropic hormone and angiotensin, and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in depression. Depressed patients, in particular those with atypical depression, have signs of central hyperactivation of the aldosterone sensitive MR, potentially as a consequence of a reactive aldosterone release induced by low blood pressure and as a result of low sensitivity of peripheral MR. This is reflected in reduced heart rate variability, increased salt appetite and sleep changes in this group of patients. In addition, enlarged brain ventricles, compressed corpus callosum and changes of the choroid plexus are associated with increased aldosterone (in relation to cortisol). Furthermore, subjects with these features often show obesity. These characteristics are related to a worse antidepressant treatment outcome. Alterations in choroid plexus function as a consequence of increased aldosterone levels, autonomic dysregulation, metabolic changes and/or inflammation may be involved. The characterization of this regulatory system is in its early days but may identify new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Murck-Neuroscience LLC Westfield, Westfield, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa Lehr
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Zhou L, Wang T, Yu Y, Li M, Sun X, Song W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Fu F. The etiology of poststroke-depression: a hypothesis involving HPA axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113146. [PMID: 35643064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, one in three ischemic stroke survivors suffered from depression, namely, post-stroke depression (PSD). PSD affects functional rehabilitation and may lead to poor quality of life of patients. There are numerous explanations about the etiologies of PSD. Here, we speculated that PSD are likely to be the result of specific changes in brain pathology. We hypothesized that the stroke-induced hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in PSD. Stroke initiates a complex sequence of events in neuroendocrine system including HPA axis. The HPA axis is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, especially, the overactivity of the HPA axis occurs in major depressive disorder. This review summarizes the possible etiologies of PSD, focusing on the stroke-induced activation of HPA axis, mainly including the stress followed by severe brain damage and the proinflammatory cytokines release. The role of hyperactive of HPA axis in PSD was discussed in detail, which includes the role of high level corticotropin-releasing hormone in PSD, the effects of glucocorticoids on the alterations in specific brain structures, the expression of enzymes, excitotoxicity, the change in intestinal permeability, and the activation of microglia. The relationship between neuroendocrine regulation and inflammation was also described. Finally, the therapy of PSD by regulating HPA axis, neuroendocrine, and immunity was discussed briefly. Nevertheless, the change of HPA axis and the occurring of PSD maybe interact and promote on each other, and future investigations should explore this hypothesis in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mingan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Wenhao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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Complex Effects of Sertraline and Citalopram on In Vitro Murine Breast Cancer Proliferation and on In Vivo Progression and Anxiety Level. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052711. [PMID: 35269853 PMCID: PMC8910710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), primarily sertraline, demonstrate anti-proliferative activity in malignant cell-lines and in xenografted mouse models of colorectal tumor. There is, however, a paucity of comparative studies on the anti-tumor effects of SSRIs. We compared the in vitro and in vivo effects of sertraline and citalopram on murine 4T1 breast cancer. Grafted mice were used to determine the rate of tumor growth and survival as well as the impact of stress and antidepressant treatment on tumor progression and mortality and on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sertraline, in the micromolar range, but not citalopram, induced a significant in vitro concentration-dependent inhibition of murine 4T1 cell proliferation and splenocyte viability. In contrast, sertraline (10 mg/kg/d), enhanced in vivo tumor growth. Contrary to the study's hypothesis, chronic mild stress did not modify tumor growth in grafted mice. The in vitro effects of sertraline on tumor growth seem to be the opposite of its in vivo effects. The impact of sertraline treatment on humans with breast cancer should be further investigated.
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Ding Y, Wei Z, Yan H, Guo W. Efficacy of Treatments Targeting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Systems for Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732157. [PMID: 34566653 PMCID: PMC8461240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). A number of studies have attempted to use HPA-modulating medications to treat depression. However, their results are inconsistent. The efficacy of these drugs for MDD remains uncertain. The aims of this meta-analysis were to determine the effect and safety profile of HPA-targeting medications for MDD. World of Science and PubMed databases were comprehensively searched up to March 2021. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label trials exploring antiglucocorticoid and related medications in patients with depression were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for continuous or dichotomous outcomes, respectively. In the meta-analysis, we identified 16 RCTs and seven open-label studies that included 2972 subjects. Pooling the change data that assessed the efficacy across all included HPA-targeting medications for depression showed a significant difference between interventions and controls with very small heterogeneity after influence analysis (SMD = 0.138, 95%CI = 0.052, 0.224, p = 0.002; I2 = 20.7%, p = 0.212). No obvious publication bias was observed (p = 0.127). Effectiveness remained significant in patients with MDD (SMD = 0.136, 95%CI = 0.049, 0.223, p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference favoring mifepristone and vasopressin 1B (V1B) receptor antagonist treatment. Adverse events were reported by 14 studies and our analysis of high-quality studies showed a significant difference in favor of controls (RR = 1.283, 95%CI = 1.134, 1.452, p = 0). Our study suggested that patients with MDD may benefit from mifepristone and V1B receptor antagonist treatments that have tolerable side effects. HPA-based medications are promising for depression treatment. However, additional high-quality RCTs, including head-to-head trials, are needed. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier registration number: CRD42021247279
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zirou Wei
- Mental Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Böhm R, Westermann P, Gleim M, Cascorbi I, Gruenewald M, Herdegen T, Ohnesorge H. High-dose spironolactone lacks effectiveness in treatment of fibromyalgia (RCT). Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1739-1750. [PMID: 33909330 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spironolactone (SPL) is a reversible mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist which attracts pharmacotherapeutic interest not only because of its beneficial effects in heart failure but also because of the pathogenetic roles of MR and AR activities in neuropsychiatric diseases. Recently, beneficial and rapid-onset effects of SPL have been documented in a case series of women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). To reaffirm this observation, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT). METHODS A total of 69 patients were screened, 56 patients were eligible and randomized to SPL or placebo (each n = 28). Forty-three patients completed the clinical trial to the last visit (n = 21 and n = 22). After a run-in phase of 50 and 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day SPL or placebo were applied between days 7 and 28. Primary outcome was the change in the FIQ-G score (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, German version). Secondary outcome parameters were the changes in pain (numeric rating scale, NRS), mood (ADS), quality of life (SF-36) and change in FIQ scores 14 days after the end of the medication. RESULTS SPL of 200 mg/day did not change significantly either the primary or the secondary end points. SPL evoked a transient rise in serum potassium and a transient fall in GFR maximal after 2 weeks, but without clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS SPL at 200 mg/day does not improve symptoms in women with FMS, but was considered not to cause harm. SIGNIFICANCE The mineralocorticoid receptor and androgen receptor antagonist spironolactone is repeatedly tested for its therapeutic effectivity against neuropsychiatric disorders. The present RCT demonstrated that 200 mg spironolactone does not change the symptoms of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) in adult women. Between 2 and 4 weeks, spironolactone evokes a transient decrease in GFR and increase in serum potassium. Spironolactone cannot be recommended for the treatment of FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Böhm
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Westermann
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Gleim
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Gruenewald
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Herdegen
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henning Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Murck H, Adolf C, Schneider A, Schlageter L, Heinrich D, Ritzel K, Sturm L, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Künzel H. Differential effects of reduced mineralocorticoid receptor activation by unilateral adrenalectomy vs mineralocorticoid antagonist treatment in patients with primary aldosteronism - Implications for depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:376-382. [PMID: 33761426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone have been found to play a major role in the pathophysiology of depression. Both could be targets of therapeutic interventions. We analyzed laboratory data and questionnaires evaluating anxiety (using GAD-7 questionnaire) and depression (using PHQD questionnaire) of up to 210 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) (82 females, 54.7 ± 12.0yrs; 128 males, 48.7 ± 12.8yrs) before and one year after initiation of specific treatment of PA by either adrenalectomy (ADX) or treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA). After ADX normalization of aldosterone excess was observed. This was associated with a significant reduction of depressive symptoms, but no significant change in GAD-7 score. MRA treatment was accompanied with persistent high aldosterone levels, but led to a significant improvement of anxiety, but no significant changes in PHQD scores. These data suggest different mechanistic pathways for depression and anxiety mediated via the MR. For treatment of depression a reduction of aldosterone levels might be relevant at CNS locations specific for aldosterone, whereas MRA targets MR more broadly, including areas, where cortisol is the main ligand. MRA may be useful in treatment of anxiety related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Ritzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany
| | - Lisa Sturm
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany; Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany
| | - Heike Künzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, LMU, München, Germany.
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12
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Khushboo, Kumar A, Sharma B. Biomedical Implications of Plant-Based Principles as Antidepressants: Prospects for Novel Drug Development. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:904-926. [PMID: 33858313 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210415112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a most common mental disorder. The symptoms of depression include loss of energy, changes in appetite, more or less sleep, anxiety, low concentration, uncertainty, restlessness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or despair, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. In order to provide safe, efficient and cost-effective medication, the plants based principles in isolation or in combination with traditional antidepressants are attracting increasing attention for depression therapy. METHOD The information regarding the present review and its contents such as collected from published literature materials in different international journals. We have used different search engines such as PubMed, Medline, ResearchGate Google Semantic Scholar and ScienceDirect. For this purpose, the data obtained were properly organized and suitably analyzed to include in this article. RESULTS Most of the phytomolecules isolated from the medicinal plants display antidepressant effect through the synaptic regulation of levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in different parts of the brain. The mechanism of action of phytomolecules also involves negative regulation of the activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and prevention of hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition, the strong antioxidative and antiinflamatory potential of these phytochemicals offer synergy to their antidepressant as well as antipsychosomatic functions. CONCLUSION The application of phytochemicals has proved it to be a safe, cost effective and efficient therapeutic agent to treat the patients suffering from mild to severe state of depression and other psychiatric disorders. The potential phytochemicals may be further optimized using in silico tools to develop better antidepressants and antisychotic agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
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13
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Zaidan H, Galiani D, Gaisler-Salomon I. Pre-reproductive stress in adolescent female rats alters oocyte microRNA expression and offspring phenotypes: pharmacological interventions and putative mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:113. [PMID: 33547270 PMCID: PMC7865076 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-reproductive stress (PRS) to adolescent female rats alters anxiogenic behavior in first (F1)- and second-generation (F2) offspring and increases mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (Crhr1) in oocytes and in neonate offspring brain. Here, we ask whether the expression of Crhr1 and Crhr1-targeting microRNA is altered in brain, blood, and oocytes of exposed females and in the brain of their neonate and adult F1 and F2 offspring. In addition, we inquire whether maternal post-stress drug treatment reverses PRS-induced abnormalities in offspring. We find that PRS induces a selective increase in Crhr1-targeting mir-34a and mir-34c in blood and oocytes, while non-Crhr1 microRNA molecules remain unaltered. PRS induces similar microRNA changes in prefrontal cortex of F1 and F2 neonates. In adult animals, cortical Crhr1, but not mir-34, expression is affected by both maternal and direct stress exposure. Post-PRS fluoxetine (FLX) treatment increases pup mortality, and both FLX and the Crhr1 antagonist NBI 27914 reverse some of the effects of PRS and also have independent effects on F1 behavior and gene expression. PRS also alters behavior as well as gene and miRNA expression patterns in paternally derived F2 offspring, producing effects that are different from those previously found in maternally derived F2 offspring. These findings extend current knowledge on inter- and trans-generational transfer of stress effects, point to microRNA changes in stress-exposed oocytes as a potential mechanism, and highlight the consequences of post-stress pharmacological interventions in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Zaidan
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562School of Psychological Sciences and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalia Galiani
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Gaisler-Salomon
- School of Psychological Sciences and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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14
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Huzian O, Baka J, Csakvari E, Dobos N, Leranth C, Siklos L, Duman RS, Farkas T, Hajszan T. Stress Resilience is Associated with Hippocampal Synaptoprotection in the Female Rat Learned Helplessness Paradigm. Neuroscience 2021; 459:85-103. [PMID: 33524494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synaptogenic hypothesis of major depressive disorder implies that preventing the onset of depressive-like behavior also prevents the loss of hippocampal spine synapses. By applying the psychoactive drugs, diazepam and fluoxetine, we investigated whether blocking the development of helpless behavior by promoting stress resilience in the rat learned helplessness paradigm is associated with a synaptoprotective action in the hippocampus. Adult ovariectomized and intact female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 297) were treated with either diazepam, fluoxetine, or vehicle, exposed to inescapable footshocks or sham stress, and tested in an active escape task to assess helpless behavior. Escape-evoked corticosterone secretion, as well as remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses at a timepoint representing the onset of escape testing were also analyzed. In ovariectomized females, treatment with diazepam prior to stress exposure prevented helpless behavior, blocked the loss of hippocampal spine synapses, and muted the corticosterone surge evoked by escape testing. Although fluoxetine stimulated escape performance and hippocampal synaptogenesis under non-stressed conditions, almost all responses to fluoxetine were abolished following exposure to inescapable stress. Only a much higher dose of fluoxetine was capable of partly reproducing the strong protective actions of diazepam. Importantly, these protective actions were retained in the presence of ovarian hormones. Our findings indicate that stress resilience is associated with the preservation of spine synapses in the hippocampus, raising the possibility that, besides synaptogenesis, hippocampal synaptoprotection is also implicated in antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Huzian
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judith Baka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csakvari
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Dobos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Laszlo Siklos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Tamas Farkas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Faculty of Science and Informatics, Kozep Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hajszan
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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15
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Prajapati SK, Krishnamurthy S. Development and treatment of cognitive inflexibility in sub-chronic stress–re-stress (SRS) model of PTSD. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:464-479. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Kotb MA, Kamal AM, Al-Malki D, Abd El Fatah AS, Ahmed YM. Cognitive performance in patients with chronic tension-type headache and its relation to neuroendocrine hormones. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Tension-type headache is the most common headache to be seen in clinical practice. Depression is highly prevalent in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) patients attending the clinical settings. Cognitive impairment and neuroendocrine dysregulation had been reported in patients with depression and patients with CTTH.
Objective
To assess the cognitive performance and investigate its possible relations to neuroendocrine levels in patients with CTTH.
Subjects and methods
Patients with CTTH, depression, and control subjects were recruited. CTTH was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cognitive performance, depression severity, and pain intensity were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version, Beck’s Depression Inventory, and McGill Pain Questionnaire respectively. Blood samples were collected in the morning within 60 min after waking up from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. to measure serum levels of basal plasma CRH, ACTH, Cortisol, TSH, FT3, and FT4.
Results
Both patients with CTTH and depression had impaired cognitive performance. Patients with CTTH and patients with depression had altered the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and pituitary-thyroid axis. The hormonal levels significantly correlated with cognitive function in patient groups, especially patients with CTTH.
Conclusion
Patients with CTTH had cognitive dysfunction which could be related to neuroendocrine hormonal dysregulation.
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17
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Shanker S, Saroj N, Cordova EJ, Jarillo-Luna RA, López-Sánchez P, Terrón JA. Chronic restraint stress induces serotonin transporter expression in the rat adrenal glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110935. [PMID: 32659440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress (CRS) magnifies restraint-induced corticosterone secretion through a mechanism involving increased adrenocortical 5-HT content and turnover. We analysed the impact of CRS on serotonin transporter (SERT) expression and distribution in rat adrenal glands. Male Wistar rats were submitted to CRS (20 min/day) or undisturbed control conditions for 14 days. Exposure to CRS induced a remarkable increase in SERT-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal cortex, which closely matched that of chromogranin A immunostaining, along with a significant increase in SERT protein and mRNA levels in whole adrenals as determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR assays, respectively; all these CRS-induced changes occurred almost exclusively in left adrenals. Closely similar results were obtained in animals that received a 14-day chronic corticosterone treatment. These results unravel an interesting association between chronic stress exposure and SERT expression in adrenocortical chromogranin A-positive cells, which seems to be a glucocorticoid-dependent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shanker
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Neeshu Saroj
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Emilio J Cordova
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, col. Arenal Tepepan, CP 14610, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Rosa A Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - José A Terrón
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico.
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18
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Murck H, Schlageter L, Schneider A, Adolf C, Heinrich D, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Künzel H. The potential pathophysiological role of aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in anxiety and depression - Lessons from primary aldosteronism. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:82-88. [PMID: 32798773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High levels of aldosterone appear to be related to depressive and anxiety related behavior as demonstrated in therapy refractory depression and primary aldosteronism (PA). We analyzed data from a large register of patients with PA in order to clarify mediators and moderators of this influence. Up to 624 subjects were analyzed, however not all subjects had a complete dataset. Due to the known gender differences in subjects with PA we performed the analyses adjusted for gender. We compared subjects with (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) vs. no depressive symptomatology. 56% of men and 61% of women met this depression criterion. In women aldosterone concentration was significantly higher in depressed patients and renin levels were significantly increased with higher anxiety scores. This was not found in men. Depressive symptoms in men and women were significantly associated to BMI (men: dep vs non-dep: 29.6 vs. 28.4, p < 0.05; women: 26.9 vs. 24.5) and body weight (p < 0.05). Neither blood pressure nor electrolytes were different between depression groups. The relationship of these parameters to anxiety was less pronounced and partially unexpected: only in men higher anxiety (GAD ≥ 5) was related to lower systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, higher aldosterone appears to be associated with depressive symptoms in women, but less so in men with PA. BMI appears to be strongly and independently associated with depressive symptoms in patients with PA, independent of gender. Further studies are required to clarify the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Lena Schlageter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Anna Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Christian Adolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Daniel Heinrich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Heike Künzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany.
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19
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Tafet GE, Nemeroff CB. Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: The Role of the HPA Axis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:443. [PMID: 32499732 PMCID: PMC7243209 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in general, and early life stress in particular, has been associated with the development of anxiety and mood disorders. The molecular, biological and psychological links between stress exposure and the pathogenesis of anxiety and mood disorders have been extensively studied, resulting in the search of novel psychopharmacological strategies aimed at targets of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis has been observed in certain subgroups of patients with anxiety and mood disorders. In addition, the effects of different anti-anxiety agents on various components of the HPA axis has been investigated, including benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). For example, benzodiazepines, including clonazepam and alprazolam, have been demonstrated to reduce the activity of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamus. TCAs and SSRIs are also effective anti-anxiety agents and these may act, in part, by modulating the HPA axis. In this regard, the SSRI escitalopram inhibits CRF release in the central nucleus of the amygdala, while increasing glucocorticoid receptor (GRs) density in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The molecular effects of these anti-anxiety agents in the regulation of the HPA axis, taken together with their clinical efficacy, may provide further understanding about the role of the HPA axis in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E. Tafet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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20
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Fathinezhad Z, Sewell RDE, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Depression and Treatment with Effective Herbs. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:738-745. [PMID: 30947651 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190402105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric disease and one of the main causes of disability worldwide. In spite of certain developments in this field, chemical and synthetic drugs used for the treatment of depression disrupt the treatment process due to numerous side effects and high cost. Today, the goal of using a potential method for treating depression involves the use of medicinal and phytochemical plants, which have many therapeutic benefits. Studies have shown that medicinal plants affect the nervous system and exert antidepressant effects in various ways, including synaptic regulation of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, and inflammatory mediators. In this study, depression as well as the factors and mechanisms involved in its development are first addressed, and then medicinal plants effective in the treatment of depression along with their mechanisms of actions are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Fathinezhad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB. Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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21
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Hajszan T. Stress and remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:257-279. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E. Are neuropeptides relevant for the mechanism of action of SSRIs? Neuropeptides 2019; 75:1-17. [PMID: 30824124 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs of first choice in the therapy of moderate to severe depression and anxiety disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is via influence of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, but a growing amount of data provides evidence for other non-monoaminergic players in SSRI effects. It is assumed that neuropeptides, which play a role as neuromodulators in the CNS, are involved in their mechanism of action. In this review we focus on six neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor - CRF, galanin - GAL, oxytocin - OT, vasopressin - AVP, neuropeptide Y - NPY, and orexins - OXs. First, information about their roles in depression and anxiety disorders are presented. Then, findings describing their interactions with the 5-HT system are summarized. These data provide background for analysis of the results of published preclinical and clinical studies related to SSRI effects on the neuropeptide systems. We also report findings showing how modulation of neuropeptide transmission influences behavioral and neurochemical effects of SSRIs. Finally, future research necessary for enriching our knowledge of SSRI mechanisms of action is proposed. Recognition of new molecular targets for antidepressants will have a significant effect on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for mood-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
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23
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Qin Y, Wang N, Zhang X, Han X, Zhai X, Lu Y. IDO and TDO as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1787-1800. [PMID: 30014175 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent worldwide and a leading cause of disabilty. However, the medications currently available to treat depression fail to adequately relieve depressive symptoms for a large number of patients. Research into the aberrant overactivation of the kynurenine pathway and the production of various active metabolites has brought new insight into the progression of depression. IDO and TDO are the first and rate-limiting enzymes in the kynurenine pathway and regulate the production of active metabolites. There is substantial evidence that TDO and IDO enzyme are activated during depression, and therefore, IDO and TDO inhibitors have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for depressive disorder. Hence, this review will focus on the kynurenine branch of tryptophan metabolism and describe the role of IDO and TDO in the pathology of depression. In addition, this review will compare the relative imbalance between KYNA and neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites in different psychiatric disorders. Finally, this review is also directed toward assessing whether IDO and TDO are potential therapeutic target in depression associated with other diseases such as diabetes and/or cancer, as well as the development of potent IDO and TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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24
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Zaidan H, Ramaswami G, Barak M, Li JB, Gaisler-Salomon I. Pre-reproductive stress and fluoxetine treatment in rats affect offspring A-to-I RNA editing, gene expression and social behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy021. [PMID: 30109132 PMCID: PMC6084559 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine to inosine RNA editing is an epigenetic process that entails site-specific modifications in double-stranded RNA molecules, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Using the multiplex microfluidic PCR and deep sequencing technique, we recently showed that exposing adolescent female rats to chronic unpredictable stress before reproduction affects editing in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala of their newborn offspring, particularly at the serotonin receptor 5-HT2c (encoded by Htr2c). Here, we used the same technique to determine whether post-stress, pre-reproductive maternal treatment with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, 7 days) reverses the effects of stress on editing. We also examined the mRNA expression of ADAR enzymes in these regions, and asked whether social behavior in adult offspring would be altered by maternal exposure to stress and/or fluoxetine. Maternal treatment with fluoxetine altered Htr2c editing in offspring amygdala at birth, enhanced the expression of Htr2c mRNA and RNA editing enzymes in the prefrontal cortex, and reversed the effects of pre-reproductive stress on Htr2c editing in this region. Furthermore, maternal fluoxetine treatment enhanced differences in editing of glutamate receptors between offspring of control and stress-exposed rats, and led to enhanced social preference in adult offspring. Our findings indicate that pre-gestational fluoxetine treatment affects patterns of RNA editing and editing enzyme expression in neonatal offspring brain in a region-specific manner, in interaction with pre-reproductive stress. Overall, these findings imply that fluoxetine treatment affects serotonergic signaling in offspring brain even when treatment is discontinued before gestation, and its effects may depend upon prior exposure to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Zaidan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michal Barak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jin B Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gemmel M, Harmeyer D, Bögi E, Fillet M, Hill LA, Hammond GL, Charlier TD, Pawluski JL. Perinatal fluoxetine increases hippocampal neurogenesis and reverses the lasting effects of pre-gestational stress on serum corticosterone, but not on maternal behavior, in the rat dam. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:222-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Plasma cortisol and oxytocin levels predict help-seeking intentions for depressive symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87:159-165. [PMID: 29096223 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressed individuals often refuse or withdraw from help, a phenomenon termed help-negation, which is a risk factor for poor outcomes. Most previous research has investigated psychosocial factors including stigma as causes of low help-seeking intentions for depression, however these do not adequately explain the problem. We hypothesised that because help-negation worsens with symptom severity, it might be linked to important biological changes associated with depression itself. We investigated the relative contributions of cortisol, a stress hormone linked to depression, and oxytocin, a hormone which mediates social behaviours, alongside psychosocial factors, to help-seeking intentions among depressed and non-depressed individuals. METHODS Morning plasma cortisol and oxytocin levels, psychopathology, suicidal ideation, help-seeking intentions from informal sources including family and friends, and formal sources including health professionals, and perceived social support were quantified in 63 adults meeting DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) who were not receiving any treatment, and 60 healthy controls. Between-group analyses of variance, correlations, and hierarchical multiple regressions were employed. RESULTS Help-seeking intentions were lower in depressed than healthy participants, negatively correlated to cortisol and positively correlated to oxytocin. Cortisol negatively, and oxytocin positively, predicted help-seeking intentions from informal but not formal sources, after controlling for psychopathology and psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS Neuroendocrine changes associated with depression may contribute to low help-seeking from friends and family, which may have implications for interpersonal support and outcomes. Research and clinical approaches which incorporate biological as well as psychosocial factors may allow for more targeted and effective early interventions to address lack of help-seeking and depression progression.
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Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S. Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:423-441. [PMID: 28318897 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of unipolar depression with currently available antidepressants is still unsatisfactory. Augmentation with lithium or second generation antipsychotics is an established practice in non-responders to antidepressant monotherapy, but is also associated with a substantial non-response rate and with non-tolerance. Based on a systematic review of the literature, including meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized comparative studies and case studies, off-label augmentation agents (administered in addition to an antidepressant, without FDA approval for treatment of MDD) were identified and evaluated regarding their efficacy using levels of evidence. The agents had to be added to an existing antidepressant regime with the aim of achieving an improved clinical response to an ongoing antidepressant treatment (augmentation) or an earlier onset of effect when starting antidepressant and augmentation agent simultaneously (acceleration). Five substances, modafinil, ketamine, pindolol, testosterone and estrogen (the latter two in hormone-deficient patients) were shown to be clinically effective in high evidence studies. For the six drugs dexamethasone, mecamylamine, riluzole, amantadine, pramipexole and yohimbine clear proof of efficacy was not possible due to low levels of evidence, small sample sizes or discordant results. For the two agents methylphenidate and memantine only studies with negative outcomes could be found. Overall, the quality of study designs was low and results were often contradictory. However, the use of pindolol, ketamine, modafinil, estrogen and testosterone might be an option for depressed patients who are not responding to antidepressant monotherapy or established augmentation strategies. Further high quality studies are necessary and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kleeblatt
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura L Kilarski
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tom Bschor
- Schlosspark-Klinik, Department of Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Köhler
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Baka J, Csakvari E, Huzian O, Dobos N, Siklos L, Leranth C, MacLusky NJ, Duman RS, Hajszan T. Stress induces equivalent remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses in a simulated postpartum environment and in a female rat model of major depression. Neuroscience 2017; 343:384-397. [PMID: 28012870 PMCID: PMC5421158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress and withdrawal of female reproductive hormones are known risk factors of postpartum depression. Although both of these factors are capable of powerfully modulating neuronal plasticity, there is no direct electron microscopic evidence of hippocampal spine synapse remodeling in postpartum depression. To address this issue, hormonal conditions of pregnancy and postpartum period were simulated in ovariectomized adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=76). The number of hippocampal spine synapses and the depressive behavior of rats in an active escape task were investigated in untreated control, hormone-withdrawn 'postpartum', simulated proestrus, and hormone-treated 'postpartum' animals. After 'postpartum' withdrawal of gonadal steroids, inescapable stress caused a loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was related to poor escape performance in hormone-withdrawn 'postpartum' females. These responses were equivalent with the changes observed in untreated controls that is an established animal model of major depression. Maintaining proestrus levels of ovarian hormones during 'postpartum' stress exposure did not affect synaptic and behavioral responses to inescapable stress in simulated proestrus animals. By contrast, maintaining pregnancy levels of estradiol and progesterone during 'postpartum' stress exposure completely prevented the stress-induced loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was associated with improved escape performance in hormone-treated 'postpartum' females. This protective effect appears to be mediated by a muted stress response as measured by serum corticosterone concentrations. In line with our emerging 'synaptogenic hypothesis' of depression, the loss of hippocampal spine synapses may be a novel perspective both in the pathomechanism and in the clinical management of postpartum affective illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Baka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csakvari
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Huzian
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Dobos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Siklos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Neil J MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Tibor Hajszan
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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Antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of flavonoids and related analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gestational stress and fluoxetine treatment differentially affect plasticity, methylation and serotonin levels in the PFC and hippocampus of rat dams. Neuroscience 2016; 327:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shapero BG, McClung G, Bangasser DA, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Interaction of Biological Stress Recovery and Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression in Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:91-103. [PMID: 26923989 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder is a common mental illness with rates increasing during adolescence. This has led researchers to examine developmental antecedents of depression. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and the interaction between two empirically supported risk factors for depression: poor recovery of the biological stress system as measured through heart rate and cortisol, and cognitive vulnerabilities as indexed by rumination and a negative cognitive style. Adolescents (n = 127; 49 % female) completed questionnaires and a social stress task to elicit a stress response measured with neuroendocrine (cortisol) and autonomic nervous system (heart rate) endpoints. The findings indicated that higher depressive symptoms were associated with the combination of higher cognitive vulnerabilities and lower cortisol and heart rate recovery. These findings can enhance our understanding of stress responses, lead to personalized treatment, and provide a nuanced understanding of depression in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Shapero
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - George McClung
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1201 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Brummelte S, Mc Glanaghy E, Bonnin A, Oberlander TF. Developmental changes in serotonin signaling: Implications for early brain function, behavior and adaptation. Neuroscience 2016; 342:212-231. [PMID: 26905950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays a central role in brain development, regulation of mood, stress reactivity and risk of psychiatric disorders, and thus alterations in 5-HT signaling early in life have critical implications for behavior and mental health across the life span. Drawing on preclinical and emerging human evidence this narrative review paper will examine three key aspects when considering the consequences of early life changes in 5-HT: (1) developmental origins of variations of 5-HT signaling; (2) influence of genetic and epigenetic factors; and (3) preclinical and clinical consequences of 5-HT-related changes associated with antidepressant exposure (SSRIs). The developmental consequences of altered prenatal 5-HT signaling varies greatly and outcomes depend on an ongoing interplay between biological (genetic/epigenetic variations) and environmental factors, both pre and postnatally. Emerging evidence suggests that variations in 5-HT signaling may increase sensitivity to risky home environments, but may also amplify a positive response to a nurturing environment. In this sense, factors that change central 5-HT levels may act as 'plasticity' rather than 'risk' factors associated with developmental vulnerability. Understanding the impact of early changes in 5-HT levels offers critical insights that might explain the variations in early typical brain development that underlies behavioral risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brummelte
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - E Mc Glanaghy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Bonnin
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T F Oberlander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lee MS, Kim YH, Park WS, Park OK, Kwon SH, Hong KS, Rhim H, Shim I, Morita K, Wong DL, Patel PD, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF, Her S. Temporal variability of glucocorticoid receptor activity is functionally important for the therapeutic action of fluoxetine in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:252-60. [PMID: 25330740 PMCID: PMC5189925 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the actions of antidepressants on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling. To resolve these inconsistencies, we used a lentiviral-based reporter system to directly monitor rat hippocampal GR activity during stress adaptation. Temporal GR activation was induced significantly by acute stress, as demonstrated by an increase in the intra-individual variability of the acute stress group compared with the variability of the non-stress group. However, the increased intra-individual variability was dampened by exposure to chronic stress, which was partly restored by fluoxetine treatment without affecting glucocorticoid secretion. Immobility in the forced-swim test was negatively correlated with the intra-individual variability, but was not correlated with the quantitative GR activity during fluoxetine therapy; this highlights the temporal variability in the neurobiological links between GR signalling and the therapeutic action of fluoxetine. Furthermore, we demonstrated sequential phosphorylation between GR (S224) and (S232) following fluoxetine treatment, showing a molecular basis for hormone-independent nuclear translocation and transcriptional enhancement. Collectively, these results suggest a neurobiological mechanism by which fluoxetine treatment confers resilience to the chronic stress-mediated attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Lee
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Y-H Kim
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - W-S Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - O-K Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - S-H Kwon
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - K S Hong
- Division of MR Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon, South Korea
| | - H Rhim
- Neuroscience Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - I Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Centre, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Morita
- Department of Nursing, Shikoku University, School of Health Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - D L Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - P D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical Centre, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D M Lyons
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A F Schatzberg
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Her
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea,Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, 192-1 Hyoja 2-Dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea. E-mail:
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Schultebraucks K, Wingenfeld K, Otte C, Quinkler M. The Role of Fludrocortisone in Cognition and Mood in Patients with Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease). Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:315-20. [PMID: 26227663 DOI: 10.1159/000438791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adrenal insufficiency (AI) requires hormone replacement therapy with fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone stimulating glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Evidence from animal and human studies shows that MR function is crucial for cognitive function and mood. Regarding patients with AI, very little is known about the role of MR in cognitive function and mood. METHODS A repeated-measures within-subject design was used to determine whether cognitive function and mood are related to MR occupation in patients with AI. Intraindividually, patients were examined twice, with 1 week between testing days: once with fludrocortisone (high MR occupation) and once without fludrocortisone (low MR occupation). All patients kept their stable regimen of hydrocortisone. The assessment of cognitive function included executive function, attention, and verbal, visuospatial and working memory. Additionally, mood and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS Verbal memory improved significantly during high MR occupation (after fludrocortisone intake) compared to low MR occupation [without fludrocortisone, t(29) = -2.1, p = 0.046]. There were trend level differences in the Number-Combination test [t(29) = -1.9, p = 0.074] and in the Stroop interference task [t(29) = -1.9, p = 0.068]. No significant differences in visuospatial and working memory were found. Furthermore, the current mood state was better during high MR occupation compared to low MR occupation [t(29) = -2.4, p = 0.023] as was diastolic blood pressure [F(2, 29) = 3.6, p = 0.07]. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function and mood in patients with AI depend in part on MR occupation. Because the medium effect size indicates a potential clinical significance, further studies should systematically examine which dosages of fludrocortisone are associated with optimal cognitive function and mood in AI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schultebraucks
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charitx00E9; University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Park EJ, Lee JH, Jeong DC, Han SI, Jeon YW. Natural killer cell activity in patients with major depressive disorder treated with escitalopram. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rincón-Cortés M, Barr GA, Mouly AM, Shionoya K, Nuñez BS, Sullivan RM. Enduring good memories of infant trauma: rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:881-6. [PMID: 25561533 PMCID: PMC4311810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416065112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children form a strong attachment to their caregiver--even when that caretaker is abusive. Paradoxically, despite the trauma experienced within this relationship, the child develops a preference for trauma-linked cues--a phenomenon known as trauma bonding. Although infant trauma compromises neurobehavioral development, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between infant trauma bonding (i.e., learned preference for trauma cues) and the long-term effects of trauma (i.e., depressive-like behavior, amygdala dysfunction) are unknown. We modeled infant trauma bonding by using odor-shock conditioning in rat pups, which engages the attachment system and produces a life-long preference for the odor that was paired with shock. In adulthood, this trauma-linked odor rescues depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, reduces corticosterone (CORT) levels, and exerts repair-related changes at the molecular level. Amygdala microarray after rescue implicates serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GCs), and a causal role was verified through microinfusions. Blocking amygdala 5-HT eliminates the rescue effect; increasing amygdala 5-HT and blocking systemic CORT mimics it. Our findings suggest that infant trauma cues share properties with antidepressants and safety signals and provide insight into mechanisms by which infant trauma memories remain powerful throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Rincón-Cortés
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962; Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10016;
| | - Gordon A Barr
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anne Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon1, F-69366 Lyon, France; and
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Bestina S Nuñez
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962; Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10016;
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Geng LY, Ye DQ, Shi YY, Xu Z, Pu MJ, Li ZY, Li XL, Li Y, Zhang ZJ. Influence of genetic polymorphisms involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and their interactions with environmental factors on antidepressant response. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:237-43. [PMID: 24422887 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with the HPA axis and their interactions with environmental stressors in antidepressant response. METHODS The remission of depressive symptoms after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment was tested against 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five candidate genes associated with the HPA axis in a Chinese Han sample suffering from unipolar depression (n = 273). Any history of childhood trauma and recent negative life events were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) (n = 206) and the Life Event Scale (48 item, LES) (n = 207), respectively. Reporter gene assays were used to evaluate the possible effects of the most significant SNP on gene expression. RESULTS A functional polymorphism at 3'UTR of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) gene (rs28364032) and three haplotypes containing it showed significant relationships with antidepressant remission. Further laboratory-based genomic studies showed that the G-to-A change of rs28364032 resulted in a 10-12% decrease in the intensity of luciferase activity. However, we failed to find association of environments and their interaction with HPA system-related genes with antidepressant remission. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a definite role for CRHR1 in the pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs. This may contribute to interpatient differences in their responses to antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yu Geng
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Schüle C, Baghai TC, Eser D, Rupprecht R. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system dysregulation and new treatment strategies in depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1005-19. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Apostolopoulou K, Künzel HE, Gerum S, Merkle K, Schulz S, Fischer E, Pallauf A, Brand V, Bidlingmaier M, Endres S, Beuschlein F, Reincke M. Gender differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism: a cross-sectional study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15:26-35. [PMID: 22568586 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2012.665480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) has gained increasing attention in the investigation of the pathogenesis of depression. Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is associated with a marked aldosterone excess. Prior studies on PA describe an increased prevalence of anxiety and sub-threshold depressive symptoms in these patients. METHODS In a cross-sectional exploratory study we investigated 132 patients with PA. Twenty-seven patients were studied before initiation of specific treatment (U = untreated), 56 were studied 5.4 years after initiation of mineralocorticoid antagonist treatment (MRA) and 49 patients were studied 4.3 years after unilateral adrenalectomy (ADX). GAD-7 and PHQD self-rating questionnaires were used to assess symptoms for anxiety and depression. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the three investigated groups. A higher prevalence for depression and anxiety compared to the normal population was found. Women of all groups had higher mean values compared to men, for depression in untreated patients this difference was found to be significant. Correlations between the psychopathology and hormones were only found for renin. Plasma renin concentration correlated significantly with anxious symptoms of untreated females. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the RAAS to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression as patients with PA seem to be more depressive and anxious compared to the normal population. Gender differences in the regulation of the RAAS seem to be apparent, as females were more affected by the dysregulation than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Apostolopoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , München , Germany
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41
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Knaepen L, Pawluski JL, Patijn J, van Kleef M, Tibboel D, Joosten EA. Perinatal maternal stress and serotonin signaling: Effects on pain sensitivity in offspring. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:885-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Knaepen
- Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management; University Pain Center Maastricht; Maastricht University Medical Center; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Jodi L. Pawluski
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- University of Liège; GIGA-Neurosciences; 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital (Bat. B36) B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management; University Pain Center Maastricht; Maastricht University Medical Center; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management; University Pain Center Maastricht; Maastricht University Medical Center; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care; Erasmus MC-Sophia; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Erasmus MC-Sophia; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management; University Pain Center Maastricht; Maastricht University Medical Center; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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42
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Taksande BG, Faldu DS, Dixit MP, Sakaria JN, Aglawe MM, Umekar MJ, Kotagale NR. Agmatine attenuates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced behavioral alteration in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:115-20. [PMID: 24183973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure and resulting dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis develops susceptibility to variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Agmatine, a putative neurotransmitter has been reported to be released in response to various stressful stimuli to maintain the homeostasis. Present study investigated the role of agmatine on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced behavioral and biochemical alteration in mice. Exposure of mice to CUMS protocol for 28 days resulted in diminished performance in sucrose preference test, splash test, forced swim test and marked elevation in plasma corticosterone levels. Chronic agmatine (5 and 10 mg/kg, ip, once daily) treatment started on day-15 and continued till the end of the CUMS protocol significantly increased sucrose preference, improved self-care and motivational behavior in the splash test and decreased duration of immobility in the forced swim test. Agmatine treatment also normalized the elevated corticosterone levels and prevented the body weight changes in chronically stressed animals. The pharmacological effect of agmatine was comparable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (10mg/kg, ip). Results of present study clearly demonstrated the anti-depressant like effect of agmatine in chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression in mice. Thus the development of drugs based on brain agmatinergic modulation may represent a new potential approach for the treatment of stress related mood disorders like depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh G Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
It has been proposed that focusing on brain serotonin synthesis can advance antidepressant drug development. Biochemical aspects of the serotonin deficiency in major depressive disorder (MDD) are discussed here in detail. The deficiency is caused by a decreased availability of the serotonin precursor tryptophan (Trp) to the brain. This decrease is caused by accelerated Trp degradation, most likely induced by enhancement of the hepatic enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by glucocorticoids and/or catecholamines. Induction of the extrahepatic Trp-degrading enzyme indolylamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by the modest immune activation in MDD has not been demonstrated and, if it occurs, is unlikely to make a significant contribution. Liver TDO appears to be a target of many antidepressants, the mood stabilisers Li(+) and carbamazepine and possibly other adjuncts to antidepressant therapy. The poor, variable and modest antidepressant efficacy of Trp is due to accelerated hepatic Trp degradation, and efficacy can be restored or enhanced by combination with antidepressants or other existing or new TDO inhibitors. Enhancing Trp availability to the brain is thus the key to normalisation of serotonin synthesis and could form the basis for future antidepressant drug development.
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44
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Lau T, Heimann F, Bartsch D, Schloss P, Weber T. Nongenomic, glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation of serotonin transporter cell surface expression in embryonic stem cell derived serotonergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:115-20. [PMID: 24021805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Depressive disorders have been linked to the combined dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and the serotonergic system. The HPA-axis and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons exert reciprocal regulatory actions. It has been reported that glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling influences serotonin transporter (5-HTT) transcription but data also points to the fact that 5-HTT expression is regulated nongenomically via redistribution of 5-HTT from the cell surface into intracellular compartments. In order to analyze the acute effects of glucocorticoids on 5-HTT cell surface localization we differentiated serotonergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the C57BL/6N blastocysts. These postmitotic 5-HT neurons express all relevant serotonergic markers following the application of a growth factor-based differentiation protocol. Increasing concentrations of the GR agonist dexamethasone (Dex) resulted in enhanced, dose-dependent 5-HTT cell surface localization in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide already 1h after incubation. Inhibition of GR function by the specific GR-antagonist mifepristone abolished the increase in 5-HTT cell surface localization. Hence, our data account for a nongenomic upregulation of 5-HTT cell surface expression by glucocorticoid-GR interaction which likely constitutes a rapid physiological response to increased levels of glucocorticoids as seen during stress. Taken together, we provide a cellular model to analyze and dissect glucocorticoid-5HTT interactions on a molecular level that corresponds to in vivo animal models using C57BL/6N mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Biochemical Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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45
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Vidal R, Diaz A, Pazos A, Castro E. Region-specific regulation of 5-HT1B receptors in the rat brain by chronic venlafaxine treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:177-85. [PMID: 23609771 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Venlafaxine is a non-selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drug for which clinical studies have suggested a high level efficacy and a possible early action onset compared to the classical antidepressants. Its therapeutic effects might be due, at least in part, to adaptive changes in serotonergic neurotransmission, through the activation of the different 5-HT receptor subtypes. 5-HT(1B) receptors are located in the axon terminals of both serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons, where they act as inhibitory autoreceptors or heteroreceptors, respectively. However, the information about the involvement of this subtype in the mechanism of action of antidepressants is limited and quite controversial. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of venlafaxine (10 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, p.o.) after 21 days of treatment on the density of 5-HT(1B) receptors and their functionality in rat brain. METHODS Effects of chronic venlafaxine were evaluated at different levels of 5-HT(1B) receptor by using receptor autoradiography, [³⁵S]GTPγS binding, and the regulation of body temperature induced by selective 5-HT(1B) agonist. RESULTS Our results show that venlafaxine induced an increase in sensitivity of 5-HT(1B) receptors in hypothalamus both at G-protein level and the control of core temperature without affecting the receptor density. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that adaptive changes on 5-HT(1B) receptors induced by chronic administration of venlafaxine exhibit regional differences suggesting that the hypothalamus might be an important site of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vidal
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología-IBBTEC, UC-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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46
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Laryea G, Schütz G, Muglia LJ. Disrupting hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors causes HPA axis hyperactivity and excess adiposity. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1655-65. [PMID: 23979842 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity during the stress response. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a major site of negative feedback to coordinate the degree of the HPA axis activity with the magnitude of the exposed stressor. To define the function of endogenous PVN GR, we used Cre-loxP technology to disrupt different GR exons in Sim1-expressing neurons of the hypothalamus. GR exon 2-deleted mice (Sim1Cre-GRe2Δ) demonstrated 43% loss of PVN GR compared with an 87% GR loss in exon 3-deleted mice (Sim1Cre-GRe3Δ). Sim1Cre-GRe3Δ mice display stunted growth at birth but develop obesity in adulthood and display impaired stress-induced glucose release. We observed elevated basal and stress-induced corticosterone levels in Sim1Cre-GRe3Δ mice, compared with control and Sim1Cre-GRe2Δ mice, and impaired dexamethasone suppression, indicating an inability to negatively regulate corticosterone secretion. Sim1Cre-GRe3Δ mice also showed increased CRH mRNA in the PVN, increased basal plasma ACTH levels, and reduced locomotor behavior. We observed no differences in Sim1Cre-GRe2Δ mice compared with control mice in any measure. Our behavioral data suggest that GR deletion in Sim1-expressing neurons has no effect on anxiety or despair-like behavior under basal conditions. We conclude that loss of PVN GR results in severe HPA axis hyperactivity and Cushing's syndrome-like phenotype but does not affect anxiety and despair-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Laryea
- MD/PhD, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.
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Li B, Suemaru K, Kitamura Y, Gomita Y, Araki H, Cui R. Imipramine-induced c-Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex is decreased in the ACTH-treated rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:486-91. [PMID: 23922220 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the antidepressive-like effect of tricyclic antidepressants is blocked by repeated treatments with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). However, little is known about the neuroanatomy underlying the mechanism of the imipramine treatment-resistant depression model. In the present study, first experimental evidence showed no significant difference of the serum imipramine concentrations between the saline and ACTH-treated rats. In further study, imipramine produced significant increases in the c-Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DGH), and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), in rats repeatedly treated with saline. The imipramine-increased c-Fos immunoreactivity was suppressed in the mPFC of rats repeatedly treated with ACTH. However, there was no significant difference in c-Fos expression in the DGH and CeA between ACTH- and saline-treated rats. These results suggest that the mPFC is maybe involved in effects of the imipramine in the ACTH-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjin Li
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China; Division of Hospital Pharmacy, Ehime University Medical School, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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48
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Spironelli C, Gradante F, Gradante G, Angrilli A. Cortisol and ACTH plasma levels in maternal filicides and violent psychiatric women. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:622-7. [PMID: 23375405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal filicide may be considered the result of significant interactions between increased individual vulnerability and overwhelming environmental stress. The present study examined whether the biological vulnerability to stress and psychotic depression in criminally insane filicidal women was associated with an imbalance of stress-related hormones. Early-morning plasma levels of hormones associated with depression and chronic stress, i.e., thyroid hormones, Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), were measured in 10 filicidal inpatients recovered in a high-security psychiatric hospital for the criminally insane and 10 matched psychiatric, non-filicidal, criminal mothers with comparable traumatic/abuse records. Filicidal mothers had higher than normative Cortisol levels and significantly higher ACTH levels than both the normative values and plasma levels of non-filicidal women. Levels of thyroid hormones fell within normal ranges, without between-groups differences. In addition, while psychiatric controls had the expected Cortisol-ACTH positive correlation, mothers who killed their children revealed no relationship between the two hormones. HPA in the group of filicide perpetrators was altered despite they had received antidepressant pharmacological treatment. The observed imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis indicates a possible filicides' reduced sensitivity of the adrenal glands to ACTH, probably due to the pre-hospitalization long-term affective stress which preceded child homicide. The results reveal the existence of large psycho-biological stress-sensitivity in filicides, and careful post-discharge psychiatric follow-up of such women is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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49
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Knaepen L, Rayen I, Charlier TD, Fillet M, Houbart V, van Kleef M, Steinbusch HW, Patijn J, Tibboel D, Joosten EA, Pawluski JL. Developmental fluoxetine exposure normalizes the long-term effects of maternal stress on post-operative pain in Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57608. [PMID: 23437400 PMCID: PMC3578798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life events can significantly alter the development of the nociceptive circuit. In fact, clinical work has shown that maternal adversity, in the form of depression, and concomitant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment influence nociception in infants. The combined effects of maternal adversity and SSRI exposure on offspring nociception may be due to their effects on the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Therefore, the present study investigated long-term effects of maternal adversity and/or SSRI medication use on nociception of adult Sprague-Dawley rat offspring, taking into account involvement of the HPA system. Dams were subject to stress during gestation and were treated with fluoxetine (2×/5 mg/kg/day) prior to parturition and throughout lactation. Four groups of adult male offspring were used: 1. Control+Vehicle, 2. Control+Fluoxetine, 3. Prenatal Stress+Vehicle, 4. Prenatal Stress+Fluoxetine. Results show that post-operative pain, measured as hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli after hind paw incision, was decreased in adult offspring subject to prenatal stress alone and increased in offspring developmentally exposed to fluoxetine alone. Moreover, post-operative pain was normalized in prenatally stressed offspring exposed to fluoxetine. This was paralleled by a decrease in corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) levels in prenatally stressed offspring and a normalization of serum CBG levels in prenatally stressed offspring developmentally exposed to fluoxetine. Thus, developmental fluoxetine exposure normalizes the long-term effects of maternal adversity on post-operative pain in offspring and these effects may be due, in part, to the involvement of the HPA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Knaepen
- University Pain Center Maastricht, Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ine Rayen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Houbart
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- University Pain Center Maastricht, Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W. Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- University Pain Center Maastricht, Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- University of Liege, GIGA-Neurosciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elbert A. Joosten
- University Pain Center Maastricht, Department of Anesthesiology/Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jodi L. Pawluski
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University of Liege, GIGA-Neurosciences, Liège, Belgium
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50
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Berardelli R, Karamouzis I, D'Angelo V, Zichi C, Fussotto B, Giordano R, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Role of mineralocorticoid receptors on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. Endocrine 2013; 43:51-8. [PMID: 22836869 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This clinical review will summarize the available data regarding the role of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis control in physiological and pathological conditions and in the memory processes involved in the control and appraisal of a stress event. MRs are predominantly expressed in the limbic structures, with the hippocampus being the main localization, although MRs are also found at the hypothalamic level. It is known that hyppocampal MRs control the proactive feedback involved in the maintenance of the basal HPA activity, mainly at the nadir of the circadian rhythm. In physiological conditions, the administration of pharmacological doses of both MR antagonists and agonists is able to interact with the HPA activity, modifying the quiescent phase-nadir of the circadian rhythm, although some data in the literature do not support these observations. Also, in a physiological condition such as aging, an enhanced HPA axis activity is found in the time window, when MRs are predominantly occupied by cortisol circulating levels, possibly reflecting an MR impairment in this period of life. In pathology, major depression has been correlated to MR qualitative-quantitative alterations which could reflect differences on psychological and physiological responses, possibly predicting psychopathologies. Most of the remarks reported in this review seem to indicate, in agreement with animal data, a role played by MRs in the delicate control of the HPA axis in humans and the possible predisposition to the development of pathologies in case of their alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Berardelli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista-Molinette, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
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