1
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Nakamura Y, Longueville S, Nishi A, Hervé D, Girault JA, Nakamura Y. Dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons activity is essential for locomotor and sensitizing effects of a single injection of cocaine. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5327-5340. [PMID: 34273137 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptors play an important role in the effects of cocaine. Here, we investigated the role of neurons which express these receptors (D1-neurons) in the acute locomotor effects of cocaine and the locomotor sensitization observed after a second injection of this drug, using the previously established two-injection protocol of sensitization. We inhibited D1-neurons using double transgenic mice conditionally expressing the inhibitory Gi-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (Gi-DREADD) in D1-neurons. Chemogenetic inhibition of D1-neurons by a low dose of clozapine (0.1 mg/kg) decreased the cocaine-induced expression of Fos in striatal neurons. It diminished the basal locomotor activity and acute hyper-locomotion induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg). Clozapine 0.1 mg/kg had no effect by itself and did not alter cocaine effects in wild-type mice. Inhibition of D1-neurons during the first cocaine administration prevented the sensitization of the locomotor response in response to a second cocaine administration 10 days later. On Day 11, inhibition of D1-neurons by clozapine stimulation of Gi-DREADD blocked cocaine-induced locomotion including in sensitized mice, whereas on Day 12, in the absence of clozapine and D1-neurons inhibition, all mice displayed a sensitized response to cocaine. These results show that chemogenetic inhibition of D1-neurons decreases spontaneous and cocaine-induced locomotor activity. It prevents sensitization induction and blocks sensitized locomotion in a two-injection protocol of sensitization but does not reverse established sensitization. Our study further supports the central role of D1-neurons in mediating the acute locomotor effects of cocaine and its sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sophie Longueville
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Denis Hervé
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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2
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Longueville S, Nakamura Y, Brami-Cherrier K, Coura R, Hervé D, Girault JA. Long-lasting tagging of neurons activated by seizures or cocaine administration in Egr1-CreER T2 transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1450-1472. [PMID: 33226686 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Permanent tagging of neuronal ensembles activated in specific experimental situations is an important objective to study their properties and adaptations. In the context of learning and memory, these neurons are referred to as engram neurons. Here, we describe and characterize a novel mouse line, Egr1-CreERT2 , which carries a transgene in which the promoter of the immediate early gene Egr1 drives the expression of the CreERT2 recombinase that is only active in the presence of tamoxifen metabolite, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT). Egr1-CreERT2 mice were crossed with various reporter mice, Cre-dependently expressing a fluorescent protein. Without tamoxifen or 4-OHT, no or few tagged neurons were observed. Epileptic seizures induced by pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol in the presence of tamoxifen or 4-OHT elicited the persistent tagging of many neurons and some astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, where Egr1 is transiently induced by seizures. One week after cocaine and 4-OHT administration, these mice displayed a higher number of tagged neurons in the dorsal striatum than saline/4-OHT controls, with differences between reporter lines. Cocaine-induced tagging required ERK activation and tagged neurons were more likely than others to exhibit ERK phosphorylation or Fos induction after a second injection. Interestingly neurons tagged in saline-treated mice also had an increased propensity to express Fos, suggesting the existence of highly responsive striatal neurons susceptible to be re-activated by cocaine repeated administration, which may contribute to the behavioral adaptations. Our report validates a novel transgenic mouse model for permanently tagging activated neurons and studying long-term alterations of Egr1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Longueville
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Karen Brami-Cherrier
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Renata Coura
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Denis Hervé
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sciences and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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3
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Neuroprotective effect of regular swimming exercise on calretinin-positive striatal neurons of Parkinsonian rats. Anat Sci Int 2020; 95:429-439. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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4
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Parrilla-Carrero J, Buchta WC, Goswamee P, Culver O, McKendrick G, Harlan B, Moutal A, Penrod R, Lauer A, Ramakrishnan V, Khanna R, Kalivas P, Riegel AC. Restoration of Kv7 Channel-Mediated Inhibition Reduces Cued-Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4212-4229. [PMID: 29636392 PMCID: PMC5963852 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2767-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addicts display increased sensitivity to drug-associated cues, due in part to changes in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). The cellular mechanisms underlying cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking remain unknown. Reinforcement learning for addictive drugs may produce persistent maladaptations in intrinsic excitability within sparse subsets of PFC pyramidal neurons. Using a model of relapse in male rats, we sampled >600 neurons to examine spike frequency adaptation (SFA) and afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), two systems that attenuate low-frequency inputs to regulate neuronal synchronization. We observed that training to self-administer cocaine or nondrug (sucrose) reinforcers decreased SFA and AHPs in a subpopulation of PL-PFC neurons. Only with cocaine did the resulting hyperexcitability persist through extinction training and increase during reinstatement. In neurons with intact SFA, dopamine enhanced excitability by inhibiting Kv7 potassium channels that mediate SFA. However, dopamine effects were occluded in neurons from cocaine-experienced rats, where SFA and AHPs were reduced. Pharmacological stabilization of Kv7 channels with retigabine restored SFA and Kv7 channel function in neuroadapted cells. When microinjected bilaterally into the PL-PFC 10 min before reinstatement testing, retigabine reduced cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Last, using cFos-GFP transgenic rats, we found that the loss of SFA correlated with the expression of cFos-GFP following both extinction and re-exposure to drug-associated cues. Together, these data suggest that cocaine self-administration desensitizes inhibitory Kv7 channels in a subpopulation of PL-PFC neurons. This subpopulation of neurons may represent a persistent neural ensemble responsible for driving drug seeking in response to cues.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long after the cessation of drug use, cues associated with cocaine still elicit drug-seeking behavior, in part by activation of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). The underlying cellular mechanisms governing these activated neurons remain unclear. Using a rat model of relapse to cocaine seeking, we identified a population of PL-PFC neurons that become hyperexcitable following chronic cocaine self-administration. These neurons show persistent loss of spike frequency adaptation, reduced afterhyperpolarizations, decreased sensitivity to dopamine, and reduced Kv7 channel-mediated inhibition. Stabilization of Kv7 channel function with retigabine normalized neuronal excitability, restored Kv7 channel currents, and reduced drug-seeking behavior when administered into the PL-PFC before reinstatement. These data highlight a persistent adaptation in a subset of PL-PFC neurons that may contribute to relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Parrilla-Carrero
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - William C Buchta
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Priyodarshan Goswamee
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Oliver Culver
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Greer McKendrick
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Benjamin Harlan
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, and
| | - Rachel Penrod
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Abigail Lauer
- Department of Public Health Sciences., Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Viswanathan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Public Health Sciences., Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, and
| | - Peter Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Arthur C Riegel
- Department of Neuroscience,
- Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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5
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Chen C, Nong Z, Liang X, Meng M, Xuan F, Xie Q, He J, Huang R. Effect of Yulangsan Polysaccharide on the Reinstatement of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:918-929. [PMID: 29455417 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that Yulangsan polysaccharide (YLSP), which was isolated from the root of Millettia pulchra Kurz, attenuates withdrawal symptoms of morphine dependence by regulating the nitric oxide pathway and modulating monoaminergic neurotransmitters. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of YLSP on the reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. A CPP procedure was employed to assess the behavior of rats, and indicators of serum and four brain regions (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) were determined to explore its underlying mechanism. YLSP inhibited priming morphine-induced reinstatement of CPP in a dose-dependent manner. YLSP markedly reduced nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase levels in the brain. Moreover, YLSP significantly decreased the dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the serum and brain. Furthermore, YLSP significantly decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations, inhibited the expression of dopamine D1 receptors and cAMP response element binding protein mRNA, and improved the expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the four brain regions. Our findings indicated that YLSP could inhibit the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP possibly by modulating the NO-cGMP and D1R-cAMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihuan Nong
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuqiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Simmler LD, Anacker AMJ, Levin MH, Vaswani NM, Gresch PJ, Nackenoff AG, Anastasio NC, Stutz SJ, Cunningham KA, Wang J, Zhang B, Henry LK, Stewart A, Veenstra‐VanderWeele J, Blakely RD. Blockade of the 5-HT transporter contributes to the behavioural, neuronal and molecular effects of cocaine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2716-2738. [PMID: 28585320 PMCID: PMC5522997 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The psychostimulant cocaine induces complex molecular, cellular and behavioural responses as a consequence of inhibiting presynaptic dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-HT transporters. To elucidate 5-HT transporter (SERT)-specific contributions to cocaine action, we evaluated cocaine effects in the SERT Met172 knock-in mouse, which expresses a SERT coding substitution that eliminates high-affinity cocaine recognition. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured the effects of SERT Met172 on cocaine antagonism of 5-HT re-uptake using ex vivo synaptosome preparations and in vivo microdialysis. We assessed SERT dependence of cocaine actions behaviourally through acute and chronic locomotor activation, sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP) and oral cocaine consumption. We used c-Fos, quantitative RT-PCR and RNA sequencing methods for insights into cellular and molecular networks supporting SERT-dependent cocaine actions. KEY RESULTS SERT Met172 mice demonstrated functional insensitivity for cocaine at SERT. Although they displayed wild-type levels of acute cocaine-induced hyperactivity or chronic sensitization, the pattern of acute motor activation was different, with a bias toward thigmotaxis. CPP was increased, and a time-dependent elevation in oral cocaine consumption was observed. SERT Met172 mice displayed relatively higher levels of neuronal activation in the hippocampus, piriform cortex and prelimbic cortex (PrL), accompanied by region-dependent changes in immediate early gene expression. Distinct SERT-dependent gene expression networks triggered by acute and chronic cocaine administration were identified, including PrL Akt and nucleus accumbens ERK1/2 signalling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our studies reveal distinct SERT contributions to cocaine action, reinforcing the possibility of targeting specific aspects of cocaine addiction by modulation of 5-HT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Simmler
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Allison M J Anacker
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University; New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
- Sackler Institute for Developmental PsychobiologyColumbia University; New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael H Levin
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Nina M Vaswani
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Paul J Gresch
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCharles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain InstituteJupiterFLUSA
| | - Alex G Nackenoff
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction ResearchUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction ResearchUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction ResearchUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - L Keith Henry
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCharles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain InstituteJupiterFLUSA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra‐VanderWeele
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University; New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
- Sackler Institute for Developmental PsychobiologyColumbia University; New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of PsychiatryVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCharles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain InstituteJupiterFLUSA
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7
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Maruyama M, Yoshihara T, Ohta H. Genetic deletion of GPR52 enhances the locomotor-stimulating effect of an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist in mice: A potential role of GPR52 in the function of striatopallidal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1670:24-31. [PMID: 28583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is largely co-expressed with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and this expression pattern is similar to that of adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A). GPR52 has been proposed as a therapeutic target for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, based on observations from pharmacological and transgenic mouse studies. However, the physiological role of GPR52 in dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia remains unclear. Here, we used GPR52 knockout (KO) mice to examine the role of GPR52 in dopamine receptor-mediated and ADORA2A-mediated locomotor activity and dopamine receptor signaling. High expression of GPR52 protein in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus of wild type (WT) littermates was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. GPR52 KO and WT mice exhibited almost identical locomotor responses to the dopamine releaser methamphetamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. In contrast, the locomotor response to the ADORA2A antagonist istradefylline was significantly augmented in GPR52 KO mice compared to WT mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that striatal expression of DRD2, but not of dopamine D1 receptor and ADORA2A, was significantly decreased in GPR52 KO mice. Moreover, a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of enkephalin, a marker of the activity of striatopallidal neurons, was observed in the striatum of GPR52 KO mice, suggesting that GPR52 deletion could enhance DRD2 signaling. Taken together, these results imply the physiological relevance of GPR52 in modulating the function of striatopallidal neurons, possibly by interaction of GPR52 with ADORA2A and DRD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshihara
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
Dopamine receptors are targets for drugs with antipsychotic potency, and they are also the primary target in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Molecular cloning has identified five genes that code for dopamine receptors. These receptors belong in two functionally distinct classes of G-protein-coupled receptors, known as the D1 class of receptors (D1 and D5) and the D2 class of receptors (D2, D3, and D4). The diversity of dopamine receptor subtypes that belong to the same functional class, their high degree of structural similarity, and the lack of antagonists with selectivity for each of the individual subtypes have challenged studies on the function of the individual receptor subtypes. This review focuses on the recent progress made with studies on the expression and function of D1, D2, and D3 receptors. It summarizes results of studies that suggest that these receptor proteins are expressed in monomeric and oligomeric forms and reviews results of a growing number of gene-targeting studies that begin to illustrate major differences in the phenotypes of D1-, D2-, and D3-mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmauss
- Department of Psychiatry/Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY
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9
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Reappraising striatal D1- and D2-neurons in reward and aversion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:370-386. [PMID: 27235078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The striatum has been involved in complex behaviors such as motor control, learning, decision-making, reward and aversion. The striatum is mainly composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), typically divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1, forming the so-called direct pathway, and those expressing D2 receptor (indirect pathway). For decades it has been proposed that these two populations exhibit opposing control over motor output, and recently, the same dichotomy has been proposed for valenced behaviors. Whereas D1-MSNs mediate reinforcement and reward, D2-MSNs have been associated with punishment and aversion. In this review we will discuss pharmacological, genetic and optogenetic studies that indicate that there is still controversy to what concerns the role of striatal D1- and D2-MSNs in this type of behaviors, highlighting the need to reconsider the early view that they mediate solely opposing aspects of valenced behaviour.
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10
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Homberg JR, Olivier JDA, VandenBroeke M, Youn J, Ellenbroek AK, Karel P, Shan L, van Boxtel R, Ooms S, Balemans M, Langedijk J, Muller M, Vriend G, Cools AR, Cuppen E, Ellenbroek BA. The role of the dopamine D1 receptor in social cognition: studies using a novel genetic rat model. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1147-1158. [PMID: 27483345 PMCID: PMC5087833 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is an endophenotype that is impaired in schizophrenia and several other (comorbid) psychiatric disorders. One of the modulators of social cognition is dopamine, but its role is not clear. The effects of dopamine are mediated through dopamine receptors, including the dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1). Because current Drd1 receptor agonists are not Drd1 selective, pharmacological tools are not sufficient to delineate the role of the Drd1. Here, we describe a novel rat model with a genetic mutation in Drd1 in which we measured basic behavioural phenotypes and social cognition. The I116S mutation was predicted to render the receptor less stable. In line with this computational prediction, this Drd1 mutation led to a decreased transmembrane insertion of Drd1, whereas Drd1 expression, as measured by Drd1 mRNA levels, remained unaffected. Owing to decreased transmembrane Drd1 insertion, the mutant rats displayed normal basic motoric and neurological parameters, as well as locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour. However, measures of social cognition like social interaction, scent marking, pup ultrasonic vocalizations and sociability, were strongly reduced in the mutant rats. This profile of the Drd1 mutant rat offers the field of neuroscience a novel genetic rat model to study a series of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, depression, bipolar disorder and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelien D A Olivier
- Department of Neurobiology, Unit Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marie VandenBroeke
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6040, New Zealand
| | - Jiun Youn
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6040, New Zealand
| | - Arabella K Ellenbroek
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6040, New Zealand
| | - Peter Karel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Shan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Ooms
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Balemans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Langedijk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Mareike Muller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Vriend
- CMBI, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander R Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Ellenbroek
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6040, New Zealand
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11
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Nakamura T, Sato A, Kitsukawa T, Sasaoka T, Yamamori T. Expression pattern of immediate early genes in the cerebellum of D1R KO, D2R KO, and wild type mice under vestibular-controlled activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:38. [PMID: 26137459 PMCID: PMC4469897 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the different motor abilities of D1R knockout (KO), D2R KO and wild-type (WT) mice. To understand the interaction between the cerebellum and the striatal direct and indirect pathways, we examined the expression patterns of immediate early genes (IEG) in the cerebellum of these three genotypes of mice. In the WT naive mice, there was little IEG expression. However, we observed a robust expression of c-fos mRNA in the vermis and hemisphere after running rota-rod tasks. In the vermis, c-fos was expressed throughout the lobules except lobule 7, and also in crus 1 of the ansiform lobule (Crus1), copula of the pyramis (Cop) and most significantly in the flocculus in the hemisphere. jun-B was much less expressed but more preferentially expressed in Purkinje cells. In addition, we observed significant levels of c-fos and jun-B expressions after handling mice, and after the stationary rota-rod task in naive mice. Surprisingly, we observed significant expression of c-fos and jun-B even 30 min after single weighing. Nonetheless, certain additional c-fos and jun-B expressions were observed in three genotypes of the mice that experienced several sessions of motor tasks 24 h after stationary rota-rod task and on days 1 and 5 after rota-rod tasks, but no significant differences in expressions after the running rota-rod tasks were observed among the three genotypes. In addition, there may be some differences 24 h after the stationary rota-rod task between the naive mice and the mice that experienced several sessions of motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakamura
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Okazaki, Japan ; KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Asako Sato
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara, Japan ; Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Okazaki, Japan ; Laboratory of Molecular Analysis for Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako, Japan
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12
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Hu Z, Oh EH, Chung YB, Hong JT, Oh KW. Predominant D1 Receptors Involvement in the Over-expression of CART Peptides after Repeated Cocaine Administration. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:89-97. [PMID: 25729269 PMCID: PMC4342741 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of dopaminergic receptors (DR) in behavioral sensitization, as measured by locomotor activity, and the over-expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides after repeated administration of cocaine in mice. Repeated administrations of cocaine induced behavioral sensitization and CART over-expression in mice. The levels of striatal CART mRNA were significantly increased on the 3rd day. CART peptides were over-expressed on the 5th day in the striata of behaviorally sensitized mice. A higher proportion of CART+ cells in the cocaine-treated mice were present in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell than in the dorsolateral (DL) part of caudate putamen (CP). The concomitant administration of both D1R and D2R antagonists, SCH 23390 (D1R selective) and raclopride (D2R selective), blocked cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression, and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) signal pathways. SCH 23390 more predominantly inhibited the locomotor activity, CART over-expression, pCREB and PKA activity than raclopride. Cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization was also attenuated in the both D1R and D2R knockout (KO) mice, respectively. CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signal pathways were inhibited in the D1R-KO mice, but not in the D2R-KO mice. It is suggested that behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signal pathways induced by repeated administration of cocaine could be more predominantly mediated by D1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Eun-Hye Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yeon Bok Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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13
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Yang L, Yao H, Chen X, Cai Y, Callen S, Buch S. Role of Sigma Receptor in Cocaine-Mediated Induction of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: Implications for HAND. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1329-1342. [PMID: 25631712 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse has been shown to accelerate the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated neurological disorders (HANDs) partially through increasing neuroinflammatory response mediated by activated astrocytes; however, the detailed molecular mechanism of cocaine-mediated astrocyte activation is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated increased astrogliosis in the cortical regions of brains from HIV(+) cocaine abusers compared with the HIV(+) group without cocaine abuse. We next sought to explore whether cocaine exposure could result in increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a filament protein critical for astrocyte activation. Exposure of cocaine to astrocytes resulted in rapid translocation of sigma receptor to the plasma membrane with subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways. Using a pharmacological approach, we provide evidence that cocaine-mediated upregulation of GFAP expression involved activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling with subsequent downstream activation of the early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1). Egr-1 activation, in turn, caused transcriptional regulation of GFAP. Corroboration of these findings in vivo demonstrated increased expression of GFAP in the cortical region of mice treated with cocaine compared with the saline injected controls. A thorough understanding of how cocaine mediates astrogliosis could have implications for the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at HIV-infected cocaine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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14
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Creighton AE, Wilczynski W. Influence of dopamine D2-type receptors on motor behaviors in the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea. Physiol Behav 2014; 127:71-80. [PMID: 24480075 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine modulates a range of behaviors that include motor processes, learning, and incentive motivation. Research supports anatomical conservation of dopaminergic populations in the midbrain across vertebrate species, however, less evidence is available for dopamine receptor distributions. In order to test the behavioral role of dopamine in an anatomically conserved dopaminergic system, the effects of D2-type receptor manipulation on motor behaviors were examined in the anuran amphibian green tree frog, Hyla cinerea. In two different within-subject experiments, frogs were treated with a control treatment, and a high and low dose of either a D2 receptor-specific agonist, quinpirole, or antagonist, haloperidol, then exposed to a testing session to measure changes in swimming and climbing motor behaviors. No treatments resulted in complete immobility or catalepsy, however treatment-specific effects on certain motor behaviors were present. The high quinpirole dose (1mg/kg bw) generally inhibited motor behaviors associated with exiting water and jumping, while both haloperidol treatments (0.12mg/kg bw and 1.2mg/kg bw) generally stimulated motor behaviors associated with exiting water, as predicted based on receptor mechanisms. Performance improvement also appeared in frogs in each experiment, suggesting that the D2 receptor is not involved in the motor learning mechanism in this species. Overall, the results support general conservation of D2 receptors in motor processes in vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Creighton
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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15
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Xu W, Wang Y, Ma Z, Chiu YT, Huang P, Rasakham K, Unterwald E, Lee DYW, Liu-Chen LY. L-isocorypalmine reduces behavioral sensitization and rewarding effects of cocaine in mice by acting on dopamine receptors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:693-703. [PMID: 24080315 PMCID: PMC3954112 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported isolation of l-isocorypalmine (l-ICP), a mono-demethylated analog of l-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), from the plant Corydalis yanhusuo. Here we characterized its in vitro pharmacological properties and examined its effects on cocaine-induced behaviors in mice. METHODS Receptor binding, cAMP and [(35)S]GTPγS assays were used to examine pharmacological actions of l-ICP in vitro. Effects of l-ICP on cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice were investigated. HPLC was employed to analyze metabolites of l-ICP in mouse serum. RESULTS Among more than 40 targets screened, l-ICP and l-THP bound only to dopamine (DA) receptors. l-ICP was a high-affinity partial agonist of D1 and D5 receptors and a moderate-affinity antagonist of D2, D3 and D4 receptors, whereas l-THP bound to only D1 and D5 receptors, with lower affinities than l-ICP. At 10mg/kg (i.p.), l-ICP inhibited spontaneous locomotor activity for a shorter time than l-THP. Pretreatment with l-ICP reduced cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivities. Administration of l-ICP before cocaine once a day for 5 days reduced cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization on days 5 and 13 after 7 days of withdrawal. Pretreatment with l-ICP before cocaine daily for 6 days blocked cocaine-induced CPP, while l-ICP itself did not cause preference or aversion. HPLC analysis showed that l-ICP was the main compound in mouse serum following i.p. injection of l-ICP. CONCLUSIONS l-ICP likely acts as a D1 partial agonist and a D2 antagonist to produce its in vivo effects and may be a promising agent for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - Yujun Wang
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - Zhongze Ma
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Chiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - Khampaseuth Rasakham
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - Ellen Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA
| | - David Y.-W. Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
19140, USA,Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen,
Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Temple
University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. Tel: +1 215
707 4188; Fax: +1 215 707 7068.
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16
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Baik JH. Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:152. [PMID: 24130517 PMCID: PMC3795306 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA mesolimbic neurotransmission have been found to modify behavioral responses to various environmental stimuli associated with reward behaviors. Psychostimulants, drugs of abuse, and natural reward such as food can cause substantial synaptic modifications to the mesolimbic DA system. Recent studies using optogenetics and DREADDs, together with neuron-specific or circuit-specific genetic manipulations have improved our understanding of DA signaling in the reward circuit, and provided a means to identify the neural substrates of complex behaviors such as drug addiction and eating disorders. This review focuses on the role of the DA system in drug addiction and food motivation, with an overview of the role of D1 and D2 receptors in the control of reward-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
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17
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The LIM homeobox gene Isl1 is required for the correct development of the striatonigral pathway in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4026-35. [PMID: 24082127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308275110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian striatum controls the output of the basal ganglia via two distinct efferent pathways, the direct (i.e., striatonigral) and the indirect (i.e., striatopallidal) pathways. The LIM homeodomain transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) is expressed in a subpopulation of striatal progenitors; however, its specific role in striatal development remains unknown. Our genetic fate-mapping results show that Isl1-expressing progenitors give rise to striatal neurons belonging to the striatonigral pathway. Conditional inactivation of Isl1 in the telencephalon resulted in a smaller striatum with fewer striatonigral neurons and reduced projections to the substantia nigra. Additionally, conditional inactivation in the ventral forebrain (including both the telencephalon and diencephalon) revealed a unique role for Isl1 in diencephalic cells bordering the internal capsule for the normal development of the striatonigral pathway involving PlexinD1-Semaphorin 3e (Sema3e) signaling. Finally, Isl1 conditional mutants displayed a hyperlocomotion phenotype, and their locomotor response to psychostimulants was significantly blunted, indicating that the alterations in basal ganglia circuitry contribute to these mutant behaviors.
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18
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Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 100:60-80. [PMID: 23085425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The psychostimulants methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), amphetamine (Adderall), and modafinil (Provigil) are widely used in the treatment of medical conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy and, increasingly, as "cognitive enhancers" by healthy people. The long-term neuronal effects of these drugs, however, are poorly understood. A substantial amount of research over the past two decades has investigated the effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines on gene regulation in the brain because these molecular changes are considered critical for psychostimulant addiction. This work has determined in some detail the neurochemical and cellular mechanisms that mediate psychostimulant-induced gene regulation and has also identified the neuronal systems altered by these drugs. Among the most affected brain systems are corticostriatal circuits, which are part of cortico-basal ganglia-cortical loops that mediate motivated behavior. The neurotransmitters critical for such gene regulation are dopamine in interaction with glutamate, while other neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin) play modulatory roles. This review presents (1) an overview of the main findings on cocaine- and amphetamine-induced gene regulation in corticostriatal circuits in an effort to provide a cellular framework for (2) an assessment of the molecular changes produced by methylphenidate, medical amphetamine (Adderall), and modafinil. The findings lead to the conclusion that protracted exposure to these cognitive enhancers can induce gene regulation effects in corticostriatal circuits that are qualitatively similar to those of cocaine and other amphetamines. These neuronal changes may contribute to the addiction liability of the psychostimulant cognitive enhancers.
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Tropea TF, Kabir ZD, Kaur G, Rajadhyaksha AM, Kosofsky BE. Enhanced dopamine D1 and BDNF signaling in the adult dorsal striatum but not nucleus accumbens of prenatal cocaine treated mice. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:67. [PMID: 22162970 PMCID: PMC3232639 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our group and others utilizing animal models have demonstrated long-lasting structural and functional alterations in the meso-cortico-striatal dopamine pathway following prenatal cocaine (PCOC) treatment. We have shown that PCOC treatment results in augmented D1-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cocaine-induced immediate-early gene expression in the striatum of adult mice. In this study we further examined basal as well as cocaine or D1-induced activation of a set of molecules known to be mediators of neuronal plasticity following psychostimulant treatment, with emphasis in the dorsal striatum (Str) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of adult mice exposed to cocaine in utero. Basally, in the Str of PCOC treated mice there were significantly higher levels of (1) CREB and Ser133 P-CREB (2) Thr34 P-DARPP-32 and (3) GluA1 and Ser 845 P-GluA1 when compared to prenatal saline (PSAL) treated mice. In the NAc there were significantly higher basal levels of (1) CREB and Ser133 P-CREB, (2) Thr202/Tyr204 P-ERK2, and (3) Ser845 P-GluA1. Following acute administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or D1 agonist (SKF 82958; 1 mg/kg, i.p.) there were significantly higher levels of Ser133 P-CREB, Thr34 P-DARPP-32, and Thr202/Tyr204 P-ERK2 in the Str that were evident in all animals tested. However, these cocaine-induced increases in phosphorylation were significantly augmented in PCOC mice compared to PSAL mice. In sharp contrast to the observations in the Str, in the NAc, acute administration of cocaine or D1 agonist significantly increased P-CREB and P-ERK2 in PSAL mice, a response that was not evident in PCOC mice. Examination of Ser 845 P-GluA1 revealed that cocaine or D1 agonist significantly increased levels in PSAL mice, but significantly decreased levels in the PCOC mice in both the Str and NAc. We also examined changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our studies revealed significantly higher levels of the BDNF precursor, pro-BDNF, and one of its receptors, TrkB in the Str of PCOC mice compared to PSAL mice. These results suggest a persistent up-regulation of molecules critical to D1 and BDNF signaling in the Str of adult mice exposed to cocaine in utero. These molecular adaptations may underlie components of the behavioral deficits evident in exposed animals and a subset of exposed humans, and may represent a therapeutic target for ameliorating aspects of the PCOC-induced phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Tropea
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New EnglandBiddeford, ME, USA
| | - Zeeba D. Kabir
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Anjali M. Rajadhyaksha
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - Barry E. Kosofsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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21
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Lobo MK, Nestler EJ. The striatal balancing act in drug addiction: distinct roles of direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:41. [PMID: 21811439 PMCID: PMC3140647 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a key role in mediating the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs, with drugs of abuse causing long-lasting molecular and cellular alterations in both dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Despite the wealth of research on the biological actions of abused drugs in striatum, until recently, the distinct roles of the striatum’s two major subtypes of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in drug addiction remained elusive. Recent advances in cell-type-specific technologies, including fluorescent reporter mice, transgenic, or knockout mice, and viral-mediated gene transfer, have advanced the field toward a more comprehensive understanding of the two MSN subtypes in the long-term actions of drugs of abuse. Here we review progress in defining the distinct molecular and functional contributions of the two MSN subtypes in mediating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kay Lobo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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22
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Sora I, Li B, Igari M, Hall FS, Ikeda K. Transgenic mice in the study of drug addiction and the effects of psychostimulant drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:218-46. [PMID: 20201856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first transgenic models used to study addiction were based upon a priori assumptions about the importance of particular genes in addiction, including the main target molecules of morphine, amphetamine, and cocaine. This consequently emphasized the importance of monoamine transporters, opioid receptors, and monoamine receptors in addiction. Although the effects of opiates were largely eliminated by mu opioid receptor gene knockout, the case for psychostimulants was much more complex. Research using transgenic models supported the idea of a polygenic basis for psychostimulant effects and has associated particular genes with different behavioral consequences of psychostimulants. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic mice, especially gene knockout mice, has been instrumental in identifying the role of specific molecular targets of addictive drugs in their actions. In this article, we summarize studies that have provided insight into the polygenic determination of drug addiction phenotypes in ways that are not possible with other methods, emphasizing research into the effects of psychostimulant drugs in gene knockouts of the monoamine transporters and monoamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sora
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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23
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van den Buuse M. Modeling the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in genetically modified mice: pharmacology and methodology aspects. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:246-70. [PMID: 19900963 PMCID: PMC2833124 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been huge advances in the use of genetically modified mice to study pathophysiological mechanisms involved in schizophrenia. This has allowed rapid progress in our understanding of the role of several proposed gene mechanisms in schizophrenia, and yet this research has also revealed how much still remains unresolved. Behavioral studies in genetically modified mice are reviewed with special emphasis on modeling psychotic-like behavior. I will particularly focus on observations on locomotor hyperactivity and disruptions of prepulse inhibition (PPI). Recommendations are included to address pharmacological and methodological aspects in future studies. Mouse models of dopaminergic and glutamatergic dysfunction are then discussed, reflecting the most important and widely studied neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenia. Subsequently, psychosis-like behavior in mice with modifications in the most widely studied schizophrenia susceptibility genes is reviewed. Taken together, the available studies reveal a wealth of available data which have already provided crucial new insight and mechanistic clues which could lead to new treatments or even prevention strategies for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van den Buuse
- Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Harrison SJ, Nobrega JN. Differential susceptibility to ethanol and amphetamine sensitization in dopamine D3 receptor-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:49-59. [PMID: 19096829 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) have been implicated in behavioral sensitization to various drugs of abuse, but their role in ethanol (EtOH) sensitization has not been directly examined. We used D3R knockout (D3 KO) mice to examine whether the D3R plays a permissive role in EtOH and amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization. We also investigated whether EtOH sensitization is accompanied by alterations in D3R mRNA expression or binding. MATERIALS AND METHODS After comparing EtOH sensitization in C57Bl/6 mice and DBA/2 mice, D3 KO, wild type (WT), and for comparison, D1 and D2 KOs received five biweekly injections of EtOH (2.2 g/kg, i.p.) or saline. Another group of D3 KOs and WT controls received six times AMPH (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.). D3R mRNA and binding were measured in EtOH-sensitized DBA/2 mice with in situ hybridization and [(125)I]-7-OH-PIPAT autoradiography, respectively. RESULTS C57Bl/6 mice expressed EtOH sensitization albeit to a lesser extent than DBA/2 mice. Compared to WT mice, D3 KOs were resistant to EtOH sensitization. The behavioral profile of D3 KOs was more similar to D1 KOs than D2 KOs, which also failed to develop EtOH sensitization. However, D3 KOs developed AMPH sensitization normally. EtOH sensitization was not accompanied by changes in either D3R mRNA or D3R binding in the islands of Calleja, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, or cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a necessary role for the D3R in EtOH but not AMPH sensitization, possibly through postreceptor intracellular mechanisms. Results also suggest that different neurochemical mechanisms underlie sensitization to different drugs of abuse.
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Abstract
Development of drug addiction is accompanied by the induction of long-lasting neurobiological changes. Dopamine D1 receptors are involved in mediating cocaine-induced neuroadaptation, yet the underlying intracellular mechanisms remain less clear. Using a genetically modified mouse in which Fos is primarily mutated in D1 receptor-bearing neurons in the brain, we examined a potential role of the immediate early gene Fos, which is rapidly induced by cocaine via D1 receptors, in mediating cocaine-induced persistent neurobiological changes. We found that the composition of AP-1 transcription complexes and expression levels of AP-1 complexes, and several transcription factors, neurotransmitter receptors as well as intracellular signaling molecules following repeated cocaine administration are altered in Fos-deficient brains. Moreover, dendritic reorganization of medium spiny neurons induced by repeated exposure to cocaine is attenuated in the mutant brains. The mutant mice also exhibit reduced behavioral sensitization after repeated cocaine administration. These findings suggest that c-Fos expressed in D1 receptor-bearing neurons mediates cocaine-induced persistent changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Karlsson RM, Hefner KR, Sibley DR, Holmes A. Comparison of dopamine D1 and D5 receptor knockout mice for cocaine locomotor sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:117-27. [PMID: 18600316 PMCID: PMC2586326 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is compelling support for the contribution of dopamine and the D1R-like (D1R, D5R) receptor subfamily to the behavioral and neural effects of psychostimulant drugs of abuse. The relative roles of D1R and D5R subtypes in mediating these effects are not clear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to directly compare (C57BL/6J congenic) D1R knockout (KO) and D5R KO mice for baseline locomotor exploration, acute locomotor responses to cocaine, and locomotor sensitization to repeated cocaine administration, and to examine cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in D5R KO. MATERIALS AND METHODS D1R KO, D5R KO, and wild-type (WT) were assessed for baseline open field exploration, locomotor-stimulating effects of 15 mg/kg acute cocaine and sensitized locomotor responses to cocaine after repeated home cage treatment with 20 or 30 mg/kg cocaine. D5R KO and WT were tested for CPP to 15 mg/kg cocaine. RESULTS D1R KO showed modest basal hyperactivity and increased center exploration relative to WT. Acute locomotor responses to cocaine were consistently absent in D1R KO, but intact in D5R KO. D5R KO showed normal locomotor sensitization to cocaine and normal cocaine CPP. D1R KO failed to show a sensitized locomotor response to 30 mg/kg cocaine. Failure to sensitize in D1R KO was not because of excessive stereotypies. Surprisingly, D1R KO showed a strong trend for sensitization to 20 mg/kg cocaine. CONCLUSIONS D5R KO does not alter acute or sensitized locomotor responses to cocaine or cocaine CPP. D1R KO abolishes acute locomotor response to cocaine, but does not fully prevent locomotor sensitization to cocaine at all doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Karlsson
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kathryn R. Hefner
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
- Corresponding author: Andrew Holmes, PhD Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 5625 Fishers Lane Rm 2N09 Rockville, MD 20852−9411 USA Telephone: 301−402−3519 Fax: 301−480−1952
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Effects of pharmacological stressors on c-fos and CRF mRNA in mouse brain: relationship to alcohol seeking. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:254-8. [PMID: 18755245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A marked heterogeneity exists among stressors in their ability to reinstate alcohol seeking in rats. We have reported that the pharmacological stressor yohimbine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, potently reinstated alcohol seeking, but FG-7142, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist was ineffective. In rats, we determined that yohimbine elicits patterns of brain expression of the mRNAs for c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) a stress-related peptide, distinct from that produced by FG-7142. The purpose of the present experiment is to determine if these differential effects of yohimbine and FG-7142 on regional c-fos and CRF mRNA expression generalize to another animal commonly used in alcohol research, the C57 BL/6J mouse. In comparing the results of the present study to those of our previous one, we found a number of commonalities in the patterns of activation elicited by yohimbine and FG-7142 between the two species, and some notable differences. As we found in the rat, yohimbine selectively increased c-fos mRNA in the mouse NACs, BLA and CeA. Yohimbine increased CRF mRNA only in the mouse PVN, but was without effect on CRF mRNA in extrahypothalamic sites, the BNST and CeA. This differs from what we saw in the rat, where yohimbine increased CRF mRNA in these extrahypothalamic regions, but not the PVN. The selective induction of c-fos in the NACs, BLA and CeA of mice and rats by yohimbine offers further support for the idea that activation of these structures participates in reinstatement induced by such stressors.
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Tropea TF, Guerriero RM, Willuhn I, Unterwald EM, Ehrlich ME, Steiner H, Kosofsky BE. Augmented D1 dopamine receptor signaling and immediate-early gene induction in adult striatum after prenatal cocaine. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:1066-74. [PMID: 18275938 PMCID: PMC2746072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to cocaine can impede normal brain development, triggering a range of neuroanatomical and behavioral anomalies that are evident throughout life. Mouse models have been especially helpful in delineating neuro-teratogenic consequences after prenatal exposure to cocaine. The present study employed a mouse model to investigate alterations in D(1) dopamine receptor signaling and downstream immediate-early gene induction in the striatum of mice exposed to cocaine in utero. METHODS Basal, forskolin-, and D(1) receptor agonist-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured ex vivo in the adult male striatum in mice exposed to cocaine in utero. Further studies assessed cocaine-induced zif 268 and homer 1 expression in the striatum of juvenile (P15), adolescent (P36), and adult (P60) male mice. RESULTS The D(1) dopamine receptor agonist SKF82958 induced significantly higher levels of cAMP in adult male mice treated with cocaine in utero compared with saline control subjects. No effects of the prenatal treatment were found for cAMP formation induced by forskolin. After an acute cocaine challenge (15 mg/kg, IP), these mice showed greater induction of zif 268 and homer 1, an effect that was most robust in the medial part of the mid-level striatum and became more pronounced with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings indicate abnormally enhanced D(1) receptor signal transduction in adult mice after prenatal cocaine exposure. Such changes in dopamine receptor signaling might underlie aspects of long-lasting neuro-teratogenic effects evident in some humans after in utero exposure to cocaine and identify the striatum as one target potentially vulnerable to gestational cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Tropea
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Division Of Pediatric Neurol ogy, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Réjean M. Guerriero
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown, MA, and Department of Neurol ogy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ingo Willuhn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL
| | - Ellen M. Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacolo gy, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Heinz Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL
| | - Barry E. Kosofsky
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Division Of Pediatric Neurol ogy, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown, MA, and Department of Neurol ogy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Motor-skill learning in a novel running-wheel task is dependent on D1 dopamine receptors in the striatum. Neuroscience 2008; 153:249-58. [PMID: 18343588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that dopamine receptors regulate processes of procedural learning in the sensorimotor striatum. Our previous studies revealed that the indirect dopamine receptor agonist cocaine alters motor-skill learning-associated gene regulation in the sensorimotor striatum. Cocaine-induced gene regulation in the striatum is principally mediated by D1 dopamine receptors. We investigated the effects of cocaine and striatal D1 receptor antagonism on motor-skill learning. Rats were trained on a running wheel (40-60 min, 2-5 days) to learn a new motor skill, that is, the ability to control the movement of the wheel. Immediately before each training session, the animals received an injection of vehicle or cocaine (25 mg/kg, i.p.), and/or the D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (0, 3, 10 microg/kg, i.p., or 0, 0.3, 1 microg, intrastriatal via chronically implanted cannula). The animal's ability to control/balance the moving wheel (wheel skill) was tested before and repeatedly after the training. Normal wheel-skill memory lasted for at least 4 weeks. Cocaine administered before the training tended to attenuate skill learning. Systemic administration of SCH-23390 alone also impaired skill learning. However, cocaine given in conjunction with the lower SCH-23390 dose (3 microg/kg) reversed the inhibition of skill learning produced by the D1 receptor antagonist, enabling intact skill performance during the whole post-training period. In contrast, when cocaine was administered with the higher SCH-23390 dose (10 microg/kg), skill performance was normalized 1-6 days after the training, but these rats lost their improved wheel skill by day 18 after the training. Similar effects were produced by SCH-23390 (0.3-1 microg) infused into the striatum. Our results indicate that cocaine interferes with normal motor-skill learning, which seems to be dependent on optimal D1 receptor signaling. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that D1 receptors in the striatum are critical for consolidation of long-term skill memory.
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Corvol JC, Valjent E, Pascoli V, Robin A, Stipanovich A, Luedtke RR, Belluscio L, Girault JA, Hervé D. Quantitative changes in Galphaolf protein levels, but not D1 receptor, alter specifically acute responses to psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1109-21. [PMID: 17063155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) are coupled to adenylyl cyclase through Galphaolf. Although this pathway is involved in important brain functions, the consequences of quantitative alterations of its components are not known. We explored the biochemical and behavioral responses to cocaine and D-amphetamine (D-amph) in mice with heterozygous mutations of genes encoding D1R and Galphaolf (Drd1a+/- and Gnal+/-), which express decreased levels of the corresponding proteins in the striatum. Dopamine-stimulated cAMP production in vitro and phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit in response to D-amph in vivo were decreased in Gnal+/-, but not Drd1a+/- mice. Acute locomotor responses to D1 agonist SKF81259, D-amph and cocaine were altered in Gnal+/- mice, and not in Drd1a+/- mice. This haploinsufficiency showed that Galphaolf but not D1R protein levels are limiting for D1R-mediated biochemical and behavioral responses. Gnal+/- mice developed pronounced locomotor sensitization and conditioned locomotor responses after repeated injections of D-amph (2 mg/kg) or cocaine (20 mg/kg). They also developed normal D-amph-conditioned place preference. The D1R/cAMP pathway remained blunted in repeatedly treated Gnal+/- mice. In contrast, D-amph-induced ERK activation was normal in the striatum of these mice, possibly accounting for the normal development of long-lasting behavioral responses to psychostimulants. Our results clearly dissociate biochemical mechanisms involved in acute and delayed behavioral effects of psychostimulants. They identify striatal levels of Galphaolf as a key factor for acute responses to psychostimulants and suggest that quantitative alterations of its expression may alter specific responses to drugs of abuse, or possibly other behavioral responses linked to dopamine function.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/physiopathology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Cho DI, Quan W, Oak MH, Choi HJ, Lee KY, Kim KM. Functional interaction between dopamine receptor subtypes for the regulation of c-fos expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:1113-8. [PMID: 17462594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic drugs increase the expression of the proto-oncogene, c-fos, in the brain, which is involved in the coordination of neurobiological changes caused by repeated cocaine or amphetamine use. This study examined the roles of five dopamine receptor subtypes on the c-fos promoter activity. D(1)R or D(5)R significantly increased the expression of c-fos promoter by activating protein kinase A. However, D(2)R, D(3)R, or D(4)R did not show any noticeable effects. The co-expression of D(1)R/D(3)R or D(1)R/D(2)R synergistically activated the basal and agonist-induced expression of the c-fos promoter, respectively. The Ral guanine-nucleotide-dissociation-stimulator-like, which was found to interact with the 3rd cytoplasmic loop of D(3)R, mediated the inhibitory activity of D(3)R in c-fos expression. In summary, the expression of the c-fos promoter was increased by the D1-like receptors and enhanced synergistically by the D2-like receptors via the modulation of cellular cAMP. D(3)R inhibited the expression of the c-fos promoter through an interaction with RGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Im Cho
- Research Institute of Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwang-Ju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Welter M, Vallone D, Samad TA, Meziane H, Usiello A, Borrelli E. Absence of dopamine D2 receptors unmasks an inhibitory control over the brain circuitries activated by cocaine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6840-5. [PMID: 17426149 PMCID: PMC1871872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610790104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a psychostimulant and a drug widely abused by humans. Cocaine elicits its effects primarily by blocking the activity of the dopamine (DA) transporter, leading to elevated levels of extracellular DA in areas receiving dopaminergic innervation, with the consequent activation of DA receptors. Cocaine, however, also elevates other neurotransmitter levels, leading to a general activation of interconnected brain circuitries. Studies aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of cocaine have shown a leading role of DA D1 receptors in the cascade of cellular events elicited by this drug. In this study, we have analyzed the acute response to cocaine in animals deleted for the expression of DA D2 receptors (D2R), an inhibitor of DA signaling. Importantly, we show that although D1 receptor-mediated functions are preserved and even enhanced in D2R-/- mutants, the behavioral response to acute cocaine administration is severely altered. In addition, c-fos response to acute cocaine administration, in contrast to wild-type mice, is absent in D2R-/- mutants. Our findings show that the absence of D2R, very likely through a presynaptic mechanism, uncovers an inhibitory signaling pathway normally masked by the activity of this receptor on brain circuitries engaged by abused drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiology
- Cocaine/administration & dosage
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Genes, Immediate-Early/drug effects
- Genes, Immediate-Early/physiology
- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/deficiency
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Welter
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, 3113 Gillespie Building, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; and
| | - Daniela Vallone
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; and
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; and
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; and
| | - Emiliana Borrelli
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, 3113 Gillespie Building, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; and
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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D'Addario C, Di Benedetto M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. The kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 prevents cocaine-induced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr(34) in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:34-9. [PMID: 17499634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, which plays an important role in dopaminergic transmission. A large body of evidence supports the key role of DARPP-32-dependent signalling in mediating the actions of multiple drugs of abuse, including cocaine, which, when acutely administered, increases the Thr(34) phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in the striatal and cortical areas. In this study, we have examined the contribution of the kappa opioid system to the regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr(34), following acute cocaine administration, in selected rat brain areas. Results showed that a single injection of cocaine induces a significant increase in DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr(34) in the hippocampus, caudate putamen and prefrontal cortex. In addition, pretreatment with the kappa opioid receptor agonist U-69593 prevented cocaine effects in all the investigated areas. These data could be considered consistent with the ability of kappa opioid agonists to attenuate many behavioural and neurochemical effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, Bologna 40126, Italy
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van der Kooij MA, Glennon JC. Animal models concerning the role of dopamine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:597-618. [PMID: 17316796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been proposed, ranging from administration of neurotoxins to genetically manipulated models. These models are used to gain insight into ADHD as a disorder and assist in the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. However, the information gained from these models differs, depending to a large extent on the validity (or otherwise) of the model. Thus the insights gained from these models with respect to the pathophysiology and aetiology of ADHD remains inconclusive. No animal model resembles the clinical situation of ADHD perfectly but good animal models of ADHD should mimic its characteristics, confirm to an underlying theory of ADHD and ultimately make predictions of future therapies. While the involvement of dopamine (DA) in ADHD has been established, the evaluation of rodent models of ADHD particularly with respect to dopaminergic systems is attempted here. It is concluded that the neonatal 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesioned rat and DA transporter knockout/knockdown mice have the highest degree of validity for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A van der Kooij
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology & Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Zhang J, Xu M. Opposite regulation of cocaine-induced intracellular signaling and gene expression by dopamine D1 and D3 receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1074:1-12. [PMID: 17105899 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1369.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to cocaine induces persistent neuroadaptations that involve alterations in cellular signaling and gene expression mediated by dopamine (DA) receptors in the brain. Both dopamine D1 and D3 receptors mediate cocaine-induced behaviors and they are also coexpressed in the same neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudoputamen (CPu). We have investigated whether these two receptors coordinately regulate intracellular signaling and gene expression after acute and repeated cocaine administration. We found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and c-fos induction in the CPu following an acute cocaine administration is mediated by the D1 receptor and inhibited by the D3 receptor. ERK activation is necessary for acute cocaine-induced expression of fos family genes that include c-fos, fosB, and fra2. Furthermore, potential target genes of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein and/or AP-1 transcription complex, including dynorphin, neogenin, and synaptotagmin VII, are also oppositely regulated by D1 and D3 receptors after repeated cocaine injections. Lastly, such regulation requires proper ERK activation. These results suggest that D1 and D3 receptors oppositely regulate target gene expression by regulating ERK activation after cocaine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Jiao H, Zhang Q, Zhang D, Lou D, Katz JL, Xu M. c-Fos facilitates the acquisition and extinction of cocaine-induced persistent changes. J Neurosci 2007; 26:13287-96. [PMID: 17182779 PMCID: PMC6675013 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3795-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of drug addiction involves persistent neurobiological changes. The dopamine D1 receptor is involved in mediating cocaine-induced neuroadaptation, yet the underlying intracellular mechanisms remain unclear. We examined a potential role of the immediate early gene Fos, which is robustly and rapidly induced by cocaine via D1 receptors, in mediating cocaine-induced persistent neurobiological changes by creating and analyzing a mouse in which Fos is primarily disrupted in D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the brain. We show that the expression levels of several transcription factors, neurotransmitter receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules induced by repeated cocaine administration are altered in Fos-deficient brains. Dendritic remodeling of medium spiny neurons induced by repeated exposure to cocaine is blunted in the mutant mice. The mutant mice exhibit attenuated behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to cocaine and more persistent memory of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Our findings indicate that c-Fos produced in D1 receptor-expressing neurons integrates mechanisms to facilitate both the acquisition and extinction of cocaine-induced persistent changes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Cocaine
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genes, fos/drug effects
- Genes, fos/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
| | - Hongyuan Jiao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
| | - Danwen Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Medications Discovery Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and
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37
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Willuhn I, Steiner H. Motor-skill learning-associated gene regulation in the striatum: effects of cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:2669-82. [PMID: 16395306 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant-induced molecular changes in cortico-basal ganglia-cortical circuits play a critical role in addiction and dependence. These changes include alterations in gene regulation particularly in projection neurons of the sensorimotor striatum. We previously showed that cocaine-induced gene regulation in such neurons is dependent on the behavior performed during drug action. Rats trained on a running wheel under the influence of cocaine for 4 days subsequently displayed greater c-fos induction by cocaine than untrained controls. This effect was selective for the sensorimotor striatum, which is known to mediate forms of motor learning. In the present study, we investigated whether this enhanced cellular responsiveness was associated with learning of wheel running or with prolonged running (exercising), by assessing c-fos inducibility after 1, 2, or 8 days of training. Wheel training was performed after injection of cocaine (25 mg/kg) or vehicle, and c-fos induction by a cocaine challenge was measured 24 h later. Rats that trained under cocaine (but not vehicle) showed a greater c-fos response in the striatum compared to locked-wheel controls. This effect was present after the 1-day training, peaked after 2 days, and dissipated by 8 days of training. Similar effects were found for substance P, but not enkephalin, expression. These changes in striatal gene regulation paralleled improvement in wheel running, which was facilitated by cocaine. Thus, these training-induced molecular changes do not appear to represent exercising effects, but may reflect motor learning-associated neuronal changes altered by cocaine. Such cocaine effects may contribute to aberrant motor learning implicated in psychostimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Willuhn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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38
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Haile CN, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Genetics of dopamine and its contribution to cocaine addiction. Behav Genet 2006; 37:119-45. [PMID: 17063402 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a major health and social problem for which there are presently no effective pharmacotherapies. Many of the most promising medications target dopamine based on the large literature that supports its role in addiction. Recent studies show that genetic factors are also important. Rodent models and gene knock-out technology have helped elucidate the involvement of specific genes in the function of the dopamine reward system and intracellular cascades that lead to neuronal changes in this system. Human epidemiological, linkage, and association studies have identified allelic variants (polymorphisms) that give rise to altered metabolism of dopamine and its functional consequences. Individuals with these polymorphisms respond differently to psychostimulants and possibly to pharmacotherapies. Here we review the literature on genetic variations that affect dopamine neurotransmission, responses to psychostimulants and potential treatments for cocaine addiction. Behavioral responses to psychostimulants in animals with different or modified genetics in dopamine signaling are discussed. We also review polymorphisms in humans that affect dopaminergic neurotransmission and alter the subjective effects of psychostimulants. Pharmacotherapies may have increased efficacy when targeted to individuals possessing specific genetic polymophisms in dopamine's metabolic and intracellular messenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N Haile
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Meninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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39
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Stanwood GD, Parlaman JP, Levitt P. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the dopamine D
1
receptor differentially alters the expression of regulator of G‐protein signalling (Rgs) transcripts. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:806-18. [PMID: 16930410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of dopamine (DA) receptor signalling induces specific changes in behaviour, neuronal circuitry and gene expression in the mammalian forebrain. In order to better understand signalling adaptations at the molecular level, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays (Codelink Mouse 20K) to define alterations in the expression of transcripts encoding regulator of G-protein coupled receptor signalling in dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice (Drd1a-KO). Regulator of G-protein signalling (Rgs) 2, Rgs4, and Rgs9 were significantly decreased in the striatum (STR) of Drd1a-KO mice. These changes were confirmed by in situ hybridization, and were also observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In contrast, analysis of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) revealed a significant decrease in Rgs17 expression exclusively, and a modest up-regulation of Rgs5 transcript. The expression of these gene products were not significantly altered in the dopamine-poor visual cortex (VC). The Drd1a-KO mouse, and a rabbit model of in utero cocaine exposure, in which D1R signalling is permanently reduced, possess analogous morphological and functional alterations in dopamine-modulated brain circuits; thus we also examined long-lasting changes in RGS transcript expression following prenatal exposure to cocaine. In sharp contrast to the Drd1a-KO, Rgs2 and Rgs4 were unchanged, and Rgs9 and Rgs17 transcripts were increased in prenatal cocaine-exposed progeny. These data suggest that an absolute absence of D1R signalling (Drd1a-KO) and hypomorphic D1R signalling (prenatal cocaine) produce common alterations in neuronal morphology, but distinct outcomes in molecular neuroadaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg D Stanwood
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37203, USA.
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40
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Borgkvist A, Fisone G. Psychoactive drugs and regulation of the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 cascade in striatal medium spiny neurons. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 31:79-88. [PMID: 16730373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in activity of the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of dorsal and ventral striatum result in alterations of motor performance, ranging from rapid increases or decreases in locomotor activity, to long-term modifications of motor behaviours. In the dorsal striatum, MSNs can be distinguished based on the organization of their connectivity to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), which, in turn, control thalamocortical neurons. Approximately half of the MSNs project directly to SNpr and GPi, their activation leading to disinhibition of thalamocortical neurons and increased motor activity. The other subpopulation of MSNs connects to SNpr and GPi indirectly and when activated promotes inhibition of thalamocortical neurons, thereby reducing motor activity. The dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) is a modulator of the cAMP signalling pathway, highly expressed in MSNs. This review discusses the regulation of DARPP-32 exerted by psychoactive substances in specific populations of striatal projection neurons and its involvement in short- and long-term motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Yano M, Beverley JA, Steiner H. Inhibition of methylphenidate-induced gene expression in the striatum by local blockade of D1 dopamine receptors: interhemispheric effects. Neuroscience 2006; 140:699-709. [PMID: 16549270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants change the function of cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Some of these effects are mediated by altered gene regulation in projection neurons of the striatum which participate in these circuits. Psychostimulant-induced changes in gene expression in these neurons are a consequence of excessive stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, particularly the D1 dopamine receptor subtype. Recent findings show that the psychostimulant methylphenidate, which causes dopamine overflow in the striatum, produces changes in striatal gene regulation similar, but not identical, to those induced by psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. We investigated, in rats, the role of striatal D1 receptors in methylphenidate-induced gene expression, by intrastriatal administration of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390. Effects on the expression of two plasticity-related molecules, the transcription factor zif 268 and the synaptic plasticity factor Homer 1a, in the striatum and cortex were assessed. Intrastriatal infusion of SCH-23390 (2-10 microg) attenuated zif 268 and Homer 1a mRNA expression induced by methylphenidate (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this unilateral SCH-23390 infusion not only inhibited gene induction at the infusion site in the central striatum, but also in distant striatal regions including the nucleus accumbens, as well as throughout the entire contralateral striatum. These results indicate that striatal D1 receptors are critical for gene induction by methylphenidate. Moreover, the ipsilateral and contralateral effects of local SCH-23390 administration suggest that D1 receptor-stimulated striatal output exerts robust control over widespread striatal activities/gene expression via regulation of input to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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42
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Zhou Y, Adomako-Mensah J, Yuferov V, Ho A, Zhang J, Xu M, Kreek MJ. Effects of acute “binge” cocaine on mRNA levels of μ opioid receptor and neuropeptides in dopamine D1 or D3 receptor knockout mice. Synapse 2006; 61:50-9. [PMID: 17068774 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In humans, elevations of mu opioid receptor (MOP-r) binding potential (BP) in the frontal cortex (FC) are associated with cocaine craving during early abstinence. In rats, decreases in dopaminergic (DAergic) transmission in the medial FC are associated with increased cocaine-seeking behavior. DA D1 or D3 receptor homozygous knockout (D1-/- or D3-/-) mice offer the opportunity to test the roles of these specific receptors in regulating MOP-r gene expression in response to cocaine. In the present studies, we found an increase in basal MOP-r mRNA levels in the FC of both D1-/- and D3-/- mice compared to wild type controls, with no change in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core or caudate-putamen (CPu). Acute "binge" cocaine (3 x 15 mg/kg for 2.5 h) returned FC MOP-r mRNA levels in D1-/- or D3-/- mice to those in wild type controls. In the NAc core, the MOP-r mRNA levels after acute "binge" cocaine were decreased in D1-/- mice while increased in D3-/- mice. In the CPu, however, the MOP-r mRNA levels after acute "binge" cocaine were increased in D1-/- mice while decreased in D3-/- mice. We also found a decrease in basal orexin mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamus of the D3-/- mice, which was unaltered by acute "binge" cocaine. Together, our findings suggest that: (1) both D1 and D3 receptors are involved in FC MOP-r gene regulation; and (2) D1 and D3 receptors play opposite roles in the effects of cocaine on MOP-r gene regulation differentially in the NAc core or CPu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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43
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Campbell BM, Kreipke CW, Walker PD. Failure of MK-801 to suppress D1 receptor-mediated induction of locomotor activity and striatal preprotachykinin mRNA expression in the dopamine-depleted rat. Neuroscience 2005; 137:505-17. [PMID: 16289829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism exerts suppressive influences over dopamine D1 receptor-mediated striatal gene expression and locomotor behavior in the intact rat. The present study examined the effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 on locomotor activity and striatal preprotachykinin mRNA expression stimulated by the D1 agonist (+/-)6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide in rats with bilateral dopamine lesions. Two months after neonatal dopamine lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine, rats were challenged with (+/-)6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) 15 min after administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). In the intact rat, MK-801 prevented the induction of striatal preprotachykinin mRNA by D1 agonism. Similarly, direct infusion of (+/-)6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (3.0 microg) into the intact striatum produced an increase in locomotor activity that was suppressed by MK-801 (1.0 microg) co-infusion. In the dopamine-depleted rat, MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) administered prior to (+/-)6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) increased, rather than suppressed, striatal preprotachykinin mRNA levels. Intrastriatal infusion of MK-801 (1.0 microg) failed to inhibit D1-mediated induction of motor activity in dopamine-depleted animals. Together, these data provide further support that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists lose their ability to block D1-mediated behavioral activation following dopamine depletion. The activation, rather than suppression, of tachykinin neurons of the direct striatonigral pathway may play a facilitatory role in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Campbell
- Cellular and Clinical Neurobiology Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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44
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Waddington JL, O'Tuathaigh C, O'Sullivan G, Tomiyama K, Koshikawa N, Croke DT. Phenotypic studies on dopamine receptor subtype and associated signal transduction mutants: insights and challenges from 10 years at the psychopharmacology-molecular biology interface. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 181:611-38. [PMID: 16041535 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutants with targeted gene deletion ('knockout') or insertion (transgenic) of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 dopamine (DA) receptor subtypes are complemented by an increasing variety of double knockout and transgenic-'knockout' models, together with knockout of critical components of DA receptor signalling cascades such as G alpha(olf)[G gamma7], adenylyl cyclase type 5, PKA [RIIbeta] and DARPP-32. However, it is increasingly recognised that these molecular techniques have a number of inherent limitations. Furthermore, there are poorly understood methodological factors that contribute to inconsistent phenotypic findings between laboratories. OBJECTIVE This review seeks to document the impact of DA receptor subtype and related transduction mutants on our understanding of the behavioural roles of these entities, primarily at the level of unconditioned psychomotor behaviour. METHODS It includes ethologically based and orofacial movement studies in our own laboratories, since these are the only studies to systematically compare each of the D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptor and DARPP-32 signal transduction 'knockouts'. DISCUSSION There is a particular emphasis on identifying methodological factors that might influence phenotypic effects and account for inconsistencies. The findings are offered empirically to (1) specify the extent of phenotypic diversity among individual DA receptor subtypes and transduction components and (2) indicate relationships between D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptor subtype proteins, associated G alpha(i)/G alpha(s)/G alpha(olf)[G gamma7]-adenylyl cyclase type 5-PKA [RIIbeta]-DARPP-32 signalling cascades and behaviour. The findings are also offered heuristically as a base for such phenotypic comparisons at additional levels of behaviour so that a yet more complete phenotypic profile might emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Waddington
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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45
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Karasinska JM, George SR, Cheng R, O'Dowd BF. Deletion of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors differentially affects spontaneous behaviour and cocaine-induced locomotor activity, reward and CREB phosphorylation. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:1741-50. [PMID: 16197514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Co-localization of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in striatal neurons suggests that these two receptors interact at a cellular level in mediating dopaminergic function including psychostimulant-induced behaviour. To study D1 and D3 receptor interactions in cocaine-mediated effects, cocaine-induced locomotion and reward in mice lacking either D1, D3 or both receptors were analysed. Spontaneous locomotor activity was increased in D1-/- and D1-/-D3-/- mice and D1-/-D3-/- mice did not exhibit habituation of spontaneous rearing activity. Cocaine (20 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity in wild-type and D3-/- mice, failed to stimulate activity in D1-/- mice and reduced activity in D1-/-D3-/- mice. In the conditioned place preference, all groups exhibited reward at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of cocaine. D1-/-D3-/- mice did not demonstrate preference at 2.5 mg/kg of cocaine although preference was observed in wild-type, D1-/- and D3-/- mice. The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) is activated by phosphorylation in striatal regions following dopamine receptor activation. Striatal pCREB levels following acute cocaine were increased in wild-type and D3-/- mice and decreased in D1-/- and D1-/-D3-/- mice. After repeated administration of 2.5 mg/kg of cocaine, D1-/- mice had lower pCREB levels in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Our findings suggest that, although spontaneous and cocaine-induced horizontal activity depended mainly on the presence of the D1 receptor, there may be crosstalk between D1 and D3 receptors in rearing habituation and the perception of cocaine reward at low doses of the drug. Furthermore, alterations in pCREB levels were associated with changes in cocaine-induced locomotor activity but not reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Karasinska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4358, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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46
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Zhang D, Zhang L, Tang Y, Zhang Q, Lou D, Sharp FR, Zhang J, Xu M. Repeated cocaine administration induces gene expression changes through the dopamine D1 receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:1443-54. [PMID: 15770241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking despite known adverse consequences. The enduring nature of drug addiction suggests that repeated exposure to abused drugs leads to stable alterations that likely involve changes in gene expression in the brain. The dopamine D1 receptor has been shown to mediate the long-term behavioral effects of cocaine. To examine how the persistent behavioral effects of cocaine correlate with underlying changes in gene expression, we have used D1 receptor mutant and wild-type mice to identify chronic cocaine-induced gene expression changes mediated via the D1 receptors. We focused on the caudoputamen and nucleus accumbens, two key brain regions that mediate the long-term effects of cocaine. Our analyses demonstrate that repeated cocaine administration induces changes in the expression of 109 genes, including those encoding the stromal cell-derived factor I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, sigma 1 receptor, regulators of G-protein signaling protein 4, Wnt1 responsive Cdc42 homolog, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit, and cyclin D2, via the D1 receptors. Moreover, the seven genes contain AP-1 binding sites in their promoter regions. These results suggest that genes encoding certain extracellular factors, membrane receptors and modulators, and intracellular signaling molecules, among others, are regulated by cocaine via the D1 receptor, and these AP-1 transcription complex-regulated genes might contribute to persistent cocaine-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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47
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Yano M, Steiner H. Topography of methylphenidate (ritalin)-induced gene regulation in the striatum: differential effects on c-fos, substance P and opioid peptides. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:901-15. [PMID: 15637641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine action alters gene regulation in striatal neurons. Methylphenidate increases extracellular levels of dopamine. We investigated the effects of acute methylphenidate treatment on gene expression in the striatum of adult rats. Molecular changes were mapped in 23 striatal sectors mostly defined by their predominant cortical inputs in order to determine the functional domains affected. Acute administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg (i.p.) of methylphenidate produced robust increases in the expression of the transcription factor c-fos and the neuropeptide substance P. Borderline effects were found with 2 mg/kg, but not with 0.5 mg/kg. For 5 mg/kg, c-fos mRNA levels peaked at 40 min and returned to baseline by 3 h after injection, while substance P mRNA levels peaked at 40-60 min and were back near control levels by 24 h. These molecular changes occurred in most sectors of the caudate-putamen, but were maximal in dorsal sectors that receive sensorimotor and medial agranular cortical inputs, on middle to caudal levels. In rostral and ventral striatal sectors, changes in c-fos and substance P expression were weaker or absent. No effects were seen in the nucleus accumbens, with the exception of c-fos induction in the lateral part of the shell. In contrast to c-fos and substance P, acute methylphenidate treatment had minimal effects on the opioid peptides dynorphin and enkephalin. These results demonstrate that acute methylphenidate alters the expression of c-fos and substance P preferentially in the sensorimotor striatum. These molecular changes are similar, but not identical, to those produced by other psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyo Yano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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48
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Holmes A, Lachowicz JE, Sibley DR. Phenotypic analysis of dopamine receptor knockout mice; recent insights into the functional specificity of dopamine receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacology 2005; 47:1117-34. [PMID: 15567422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 06/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional specificity of dopamine receptor subtypes remains incompletely understood, in part due to the absence of highly selective agonists and antagonists. Phenotypic analysis of dopamine receptor knockout mice has been instrumental in identifying the role of dopamine receptor subtypes in mediating dopamine's effects on motor function, cognition, reward, and emotional behaviors. In this article, we provide an update of recent studies in dopamine receptor knockout mice and discuss the limitations and future promise of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Stanwood GD, Parlaman JP, Levitt P. Anatomical abnormalities in dopaminoceptive regions of the cerebral cortex of dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. J Comp Neurol 2005; 487:270-82. [PMID: 15892099 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of dopamine neurotransmission during development can induce specific changes in neuronal structure and function. Here, we report specific morphological and neurochemical changes of projection neurons and interneurons of the medial frontal cortex of the dopamine D(1) receptor null mouse. Using immunostaining of cytoskeletal proteins and a crossbred D(1) receptor null:YFP transgenic reporter line, we demonstrate that the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells are abnormally organized in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices of mice lacking the D(1) receptor. Neuronal processes exhibit a decrease in bundling and an increase in irregular, tortuous patterning as they weave a course towards the pial surface. In addition, there is increased parvalbumin staining of the dendrites of cortical interneurons in D(1) receptor null mice. Both pyramidal and interneuron alterations are evident by the early postnatal period and persist into adulthood. The alterations show regional specificity, in that dendritic profiles of projection neurons and interneurons in somatosensory and visual cortices develop normally. The abnormalities are reminiscent of those induced by prenatal exposure to cocaine in rabbits, an insult which has been shown to produce an attenuation of D(1) receptor-mediated responses through G(salpha). These results suggest that loss of D(1) receptor-mediated signaling during development produces permanent alterations in the cellular organization of specific cortical areas involved in attention, cognition, and emotion. Pharmacological and behavioral studies in the D(1) null mouse should be interpreted in the context of possible altered circuitry, given the presence of these developmental defects in the organization of dopaminoceptive regions of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg D Stanwood
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
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Le Foll B, Diaz J, Sokoloff P. Neuroadaptations to hyperdopaminergia in dopamine D3 receptor-deficient mice. Life Sci 2005; 76:1281-96. [PMID: 15642598 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been implicated in schizophrenia, drug addiction, depression and Parkinson's disease. The D3R is localized post-synaptically on nucleus accumbens neurons, but is also an autoreceptor on dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalon. Its functional role as autoreceptor is highly debated, but supported by the elevated basal extracellular dopamine levels found in D3R-deficient mice. To investigate the functional role of the D3R in vivo, we used mice with a targeted disruption of the D3R gene. We found a higher basal level of grooming in D3R-deficient mice, compared to their wild-type littermates. This behavior, which is under the control of D1R stimulation, may be related to an increased dopaminergic tone, since no changes in the gene expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were noticed in the striatum of these mice. D3R-deficient mice displayed other neuroadaptive changes, including decreased tyrosine hydroxylase, increased dopamine transporter mRNAs and increased dopamine reuptake in striatum. The level of tyrosine hydroxylase protein was unchanged in the striatum, as preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin gene expressions. All the changes identified in D3R-deficient mice cannot explain hyperdopaminergia, but, on the contrary, tend to attenuate this phenotype. These results support a distinct role for D2R and D3R as autoreceptors: the D2R is the release-regulating and firing rate-regulating autoreceptor, whereas the D3R may control basal dopamine levels in the striatum, by an unknown mechanism, which does not involve regulation of dopamine transporters or tyrosine hydroxylase. This hyperdopaminergia phenotype of D3R-deficient mice may explain their hyperactivity to drug-paired environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (INSERM U.573), Centre Paul Broca, 75014 Paris, France.
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