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Hara T, Kumagai R, Tanaka T, Nakano T, Fujie T, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Lead suppresses perlecan expression via EGFR-ERK1/2-COX-2-PGI 2 pathway in cultured bovine vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:655-663. [PMID: 38044127 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell growth is essential for the repair of intimal injury. Perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan, intensifies fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) signaling as a co-receptor for FGF-2 and its receptor, and promotes the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. Previously, we reported that 2 µM of lead, a toxic heavy metal, downregulated perlecan core protein expression and then suppressed the growth of vascular endothelial cells. However, since the mechanisms involved in the repression of perlecan by lead remains unclear, we analyzed its detailed signaling pathway using cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Our findings indicate that 2 µM of lead inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity and induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). In addition, among the prostanoids regulated by COX-2, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) specifically contributes to the downregulation of perlecan expression by lead. This study revealed an intracellular pathway-the EGFR-ERK1/2-COX-2-PGI2 pathway activated by inhibition of PTP by lead-as a pathway that downregulates endothelial perlecan synthesis. The pathway is suggested to serve as a mechanism for the repression of perlecan expression, which leads to a delay in cell proliferation by lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Reina Kumagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | - Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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2
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The Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling in Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cervical Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162528. [PMID: 36010605 PMCID: PMC9406919 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are factors associated with the onset and progression of several neoplasias, including cervical cancer. Oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7 from HPV are the main drivers of cervical carcinogenesis. In the present article, we review the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and downstream effectors in this pathology. We also review the evidence on the crosstalk between chronic HPV infection and PGE2 signaling, leading to immune response weakening and cervical cancer development. Finally, the last section updates the current therapeutic and preventive options targeting PGE2-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer. These treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutical vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology. Inflammatory signaling pathways are closely related to the carcinogenic nature of the virus, highlighting inflammation as a co-factor for HPV-dependent carcinogenesis. Therefore, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, modulating immune response against HPV, and targeting the virus represent excellent options for anti-tumoral therapies in cervical cancer.
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3
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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4
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Boltana S, Sanhueza N, Donoso A, Aguilar A, Crespo D, Vergara D, Arriagada G, Morales-Lange B, Mercado L, Rey S, Tort L, Mackenzie S. The expression of TRPV channels, prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines during behavioural fever in fish. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:169-181. [PMID: 29574261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fever, or increased body temperature, is a symptom of inflammation, which is a complex defence reaction of the organism to pathogenic infections. After pathogens enter the body, immune cells secrete a number of agents, the functions of which stimulate the body to develop a functional immune and fever response. In mammals it is known that PGE2 is the principal mediator of fever. The extent to which PGE2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β could be involved in the induction of behavioural fever in fish remains to be clarified. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels have been implicated as transducers of thermal stimuli, including TRPV1 and TRPV2, which are activated by heat. Here we show that members of the TRP family, TRPV1 and TRPV4, may participate in the coordination of temperature sensing during the behavioural fever. To examine the behavioral fever mechanism in Salmo salar an infection with IPNV, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, was carried out by an immersion challenge with 10 × 105 PFU/mL-1 of IPNV. Behavioural fever impacted upon the expression levels of both TRPV1 and TRPV4 mRNAs after the viral challenge and revealed a juxtaposed regulation of TRPV channels. Our results suggest that an increase in the mRNA abundance of TRPV1 is tightly correlated with a significant elevation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2) in the Pre-Optic Area (POA) and cytokine release in plasma. Together, these data indicate that the reduction of TRPV4 expression during behavioural fever may contribute to the onset of behavioural fever influencing movement toward higher water temperatures. Our data also suggest an effect of TRPV channels in the regulation of behavioural fever through activation of EP3 receptors in the central nervous system by PGE2 induced by plasma-borne cytokines. These results highlight for first time in mobile ectotherms the key role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TRPV channels in behavioural fever that likely involves a complex integration of prostaglandin induction, cytokine recognition and temperature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boltana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Nataly Sanhueza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Donoso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Kruyt Building, Room O809, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arriagada
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sonia Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
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Hanna VS, Hafez EAA. Synopsis of arachidonic acid metabolism: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:23-32. [PMID: 30034873 PMCID: PMC6052663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), a 20 carbon chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with 4 double bonds, is an integral constituent of biological cell membrane, conferring it with fluidity and flexibility. The four double bonds of AA predispose it to oxygenation that leads to a plethora of metabolites of considerable importance for the proper function of the immune system, promotion of allergies and inflammation, resolving of inflammation, mood, and appetite. The present review presents an illustrated synopsis of AA metabolism, corroborating the instrumental importance of AA derivatives for health and well-being. It provides a comprehensive outline on AA metabolic pathways, enzymes and signaling cascades, in order to develop new perspectives in disease treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Said Hanna
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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6
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Synthesis and evaluation of a potent, well-balanced EP 2 /EP 3 dual agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:200-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yoshida E, Kurita M, Eto K, Kumagai Y, Kaji T. Methylmercury promotes prostacyclin release from cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells via induction of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of the EGFR-p38 MAPK pathway by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity. Toxicology 2017; 392:40-46. [PMID: 28958600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury is an environmental pollutant that exhibits neurotoxicity when ingested, primarily in the form of neuropathological lesions that localize along deep sulci and fissures, in addition to edematous and inflammatory changes in patient cerebrums. These conditions been known to give rise to a variety of ailments that have come to be collectively termed Minamata disease. Since prostaglandins I2 and E2 (PGI2 and PGE2) increase vascular permeability and contribute to the progression of inflammatory changes, we hypothesize that methylmercury induces the synthesis of these prostaglandins in brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes. To test this theory, human brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes were cultured and treated with methylmercury, after which the PGI2 and PGE2 released from endothelial cells and/or pericytes were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while protein and mRNA expressions in endothelial cells were analyzed by western blot analysis and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Experimental results indicate that methylmercury inhibits the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, which in turn activates the epidermal growth factor receptor-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression. It was also found that the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate pathway, which can be activated by PGI2 and PGE2, is involved in methylmercury-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Since it appears that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B serves as a sensor protein for methylmercury in these mechanisms, it is our belief that the results of the present study may provide additional insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for edematous and inflammatory changes in the cerebrum of patients with Minamata disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurita
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Komyo Eto
- Health and Nursing Facilities for the Aged, Jushindai, Shinwakai, 272 Ikura Kitakata, Tamana 865-0041, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan.
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Kinoshita A, Higashino M, Aratani Y, Kakuuchi A, Matsuya H, Ohmoto K. Discovery of highly potent dual EP 2 and EP 3 agonists with subtype selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1016-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Simm B, Ott D, Pollatzek E, Murgott J, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Roth J. Effects of prostaglandin E2 on cells cultured from the rat organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and median preoptic nucleus. Neuroscience 2015; 313:23-35. [PMID: 26608124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The time course of the induction of enzymes responsible for the formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) after an inflammatory insult, in relation to the concomitant febrile response, suggests that peripherally generated PGE2 is involved in the induction of the early phase of fever, while centrally produced PGE2 exerts pyrogenic capacities during the later stages of fever within the hypothalamic median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). The actions of peripherally derived PGE2 on the brain might occur at the level of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), which lacks a tight blood-brain barrier and is implicated in fever, while the effects of PGE2 within the MnPO might interfere with glutamatergic neurotransmission within a recently characterized central efferent pathway for the activation of cold-defence reactions. Using the fura-2 ratio imaging technique we, therefore, measured changes of the intracellular Ca(2+)-concentration in primary neuroglial microcultures of rat OVLT and MnPO stimulated with PGE2 and/or glutamate. In cultures from the OVLT, as opposed to those derived from the MnPO, substantial numbers of neurons (8% of 385), astrocytes (19% of 645) and microglial cells (28% of 43) directly responded to PGE2 with a transient increase of intracellular Ca(2+). The most pronounced effect of PGE2 on cells from MnPO microcultures was its modulatory influence on the strength of glutamate-induced Ca(2+)-signals. In 72 out of 512 neurons and in 105 out of 715 astrocytes PGE2 significantly augmented glutamate-induced Ca(2+)-signals. About 30% of these neurons were GABAergic. These observations are in agreement with putative roles of peripheral PGE2 as a directly acting circulating agent at the level of the OVLT, and of central MnPO-intrinsic PGE2 as an enhancer of glutamatergic neurotransmission, which causes disinhibition of thermogenic heat production, a crucial component for the manifestation of fever. In microcultures from both brain sites investigated incubation with PGE2 significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) into the supernatant. PGE2, thus, seems to be involved in a negative feed-back loop to limit the strength of the brain inflammatory process and to play a dual role with pro- as well as anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simm
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - D Ott
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Pollatzek
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Murgott
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Gerstberger
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Rummel
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Roth
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Qu F, Xiang Z, Wang F, Qi L, Xu F, Xiao S, Yu Z. Prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4) involved in host protection against immune challenge in oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:316-324. [PMID: 25463295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4) is an essential receptor that can detect various physiological and pathological stimuli and has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including the regulation of immune responses, cytokine production, and apoptosis. In this report, the first mollusk PTGER4, referred to as ChPTGER4, was cloned and characterized from the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. Its full-length cDNA is 1734 bp in length, including 5'- and 3'-untranslated region (UTRs) of 354 bp and 306 bp, respectively, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1074 bp. ChPTGER4 comprises 357 amino acids and shares significant homology with its vertebrate homologs. The results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that ChPTGER4 clusters with PTGER4 from the Pacific oyster. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ChPTGER4 was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined and that its expression was significantly up-regulated in hemocytes and gills following challenge by pathogens (Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Moreover, fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that ChPTGER4 localized to the membrane, and its overexpression significantly enhanced NF-κB reporter gene activation in the HEK293T cell line. In summary, this study provides the first experimental evidence of a functional PTGER4 in mollusks, which suggests its involvement in the innate immune response in oyster.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crassostrea/genetics
- Crassostrea/immunology
- Crassostrea/metabolism
- Crassostrea/microbiology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptidoglycan/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus/physiology
- Vibrio alginolyticus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Fuxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengjiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Shimizu S, Fujii G, Takahashi M, Nakanishi R, Komiya M, Shimura M, Noma N, Onuma W, Terasaki M, Yano T, Mutoh M. Sesamol suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells and modifies intestinal polyp development in Apc (Min/+) mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:95-101. [PMID: 24688218 PMCID: PMC3947973 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive prostaglandin production by cyclooxygenase-2 in stromal and epithelial cells is a causative factor of colorectal carcinogenesis. Thus, compounds which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity in colon epithelial cells could be candidates for anti-carcinogenic agents. A cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity in the human colon cancer cell line DLD-1 has been measured using a β-galactosidase reporter gene system. Using this system, we demonstrated that the decrease in basal cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activities at 100 µM sesamol, one of the lignans in sesame seeds, was 50%. Other compounds in sesame seeds such as sesamin, sesamolin, ferulic acid, and syringic acid did not exhibit significant suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional activity at up to 100 µM. In a following experiment, 6-week-old male Min mice, Apc-deficient mice, were divided into a non-treated and 500 ppm sesamol groups. At the age of 15 weeks, it was found that treatment with sesamol decreased the number of polyps in the middle part of small intestine to 66.1% of the untreated value. Moreover, sesamol suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 and cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase mRNA in the polyp parts. The present findings may demonstrate the novel anti-carcinogenetic property of sesamol, and imply that agents that can suppress cyclooxygenase-2 expression may be useful cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Shimizu
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oga-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ruri Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Komiya
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Misato Shimura
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Noma
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wakana Onuma
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Terasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oga-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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12
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Ganesh K, Das A, Dickerson R, Khanna S, Parinandi NL, Gordillo GM, Sen CK, Roy S. Prostaglandin E₂ induces oncostatin M expression in human chronic wound macrophages through Axl receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2563-73. [PMID: 22844123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages (m) are plastic cells whose functions are governed by microenvironmental cues. Wound fluid bathing the wound tissue reflects the wound microenvironment. Current literature on wound inflammation is primarily based on the study of blood monocyte-derived macrophages, cells that have never been exposed to the wound microenvironment. We sought to compare pair-matched monocyte-derived macrophages with m isolated from chronic wounds of patients. Oncostatin M (OSM) was differentially overexpressed in pair-matched wound m. Both PGE₂ and its metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE₂ (PGE-M) were abundant in wound fluid and induced OSM in wound-site m. Consistently, induction of OSM mRNA was observed in m isolated from PGE₂-enriched polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted in murine wounds. Treatment of human THP-1 cell-derived m with PGE₂ or PGE-M caused dose-dependent induction of OSM. Characterization of the signal transduction pathways demonstrated the involvement of EP4 receptor and cAMP signaling. In human m, PGE₂ phosphorylated Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Axl phosphorylation was also induced by a cAMP analogue demonstrating interplay between the cAMP and RTK pathways. PGE₂-dependent Axl phosphorylation led to AP-1 transactivation, which is directly implicated in inducible expression of OSM. Treatment of human m or mice excisional wounds with recombinant OSM resulted in an anti-inflammatory response as manifested by attenuated expression of endotoxin-induced TNF-α and IL-1β. OSM treatment also improved wound closure during the early inflammatory phase of healing. In summary, this work recognizes PGE₂ in the wound fluid as a potent inducer of m OSM, a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory role in cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Ganesh
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Church RJ, Jania LA, Koller BH. Prostaglandin E(2) produced by the lung augments the effector phase of allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4093-102. [PMID: 22412193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Elevated PGE(2) is a hallmark of most inflammatory lesions. This lipid mediator can induce the cardinal signs of inflammation, and the beneficial actions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, enzymes essential in the biosynthesis of PGE(2) from arachidonic acid. However, both clinical studies and rodent models suggest that, in the asthmatic lung, PGE(2) acts to restrain the immune response and limit physiological change secondary to inflammation. To directly address the role of PGE(2) in the lung, we examined the development of disease in mice lacking microsomal PGE(2) synthase-1 (mPGES1), which converts COX-1/COX-2-derived PGH(2) to PGE(2). We show that mPGES1 determines PGE(2) levels in the naive lung and is required for increases in PGE(2) after OVA-induced allergy. Although loss of either COX-1 or COX-2 increases the disease severity, surprisingly, mPGES1(-/-) mice show reduced inflammation. However, an increase in serum IgE is still observed in the mPGES1(-/-) mice, suggesting that loss of PGE(2) does not impair induction of a Th2 response. Furthermore, mPGES1(-/-) mice expressing a transgenic OVA-specific TCR are also protected, indicating that PGE(2) acts primarily after challenge with inhaled Ag. PGE(2) produced by the lung plays the critical role in this response, as loss of lung mPGES1 is sufficient to protect against disease. Together, this supports a model in which mPGES1-dependent PGE(2) produced by populations of cells native to the lung contributes to the effector phase of some allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Church
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Roscioni SS, Dekkers BGJ, Prins AG, Menzen MH, Meurs H, Schmidt M, Maarsingh H. cAMP inhibits modulation of airway smooth muscle phenotype via the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) and protein kinase A. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:193-209. [PMID: 20804494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Changes in airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype may contribute to the pathogenesis of airway disease. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) switches ASM from a contractile to a proliferative, hypo-contractile phenotype, a process requiring activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p70(S6) Kinase (p70(S6K) ). The effects of cAMP-elevating agents on these processes is unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of cAMP elevation by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) and the activation of the cAMP effectors, protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) on PDGF-induced phenotype switching in bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of long-term treatment with the PGE(2) analogue 16,16-dimethyl-PGE(2) , the selective Epac activator, 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP and the selective PKA activator, 6-Bnz-cAMP were assessed on the induction of a hypo-contractile, proliferative BTSM phenotype and on activation of ERK and p70(S6K) , both induced by PDGF. KEY RESULTS Treatment with 16,16-dimethyl-PGE(2) inhibited PDGF-induced proliferation of BTSM cells and maintained BTSM strip contractility and contractile protein expression in the presence of PDGF. Activation of both Epac and PKA similarly prevented PDGF-induced phenotype switching and PDGF-induced activation of ERK. Interestingly, only PKA activation resulted in inhibition of PDGF-induced phosphorylation of p70(S6K) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate for the first time that both Epac and PKA regulated switching of ASM phenotype via differential inhibition of ERK and p70(S6K) pathways. These findings suggest that cAMP elevation may be beneficial in the treatment of long-term changes in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Roscioni
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Downey JD, Sanders CR, Breyer RM. Evidence for the presence of a critical disulfide bond in the mouse EP3γ receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 94:53-8. [PMID: 21236356 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine the contribution of cysteines to the function of the mouse E-prostanoid subtype 3 gamma (mEP3γ), we tested a series of cysteine-to-alanine mutants. Two of these mutants, C107A and C184A, showed no agonist-dependent activation in a cell-based reporter assay for mEP3γ, whereas none of the other cysteine-to-alanine mutations disrupted mEP3γ signal transduction. Total cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells transfected with mEP3γ C107A or C184A had no detectable radioligand binding. Other mutant mEP3γ receptors had radioligand affinities and receptor densities similar to wild-type. Cell-surface ELISA against the N-terminal HA-tag of C107A and C184A demonstrated 40% and 47% reductions respectively in receptor protein expression at the cell surface, and no radioligand binding was detected as assessed by intact cell radioligand binding experiments. These data suggest a key role for C107 and C184 in both receptor structure/stability and function and is consistent with the presence of a conserved disulfide bond between C107 and C184 in mouse EP3 that is required for normal receptor expression and function. Our results also indicate that if a second disulfide bond is present in the native receptor it is non-essential for receptor assembly or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Downey
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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Mengoni ES, Vichera G, Rigano LA, Rodriguez-Puebla ML, Galliano SR, Cafferata EE, Pivetta OH, Moreno S, Vojnov AA. Suppression of COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α expression and leukocyte infiltration in inflamed skin by bioactive compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis L. Fitoterapia 2010; 82:414-21. [PMID: 21129455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of extracts and purified compounds from fresh leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Pretreatment with the major anti-inflammatory compounds, carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced ear inflammation in mice with an EC(50) of 10.20 μg/cm(2) and 10.70 μg/cm(2), respectively. To further understand the anti-inflammatory mechanism of these compounds, we analyzed the in vivo expression of several inflammation-associated genes in mouse skin by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our data showed that CA and CS reduced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α but had less effect on fibronectin and ICAM-1 expression. Interestingly, both compounds selectively inhibited COX-2 but not COX-1. Histopathological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue revealed a marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration and epidermal ulceration of PMA-treated ears when ears were pretreated with ethanolic extracts or pure CA. In vitro, we showed that ethanolic extract, carnosic acid and carnosol significantly inhibited the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. For the first time in vivo, we showed that CA and CS differentially regulate the expression of inflammation-associated genes, thus demonstrating the pharmacological basis for the anti-inflammatory properties reported for CA and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora S Mengoni
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Ponglowhapan S, Church D, Khalid M. Expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes in the canine lower urinary tract varies according to the gonadal status and gender. Theriogenology 2010; 74:1450-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Madsen L, Pedersen LM, Lillefosse HH, Fjære E, Bronstad I, Hao Q, Petersen RK, Hallenborg P, Ma T, De Matteis R, Araujo P, Mercader J, Bonet ML, Hansen JB, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Wang J, Cinti S, Voshol P, Døskeland SO, Kristiansen K. UCP1 induction during recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11391. [PMID: 20613988 PMCID: PMC2894971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a hallmark of brown adipocytes and pivotal for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report that cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are crucially involved in induction of UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipocytes, but not in classic interscapular brown adipocytes. Cold-induced expression of UCP1 in inguinal white adipocytes was repressed in COX2 knockout (KO) mice and by administration of the COX inhibitor indomethacin in wild-type mice. Indomethacin repressed beta-adrenergic induction of UCP1 expression in primary inguinal adipocytes. The use of PGE(2) receptor antagonists implicated EP(4) as a main PGE(2) receptor, and injection of the stable PGE(2) analog (EP(3/4) agonist) 16,16 dm PGE(2) induced UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue. Inhibition of COX activity attenuated diet-induced UCP1 expression and increased energy efficiency and adipose tissue mass in obesity-resistant mice kept at thermoneutrality. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide evidence that induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, but not in classic interscapular brown adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. Our results indicate that cyclooxygenase-dependent induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues is important for diet-induced thermogenesis providing support for a surprising role of COX activity in the control of energy balance and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lone M. Pedersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Haldis Haukaas Lillefosse
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Qin Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Philip Hallenborg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pedro Araujo
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Josep Mercader
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jacob B. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Peter Voshol
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Takasu S, Tsukamoto T, Cao XY, Toyoda T, Hirata A, Ban H, Yamamoto M, Sakai H, Yanai T, Masegi T, Oshima M, Tatematsu M. Roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression and beta-catenin activation in gastric carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated K19-C2mE transgenic mice. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2356-64. [PMID: 19018769 PMCID: PMC11159403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
K19-C2mE transgenic (Tg) mice, simultaneously expressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in the gastric mucosa under the cytokeratin 19 gene promoter, were here treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and inoculated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to investigate gastric carcinogenesis. Wild-type (WT) and Tg mice undergoing MNU treatment frequently developed tumors in the pyloric region (100% and 94.7%, respectively); multiplicity in Tg was higher than that in WT (P < 0.05) with H. pylori infection. Larger pyloric tumors were more frequently observed in Tg than in WT (P < 0.05). In addition, Tg developed fundic tumors, where WT did not. No gastric tumors were observed without MNU treatment. Transcripts of TNF-alpha, iNOS, IL-1beta, and CXCL14 were up-regulated with H. pylori infection in both genotypes and were also increased more in Tg than in WT within H. pylori-inoculated animals. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly greater beta-catenin accumulation in pyloric tumors, compared with those in the fundus (P < 0.01) with mutations of exon 3; 18.2% and 31.6% in MNU-alone and MNU + H. pylori-treated WT, whereas 21.4% and 62.5% was observed in the Tg, respectively; the latter significantly higher (P < 0.05), suggesting the role of H. pylori in Wnt activation. In conclusion, K19-C2mE mice promoted gastric cancer in both fundic and pyloric regions. Furthermore beta-catenin activation may play the important role of pyloric carcinogenesis especially in H. pylori-infected Tg. Induction of various inflammatory cytokines in addition to overexpression of COX-2/mPGES-1 could be risk factors of gastric carcinogenesis and may serve as a better gastric carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takasu
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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20
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Sharif NA. Synthetic FP-prostaglandin-induced contraction of rat uterus smooth muscle in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:199-207. [PMID: 18375109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic FP-class prostaglandin (PG) analogs stimulated the contraction of isolated non-pregnant female rat uterus in a concentration-dependent manner with the following agonist potencies: bimatoprost acid (17-phenyl-trinor PGF(2alpha); EC(50)=0.68+/-0.06 nM)=cloprostenol (EC(50)=0.73+/-0.01 nM)>travoprost acid (EC(50)=1.3+/-0.07 nM)>latanoprost acid (EC(50)=2.7+/-0.08 nM)>PGF(2alpha) (EC(50)=52+/-11 nM)>unoprostone (UF-021; EC(50)=310+/-101 nM)>S-1033 (EC(50)=610+/-4 nM)>bimatoprost (EC(50)=1130+/-173 nM). The FP-receptor antagonist, AL-8810, antagonized the contractile effects of PGF(2alpha) (K(i)=2.9+/-0.2 microM), travoprost acid (K(i)=0.6+/-0.1 microM) and bimatoprost (K(i)=0.2+/-0.02 microM). Agonist and antagonist potencies for rat uterus contraction by these PGs compared well with their potencies for inducing/blocking functional responses in other systems (r=0.83-0.94) except with bovine iris sphincter (r=0.2; p<0.7). In conclusion, the rat uterus contains functionally active FP-receptors whose activation by a variety of free acid and an amide forms of synthetic PGs leads to the contraction of this tissue and which can be pharmacologically blocked by an FP-receptor antagonist, AL-8810.
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21
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Villablanca EJ, Pistocchi A, Court FA, Cotelli F, Bordignon C, Allende ML, Traversari C, Russo V. Abrogation of Prostaglandin E2/EP4 Signaling Impairs the Development of rag1+ Lymphoid Precursors in the Thymus of Zebrafish Embryos. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:357-64. [PMID: 17579056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2) is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes; however, deciphering its role in early mammalian development has been difficult due to the maternal contribution of PGE(2). To overcome this limitation we have investigated the role of PGE(2) during T cell development in zebrafish. In this study, we show that zebrafish ep4a, a PGE(2) receptor isoform of EP4, is expressed at 26 h postfertilization in the dorsal aorta-posterior cardinal vein joint region, which has a high homology with the mammal aorta-gonad-mesonephros area and where definitive hemopoiesis arises. Furthermore, it is expressed in the presumptive thymus rudiment by 48 h postfertilization. Supplementation of PGE(2) results in a strong increase in rag1 levels and cell proliferation in the thymus. In contrast, the inhibition of PGE(2) production, as well as EP4 blockade, abrogates the expression of rag1 in the thymus and that of the lymphoid precursor marker ikaros, not only in the dorsal aorta-posterior cardinal vein joint region but also in the newly identified caudal hemopoietic tissue without affecting early hemopoietic (scl, gata2) and erythropoietic (gata1) markers. These results identify ep4a as the earliest thymus marker and define a novel role for the PGE(2)/EP4 pathway in controlling T cell precursor development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Villablanca
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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22
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Takita M, Inada M, Maruyama T, Miyaura C. Prostaglandin E receptor EP4 antagonist suppresses osteolysis due to bone metastasis of mouse malignant melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:565-71. [PMID: 17254571 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of prostaglandin E (PGE) receptor subtype EP4 antagonist on bone metastasis of cancer to clarify PGE's role in bone metastasis. Metastatic regions were detected in femurs accompanying severe bone loss in mice injected with B16 malignant melanoma cells. Administration of EP4 antagonist restored the bone loss induced by B16 melanoma. Adding B16 cells induced osteoclast formation in the coculture of bone marrow cells and osteoblasts without any exogenous bone-resorbing factor, and EP4 antagonist completely suppressed the osteoclast formation induced by B16 cells. Therefore, EP4 antagonist is a possible candidate for the therapy of bone metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morichika Takita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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23
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Markosyan N, Dozier BL, Lattanzio FA, Duffy DM. Primate granulosa cell response via prostaglandin E2 receptors increases late in the periovulatory interval. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:868-76. [PMID: 16943366 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.053769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful ovulation requires elevated follicular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. To determine which PGE2 receptors are available to mediate periovulatory events in follicles, granulosa cells and whole ovaries were collected from monkeys before (0 h) and after administration of an ovulatory dose of hCG to span the 40-h periovulatory interval. All PGE2 receptor mRNAs were present in monkey granulosa cells. As assessed by immunofluorescence, PTGER1 (EP1) protein was low/nondetectable in granulosa cells 0, 12, and 24 h after hCG but was abundant 36 h after hCG administration. PTGER2 (EP2) and PTGER3 (EP3) proteins were detected by immunofluorescence in granulosa cells throughout the periovulatory interval, and Western blotting showed an increase in PTGER2 and PTGER3 levels between 0 h and 36 h after hCG. In contrast, PTGER4 (EP4) protein was not detected in monkey granulosa cells. Granulosa cell response to PGE2 receptor agonists was examined 24 h and 36 h after hCG administration, when elevated PGE2 levels present in periovulatory follicles initiate ovulatory events. PGE2 acts via PTGER1 to increase intracellular calcium. PGE2 increased intracellular calcium in granulosa cells obtained 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG; this effect of PGE2 was blocked by a PTGER1 antagonist. A PTGER2-specific agonist and a PTGER3-specific agonist each elevated cAMP in granulosa cells obtained 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG. Therefore, the granulosa cells of primate periovulatory follicles express multiple receptors for PGE2. Granulosa cells respond to agonist stimulation of each of these receptors 36 h, but not 24 h, after hCG, supporting the hypothesis that granulosa cells are most sensitive to PGE2 as follicular PGE2 levels peak, leading to maximal PGE2-mediated periovulatory effects just before ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Markosyan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507-1980, USA.
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24
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Massicotte F, Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Lajeunesse D. Modulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts. Bone 2006; 38:333-41. [PMID: 16257278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage loss, bone sclerosis, osteophyte formation and inflammation of the synovial membrane. We previously reported that OA osteoblasts (Ob) show abnormal phenotypic characteristics possibly responsible for bone sclerosis and that two subgroups of OA patients can be identified by low or high endogenous production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by OA Ob. Here, we determined that the elevated PGE2 levels in the high OA subgroup were linked with enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels compared to normal and low OA Ob. A linear relationship was observed between endogenous PGE2 levels and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in OA Ob. As parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PGE2 are known stimulators of IGF-1 production in Ob, we next evaluated their effect in OA Ob. Both subgroups increased their IGF-1 production similarly in response to PGE2, while the high OA subgroup showed a blunted response to PTH compared to the low OA group. Conversely, only the high OA group showed a significant inhibition of IGF-1 production when PGE2 synthesis was reduced with Naproxen, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenases (COX). The PGE2-dependent stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis was due in part to the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway since both the direct inhibition of this pathway with H-89 and the inhibition of EP2 or EP4 receptors, linked to cAMP production, reduced IGF-1 synthesis. The production of the most abundant IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs) in bone tissue, IGFBP-3, -4, and -5, was lower in OA compared to normal Ob independently of the OA group. Under basal condition, OA Ob expressed similar IGF-1 mRNA to normal Ob; however, PGE2 stimulated IGF-1 mRNA expression more in OA than normal Ob. These data suggest that increased IGF-1 levels correlate with elevated endogenous PGE2 levels in OA Ob and that higher IGF-1 levels in OA Ob could be important for bone sclerosis in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Massicotte
- Unité de recherche en arthrose, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1
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Bley KR, Bhattacharya A, Daniels DV, Gever J, Jahangir A, O'Yang C, Smith S, Srinivasan D, Ford APDW, Jett MF. RO1138452 and RO3244794: characterization of structurally distinct, potent and selective IP (prostacyclin) receptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:335-45. [PMID: 16331286 PMCID: PMC1751302 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2) possesses various physiological functions, including modulation of nociception, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Elucidation of these functions has been hampered by the absence of selective IP receptor antagonists. Two structurally distinct series of IP receptor antagonists have been developed: 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-[4-(4-isopropoxy-benzyl)-phenyl]-amine (RO1138452) and R-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzofuran-2-ylmethoxycarbonylamino]-propionic acid (RO3244794).RO1138452 and RO3244794 display high affinity for IP receptors. In human platelets, the receptor affinities (pKi) were 9.3 +/- 0.1 and 7.7 +/- 0.03, respectively; in a recombinant IP receptor system, pKi values were 8.7 +/- 0.06 and 6.9 +/- 0.1, respectively. Functional antagonism of RO1138452 and RO3244794 was studied by measuring inhibition of carbaprostacyclin-induced cAMP accumulation in CHO-K1 cells stably expressing the human IP receptor. The antagonist affinities (pKi) of RO1138452 and RO3244794 were 9.0 +/- 0.06 and 8.5 +/- 0.11, respectively. Selectivity profiles for RO1138452 and RO3244794 were determined via a panel of receptor binding and enzyme assays. RO1138452 displayed affinity at I2 (8.3) and PAF (7.9) receptors, while RO3244794 was highly selective for the IP receptor: pKi values for EP1 (< 5), EP3 (5.38), EP4 (5.74) and TP (5.09). RO1138452 (1-10 mg kg(-1), i.v.) and RO3244794 (1-30 mg kg(-1), i.v.) significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions. RO1138452 (3-100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) and RO3244794 (0.3-30 mg kg(-1), p.o.) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and edema formation. RO3244794 (1 and 10 mg kg(-1), p.o.) also significantly reduced chronic joint discomfort induced by monoiodoacetate. These data suggest that RO1138452 and RO3244794 are potent and selective antagonists for both human and rat IP receptors and that they possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Bley
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | | | - Don V Daniels
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | - Joel Gever
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | - Alam Jahangir
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | - Counde O'Yang
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | - Steven Smith
- Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
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Collins RA, Gualano RC, Zosky GR, Atkins CL, Turner DJ, Colasurdo GN, Sly PD. Hyperresponsiveness to inhaled but not intravenous methacholine during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Respir Res 2005; 6:142. [PMID: 16324223 PMCID: PMC1325022 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To characterise the acute physiological and inflammatory changes induced by low-dose RSV infection in mice. Methods BALB/c mice were infected as adults (8 wk) or weanlings (3 wk) with 1 × 105 pfu of RSV A2 or vehicle (intranasal, 30 μl). Inflammation, cytokines and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway and tissue responses to inhaled methacholine (MCh; 0.001 – 30 mg/ml) were measured 5, 7, 10 and 21 days post infection. Responsiveness to iv MCh (6 – 96 μg/min/kg) in vivo and to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and MCh in vitro were measured at 7 d. Epithelial permeability was measured by Evans Blue dye leakage into BALF at 7 d. Respiratory mechanics were measured using low frequency forced oscillation in tracheostomised and ventilated (450 bpm, flexiVent) mice. Low frequency impedance spectra were calculated (0.5 – 20 Hz) and a model, consisting of an airway compartment [airway resistance (Raw) and inertance (Iaw)] and a constant-phase tissue compartment [coefficients of tissue damping (G) and elastance (H)] was fitted to the data. Results Inflammation in adult mouse BALF peaked at 7 d (RSV 15.6 (4.7 SE) vs. control 3.7 (0.7) × 104 cells/ml; p < 0.001), resolving by 21 d, with no increase in weanlings at any timepoint. RSV-infected mice were hyperresponsive to aerosolised MCh at 5 and 7 d (PC200 Raw adults: RSV 0.02 (0.005) vs. control 1.1 (0.41) mg/ml; p = 0.003) (PC200 Raw weanlings: RSV 0.19 (0.12) vs. control 10.2 (6.0) mg/ml MCh; p = 0.001). Increased responsiveness to aerosolised MCh was matched by elevated levels of cysLT at 5 d and elevated VEGF and PGE2 at 7 d in BALF from both adult and weanling mice. Responsiveness was not increased in response to iv MCh in vivo or EFS or MCh challenge in vitro. Increased epithelial permeability was not detected at 7 d. Conclusion Infection with 1 × 105 pfu RSV induced extreme hyperresponsiveness to aerosolised MCh during the acute phase of infection in adult and weanling mice. The route-specificity of hyperresponsiveness suggests that epithelial mechanisms were important in determining the physiological effects. Inflammatory changes were dissociated from physiological changes, particularly in weanling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Collins
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Rosa C Gualano
- Department of Pharmacology, Co-Operative Research Centre (CRC) for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Constance L Atkins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debra J Turner
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Giuseppe N Colasurdo
- Department of Pharmacology, Co-Operative Research Centre (CRC) for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
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27
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Honma Y, Arai I, Hashimoto Y, Futaki N, Sugimoto M, Tanaka M, Nakaike S. Prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 accelerate the recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption induced by mechanical scratching in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 518:56-62. [PMID: 16000196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of prostaglandins in mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice was investigated. Skin prostaglandins contents were measured after cutaneous barrier function was disrupted by scratching using a stainless-steal wire brush (mechanical scratching), then effects of prostanoids on recovery of cutaneous barrier functions were examined. This mechanical scratching increased transepidermal water loss and skin prostaglandins (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha and prostaglandin F2alpha) contents, count-dependently. Topical application of indomethacin immediately after cutaneous barrier disruption delayed the recovery period of cutaneous barrier disruption. We examined effects of several prostanoids (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2alpha, prostaglandin I2 and U46619) on delay of the recovery process of mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption with treatment of indomethacin. Topically applied prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 accelerated the recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption and topical application of prostaglandin J2, limaprost, sulprostone and ONO-4819, but not 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2, 17-phenyl-trinor-prostaglandin E2 or butaprost had effects on recovery of the cutaneous barrier. These results suggest that prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 accelerate the recovery process of cutaneous barrier disruption caused by mechanical scratching, via specific prostanoid DP1, EP3 and EP4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Honma
- Department of Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403, Saitama City, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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28
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Niho N, Mutoh M, Kitamura T, Takahashi M, Sato H, Yamamoto H, Maruyama T, Ohuchida S, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer development in rats by a prostaglandin E receptor EP1-selective antagonist. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:260-4. [PMID: 15904466 PMCID: PMC11158162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) is involved in colon carcinogenesis through its binding to the PGE(2) receptor subtypes EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4). We have demonstrated that administration of ONO-8711, an EP(1)-selective antagonist, suppresses development of AOM-induced ACF in C57BL/6 mice and F344 rats. ONO-8711 also reduced the numbers of intestinal polyps in Min mice. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effects of ONO-8711 on colon cancer development in rats treated with AOM. Male F344 rats were injected subcutaneously with AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) once a week for the first 2 weeks to develop colon cancer. Administration of 400 or 800 p.p.m. ONO-8711 in their diets for 32 weeks reduced the incidence, multiplicity and volume of colon carcinomas. The incidence of colon adenocarcinomas in AOM-treated rats was 97, 83 and 76% (P < 0.05) in the 0, 400 and 800 p.p.m. of ONO-8711 groups, respectively. The multiplicity of adenocarcinomas was also decreased significantly, being 3.31 +/- 0.33, 2.34 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.05) and 2.06 +/- 0.34 (P < 0.01) with 0, 400 and 800 p.p.m. of ONO-8711, respectively. Moreover, treatment with 800 p.p.m. ONO-8711 reduced the mean volume of adenocarcinomas to 49% (P < 0.05) of the value for the AOM treatment alone. Furthermore, the BrdU labeling index was decreased significantly in colon cancer cells by 800 p.p.m. ONO-8711. These results confirm that EP(1) is involved in colon carcinogenesis and that EP(1)-selective antagonists might be promising candidates for colon cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niho
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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29
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Fujino T, Nakagawa N, Yuhki KI, Hara A, Yamada T, Takayama K, Kuriyama S, Hosoki Y, Takahata O, Taniguchi T, Fukuzawa J, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K, Narumiya S, Ushikubi F. Decreased susceptibility to renovascular hypertension in mice lacking the prostaglandin I2 receptor IP. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:805-12. [PMID: 15372104 PMCID: PMC516260 DOI: 10.1172/jci21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent reduction of renal perfusion pressure induces renovascular hypertension by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; however, the sensing mechanism remains elusive. Here we investigated the role of PGI2 in renovascular hypertension in vivo, employing mice lacking the PGI2 receptor (IP-/- mice). In WT mice with a two-kidney, one-clip model of renovascular hypertension, the BP was significantly elevated. The increase in BP in IP-/- mice, however, was significantly lower than that in WT mice. Similarly, the increases in plasma renin activity, renal renin mRNA, and plasma aldosterone in response to renal artery stenosis were all significantly lower in IP-/- mice than in WT mice. All these parameters were measured in mice lacking the four PGE2 receptor subtypes individually, and we found that these mice had similar responses to WT mice. PGI2 is produced by COX-2 and a selective inhibitor of this enzyme, SC-58125, also significantly reduced the increases in plasma renin activity and renin mRNA expression in WT mice with renal artery stenosis, but these effects were absent in IP-/- mice. When the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was activated by salt depletion, SC-58125 blunted the response in WT mice but not in IP-/- mice. These results indicate that PGI2 derived from COX-2 plays a critical role in regulating the release of renin and consequently renovascular hypertension in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Creatinine/blood
- Creatinine/urine
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Epoprostenol/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hypertension, Renal/etiology
- Hypertension, Renal/genetics
- Hypertension, Renal/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Renal/prevention & control
- Infarction/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nephrectomy
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/deficiency
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/genetics
- Renal Circulation
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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30
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Clark RD, Jahangir A, Severance D, Salazar R, Chang T, Chang D, Jett MF, Smith S, Bley K. Discovery and SAR development of 2-(phenylamino) imidazolines as prostacyclin receptor antagonists [corrected]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1053-6. [PMID: 15013022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of screening hits (1a,b), a series of selective, high affinity prostacyclin receptor antagonists was developed. The optimized lead compound 25d [(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-[4-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)phenyl]amine] had analgesic activity in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clark
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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31
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Sharif NA, Xu SX. Pharmacological characterization and identification of EP3 prostanoid receptor binding sites in hamster uterus homogenates. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56:197-203. [PMID: 15005878 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of [(3)H]-prostaglandin E(2) ([(3)H]-PGE(2)) binding to washed homogenates of hamster uterus were determined. Scatchard analysis of competition data yielded dissociation constants (K(d)s) of 30.9 +/- 5.6 nM (n = 3) and apparent receptor density (B(max)) of 25.25 +/- 1.89 pmol g(-1) wet weight tissue (74 +/- 8% specific binding). Competition studies yielded the following affinity parameters (K(i)) for various prostanoids: GR63799X = 13 4 nM; PGE(2) = 17 +/- 3 nM; sulprostone = 64 +/- 5 nM; enprostil = 67 +/- 3 nM; misoprostol = 124 +/- 15 nM; cloprostenol = 187 +/- 33 nM; carba-prostacyclin = 260 +/- 167 nM; iloprost = 555 +/- 162 nM; PGF(2 alpha) = 767 +/- 73 nM; PGD(2) > 3560 nM; fluprostenol = 11 790 +/- 2776 nM; RS93520 = 21 558 +/- 14 228 nM. These data closely matched the pharmacological profile of previously described EP(3) receptors such as in bovine corpus luteum (BCLM) and the cloned mammalian EP(3) receptors. The high correlation between the current hamster uterus pharmacology data vs the EP(3) receptor binding in BCLM (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001), vs cloned human EP(3) receptor (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001), vs the cloned mouse EP(3) receptor binding (r = 0.78; P < 0.002), vs cloned rat EP(3) receptor (r = 0.9, P < 0.0004), and vs EP(3) receptor-mediated functional responses (r = 0.72, P < 0.02) substantiated the conclusion that the hamster uterus contains EP(3) receptor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Sharif
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Alcon Research Ltd, South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134-2099, USA.
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32
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Kitamura T, Itoh M, Noda T, Matsuura M, Wakabayashi K. Combined effects of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors on intestinal tumorigenesis in adenomatous polyposis coli gene knockout mice. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:576-80. [PMID: 14991580 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, genetic disruption of COX-1 gene or pharmacologic inhibition of its activity has been shown to decrease the number of intestinal polyps in Apc gene-deficient mice. The present study was designed to investigate the combined effects of COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors on spontaneous polyp formation in APC1309 female mice. The animals were treated with 300 or 600 ppm mofezolac (a COX-1 selective inhibitor) alone, 200 or 400 ppm nimesulide (a COX-2 selective inhibitor) alone, 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide, 600 ppm mofezolac plus 400 ppm nimesulide, or 10 ppm indomethacin (a dual-COX inhibitor) in the diet from 7 weeks of age for 4 weeks. Percentage inhibition of polyp area in the intestine was 17% with 600 ppm mofezolac alone and 25% with 400 ppm nimesulide alone, their sum of 42% being almost equal to the 37% observed for the combination treatment. Administration of 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide also significantly decreased polyp area in the intestine by 30%. Moreover, the numbers of polyps more than 2.5 mm in diameter were markedly decreased by combined treatment of both COX inhibitors. With 10 ppm indomethacin, the dual inhibitor, polyp area was also clearly reduced by 46%. Our results indicate that COX-1 and COX-2 may to some extent contribute to polyp formation independently and inhibitor combination treatment thus has particular potential for chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kitamura
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Nathanielsz PW, Smith G, Wu W. Topographical specialization of prostaglandin function in late pregnancy and at parturition in the baboon. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:199-206. [PMID: 14683693 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins play key central roles in both the maintenance of pregnancy and parturition. Extensive data exist from studies in human pregnancy but the needs of clinical management and the inability to conduct carefully controlled perturbation studies in human pregnancy make it necessary to obtain information from nonhuman primate models. We have used the pregnant baboon to evaluate production, metabolism and receptor mediated actions of prostaglandins in late gestation to demonstrate that expression of key genes is tightly controlled in enzyme-specific, gestation age-specific, tissue-specific and uterine region-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Nathanielsz
- Department of Obstetrics, Center for Women's Health Research, New York University Medical School, 550 1st Ave, New York 10016, USA.
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34
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Hara A, Yuhki KI, Fujino T, Narumiya S, Ushikubi F. [Pathophysiological roles of the prostanoids in the cardiovascular system: studies using mice deficient in prostanoid receptors]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2003; 122:384-90. [PMID: 14569157 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.122.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostanoids, consisting of the prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs), exert various actions through activation of their specific receptors. They include the DP, EP, FP, IP, and TP receptors for PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, PGI2, and TXA2, respectively. Moreover, EP receptors are classified into four subtypes, the EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors. Using mice lacking prostanoid receptors, we intended to clarify in vivo roles of prostanoids under pathophysiological conditions of the cardiovascular system, which include ischemia-induced cardiac injury, pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, renovascular hypertension, tachycardia during systemic inflammation and thromboembolism. The results demonstrated that 1) PGI2 plays an important role in attenuating the ischemic injury and the pressure overload-induced hypertrophy of the hearts, and also contributes to the development of renovascular hypertension; 2) PGE2 plays a cardioprotective role against the ischemic injury via both the EP3 and EP4, and also participates in acute thromboembolism via the EP3; and 3) both PGF2alpha and TXA2, which have been produced during systemic inflammation, are responsible for tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Hara
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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35
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Kitamura T, Itoh M, Noda T, Tani K, Kobayashi M, Maruyama T, Kobayashi K, Ohuchida S, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Combined effects of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP1 and subtype EP4 antagonists on intestinal tumorigenesis in adenomatous polyposis coli gene knockout mice. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:618-21. [PMID: 12841871 PMCID: PMC11160211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Revised: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is involved in intestinal carcinogenesis through its binding to the PGE(2) receptor subtypes EP(1) and EP(4) and activation of downstream pathways. ONO-8711 and ONO-AE2-227, prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(1)- and EP(4)-selective antagonists, respectively, are known to suppress formation of intestinal polyps in adenomatous polyposis coli gene-deficient mice. The present study was designed to investigate the combined effects of EP(1) and EP(4) antagonists on spontaneous polyp formation in APC1309 mice in order to determine the contribution of each receptor to intestinal tumorigenesis. APC1309 mice were treated with 400 ppm of ONO-8711 alone, 400 ppm of ONO-AE2-227 alone or both in combination in the diet for 6 weeks. The mean area of polyps found in the intestine, calculated as the longer diameter x the shorter diameter x pi, was reduced by 12%, 43% (P < 0.01) and 56% (P < 0.01) of the mean control value (8.8 mm(2)) in the ONO-8711 alone, ONO-AE2-227 alone and combination treatment groups, respectively, suggesting clear additive effects of the combination. The same additive tendency for suppression was also observed with respect to the numbers of polyps in the intestine. Polyp size reduction was more remarkable with the EP(4) antagonist, while the number reduction was more pronounced with the EP(1) antagonist. Our results indicate that EP(1) and EP(4) may have separate intrinsic roles and, to some extent, contribute to polyp formation independently. Thus, combination treatment has potential for the chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kitamura
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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36
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Chou TC. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of paeonol in carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:1146-52. [PMID: 12871833 PMCID: PMC1573952 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Paeonol was tested for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in a rat model of carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. The possible mechanisms involved in these effects were also investigated. 2. Pre- and post-treatment with paeonol (30, 50 or 100 mg kg(-1), i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited the carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. 3. Treatment with paeonol dose-dependently inhibited tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-lbeta (IL-1beta) formation, but enhanced IL-10 production in the rat paw exudates both at the early (1.5 h) and late phase (4 h) after carrageenan injection. However, inhibition of IL-6 formation by paeonol was only observed at the late phase. 4. Paeonol dose-dependently decreased the formation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rat paw exudates with a greater inhibition at the late phase. However, inhibition of nitrate generation was observed only during the late phase (at 4 h after carrageenan injection), accompanied by an attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in paw tissue. 5. Elevated myeloperoxidase activity, an indicator of neutrophil infiltration, in carrageenan-injected paws was also dose-dependently reduced in paeonol-treated rats. 6. Our results suggest that the mechanisms by which paeonol exerts its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in this inflammatory model may be associated with decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO and PGE(2) and increased production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in carrageenan-injected rat paws. In addition, attenuation of the elevated iNOS and COX-2 protein expression as well as neutrophil infiltration in carrageenan-injected paws may also be involved in the beneficial effects of paeonol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Min-Chuan E. Rd. Sec. 6, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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37
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Tilley SL, Hartney JM, Erikson CJ, Jania C, Nguyen M, Stock J, McNeisch J, Valancius C, Panettieri RA, Penn RB, Koller BH. Receptors and pathways mediating the effects of prostaglandin E2 on airway tone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L599-606. [PMID: 12618422 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00324.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) has complex effects on airway tone, and the existence of four PGE(2) [E-prostanoid (EP)] receptors, each with distinct signaling characteristics, has provided a possible explanation for the seemingly contradictory actions of this lipid mediator. To identify the receptors mediating the actions of PGE(2) on bronchomotor tone, we examined its effects on the airways of wild-type and EP receptor-deficient mice. In conscious mice the administration of PGE(2) increased airway responsiveness primarily through the EP1 receptor, although on certain genetic backgrounds a contribution of the EP3 receptor was detected. These effects of PGE(2) were eliminated by pretreatment with either atropine or bupivacaine and were undetectable in anesthetized mice or in denervated tracheal rings, where only EP2-mediated relaxation of airway smooth muscle was observed. Together, our findings are consistent with a model in which PGE(2) modulates airway tone by activating multiple receptors expressed on various cell populations and in which the relative contribution of these receptors might depend on the expression of modifier alleles. PGE(2)/EP1/EP3-induced airway constriction occurs indirectly through activation of neural pathways, whereas PGE(2)-induced bronchodilation results from direct activation of EP2 receptors on airway smooth muscle. This segregation of EP receptor function within the airway suggests that PGE(2) analogs that selectively activate the EP2 receptor without activating the EP1/EP3 receptors might prove useful in the treatment of asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthesia
- Animals
- Bronchoconstriction/drug effects
- Bronchoconstriction/physiology
- Consciousness
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Trachea/drug effects
- Trachea/innervation
- Trachea/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Tilley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7248, USA
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Wise H, Chow KBS, Wing KY, Kobayashi T, Tse DLY, Cheng CHK. Properties of chimeric prostacyclin/prostaglandin D2 receptors: site-directed mutagenesis reveals the significance of the isoleucine residue at position 323. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2003; 23:83-97. [PMID: 12680591 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-120018762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mouse prostacyclin (mIP) receptors transiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells activated both adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C, with a 33-fold preference for signaling through Gs. The prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonists cicaprost, iloprost, carbacyclin, and prostaglandin E1 showed a similar order of potency for activation of both signaling pathways in cells transiently transfected with the mIP and the chimeric prostacyclin/prostaglandin D2 (IPN-VII/DPC and IPN-V/DPVI-C) receptors. Substitution of the carboxyl-terminal tail of the prostacyclin receptor with the corresponding region of the mDP receptor (IPN-VII/DPC) produced a receptor with increased coupling to both Gs and Gq. However, this increased G-protein coupling was lost in the IPN-V/DPVI-C receptor. The observation that both these chimeric receptors can activate phospholipase C indicates that the carboxyl-terminal tail of the IP receptor is not entirely responsible for its ability to couple to Gq. Site-directed mutagenesis studies suggest that isoleucine at position 323 in the IPN-VII/DPC receptor plays an important role in mediating the increased potency of this chimeric receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wise
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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39
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Sharif NA, Kelly CR, Crider JY. Agonist activity of bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, unoprostone isopropyl ester and other prostaglandin analogs at the cloned human ciliary body FP prostaglandin receptor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002; 18:313-24. [PMID: 12222762 DOI: 10.1089/10807680260218489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the agonist activity of a number of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogs at the FP prostaglandin receptor cloned from a human ciliary body cDNA library using phosphoinositide (PI) turnover assays. Travoprost acid (EC50 = 3.2 +/- 0.6 nM) was the most potent agonist in these cells followed by bimatoprost free acid (17-phenyl-trinor PGF2alpha; EC50 = 5.8 +/- 2.6 nM), fluprostenol (EC50 = 6.1 +/- 1.5 nM), and latanoprost free acid (PHXA85; EC50 = 54.6 +/- 12.4 nM) which was 17-fold weaker (p < 0.001) than travoprost acid. Unoprostone and S-1033 were significantly (p < 0.001) weaker than travoprost acid. The amide prodrug, bimatoprost (EC50 = 694 +/- 293 nM), activated this FP receptor with an intermediate potency. The isopropyl ester prodrugs, travoprost (EC50 = 42.3 +/- 6.7 nM), latanoprost (EC50 = 126 +/- 347 nM) and unoprostone isopropyl ester (EC50 = 9,100 +/- 2,870 nM), also exhibited FP agonist activity. However, other compounds such as PGI2, bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin were inactive. The agonist activities of bimatoprost, unoprostone (UF-021), fluprostenol and acids of travoprost and latanoprost were antagonized by AL-8810 (11beta-fluoro- 15-epi-15-indanyl-PGF2alpha), an FP-receptor-selective antagonist (Ki = 1.0 - 2.1 microM; n = 3). These studies have demonstrated, for the first time, agonist activities of the currently known and marketed ocular hypotensive prostaglandin analogs at the cloned human ciliary body FP prostaglandin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Sharif
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Alcon Research, Ltd, Fort Worth, Texas 76134-2099, USA.
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40
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Fujino T, Yuhki KI, Yamada T, Hara A, Takahata O, Okada Y, Xiao CY, Ma H, Karibe H, Iwashima Y, Fukuzawa J, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K, Narumiya S, Ushikubi F. Effects of the prostanoids on the proliferation or hypertrophy of cultured murine aortic smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:530-9. [PMID: 12055131 PMCID: PMC1573378 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of the prostanoids on the growth of cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were examined using mice lacking prostanoid receptors. Proliferation of VSMCs was assessed by measuring [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and the cell number, and their hypertrophy by [(14)C]-leucine incorporation and protein content. In VSMCs from wild-type mice, expressions of mRNAs for the EP(4) and TP were most abundant, followed by those for the IP, EP(3) and FP, when examined by competitive reverse transcriptase-PCR. Those for the EP(1), EP(2) and DP, however, could not be detected. AE1-329, an EP(4) agonist, and cicaprost, an IP agonist, inhibited platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation of VSMCs from wild-type mice; these inhibitory effects disappeared completely in VSMCs from EP(4)(-/-) and IP(-/-) mice, respectively. In accordance with these effects, AE1-329 and cicaprost stimulated cAMP production in VSMCs from wild-type mice, which were absent in VSMCs from EP(4)(-/-) and IP(-/-) mice, respectively. Effects of PGE(2) on cell proliferation and adenylate cyclase were almost similar with those of AE1-329 in VSMCs from wild-type mice, which disappeared in VSMCs from EP(4)(-/-) mice. PGD(2) inhibited PDGF-induced proliferation of VSMCs from both wild-type and DP(-/-) mice to a similar extent. This action of PGD(2) was also observed in VSMCs from EP4(-/-) and IP(-/-) mice. In VSMCs from wild-type mice, I-BOP, a TP agonist, showed potentiation of PDGF-induced hypertrophy. I-BOP failed to show this action in VSMCs from TP(-/-) mice. The specific agonists for the EP(1), EP(2) or EP(3), and PGF(2)alpha showed little effect on the growth of VSMCs. These results show that PGE(2), PGI(2) and TXA(2) modulate PDGF-induced proliferation or hypertrophy of VSMCs via the EP(4), IP and TP, respectively, and that the inhibitory effect of PGD(2) on PDGF-induced proliferation is not mediated by the DP, EP(4) or IP.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Count
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Hypertrophy
- Leucine/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin D2/physiology
- Prostaglandins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Thymidine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Koh-ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hara
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Okada
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Chun-Yang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hideji Karibe
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Fukuzawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kikuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
The actions of prostanoids in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions have been examined using mice lacking the prostanoid receptors. PGD2 was found to be a mediator of allergic asthma. Prostaglandin (PG) I2 worked not only as a mediator of inflammation but also as an antithrombotic and cardio-protective agent. Several important actions of PGE2 are brought out via the PGE2-receptor subtype EP3; PGE2 participated in the regulation of platelet function, and it worked as a mediator of febrile responses to both endogenous and exogenous pyrogens. These novel findings on the roles of the prostanoids would contribute to the development of drugs targeting the prostanoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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42
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Shiokoshi T, Ohsaki Y, Kawabe J, Fujino T, Kikuchi K. Downregulation of nitric oxide accumulation by cyclooxygenase-2 induction and thromboxane A2 production in interleukin-1beta-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens 2002; 20:455-61. [PMID: 11875313 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200203000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines from inflammatory cells do not produce nitric oxide, but stimulate the production of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) has been believed to have a key role in atherosclerogenesis and post-angioplasty restenosis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether cytokine-induced nitric oxide production is regulated by the TXA2/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced production of nitric oxide in rat VSMCs using the TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonists, seratrodast and Bay-u3405, and an agonist, U-46619. Nitrite formation was measured colorimetrically. IL-1beta increased nitrite formation in a time-dependent manner. The nitrite concentration was 1.7 times greater in the presence of seratrodast than that without it. Nitrite accumulation was increased by Bay-u3405, but was decreased in the presence of U-46619, to 44% of that in its absence. Western and Northern blotting showed that seratrodast increased the levels of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, whereas U-46619 decreased them. We speculated that VSMCs produced TXA2, thereby decreasing nitric oxide production; therefore we measured the accumulation of TXB2 using an enzyme immunoassay. Untreated VSMCs produced about 20 pg/mg protein of TXB2. This was increased by the addition of IL-1beta, to 152.1 +/- 43.0 pg/mg protein after a 24 h incubation; the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein was also increased, but there was no effect on the expression of COX-1 and TXA2 synthase. U-63557A, a TXA2 synthase inhibitor, increased the accumulation of nitrite to 1.3-fold that in its absence. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the expression of iNOS and the production of nitric oxide are regulated by the TXA2/PGH2 receptor in IL-1beta-stimulated VSMCs. The endogenous production of TXA2 by the induction of COX-2 from IL-1beta-stimulated VSMCs probably downregulated the production of nitric oxide in VSMCs. TXA2/PGH2 receptor inhibitors may contribute to the reduction in formation of atherosclerosis in lesions with vascular injury by enhancing the production of nitric oxide by VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 1
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Induction/physiology
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane/agonists
- Receptors, Thromboxane/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2
- Thromboxane A2/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shiokoshi
- First Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
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43
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Hayes MM, Lane BR, King SR, Markovitz DM, Coffey MJ. Prostaglandin E(2) inhibits replication of HIV-1 in macrophages through activation of protein kinase A. Cell Immunol 2002; 215:61-71. [PMID: 12142037 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since macrophages are a source of increased PGE(2) in AIDS, we investigated the role of PGE(2) in the replication of HIV-1 in these cells. PGE(2) inhibited HIV-1 replication measured by reverse transcriptase in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM). Treatment of MDM with the PGE(1) analog misoprostol, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, and the cyclic AMP analog dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) suppressed HIV replication. The protein kinase A (PKA) activator 8-bromo-cyclic AMP also inhibited HIV-1 replication. Similar results were observed with the entry-independent, latently HIV-infected U1 cells. There was a parallel decrease in HIV-1 mRNA levels following PGE(2) treatment. Co-transfection of the HIV-1 promoter LTR.luciferase, with the vector CMV.Calpha, which expresses the PKA catalytic unit increasing PKA activity, reduced HIV-1 promoter activity. Inhibition of PKA activity with the pMT.RAB vector, a mutant regulatory unit of PKA, augmented HIV-1 promoter activity. In summary, PGE(2) inhibits HIV-1 gene expression in MDM through a PKA-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Hayes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Hatae T, Wada M, Yokoyama C, Shimonishi M, Tanabe T. Prostacyclin-dependent apoptosis mediated by PPAR delta. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46260-7. [PMID: 11551955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) plays important roles in hemostasis both as a vasodilator and an endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation. PGI(2) functions in these roles through a specific IP receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor linked to G(s) and increases in cAMP. Here, we report that intracellular prostacyclin formed by expressing prostacyclin synthase in human embryonic kidney 293 cells promotes apoptosis by activating endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR delta). In contrast, treatment of cells with extracellular prostacyclin or dibutyryl cAMP actually reduced apoptosis. On the contrary, treatment of the cells with RpcAMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, Rp-isomer), an antagonist of cAMP, enhanced prostacyclin-mediated apoptosis. The expression of an L431A/G434A mutant of PPAR delta completely blocked prostacyclin-mediated PPAR delta activation and apoptosis. These observations indicate that prostacyclin can act through endogenous PPAR delta as a second signaling pathway that controls cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatae
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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45
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Ueno A, Matsumoto H, Naraba H, Ikeda Y, Ushikubi F, Matsuoka T, Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Oh-ishi S. Major roles of prostanoid receptors IP and EP(3) in endotoxin-induced enhancement of pain perception. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:157-60. [PMID: 11389873 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To know the roles of prostaglandin I (IP) and prostaglandin E (EP) receptors in pain perception, we compared the acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice deficient in prostaglandin receptors, i.e. IP, EP(1,) EP(2,) EP(3,) or EP(4,) with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment. Without LPS pretreatment, IP-receptor deficient mice showed a significantly smaller number of responses, as previously reported, whereas mice deficient in any of the EP-receptor subtypes showed a number of writhings similar to those of wild-type mice. When mice were pretreated with LPS for 24 hr to induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression, the wild-type as well as EP(1)-, EP(2)-, or EP(4)-receptor-deficient mice showed a similar enhanced writhing response, whereas IP- and EP(3)-receptor-deficient mice had a significantly less enhanced number of writhings. These results indicate that IP and EP(3) are the major prostaglandin receptors mediating the enhanced acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice pre-exposed to LPS, i.e. in endotoxin-enhanced inflammatory nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ueno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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46
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Omana-Zapata I, Bley KR. A stable prostacyclin analog enhances ectopic activity in rat sensory neurons following neuropathic injury. Brain Res 2001; 904:85-92. [PMID: 11516414 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids sensitize sensory afferents during inflammation. However, their role in neuropathic pain is still unclear. We analyzed the actions of prostanoids, non-selective (indomethacin) or selective (celecoxib and NS-398) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX or COX-2) inhibitors, on the ectopic activity of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH) neurons in a model of neuropathic injury. Extracellular recordings of DRG and DH neurons and cardiovascular measurements were performed on anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats whose sciatic nerve had been transected. PGD(2), PGE(2), PGF(2alpha), carbaprostacyclin (cPGI(2); a stable prostacyclin analog), and carbocyclic thromboxane (cTXA(2)) were administered at cumulative doses (0.0001-5 mg/kg, i.p.) at 5 or 10 min intervals. Only cPGI(2) significantly increased the DRG and DH activity in a dose-dependent manner, with ED(50) values of 0.05 (0.01-0.96) and 0.69 (0.11-1.04) mg/kg, respectively. The other prostanoids did not significantly increase activity, although they reduced heart rate for up to 5 min following administration. Time course experiments with single doses of cPGI(2) (1 mg/kg, i.v.) increased DH discharge rate 3-17 min after injection. Indomethacin (3 mg/kg, s.c.), but not celecoxib or NS-398 (both at 6 mg/kg, s.c.), reduced both DRG and DH activity. Our results indicate that cPGI(2) excites DRG and DH neurons of neuropathic rats, and may suggest a role for IP prostanoid receptors in pain episodes associated with nerve injury. The inhibitory effect of indomethacin, but not celecoxib or NS-398, on ectopic activity may suggest that a tonic generation of PGI(2) by COX-1 could contribute to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Omana-Zapata
- CNS Therapy Area, Roche Bioscience, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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47
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Shinomiya S, Naraba H, Ueno A, Utsunomiya I, Maruyama T, Ohuchida S, Ushikubi F, Yuki K, Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Oh-ishi S. Regulation of TNFalpha and interleukin-10 production by prostaglandins I(2) and E(2): studies with prostaglandin receptor-deficient mice and prostaglandin E-receptor subtype-selective synthetic agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:1153-60. [PMID: 11301049 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To know which receptors of prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of TNFalpha and interleukin 10 (IL-10) production, we examined the production of these cytokines in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with zymosan. The presence of PGE(2) or the PGI(2) analog carbacyclin in the medium reduced the TNFalpha production to one-half, whereas IL-10 production increased several fold; and indomethacin caused the reverse effects, suggesting that endogenous prostaglandins may have a regulatory effect on the cytokine production. Among prostaglandin E (EP) receptor-selective synthetic agonists, EP2 and EP4 agonists caused down-regulation of the zymosan-induced TNFalpha production, but up-regulation on the IL-10 production; while EP1 and EP3 agonists showed no effect. Macrophages harvested from prostaglandin I (IP) receptor-deficient mice showed the up- and down-regulatory effects on the cytokine production by the EP2 and EP4 agonists or PGE(2), but no effect was obtained by carbacyclin. On the contrary, macrophages from EP2-deficient mice showed the effect by PGE(2), carbacyclin, and the EP4 agonist, but not by the EP2 agonist; and the cells from EP4-deficient mice showed the effect by PGE(2), carbacyclin, and EP2 agonist, but not by the EP4 agonist. These functional effects of prostaglandins well accorded with the mRNA expression of TNFalpha and IL-10 when such expression was examined by the RT-PCR method. The peritoneal macrophages from normal mice expressed IP, EP2, and EP4 receptors, but not EP1 and EP3, when examined by RT-PCR. Thus the results suggest that PGI(2) and PGE(2) generated simultaneously with cytokines by macrophages treated with zymosan may influence the cytokine production through IP, EP2, and EP4 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Epoprostenol/metabolism
- Female
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Zymosan/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shinomiya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Hori T, Oka T, Hosoi M, Abe M, Oka K. Hypothalamic mechanisms of pain modulatory actions of cytokines and prostaglandin E2. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 917:106-20. [PMID: 11268335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A decrease and subsequent increase in nociceptive threshold in the whole body are clinical symptoms frequently observed during the course of acute systemic infection. These biphasic changes in nociceptive reactivity are brought about by central signal substances induced by peripheral inflammatory messages. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), an experimental model of acute infection, may mimic the biphasic changes in nociception, hyperalgesia at small doses of LPS, and IL-1 beta and analgesia at larger doses. Our behavioral and electrophysiological studies have revealed that IL-1 beta in the brain induces hyperalgesia through the actions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on EP3 receptors in the preoptic area and its neighboring basal forebrain, whereas the IL-1 beta-induced analgesia is produced by the actions of PGE2 on EP1 receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus. An intravenous injection of LPS (10-100 micrograms/kg) produced hyperalgesia only during the period before fever develops and was abolished by microinjection of NS-398 (an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2) into the preoptic area, but not into the other areas in the hypothalamus. The hyperalgesia induced by the cytokines PGE2 and LPS may explain the systemic hyperalgesia clinically observed in the early phase of infectious diseases, which probably warns the organisms of infection before the full development of sickness symptoms. The switching of nociception from hyperalgesia to analgesia accompanied by sickness symptoms may reflect changes in the host's strategy for fighting microbial invasion as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hori
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Oka T, Oka K, Scammell TE, Lee C, Kelly JF, Nantel F, Elmquist JK, Saper CB. Relationship of EP(1-4) prostaglandin receptors with rat hypothalamic cell groups involved in lipopolysaccharide fever responses. J Comp Neurol 2000; 428:20-32. [PMID: 11058222 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20001204)428:1<20::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The action of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the preoptic area is thought to play an important role in producing fever. Pharmacologic evidence suggests that, among the four subtypes of E-series prostaglandin (EP) receptors, i.e., EP(1), EP(2), EP(3), and EP(4), the EP(1) receptor mediates fever responses. In contrast, evidence from mice with EP receptor gene deletions indicates that the EP(3) receptor is required for the initial (<1 hour) fever after intravenous (i.v.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate which subtypes of EP receptors mediate systemic infection-induced fever, we assessed the coexpression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) and EP(1-4) receptor mRNA in nuclei in the rat hypothalamus that have been shown to be involved in fever responses. Two hours after the administration of i.v. LPS (5 microg/kg), Fos-IR was observed in the ventromedial preoptic nucleus, the median preoptic nucleus, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. In these nuclei, EP(4) receptor mRNA was strongly expressed and the Fos-IR intensely colocalized with EP(4) receptor mRNA. Strong EP(3) receptor mRNA expression was only seen within the median preoptic nucleus but Fos-IR showed little coexpression with EP(3) receptor mRNA. EP(2) receptor mRNA was not seen in the PGE(2) sensitive parts of the preoptic area. Although approximately half of the Fos-immunoreactive neurons also expressed EP(1) receptor mRNA, EP(1) mRNA expression was weak and its distribution was so diffuse in the preoptic area that it did not represent a specific relationship. In the paraventricular nucleus, EP(4) mRNA was found in most Fos-immunoreactive neurons and levels of EP(4) receptor expression increased after i.v. LPS. Our findings indicate that neurons expressing EP(4) receptor are activated during LPS-induced fever and suggest the involvement of EP(4) receptors in the production of fever.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Fever/pathology
- Fever/physiopathology
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/cytology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Preoptic Area/cytology
- Preoptic Area/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oka
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Okada Y, Hara A, Ma H, Xiao CY, Takahata O, Kohgo Y, Narumiya S, Ushikubi F. Characterization of prostanoid receptors mediating contraction of the gastric fundus and ileum: studies using mice deficient in prostanoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:745-55. [PMID: 11030724 PMCID: PMC1572385 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors mediating prostanoid-induced contractions of longitudinal sections of gastric fundus and ileum were characterized by using tissues obtained from mice deficient in each type and subtype of prostanoid receptors. The fundus and ileum from mice deficient in either EP(3) (EP(3)(-/-) mice), EP(1) (EP(1)(-/-) mice) and FP (FP(-/-) mice) all showed decreased contraction to PGE(2) compared to the tissues from wild-type mice, whereas contraction of the fundus slightly increased in EP(4)(-/-) mice. 17-phenyl-PGE(2) also showed decreased contraction of the fundus from EP(3)(-/-), EP(1)(-/-) and FP(-/-) mice. Sulprostone showed decreased contraction of the fundus from EP(3)(-/-) and FP(-/-) mice, and decreased contraction of the ileum to this compound was seen in tissues from EP(3)(-/-), EP(1)(-/-) and FP(-/-) mice. In DP(-/-) mice, sulprostone showed increased contraction. DI-004 and AE-248 caused the small but concentration-dependent contraction of both tissues, and these contractions were abolished in tissues obtained from EP(1)(-/-) and EP(3)(-/-) mice, respectively, but not affected in other mice. Contractions of both fundus and ileum to PGF(2)alpha was absent at lower concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-7) M), and suppressed at higher concentrations (10(-6) to 10(-5) M) of the agonist in the FP(-/-) mice. Suppression of the contractions at the higher PGF(2)alpha concentrations was also seen in the fundus from EP(3)(-/-), EP(1)(-/-) and TP(-/-) mice and in the ileum from EP(3)(-/-) and TP(-/-) mice. Contraction of the fundus to PGD(2) was significantly enhanced in DP(-/-) mice, and contractions of the fundus and ileum to this PG decreased in FP(-/-) and EP(3)(-/-) mice. Contractions of both tissues to I-BOP was absent at 10(-9) to 10(-7) M and much suppressed at higher concentrations in TP(-/-) mice. Slight suppression to this agonist was also observed in the tissues from EP(3)(-/-) mice. PGI(2) induced small relaxation of both tissues from wild-type mice. These relaxation reactions were much potentiated in EP(3)(-/-) mice. On the other hand, significant contraction to PGI(2) was observed in both tissues obtained from IP(-/-) mice. These results show that contractions of the fundus and ileum induced by each prostanoid agonist are mediated by actions of this agonist on multiple types of prostanoid receptors and in some cases modified by its action on relaxant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okada
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hara
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Chun-Yang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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