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Wei Y, Han R, Yu Y. GmMYB183, a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in Tamba Black Soybean ( Glycine max. cv. Tamba), Conferred Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis and Soybean. Biomolecules 2024; 14:724. [PMID: 38927127 PMCID: PMC11202213 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the environmental stress factors that affects crop growth, development, and productivity. MYB transcription factors play crucial roles in responding to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, the roles of MYB transcription factors in Al tolerance have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we found that GmMYB183, a gene encoding a R2R3 MYB transcription factor, is involved in Al tolerance. Subcellular localization studies revealed that GmMYB183 protein is located in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Overexpression of GmMYB183 in Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots enhanced plant tolerance towards Al stress compared to the wild type, with higher citrate secretion and less Al accumulation. Furthermore, we showed that GmMYB183 binds the GmMATE75 gene promoter encoding for a plasma-membrane-localized citrate transporter. Through a dual-luciferase reporter system and yeast one hybrid, the GmMYB183 protein was shown to directly activate the transcription of GmMATE75. Furthermore, the expression of GmMATE75 may depend on phosphorylation of Ser36 residues in GmMYB183 and two MYB sites in P3 segment of the GmMATE75 promoter. In conclusion, GmMYB183 conferred Al tolerance by promoting the secretion of citrate, which provides a scientific basis for further elucidating the mechanism of plant Al resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Rongrong Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, China
| | - Yongxiong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
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Fan S, Kong C, Zhou R, Zheng X, Ren D, Yin Z. Protein Post-Translational Modifications Based on Proteomics: A Potential Regulatory Role in Animal Science. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6077-6088. [PMID: 38501450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Genomic studies in animal breeding have provided a wide range of references; however, it is important to note that genes and mRNA alone do not fully capture the complexity of living organisms. Protein post-translational modification, which involves covalent modifications regulated by genetic and environmental factors, serves as a fundamental epigenetic mechanism that modulates protein structure, activity, and function. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various phosphorylation and acylation modifications on metabolic enzymes relevant to energy metabolism in animals, including acetylation, succinylation, crotonylation, β-hydroxybutylation, acetoacetylation, and lactylation. It is worth noting that research on animal energy metabolism and modification regulation lags behind the demands for growth and development in animal breeding compared to human studies. Therefore, this review provides a novel research perspective by exploring unreported types of modifications in livestock based on relevant findings from human or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengcheng Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230013, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dalong Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Perera CD, Idrees M, Khan AM, Haider Z, Ullah S, Kang JS, Lee SH, Kang SM, Kong IK. PDGFRβ Activation Induced the Bovine Embryonic Genome Activation via Enhanced NFYA Nuclear Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17047. [PMID: 38069370 PMCID: PMC10707662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is a critical step during embryonic development. Several transcription factors have been identified that play major roles in initiating EGA; however, this gradual and complex mechanism still needs to be explored. In this study, we investigated the role of nuclear transcription factor Y subunit A (NFYA) in bovine EGA and bovine embryonic development and its relationship with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) by using a potent selective activator (PDGF-BB) and inhibitor (CP-673451) of PDGF receptors. Activation and inhibition of PDGFRβ using PDGF-BB and CP-673451 revealed that NFYA expression is significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the PDGFRβ. In addition, PDGFRβ mRNA expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the activator group and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the inhibitor group when compared with PDGFRα. Downregulation of NFYA following PDGFRβ inhibition was associated with the expression of critical EGA-related genes, bovine embryo development rate, and implantation potential. Moreover, ROS and mitochondrial apoptosis levels and expression of pluripotency-related markers necessary for inner cell mass development were also significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the downregulation of NFYA while interrupting trophoblast cell (CDX2) differentiation. In conclusion, the PDGFRβ-NFYA axis is critical for bovine embryonic genome activation and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalani Dilshani Perera
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Majid Khan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Zaheer Haider
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Safeer Ullah
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ji-Su Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seo-Hyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seon-Min Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (C.D.P.); (M.I.); (A.M.K.); (Z.H.); (S.U.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.); (S.-M.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- The King Kong Corp. Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jiang S, Xu F, Li K, Chang L, Gao H, Kukic P, Carmichael P, Liddell M, Li J, Zhang Q, Lyu Z, Peng S, Zuo T, Tulum L, Xu P. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveal cellular responses from caffeine, coumarin and quercetin in treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khongsti K, Pasupuleti BG, Das B, Bez G. 1,2,3-Triazole tethered 1,2,4‑trioxane trimer induces apoptosis in metastatic cancer cells and inhibits their proliferation, migration and invasion. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104952. [PMID: 33971565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) has been in use against different cancer cells and its derivatives and conjugates are more cytotoxic to iron-rich cancer cells. It is desirable to develop easily achievable synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes having the same pharmacophore as that of ART. To explore more efficient compounds, a 1,2,3-triazole tethered 1,2,4‑trioxane trimer (4T) was synthesized and the anti-cancer effects of ART and 4T on MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated concerning regulation of osteopontin (OPN) expression, which is associated with cancer progression and malignancy. 1H NMR and 13C NMR, oxidative stress analysis, flow cytometry, western blot, Real-Time PCR, transfections, luciferase assay, cell viability, proliferation, migration and chemotactic invasion assays were used in this study. It was observed that the 4T induced apoptosis by inhibiting Bcl-2 (~0.6-fold) and cleavage of caspase-3 (intrinsic pathway) in these metastatic cancer cells, and also reduced colony formation, migration and invasion of these cancer cells. The treatment of 4T decreased the reduced glutathione level and increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in the 4T treated cancer cells as compared to their respective controls. Further, the expression of OPN was diminished (~0.5-fold) by the 4T in these cell lines. It was also observed that the key mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1/2 (~1.8-fold) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (~16-fold), were also activated following the treatment of the 4T. However, the phosphorylated c-Jun level, a component of activator protein-1, was significantly reduced in these cancer cells upon 4T treatment. Taken together, we hypothesize that 4T may be useful for controlling cancer progression and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitboklang Khongsti
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | | | - Bidyadhar Das
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Ghanashyam Bez
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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6
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Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100876. [PMID: 33045257 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in multiple human reproductive tissues, including the ovary, endometrium and myometrium. Recently, new analogs (agonists and antagonists) and modes of GnRH have been developed for clinical application during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Additionally, the analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH suppress gonadotropin secretion and regulate the functions of the reproductive axis. GnRH signaling is primarily involved in the direct control of female reproduction. The cellular mechanisms and action of the GnRH/GnRH receptor system have been clinically applied for the treatment of reproductive disorders and have widely been introduced in ART. New GnRH analogs, such as long-acting GnRH analogs and oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists, are being continuously developed for clinical application. The identification of the upstream regulators of GnRH, such as kisspeptin and neurokinin B, provides promising potential to develop these upstream regulator-related analogs to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada.
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Yang Q, Dong B, Wang L, Song Z, Niu L, Li H, Cao H, Meng D, Fu Y. CDPK6 phosphorylates and stabilizes MYB30 to promote hyperoside biosynthesis that prolongs the duration of full-blooming in okra. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4042-4056. [PMID: 32249299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) open and wilt within only a few hours, and this is accompanied by accumulation of hyperoside, a secondary metabolite in the flavonoid pathway. However, little is known about the relationship between flavonoids and flowering. Here, we found that exogenous application of hyperoside extended the duration of the full-blooming period by more than 3-fold, and this was accompanied by a 14.7-fold increase in the expression of CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE6 (AeCDPK6). Gene expression profiling indicated that the transcription factor AeMYB30 was co-expressed with AeCDPK6, and detailed protein interaction and phosphorylation experiments together with yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated an interaction between AeMYB30 and AeCDPK6. AeCDPK6 specifically phosphorylated AeMYB30S191, leading to increased protein stability and prevention of degradation. Furthermore, AeMYB30 directly bound to the promoter of AeUF3GaT1, a key enzyme in the hyperoside biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of transgenic plants showed that AeCDPK6 was required for the hyperoside-induced phosphorylation of AeMYB30 to enhance its stability and transcriptional activity. Ectopic expression of AeCDPK6 promoted hyperoside accumulation and prolonged the full-blooming period in an AeMYB30-dependent manner. Our results indicate the role of AeCDPK6-AeMYB30 in the molecular mechanism by which hyperoside regulates the period of full blooming in okra, a plant with a short duration of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Biying Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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8
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Luo C, Pook E, Wang F, Archacki SR, Tang B, Zhang W, Hu JS, Yang J, Leineweber K, Bechem M, Huang W, Song Y, Cheung SH, Laux V, Ke T, Ren X, Tu X, Chen Q, Wang QK, Xu C. ADTRP regulates TFPI expression via transcription factor POU1F1 involved in coronary artery disease. Gene 2020; 753:144805. [PMID: 32445923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic variants in both ADTRP and TFPI genes are associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). ADTRP regulates TFPI expression and endothelial cell functions involved in the initiation of atherosclerotic CAD. ADTRP also specifies primitive myelopoiesis and definitive hematopoiesis by upregulating TFPI expression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we show that transcription factor POU1F1 is the key by which ADTRP regulates TFPI expression. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in combination with analysis of large and small deletions of the TFPI promoter/regulatory region were used to identify the molecular mechanism by which ADTRP regulates TFPI expression. Genetic association was assessed using case-control association analysis and phenome-wide association analysis (PhenGWA). ADTRP regulates TFPI expression at the transcription level in a dose-dependent manner. The ADTRP-response element was localized to a 50 bp region between -806 bp and -756 bp upstream of TFPI transcription start site, which contains a binding site for POU1F1. Deletion of POU1F1-binding site or knockdown of POU1F1 expression abolished ADTRP-mediated transcription of TFPI. ChIP and EMSA demonstrated that POU1F1 binds to the ADTRP response element. Genetic analysis identified significant association between POU1F1 variants and risk of CAD. PhenGWA identified other phenotypic traits associated with the ADTRP-POU1F1-TFPI axis such as lymphocyte count (ADTRP), waist circumference (TFPI), and standing height (POU1F1). These data identify POU1F1 as a transcription factor that regulates TFPI transcription in response to ADTRP, and link POU1F1 variants to risk of CAD for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | | | - Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen R Archacki
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing-Shan Hu
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | | | | | - Weifeng Huang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Yinhong Song
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Shing-Hu Cheung
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Volker Laux
- BayerAG, Drug Discovery, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tie Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qing Kenneth Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Identification of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) as an Active Component Citrus Jabara That Suppresses FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072472. [PMID: 32252468 PMCID: PMC7177689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Jabara (Citrus jabara Hort. ex Y. Tanaka) is a type of citrus fruit known for its beneficial effect against seasonal allergies. Jabara is rich in the antioxidant narirutin whose anti-allergy effect has been demonstrated. One of the disadvantages in consuming Jabara is its bitter flavor. Therefore, we fermented the fruit to reduce the bitterness and make Jabara easy to consume. Here, we examined whether fermentation alters the anti-allergic property of Jabara. Suppression of degranulation and cytokine production was observed in mast cells treated with fermented Jabara and the effect was dependent on the length of fermentation. We also showed that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) increases as fermentation progresses and was identified as an active component of fermented Jabara, which inhibited mast cell degranulation. Mast cells treated with 5-HMF also exhibited reduced degranulation and cytokine production. In addition, we showed that the expression levels of phospho-PLCγ1 and phospho-ERK1/2 were markedly reduced upon FcεRI stimulation. These results indicate that 5-HMF is one of the active components of fermented Jabara that is involved in the inhibition of mast cell activation.
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10
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Ma D, Lian F, Wang X. PLCG2 promotes hepatocyte proliferation in vitro via NF-κB and ERK pathway by targeting bcl2, myc and ccnd1. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 47:3786-3792. [PMID: 31549850 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1669616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCG2) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, transformation, and tumor growth. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of PLCG2 action using a short interference RNA (siRNA) method. The effects of PLCG2 on rat liver BRL-3A cells treated siRNA were studied by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling assay, flow cytometry method (FCM), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The results showed when PLCG2 was reduced, cell vitality and proliferation rate were significantly decreased (p < .05 vs. control). FCM analysis showed that the number of cell division phase (G2 + M) was declined (p < .05 vs. control). RT-PCR and western blot revealed that the expression of signalling related genes NF-κB, FOS, JUN and ELK, target genes BCL2, CCNB1 and CCND1 were remarkably down-regulated in cells treated with PLCG2 siRNAs. Based on these results, we conclude PLCG2 plays an important role in rat liver cell proliferation via ERK and NF-κB pathway by regulating the expression of BCl2, MYC and CCND1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Xiaobai Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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11
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Miao B, Xiao Q, Chen W, Li Y, Wang Z. Evaluation of functionality for serine and threonine phosphorylation with different evolutionary ages in human and mouse. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:431. [PMID: 29866046 PMCID: PMC5987384 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid evolution of phosphorylation sites could provide raw materials of natural selection to fit the environment by rewiring the regulation of signal pathways. However, a large part of phosphorylation sites was suggested to be non-functional. Although the new-arising phosphorylation sites with little functional implications prevailed in fungi, the evolutionary performance of vertebrate phosphorylation sites remained elusive. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated the functionality of human and mouse phosphorylation sites by dividing them into old, median and young age groups based on the phylogeny of vertebrates. We found the sites in the old group were more likely to be functional and involved in signaling pathways than those in the young group. A smaller proportion of sites in the young group originated from aspartate/glutamate, which could restore the ancestral functions. In addition, both the phosphorylation level and breadth was increased with the evolutionary age. Similar to cases in fungi, these results implied that the newly emerged phosphorylation sites in vertebrates were also more likely to be non-functional, especially for serine and threonine phosphorylation in disordered regions. CONCLUSIONS This study provided not only insights into the dynamics of phosphorylation evolution in vertebrates, but also new clues to identify the functional phosphorylation sites from massive noisy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benpeng Miao
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Xiao
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiran Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixue Li
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Kumar BA, Kumari P, Sona C, Yadav PN. GloSensor assay for discovery of GPCR-selective ligands. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 142:27-50. [PMID: 28964338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are modulators of almost every physiological process, and therefore, are most favorite therapeutic target for wide spectrum of diseases. Ideally, high-throughput functional assays should be implemented that allow the screening of large compound libraries in cost-effective manner to identify agonist, antagonist, and allosteric modulators in the same assay. Taking advantage of the increased understanding of the GPCR structure and signaling, several commercially available functional assays based on fluorescence or chemiluminescence detection are being used in both academia and industry. In this chapter, we provide step-by-step method and guidelines to perform cAMP measurement using GloSensor assay. Finally, we have also discussed the analysis and interpretation of results obtained using this assay by providing several examples of Gs- and Gi-coupled GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boda Arun Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandan Sona
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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13
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Shah R, Del Vecchio D. Signaling Architectures that Transmit Unidirectional Information Despite Retroactivity. Biophys J 2017; 113:728-742. [PMID: 28793226 PMCID: PMC5549655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A signaling pathway transmits information from an upstream system to downstream systems, ideally in a unidirectional fashion. A key obstacle to unidirectional transmission is retroactivity, the additional reaction flux that affects a system once its species interact with those of downstream systems. This raises the fundamental question of whether signaling pathways have developed specialized architectures that overcome retroactivity and transmit unidirectional signals. Here, we propose a general procedure based on mathematical analysis that provides an answer to this question. Using this procedure, we analyze the ability of a variety of signaling architectures to transmit one-way (from upstream to downstream) signals, as key biological parameters are tuned. We find that single stage phosphorylation and phosphotransfer systems that transmit signals from a kinase show a stringent design tradeoff that hampers their ability to overcome retroactivity. Interestingly, cascades of these architectures, which are highly represented in nature, can overcome this tradeoff and thus enable unidirectional transmission. By contrast, phosphotransfer systems, and single and double phosphorylation cycles that transmit signals from a substrate, are unable to mitigate retroactivity effects, even when cascaded, and hence are not well suited for unidirectional information transmission. These results are largely independent of the specific reaction-rate constant values, and depend on the topology of the architectures. Our results therefore identify signaling architectures that, allowing unidirectional transmission of signals, embody modular processes that conserve their input/output behavior across multiple contexts. These findings can be used to decompose natural signal transduction networks into modules, and at the same time, they establish a library of devices that can be used in synthetic biology to facilitate modular circuit design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushina Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Domitilla Del Vecchio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Monczor F, Copsel S, Fernandez N, Davio C, Shayo C. Histamine H 2 Receptor in Blood Cells: A Suitable Target for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 241:141-160. [PMID: 27316911 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) consists in a cancer of early hematopoietic cells arising in the bone marrow, most often of those cells that would turn into white blood cells (except lymphocytes). Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for AML but one of the major complications is that current drugs are highly toxic and poorly tolerated. In general, treatment for AML consists of induction chemotherapy and post-remission therapy. If no further post-remission is given, almost all patients will eventually relapse. Histamine, acting at histamine type-2 (H2) receptors on phagocytes and AML blast cells, helps prevent the production and release of oxygen-free radicals, thereby protecting NK and cytotoxic T cells. This protection allows immune-stimulating agents, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), to activate cytotoxic cells more effectively, enhancing the killing of tumor cells. Based on this mechanism, post-remission therapy with histamine and IL-2 was found to significantly prevent relapse of AML. Alternatively, another potentially less toxic approach to treat AML employs drugs to induce differentiation of malignant cells. It is based on the assumption that many neoplastic cell types exhibit reversible defects in differentiation, which upon appropriate treatment results in tumor reprogramming and the induction of terminal differentiation. There are promissory results showing that an elevated and sustained signaling through H2 receptors is able to differentiate leukemia-derived cell lines, opening the door for the use of H2 agonists for specific differentiation therapies. In both situations, histamine acting through H2 receptors constitutes an eligible treatment to induce leukemic cell differentiation, improving combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Monczor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Junín 956 PP, (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sabrina Copsel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Junín 956 PP, (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Junín 956 PP, (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hwang E, Lee TH, Lee WJ, Shim WS, Yeo EJ, Kim S, Kim SY. A novel synthetic Piper amide derivative NED-180 inhibits hyperpigmentation by activating the PI3K and ERK pathways and by regulating Ca2+ influx via TRPM1 channels. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:81-91. [PMID: 26459162 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Piper amides have a characteristic, unsaturated amide group and exhibit diverse biological activities, including proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its antimelanogenesis effect remain unknown. We screened a selected chemical library of newly synthesized Piper amide derivatives and identified (E)-3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide (NED-180) as one of the most potent compounds in suppressing melanogenesis. In murine melan-a melanocytes, NED-180 downregulated the expression of melanogenic regulatory proteins including tyrosinase, Tyrp1, Dct, and MITF. PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β by NED-180 decreases MITF phosphorylation and inhibits melanogenesis without any effects on cytotoxicity and proliferation. Furthermore, topical application of NED-180 significantly ameliorated UVB-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs. Interestingly, data obtained using calcium imaging techniques suggested that NED-180 reduced the TPA-induced activation of TRPM1 (melastatin), which could explain the NED-180-induced inhibition of melanogenesis. All things taken together, NED-180 triggers activation of multiple pathways, such as PI3K and ERK, and inhibits TRPM1/TRPV1, leading to inhibition of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Taek Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wook-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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George SE, Bungay PJ, Naylor LH. Evaluation of a CRE-Directed Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay as an Alternative to Measuring cAMP Accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108705719700200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A CHO reporter cell line expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of six cAMP response elements (CREs) was used to investigate the relationship between cAMP accumulation and cAMP dependent reporter gene expression and therefore, to assess the reporter gene system as an alternative functional assay. Timecourse experiments showed that cAMP accumulation preceded luciferase expression and that longer incubations (>2 h) were required to gain results with the reporter gene system. However, forskolin concentration dose-response studies revealed a 100-fold amplification of the signal measured by luciferase expression compared with direct cAMP accumulation, indicating that the reporter gene system afforded greater sensitivity. EC50 values determined for agonist activation of an inhibitory (5-HTlB-like) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) were the same, and for a stimulatory GPCR (calcitonin Cla-like) were 10-fold lower, using the reporter gene system compared to cAMP accumulation assays, indicating the suitability of the reporter system for measuring the activity of receptors differentially coupled to the cAMP pathway. The phorbol ester, PMA, and the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, were able to potentiate forskolin-stimulated luciferase expression but not cAMP accumulation, suggesting that the former could also be used to monitor cross-talk between different signal transduction pathways at the level of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. George
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ
| | - Peter J. Bungay
- Discovery Biology, Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, Kent, C713 9NJ
| | - Louise H. Naylor
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ
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17
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Molecular Changes Associated with the Protective Effects of Angiopoietin-1 During Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown Post-Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4232-4242. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Baek S, Lee S. Sesamol decreases melanin biosynthesis in melanocyte cells and zebrafish: Possible involvement of MITF via the intracellular cAMP and p38/JNK signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:761-6. [PMID: 26010596 PMCID: PMC4744993 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimelanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious aesthetic problems such as melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimelanogenic effect of sesamol, an active lignan isolated from Sesamum indicum, in melan-a cells. Sesamol strongly inhibited melanin biosynthesis and the activity of intracellular tyrosinase by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Sesamol significantly decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related genes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1,2 (TRP-1,2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In addition, sesamol also induces phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, sesamol dose-dependently decreased zebrafish pigment formation, tyrosinase activity and expression of melanogenesis-related genes. These findings indicate that sesamol inhibited melanin biosynthesis by down-regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis-related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promoted phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan-a cells. Together, these results suggest that sesamol strongly inhibits melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, sesamol represents a new skin-whitening agent for use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐hwa Baek
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Sang‐Han Lee
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Department of Nano‐Science & TechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Food & Bio‐industry Research InstituteKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
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19
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Multidrug resistance protein 4/ ATP binding cassette transporter 4: a new potential therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9308-21. [PMID: 25301721 PMCID: PMC4253436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than a third of adults patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are cured by current treatments, emphasizing the need for new approaches to therapy. We previously demonstrated that besides playing a role in drug-resistant leukemia cell lines, multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) regulates leukemia cell proliferation and differentiation through the endogenous MRP4/ABCC4 substrate, cAMP. Here, we studied the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model and in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) differentiation. We found a decrease in the mitotic index and an increase in the apoptotic index associated with the inhibition of tumor growth when mice were treated with rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor) and/or probenecid (MRPs inhibitor). Genetic silencing and pharmacologic inhibition of MRP4 reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, MRP4 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vivo. Interestingly, when LSC population was isolated, we observed that increased cAMP levels and MRP4/ABCC4 blockade resulted in LSCs differentiation. Taken together, our findings show that MRP4/ABCC4 has a relevant role in tumor growth and apoptosis and in the eradication of LSCs, providing the basis for a novel promising target in AML therapy.
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20
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Growth arrest and forced differentiation of human primary glioblastoma multiforme by a novel small molecule. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5546. [PMID: 24989033 PMCID: PMC4080225 DOI: 10.1038/srep05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, with an average survival of less than one year due to its resistance to therapy. Recent studies reported that GBM initiates from CD133-expressing cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the efficacy of CSC targeting is limited. A newly developed approach in cancer treatment is the forced differentiation of cancer cells. Here, we show that the treatment of the novel small molecule, CG500354, into CD133-expressing human primary GBM cells induces growth arrest by cell cycle regulators, p53, p21, p27 and phase-specific cyclins, and neural differentiation, as confirmed by neural progenitor/precursor markers, nestin, GFAP and Tuj1. When GBM-derived cells caused the tumors in NOD/SCID mice, CG500354 induced GBM-derived cells differentiation into Tuj1 and GFAP expressing cells. We next demonstrated that CG500354 plays a tumor-suppressive role via cAMP/CREB signaling pathway. CG500354 increases not only the extracellular cAMP level but also the protein level of PKA and CREB. Additionally, both mimetic substances, Forskolin and Rolipram, revealed comparable results with CG500354. Our findings indicate that induction of growth arrest and neural differentiation via cAMP/CREB signaling pathway by CG500354 treatment suggests the novel targeting of PDE4D in the development of new drugs for brain tumor therapy.
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Fermented Rice Bran Downregulates MITF Expression and Leads to Inhibition of α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F1 Melanoma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1704-10. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Friesen C, Roscher M, Hormann I, Fichtner I, Alt A, Hilger RA, Debatin KM, Miltner E. Cell death sensitization of leukemia cells by opioid receptor activation. Oncotarget 2014; 4:677-90. [PMID: 23633472 PMCID: PMC3742829 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates a number of cellular processes and modulates cell death induction. cAMP levels are altered upon stimulation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors inhibiting or activating adenylyl cyclases. Opioid receptor stimulation can activate inhibitory Gi-proteins which in turn block adenylyl cyclase activity reducing cAMP. Opioids such as D,L-methadone induce cell death in leukemia cells. However, the mechanism how opioids trigger apoptosis and activate caspases in leukemia cells is not understood. In this study, we demonstrate that downregulation of cAMP induced by opioid receptor activation using the opioid D,L-methadone kills and sensitizes leukemia cells for doxorubicin treatment. Enhancing cAMP levels by blocking opioid-receptor signaling strongly reduced D,L-methadone-induced apoptosis, caspase activation and doxorubicin-sensitivity. Induction of cell death in leukemia cells by activation of opioid receptors using the opioid D,L-methadone depends on critical levels of opioid receptor expression on the cell surface. Doxorubicin increased opioid receptor expression in leukemia cells. In addition, the opioid D,L-methadone increased doxorubicin uptake and decreased doxorubicin efflux in leukemia cells, suggesting that the opioid D,L-methadone as well as doxorubicin mutually increase their cytotoxic potential. Furthermore, we found that opioid receptor activation using D,L-methadone alone or in addition to doxorubicin inhibits tumor growth significantly in vivo. These results demonstrate that opioid receptor activation via triggering the downregulation of cAMP induces apoptosis, activates caspases and sensitizes leukemia cells for doxorubicin treatment. Hence, opioid receptor activation seems to be a promising strategy to improve anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Friesen
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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23
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PFKFB3 activation in cancer cells by the p38/MK2 pathway in response to stress stimuli. Biochem J 2013; 452:531-43. [PMID: 23548149 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PFK-2/FBPase-2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase) catalyses the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate), a key modulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The PFKFB3 gene is involved in cell proliferation owing to its role in carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study we analysed the mechanism of regulation of PFKFB3 as an immediate early gene controlled by stress stimuli that activates the p38/MK2 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-activated protein kinase 2] pathway. We report that exposure of HeLa and T98G cells to different stress stimuli (NaCl, H2O2, UV radiation and anisomycin) leads to a rapid increase (15-30 min) in PFKFB3 mRNA levels. The use of specific inhibitors in combination with MK2-deficient cells implicate control by the protein kinase MK2. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with deleted gene promoter constructs allowed us to identify an SRE (serum-response element) to which SRF (serum-response factor) binds and thus transactivates PFKFB3 gene transcription. Direct binding of phospho-SRF to the SRE sequence (-918 nt) was confirmed by ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipiation) assays. Moreover, PFKFB3 isoenzyme phosphorylation at Ser461 by MK2 increases PFK-2 activity. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest a multimodal mechanism of stress stimuli affecting PFKFB3 transcriptional regulation and kinase activation by protein phosphorylation, resulting in an increase in Fru-2,6-P2 concentration and stimulation of glycolysis in cancer cells.
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Doricakova A, Novotna A, Vrzal R, Pavek P, Dvorak Z. The role of residues T248, Y249 and T422 in the function of human pregnane X receptor. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:291-301. [PMID: 22976785 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key xenobiotic receptor that regulates the expression of numerous drug-metabolizing enzymes. Some posttranslational mechanisms modulate its transcriptional activity. Although several kinases have been shown to directly phosphorylate this receptor, little is known about phosphorylation sites of PXR. In the present work, we examined T248, Y249 and T422 putative phosphorylation sites determined based on in silico consensus kinase site prediction analysis. T248 and T422 residues are critical for the interaction of the PXR ligand-binding domain and the activation function-2 (AF2) domain. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis was performed to generate phospho-deficient and phospho-mimetic mutants. We examined transactivation activity of the PXR mutants in gene reporter assays, formation of PXRmutant/RXRα heterodimer, binding of PXR mutants to the CYP3A4 gene response element DR3 and CYP3A4 expression in HepG2 cells after expression of the mutants. We found that T248D mutant activated CYP3A4 transactivation constitutively regardless of the presence or absence of a ligand. Contrary, T248V mutant exhibited low basal and ligand-inducible transactivation capacity as compared to wild-type PXR. Dose-response analysis revealed reduced ligand-dependent transactivation potency of PXR Y249D mutant. Transactivation of the CYP3A4 promoter was abolished with T422A/D mutants. All PXR mutants formed heterodimer with RXRα at a similar level to that observed with wild-type PXR. The ability to bind to DNA in vitro was substantially decreased in case of T248D, T422D and T248V mutants. Our data thus indicate that phosphorylation of T248, Y249 and T422 residues may be critical for the both basal and ligand-activated function of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Doricakova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetic, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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25
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Transcriptional activity of neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl) is regulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Tip60 during retina development. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1720-32. [PMID: 22354990 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06440-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl), a key basic motif leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, modulates rod photoreceptor differentiation by activating rod-specific target genes. In searching for factors that might couple with Nrl to modulate its transcriptional activity through posttranslational modification, we observed the novel interactions of Nrl with c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and HIV Tat-interacting protein 60 (Tip60). JNK1 directly interacted with and phosphorylated Nrl at serine 50, which enhanced Nrl transcriptional activity on the rhodopsin and Ppp2r5c promoters. Use of an inactive JNK1 mutant or treatment with a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) significantly reduced JNK1-mediated phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of Nrl in cultured retinal explants. We also found that Nrl activated rhodopsin and Ppp2r5c transcription by recruiting Tip60 to promote histone H3/H4 acetylation. The binding affinity of phospho-Nrl for Tip60 was significantly greater than that of the unphosphorylated Nrl. Thus, the histone acetyltransferase-containing Tip60 behaved as a coactivator in the Nrl-dependent transcriptional regulation of the rhodopsin and Ppp2r5c genes in the developing mouse retina. A transcriptional network of interactive proteins, including Nrl, JNK1, and Tip60, may be required to precisely control spatiotemporal photoreceptor-specific gene expression during retinal development.
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The Effects of Highexpression and Knockdown Adipophilin in The Activity of ERK1/2 and Expression of PPARγ and Lipid Accumulation in Cells*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Guedea AL, Schrick C, Guzman YF, Leaderbrand K, Jovasevic V, Corcoran KA, Tronson NC, Radulovic J. ERK-associated changes of AP-1 proteins during fear extinction. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:137-44. [PMID: 21463687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has unraveled the molecular basis of learning processes underlying contextual fear conditioning, but the mechanisms of fear extinction remain less known. Contextual fear extinction occurs when an aversive stimulus that initially caused fear is no longer present and depends on the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), among other molecules. Here we investigated how ERK signaling triggered by extinction affects its downstream targets belonging to the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor family. We found that extinction, when compared to conditioning of fear, markedly enhanced the interactions of active, phospho-ERK (pERK ) with c-Jun causing alterations of its phosphorylation state. The AP-1 binding of c-Jun was decreased whereas AP-1 binding of JunD, Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) and ERK were significantly enhanced. The increased AP-1 binding of the inhibitory JunD and JDP2 transcription factors was paralleled by decreased levels of the AP-1 regulated proteins c-Fos and GluR2. These changes were specific for extinction and were MEK-dependent. Overall, fear extinction involves ERK/Jun interactions and a decrease of a subset of AP-1-regulated proteins that are typically required for fear conditioning. Facilitating the formation of inhibitory AP-1 complexes may thus facilitate the reduction of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Guedea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Copsel S, Garcia C, Diez F, Vermeulem M, Baldi A, Bianciotti LG, Russel FGM, Shayo C, Davio C. Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) regulates cAMP cellular levels and controls human leukemia cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:6979-88. [PMID: 21205825 PMCID: PMC3044954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.166868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intracellular cAMP concentration plays a well established role in leukemic cell maturation. We previously reported that U937 cells stimulated by H2 receptor agonists, despite a robust increase in cAMP, fail to mature because of rapid H2 receptor desensitization and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activation. Here we show that intracellular cAMP levels not only in U937 cells but also in other acute myeloid leukemia cell lines are also regulated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), particularly MRP4. U937, HL-60, and KG-1a cells, exposed to amthamine (H2-receptor agonist), augmented intracellular cAMP concentration with a concomitant increase in the efflux. Extrusion of cAMP was ATP-dependent and probenecid-sensitive, supporting that the transport was MRP-mediated. Cells exposed to amthamine and the PDE4 inhibitor showed enhanced cAMP extrusion, but this response was inhibited by MRP blockade. Amthamine stimulation, combined with PDE4 and MRP inhibition, induced maximal cell arrest proliferation. Knockdown strategy by shRNA revealed that this process was mediated by MRP4. Furthermore, blockade by probenecid or MRP4 knockdown showed that increased intracellular cAMP levels induce maturation in U937 cells. These findings confirm the key role of intracellular cAMP levels in leukemic cell maturation and provide the first evidence that MRP4 may represent a new potential target for leukemia differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Copsel
- From the Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
| | - Corina Garcia
- From the Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
| | - Federico Diez
- From the Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Vermeulem
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Baldi
- the Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
| | - Liliana G. Bianciotti
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
- the Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina, and
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Shayo
- the Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
| | - Carlos Davio
- From the Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and
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McClatchy DB, Liao L, Park SK, Xu T, Lu B, Yates III JR. Differential proteomic analysis of mammalian tissues using SILAM. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16039. [PMID: 21283754 PMCID: PMC3024400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of proteins between tissues underlies organ-specific functions. Under certain pathological conditions, this may also lead to tissue vulnerability. Furthermore, post-translational modifications exist between different cell types and pathological conditions. We employed SILAM (Stable Isotope Labeling in Mammals) combined with mass spectrometry to quantify the proteome between mammalian tissues. Using 15N labeled rat tissue, we quantified 3742 phosphorylated peptides in nuclear extracts from liver and brain tissue. Analysis of the phosphorylation sites revealed tissue specific kinase motifs. Although these tissues are quite different in their composition and function, more than 500 protein identifications were common to both tissues. Specifically, we identified an up-regulation in the brain of the phosphoprotein, ZFHX1B, in which a genetic deletion causes the neurological disorder Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Finally, pathway analysis revealed distinct nuclear pathways enriched in each tissue. Our findings provide a valuable resource as a starting point for further understanding of tissue specific gene regulation and demonstrate SILAM as a useful strategy for the differential proteomic analysis of mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. McClatchy
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lujian Liao
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bingwen Lu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates III
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ghim CM, Lee SK, Takayama S, Mitchell RJ. The art of reporter proteins in science: past, present and future applications. BMB Rep 2010; 43:451-60. [PMID: 20663405 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.7.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting with the first publication of lacZ gene fusion in 1980, reporter genes have just entered their fourth decade. Initial studies relied on the simple fusion of a promoter or gene with a particular reporter gene of interest. Such constructs were then used to determine the promoter activity under specific conditions or within a given cell or organ. Although this protocol was, and still is, very effective, current research shows a paradigm shift has occurred in the use of reporter systems. With the advent of innovative cloning and synthetic biology techniques and microfluidic/nanodroplet systems, reporter genes and their proteins are now finding themselves used in increasingly intricate and novel applications. For example, researchers have used fluorescent proteins to study biofilm formation and discovered that microchannels develop within the biofilm. Furthermore, there has recently been a "fusion" of art and science; through the construction of genetic circuits and regulatory systems, researchers are using bacteria to "paint" pictures based upon external stimuli. As such, this review will discuss the past and current trends in reporter gene applications as well as some exciting potential applications and models that are being developed based upon these remarkable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Ghim
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
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Shan ZX, Lin QX, Yang M, Zhang B, Zhu JN, Mai LP, Deng CY, Liu JL, Zhang YY, Lin SG, Yu XY. Transcription factor Ap-1 mediates proangiogenic MIF expression in human endothelial cells exposed to Angiotensin II. Cytokine 2010; 53:35-41. [PMID: 21030269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine associated with the atherosclerotic process and atherosclerotic plaque stability. MIF was shown to be highly expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Neutralizing MIF with a blocking antibody induced a regression of established atherosclerotic lesions. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the proangiogenic effect of MIF in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We showed that MIF induced the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in HUVECs. We also showed that MIF induced tube formation of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo. Angiotensin II (Ang II) could specifically up-regulate MIF expression in HUVECs. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that the AP-1 response element in the 5'-UTR of the MIF gene played a role in Ang II-induced MIF expression. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting c-Jun, a component of AP-1, and the AP-1 inhibitor CHX both efficiently inhibited MIF expression. The consistent result of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that Ang II specifically increased AP-1 activation in HUVECs. Our results suggest that AP-1 mediates Ang II-induced MIF expression which contributes to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Shan
- Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Wang Z, Ding G, Geistlinger L, Li H, Liu L, Zeng R, Tateno Y, Li Y. Evolution of protein phosphorylation for distinct functional modules in vertebrate genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1131-40. [PMID: 20956806 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent publications have revealed that the evolution of phosphosites is influenced by the local protein structures and whether the phosphosites have characterized functions or not. With knowledge of the wide functional range of phosphorylation, we attempted to clarify whether the evolutionary conservation of phosphosites is different among distinct functional modules. We grouped the phosphosites in the human genome into the modules according to the functional categories of KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and investigated their evolutionary conservation in vertebrate genomes from mouse to zebrafish. We have found that the phosphosites in the vertebrate-specific functional modules (VFMs), such as cellular signaling processes and responses to stimuli, are evolutionarily more conserved than those in the basic functional modules (BFMs), such as metabolic and genetic processes. The phosphosites in the VFMs are also significantly more conserved than their flanking regions, whereas those in the BFMs are not. These results hold for both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, although the fraction of phosphorylated tyrosine residues is increased in the VFMs. Moreover, the difference in the evolutionary conservation of the phosphosites between the VFMs and BFMs could not be explained by the difference in the local protein structures. There is also a higher fraction of phosphosites with known functions in the VFMs than BFMs. Based on these findings, we have concluded that protein phosphorylation may play more dominant roles for the VFMs than BFMs during the vertebrate evolution. As phosphorylation is a quite rapid biological reaction, the VFMs that quickly respond to outer stimuli and inner signals might heavily depend on this regulatory mechanism. Our results imply that phosphorylation may have an essential role in the evolution of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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33
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Yamaguchi M. The transcriptional regulation of regucalcin gene expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 346:147-71. [PMID: 20936536 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin, which is discovered as a calcium-binding protein in 1978, has been shown to play a multifunctional role in many tissues and cell types; regucalcin has been proposed to play a pivotal role in keeping cell homeostasis and function for cell response. Regucalcin and its gene are identified in over 15 species consisting of regucalcin family. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of regucalcin from vertebrate species is highly conserved in their coding region with throughout evolution. The regucalcin gene is localized on the chromosome X in rat and human. The organization of rat regucalcin gene consists of seven exons and six introns and several consensus regulatory elements exist upstream of the 5'-flanking region. AP-1, NF1-A1, RGPR-p117, β-catenin, and other factors have been found to be a transcription factor in the enhancement of regucalcin gene promoter activity. The transcription activity of regucalcin gene is enhanced through intracellular signaling factors that are mediated through the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nuclear protein in vitro. Regucalcin mRNA and its protein are markedly expressed in the liver and kidney cortex of rats. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the liver and kidney cortex has been shown to stimulate by hormonal factors (including calcium, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, insulin, estrogen, and dexamethasone) in vivo. Regucalcin mRNA expression is enhanced in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy of rats in vivo. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the liver and kidney with pathophysiological state has been shown to suppress, suggesting an involvement of regucalcin in disease. Liver regucalcin expression is down-regulated in tumor cells, suggesting a suppressive role in the development of carcinogenesis. Liver regucalcin is markedly released into the serum of rats with chemically induced liver injury in vivo. Serum regucalcin has a potential sensitivity as a specific biochemical marker of chronic liver injury with hepatitis. Regucalcin has been proposed to be a key molecule in cellular regulation and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 1305 WMRB, Atlanta, GA 30322-0001, USA.
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Liu Q, Dai Z, Liu Z, Liu X, Tang C, Wang Z, Yi G, Liu L, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Yuan Z. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein activates adipophilin through ERK1/2 signal pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:635-45. [PMID: 20710016 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) can increase the expression of adipophilin. However, the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Ox-LDL on adipophilin expression and the intracellular lipid droplet accumulation. A mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, was used throughout, and it was found that Ox-LDL induced adipophilin expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Ox-LDL induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) expression and PPARgamma-specific inhibitor T0070907 abrogated Ox-LDL-induced adipophilin expression, but specific agonist GW1929 not. Furthermore, Ox-LDL induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and ERK1/2-specific inhibition by PD98059 suppressed the Ox-LDL-induced PPARgamma and adipophilin expression. The results showed that ERK1/2 or PPARgamma-specific inhibition decreased the amounts of intracellular lipid droplets. Meanwhile, the PPARgamma-specific agonist increased intracellular lipid droplets. These results suggested that Ox-LDL-induced increase in adipophilin level via ERK1/2 activation is one of the mechanisms of inducing greater amounts of intracellular lipid droplets in RAW264.7 cells, which indicated that adipophilin is involved in atherosclerotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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35
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Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Kocbuch K, Grden M, Szutowicz A, Pawelczyk T. Regulation of adenosine receptors expression in rat B lymphocytes by insulin. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:396-405. [PMID: 19950198 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Development of diabetes is associated with altered expression of adenosine receptors (ARs). Some of these alterations might be attributed to changes in insulin concentration. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible insulin effect on ARs level, and to determine the signaling pathway utilized by insulin to regulate the expression of ARs in rat B lymphocytes. Western blot analysis of B lymphocytes protein extracts indicated that all four ARs were present at detectable levels in the cells cultured for 24 h without insulin (<or=10(-11) M), although the protein band of A(2A)-AR was barely visible. Inclusion of insulin (10(-8) M) in the culture medium resulted in an increase of A(1)-AR and A(2A)-AR protein levels and a significant decrease of A(2B)-AR protein, whereas the protein level of A(3)-AR remained unchanged. Alterations in the ARs protein content were accompanied by changes in the ARs mRNA levels. Increase of the insulin concentration from 10(-11) to 10(-8) M resulted in 50% decrease of A(2B)-AR mRNA level and two-, and threefold increase of A(1)-AR and A(2A)-AR mRNA levels, respectively. Pretreatment of B cells with cycloheximide completely blocked the insulin action on A(1)-AR and A(2A)-AR mRNA, but not on A(2B)-AR expression. Detailed pharmacological analysis demonstrated that insulin-induced A(1)-AR and A(2A)-AR mRNA expression through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway. The insulin effect on A(2B)-AR expression was blocked by p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (SB 203580). Concluding, elevated insulin concentration differentially affects the expression of ARs in B lymphocytes in a fashion that might enhance the various immunomodulatory effects of adenosine.
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A combination of multisite phosphorylation and substrate sequestration produces switchlike responses. Biophys J 2010; 98:1396-407. [PMID: 20409458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of a protein on multiple sites has been proposed to promote the switchlike regulation of protein activity. Recent theoretical work, however, indicates that multisite phosphorylation, by itself, is less effective at creating switchlike responses than had been previously thought. The phosphorylation of a protein often alters its spatial localization, or its association with other proteins, and this sequestration can alter the accessibility of the substrate to the relevant kinases and phosphatases. Sequestration thus has the potential to interact with multisite phosphorylation to modulate ultrasensitivity and threshold. Here, using simple ordinary differential equations to represent phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and binding/sequestration, we demonstrate that the combination of multisite phosphorylation and regulated substrate sequestration can produce a response that is both a good threshold and a good switch. Several strategies are explored, including both stronger and weaker sequestration with successive phosphorylations, as well as combinations that are more elaborate. In some strategies, such as when phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are segregated, a near-optimal switch is possible, where the effective Hill number equals the number of phosphorylation sites.
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Wu CF, Wang R, Liang Q, Liang J, Li W, Jung SY, Qin J, Lin SH, Kuang J. Dissecting the M phase-specific phosphorylation of serine-proline or threonine-proline motifs. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1470-81. [PMID: 20219976 PMCID: PMC2861607 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-06-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
M phase induction in eukaryotic cell cycles is associated with a burst of protein phosphorylation, primarily at serine or threonine followed by proline (S/TP motif). The mitotic phosphoprotein antibody MPM-2 recognizes a significant subset of mitotically phosphorylated S/TP motifs; however, the required surrounding sequences of and the key kinases that phosphorylate these S/TP motifs remain to be determined. By mapping the mitotic MPM-2 epitopes in Xenopus Cdc25C and characterizing the mitotic MPM-2 epitope kinases in Xenopus oocytes and egg extracts, we have determined that phosphorylation of TP motifs that are surrounded by hydrophobic residues at both -1 and +1 positions plays a dominant role in M phase-associated burst of MPM-2 reactivity. Although mitotic Cdk and MAPK may phosphorylate subsets of these motifs that have a basic residue at the +2 position and a proline residue at the -2 position, respectively, the majority of these motifs that are preferentially phosphorylated in mitosis do not have these features. The M phase-associated burst of MPM-2 reactivity can be induced in Xenopus oocytes and egg extracts in the absence of MAPK or Cdc2 activity. These findings indicate that the M phase-associated burst of MPM-2 reactivity represents a novel type of protein phosphorylation in mitotic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Fen Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Aurora-A overexpression enhances cell-aggregation of Ha-ras transformants through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:435. [PMID: 20003375 PMCID: PMC2803196 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of Aurora-A and mutant Ras (RasV12) together has been detected in human bladder cancer tissue. However, it is not clear whether this phenomenon is a general event or not. Although crosstalk between Aurora-A and Ras signaling pathways has been reported, the role of these two genes acting together in tumorigenesis remains unclear. METHODS Real-time PCR and sequence analysis were utilized to identify Ha- and Ki-ras mutation (Gly -> Val). Immunohistochemistry staining was used to measure the level of Aurora-A expression in bladder and colon cancer specimens. To reveal the effect of overexpression of the above two genes on cellular responses, mouse NIH3T3 fibroblast derived cell lines over-expressing either RasV12 and wild-type Aurora-A (designated WT) or RasV12 and kinase-inactivated Aurora-A (KD) were established. MTT and focus formation assays were conducted to measure proliferation rate and focus formation capability of the cells. Small interfering RNA, pharmacological inhibitors and dominant negative genes were used to dissect the signaling pathways involved. RESULTS Overexpression of wild-type Aurora-A and mutation of RasV12 were detected in human bladder and colon cancer tissues. Wild-type Aurora-A induces focus formation and aggregation of the RasV12 transformants. Aurora-A activates Ral A and the phosphorylation of AKT as well as enhances the phosphorylation of MEK, ERK of WT cells. Finally, the Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is responsible for Aurora-A induced aggregation of the RasV12 transformants. CONCLUSION Wild-type-Aurora-A enhances focus formation and aggregation of the RasV12 transformants and the latter occurs through modulating the Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Xu Y, Yang G, Hu G. Binding of IFITM1 enhances the inhibiting effect of caveolin-1 on ERK activation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:488-94. [PMID: 19499152 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is an essential mediator of interferon-g-induced antiproliferation. Here, we reported the interaction between IFITM1 and caveolin-1 (CAV-1), and their inhibitory regulatory function on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The immunofluorescence staining result showed that IFITM1 localized in caveolae of the plasma membrane and could interact with CAV-1. Deletion mutagenesis clearly revealed that the hydrophobic transmembrane domains were responsible for the interaction between IFITM1 and CAV-1. It has been reported that CAV-1 has inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of ERK, and subsequently ERK-mediated transcription. Our study showed the interaction of IFITM1- and CAV-1-enhanced CAV-1's inhibitory effect on ERK activation, whereas the IFITM1 did not activate ERK directly. This inhibitory effect was further confirmed by knocking down the endogenous CAV-1 using RNA interference. These results revealed that the interaction between IFITM1 and CAV-1 could enhance the inhibitory effect of CAV-1 on ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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40
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Wu HM, Wang HS, Huang HY, Soong YK, MacCalman CD, Leung PCK. GnRH signaling in intrauterine tissues. Reproduction 2009; 137:769-77. [PMID: 19208750 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type I GnRH (GnRH-I, GNRH1) and type II GnRH (GnRH-II, GNRH2), each encoded by separate genes, have been identified in humans. The tissue distribution and functional regulation of GnRH-I and GnRH-II clearly differ despite their comparable cDNA and genomic structures. These hormones exert their effects by binding to cell surface transmembrane G protein coupled receptors and stimulating the Gq/11 subfamily of G proteins. The hypothalamus and pituitary are the main origin and target sites of GnRH, but numerous studies have demonstrated that extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in different reproductive tissues such as the ovary, endometrium, placenta, and endometrial cancer cells. In addition to endocrine regulation, GnRH is also known to act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to suppress cell proliferation and activate apoptosis in the endometrium and endometrial cancer cells through several mechanisms. Both GnRH-I and GnRH-II exhibit regulatory roles in tissue remodelling during embryo implantation and placentation, which suggests that these hormones may have important roles in embryo implantation and early pregnancy. The presence of varied GnRH and GnRH receptor systems demonstrate their different roles in distinct tissues using dissimilar mechanisms. These may result in the generation of new GnRH analogues used for several hormone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H3V5, Canada
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Abu-Farha M, Elisma F, Figeys D. Identification of protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry coupled techniques. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 110:67-80. [PMID: 18227982 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry in protein identification has revolutionized the field of proteomics. Coupled to various affinity purification techniques, mass spectrometry is used to identify protein-protein interactions. This chapter looks at the use of these affinity purification techniques in the identification of protein interactions. Various tags are used to purify protein complexes including tandem affinity purification. The FLAG tag is another commonly used tag which is a small tag that tends not to interfere with the protein function. These different affinity purification methods are used to purify proteins that are further identified by either ESI-MS or MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road. Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
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Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Boo YC, Hyun CG, Kim YS, Park D. Mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition by 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:242-8. [PMID: 17650175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased production and accumulation of melanin is characteristic of a large number of skin diseases, including acquired hyperpigmentation such as melasma, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Thus, there is a increasing need for the development of depigmenting agents. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the depigmenting capacity of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) and to elucidate the mechanisms by which it inhibits alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells in vitro. METHODS Several experiments were performed in B16 melanoma cells. We studied melanin content, tyrosinase activity and cAMP production, and performed cAMP response element (CRE) luciferase reporter assay and Western blots for proteins involved in melanogenesis. RESULTS The melanin content and tyrosinase activity induced by alpha-MSH were inhibited significantly by DMHF. To clarify the mechanism of the depigmenting property of DMHF, we examined the involvement of DMHF in cAMP signalling induced by alpha-MSH. In CRE luciferase reporter assay, CRE reporter activation induced by alpha-MSH was inhibited by DMHF. Additionally, although DMHF did not inhibit cAMP production by alpha-MSH, both CRE binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and the reduction of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylation by alpha-MSH were blocked by DMHF. These data suggest that DMHF inhibits the downstream step of cAMP production induced by alpha-MSH, consequently inhibiting melanogenesis. This suggestion was further confirmed by the fact that the increased production levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 induced by alpha-MSH were all reduced by DMHF in B16 melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that DMHF inhibits alpha-MSH-induced melanogenesis by suppressing CREB phosphorylation, which is induced by protein kinase A, and suggests that DMHF may be an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gyunggi Do, Korea
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Kim CS, Kim JM, Nam SY, Yang KH, Jeong M, Kim HS, Lim YK, Kim CS, Jin YW, Kim J. Low-dose of ionizing radiation enhances cell proliferation via transient ERK1/2 and p38 activation in normal human lung fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48:407-15. [PMID: 17660698 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the human cellular responses and the mechanism of low-dose ionizing radiation in CCD 18 Lu cells, which are derived from normal human lung fibroblasts. Cell proliferation and viability assay were measured for the cells following gamma-irradiation using trypan blue, BrdU incorporation, and Wst-1 assay. We also examined genotoxicity using a micronuclei formation assay. The activation of the MAPKs pathway was determined by Western blot analysis, and the siRNA system was used to inhibit the expression of ERK1/2 and p38. We found that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation stimulated cell proliferation and did not change Micronuclei frequencies. In addition, 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation activated ERK1/2 and p38, but did not activate JNK1/2 in cells. A specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 proteins induced by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation, and a similar suppressive effect was observed with a p38 inhibitor, PD169316. Suppression of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation with these inhibitors decreased cell proliferation, which was stimulated by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, downregulation of ERK1/2 and p38 expression using siRNA blocked the cell proliferation that had been increased by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation. These results suggest that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation enhances cell proliferation through the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 in normal human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Soon Kim
- Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ginsberg M, Czeko E, Müller P, Ren Z, Chen X, Darnell JE. Amino acid residues required for physical and cooperative transcriptional interaction of STAT3 and AP-1 proteins c-Jun and c-Fos. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:6300-8. [PMID: 17636030 PMCID: PMC2099614 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00613-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperation between STAT3 and c-Jun in driving transcription during transfection of reporter constructs is well established, and both proteins are present on some interleukin-6 (IL-6) STAT3-dependent promoters on chromosomal loci. We report that small interfering RNA knockdown of c-Jun or c-Fos diminishes IL-6 induction of some but not all STAT3-dependent mRNAs. Specific contact sites in STAT3 responsible for interaction of a domain of STAT3 with c-Jun were known. Here we show that the B-zip domain of c-Jun interacts with STAT3 and that c-Jun mutation R261A or R261D near but not in the DNA binding domain blocks in vitro STAT3-c-Jun interaction and decreases costimulation of transcription in transfection assays. Cooperative binding to DNA of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 and both wild-type and R261A mutant c-Jun was observed. Even c-Jun mutant R261D, which on its own did not bind DNA, bound DNA weakly in the presence of STAT3. We conclude that a functional interaction between STAT3 and c-Jun while bound to chromosomal DNA elements exists and is necessary for driving transcription on at least some STAT3 target genes. Identifying such required interactive protein interfaces should be a stimulus to search for compounds that could ultimately inhibit the activity of STAT3 in tumors dependent on persistently active STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ginsberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
The Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn are important modulators of the molecular events initiated by engagement of the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI). These kinases control many of the early signaling events and initiate the production of several lipid metabolites that have an important role in regulating mast cell responses. The intracellular level of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP(3)), which is produced by phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase, plays an important role in determining the extent of a mast cells response to a stimulus. Enhanced levels lead to a hyperdegranulating phenotype (as seen in SHIP-1(-/-) and Lyn(-/-) mast cells), whereas decreased levels cause hypodegranulation (as seen in Fyn(-/-) mast cells). Downregulation of mast cell phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosone 10 expression, a phosphatase that reduces cellular levels of PIP(3), caused constitutive cytokine production, demonstrating that this response is particularly sensitive to PIP(3) levels. Lyn and Fyn are also intimately linked to other lipid kinases, like sphingosine kinases (SphK). By producing sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), SphKs contribute to mast cell chemotaxis and degranulation. In vivo studies now reveal that circulating S1P as well as that found within the mast cell is important in determining mast cell responsiveness. These studies demonstrate the connection between Src protein tyrosine kinases and lipid second messengers that control mast cell function and allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera
- Molecular Inflammation Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA.
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Albanito L, Madeo A, Lappano R, Vivacqua A, Rago V, Carpino A, Oprea TI, Prossnitz ER, Musti AM, Andò S, Maggiolini M. G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) mediates gene expression changes and growth response to 17beta-estradiol and selective GPR30 ligand G-1 in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1859-66. [PMID: 17308128 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial role in the development of ovarian tumors; however, the signal transduction pathways involved in hormone action are still poorly defined. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) mediates the nongenomic signaling of 17beta-estradiol (E2) in a variety of estrogen-sensitive cancer cells through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Whether estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) also contributes to GPR30/EGFR signaling is less understood. Here, we show that, in ERalpha-positive BG-1 ovarian cancer cells, both E2 and the GPR30-selective ligand G-1 induced c-fos expression and estrogen-responsive element (ERE)-independent activity of a c-fos reporter gene, whereas only E2 stimulated an ERE-responsive reporter gene, indicating that GPR30 signaling does not activate ERalpha-mediated transcription. Similarly, both ligands up-regulated cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin A, whereas only E2 enhanced progesterone receptor expression. Moreover, both GPR30 and ERalpha expression are required for c-fos stimulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in response to either E2 or G-1. Inhibition of the EGFR transduction pathway inhibited c-fos stimulation and ERK activation by either ligand, suggesting that in ovarian cancer cells GPR30/EGFR signaling relays on ERalpha expression. Interestingly, we show that both GPR30 and ERalpha expression along with active EGFR signaling are required for E2-stimulated and G-1-stimulated proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Because G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Albanito
- Departments of Pharmaco-Biology and Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
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Portal MM, Ferrero GO, Caputto BL. N-Terminal c-Fos tyrosine phosphorylation regulates c-Fos/ER association and c-Fos-dependent phospholipid synthesis activation. Oncogene 2006; 26:3551-8. [PMID: 17160021 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
c-Fos dephosphorylated on tyrosine (c-Fos), a component of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors, is expressed at very low levels in resting cells. However, its expression is rapidly upregulated in cells undergoing G(0) to S phase transition leading to AP-1-dependent gene transcription responses. In addition, cytoplasmic c-Fos associates to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and activates phospholipid synthesis during cell growth and differentiation. Herein, it is shown that in T98G cells, c-Fos/ER association and consequently phospholipid synthesis activation is regulated by the phosphorylated state of c-Fos tyrosine (tyr) residues. The small amount of c-Fos present in quiescent T98G cells is tyr-phosphorylated and not ER-membrane bound. In growing cells, it is dephosphorylated, associated to ER membranes and promotes phospholipid synthesis activation. Impairing tyr-dephosphorylation abrogates phospholipid synthesis activation and reduces proliferation rates to those of quiescent cells. Substitution of tyr residues 10, 30, 106 and 337 evidence tyr 10 and 30 as relevant for this regulatory phenomenon. It is concluded that phosphorylation of tyr residues 10 and 30 of c-Fos regulate the rate of synthesis of phospholipids by regulating c-Fos/ER association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Portal
- CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Rooke HM, Orkin SH. Phosphorylation of Gata1 at serine residues 72, 142, and 310 is not essential for hematopoiesis in vivo. Blood 2006; 107:3527-30. [PMID: 16391009 PMCID: PMC1895769 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of transcription factors is important in posttranslational control of protein function. The indispensable zinc-finger transcription factor, Gata1, is phosphorylated constitutively at 6 serine residues (26, 49, 72, 142, 178, 187), and at a seventh (310) following induction of erythroid differentiation. However, the biologic consequences of phosphorylation with respect to function are unclear. To address this issue, we generated mice with serine-to-alanine mutations at the inducibly phosphorylated serine 310 alone or at conserved serine residues 72, 142, and 310 together. The peripheral blood parameters of the mice were normal, as was their response to acute erythropoietic stress. Analysis of hematopoietic progenitor populations during ontogeny and into adulthood showed a moderate decrease in erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) and erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E) numbers only in the adult bone marrow of the triple mutant. Yet, later stage erythropoiesis was not perturbed. This suggests that any molecular consequences associated with loss of phosphorylation at residues 72, 142, and 310 can be compensated for in the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Rooke
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Albinger-Hegyi A, Hegyi I, Nagy I, Bodmer M, Schmid S, Bodmer D. Alteration of activator protein 1 DNA binding activity in gentamicin-induced hair cell degeneration. Neuroscience 2006; 137:971-80. [PMID: 16338090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is often associated with damage of cochlear hair cells and/or of the neurons of the auditory pathway. This damage can result from a variety of causes, e.g. genetic disorders, aging, exposure to certain drugs such as aminoglycosides, infectious disease and intense sound overexposure. Intracellular events that mediate aspects of aminoglycoside-mediated damage to hair cells have been partially unraveled. Several independent research groups have demonstrated a crucial role of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are important mediators of signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Jun N-terminal kinases, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, are strongly activated in cell culture conditions by stress inducing stimuli, including ultraviolet light, heat shock and tumor necrosis factor; therefore they are also referred to as stress-activated protein kinases. In hair cells aminoglycoside treatment was shown to activate the Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. Activation of Jun N-terminal kinase leads to phosphorylation and thereby activation of transcription factors and consequently to altered gene expression. There are many nuclear Jun N-terminal kinase substrates including c-Jun, ATF-2, and Elk-1 proteins. One of the downstream targets of Jun N-terminal kinase is the transcription factor activating protein-1. Activating protein-1 is a dimeric complex composed of members of the Fos and Jun proteins. A variety of different stimuli is known to induce activating protein-1 activity. Induction of activating protein-1 is thought to play a central role in reprogramming gene expression in response to external stimuli. In this study we have analyzed the effect of gentamicin treatment on the downstream targets of Jun N-terminal kinase. Our results demonstrate that gentamicin treatment of explants of organ of Corti results in increased activating protein-1 binding activity. The main component of these activating protein-1 complexes is the c-Fos protein. Moreover, we show that the activating protein-1 induction is transient and occurs exclusively in hair cells of rat organ of Corti explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Albinger-Hegyi
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Frauenklinikstr. 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vivacqua A, Bonofiglio D, Recchia AG, Musti AM, Picard D, Andò S, Maggiolini M. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 mediates the proliferative effects induced by 17beta-estradiol and hydroxytamoxifen in endometrial cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 20:631-46. [PMID: 16239258 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of both normal and transformed epithelial cells of the female reproductive system is stimulated by estrogens, mainly through the activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), which is a ligand-regulated transcription factor. The selective ER modulator tamoxifen (TAM) has been widely used as an ER antagonist in breast tumor; however, long-term treatment is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. To provide new insights into the potential mechanisms involved in the agonistic activity exerted by TAM in the uterus, we evaluated the potential of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT), the active metabolite of TAM, to transactivate wild-type ERalpha and its splice variant expressed in Ishikawa and HEC1A endometrial tumor cells, respectively. OHT was able to antagonize only the activation of ERalpha by 17beta-estradiol (E2) in Ishikawa cells, whereas it up-regulated c-fos expression in a rapid manner similar to E2 and independently of ERalpha in both cell lines. This stimulation occurred through the G protein-coupled receptor named GPR30 and required Src-related and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activities, along with the activation of both ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways. Most importantly, OHT, like E2, stimulated the proliferation of Ishikawa as well as HEC1A cells. Transfecting a GPR30 antisense expression vector in both endometrial cancer cell lines, OHT was no longer able to induce growth effects, whereas the proliferative response to E2 was completely abrogated only in HEC1A cells. Furthermore, in the presence of the inhibitors of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways, PD 98059 and wortmannin, respectively, E2 and OHT did not elicit growth stimulation. Our data demonstrate a new mode of action of E2 and OHT in endometrial cancer cells, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in their uterine agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Rende (CS), Italy
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