1
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Pofi R, Caratti G, Ray DW, Tomlinson JW. Treating the Side Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoids; Can We Separate the Good From the Bad? Endocr Rev 2023; 44:975-1011. [PMID: 37253115 PMCID: PMC10638606 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the population are currently prescribed systemic or topical glucocorticoid treatment. The potent anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids to deliver therapeutic benefit is not in doubt. However, the side effects associated with their use, including central weight gain, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and osteoporosis, often collectively termed iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, are associated with a significant health and economic burden. The precise cellular mechanisms underpinning the differential action of glucocorticoids to drive the desirable and undesirable effects are still not completely understood. Faced with the unmet clinical need to limit glucocorticoid-induced adverse effects alongside ensuring the preservation of anti-inflammatory actions, several strategies have been pursued. The coprescription of existing licensed drugs to treat incident adverse effects can be effective, but data examining the prevention of adverse effects are limited. Novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators have been designed that aim to specifically and selectively activate anti-inflammatory responses based upon their interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor. Several of these compounds are currently in clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy. More recently, strategies exploiting tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism through the isoforms of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has shown early potential, although data from clinical trials are limited. The aim of any treatment is to maximize benefit while minimizing risk, and within this review we define the adverse effect profile associated with glucocorticoid use and evaluate current and developing strategies that aim to limit side effects but preserve desirable therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pofi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37LE, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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2
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Schumacher MM, Santambrogio J. Cortisol and the Dexamethasone Suppression Test as a Biomarker for Melancholic Depression: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050837. [PMID: 37241007 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) assesses the functionality of the HPA axis and can be regarded as the first potential biomarker in psychiatry. In 1981, a group of researchers at the University of Michigan published a groundbreaking paper regarding its use for diagnosing melancholic depression, reporting a diagnostic sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 95%. While this study generated much enthusiasm and high expectations in the field of biological psychiatry, subsequent studies produced equivocal results, leading to the test being rejected by the American Psychiatric Association. The scientific reasons leading to the rise and fall of the DST are assessed in this review, suggestions are provided as to how the original test can be improved, and its potential applications in clinical psychiatry are discussed. An improved, standardized, and validated version of the DST would be a biologically meaningful and useful biomarker in psychiatry, providing a tool for clinicians caring for depressed patients in the areas of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and predicting the risk of suicide. Additionally, such a test could be a crucial part in the generation of biologically homogenous patient cohorts, necessary for the successful development of new psychotropic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacopo Santambrogio
- Adele Bonolis AS.FRA. Onlus Foundation, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Presidio Corberi, ASST Brianza, 20812 Limbiate, Italy
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3
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Guo W, Yao X, Cui R, Yang W, Wang L. Mechanisms of paeoniaceae action as an antidepressant. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:934199. [PMID: 36844911 PMCID: PMC9944447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) has been widely used for the treatment of depression in mice models, some Chinese herbal compound containing PF on treating depression, such as Xiaoyao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, Danggui Shaoyao San etc. Many experiments are also verifying whether PF in these powders can be used as an effective component in the treatment of depression. Therefore, in this review the antidepressant effect of PF and its mechanism of action are outlined with particular focus on the following aspects: increasing the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, inhibiting the HPA axis, promoting neuroprotection, enhancing neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and elevating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This review may be helpful for the application of PF in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxu Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- *Correspondence: Wei Yang, ; Lei Wang,
| | - Lei Wang
- *Correspondence: Wei Yang, ; Lei Wang,
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4
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Tian H, Hu Z, Xu J, Wang C. The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e156. [PMID: 35875370 PMCID: PMC9301929 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the many hypotheses proposed to understand the molecular pathophysiology of depression, it is still unclear. Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, because of limited effectiveness, delayed efficacy (usually two weeks), and side effects. Consequently, novel drugs with increased speed of action and effectiveness are required. Ketamine has shown to have rapid, reliable, and long-lasting antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD patients and represent a breakthrough therapy for patients with MDD; however, concerns regarding its efficacy, potential misuse, and side effects remain. In this review, we aimed to summarize molecular mechanisms and pharmacological treatments for depression. We focused on the fast antidepressant treatment and clarified the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ketamine and its metabolites for the MDD treatment, along with a review of the potential pharmacological mechanisms, research challenges, and future clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Tian
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine Ningbo Kangning Hospital Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Department of Child Psychiatry Ningbo Kanning Hospital Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Jia Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China
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5
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Wei L, Ying X, Zhai M, Li J, Liu D, Liu X, Yu B, Yan H. The association between peritraumatic distress, perceived stress, depression in pregnancy, and NR3C1 DNA methylation among Chinese pregnant women who experienced COVID-19 lockdown. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966522. [PMID: 36091061 PMCID: PMC9453447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress can affect pregnant women in an epigenetic way during the critical period of conception of their offspring. The study aims to investigate the relationship between peritraumatic distress, prenatal perceived stress, depression, and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) DNA methylation among pregnant women who experienced COVID-19 lockdown in China. Study data were collected from 30 pregnant women in Wuhan and Huanggang, China. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory was used to measure peritraumatic distress, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms, and the Perceived Stress Scale was used to measure perceived stress. DNA methylation in the exon 1F promoter region of NR3C1 gene from the venous blood mononuclear cell genome was characterized by bisulfite sequencing. Correlation and linear regression were used for data analysis. The mean level of peritraumatic distress, perceived stress, and depression was 6.30 (SD = 5.09), 6.50 (SD = 5.41), and 6.60 (SD = 4.85), respectively, with 23.33% of pregnant women being depressed. The mean NR3C1 methylation was 0.65 (SD = 0.22). Prenatal depression was positively correlated with the degree of methylation in venous blood from the mother (r = 0.59, p = 0.001), and depression predicted methylation of NR3C1 gene at the CpG 8 site (β = 0.05, p = 0.03). No association was found between peritraumatic distress as well as perceived stress and methylation of NR3C1. NR3C1 gene was susceptible to epigenetic modification of DNA methylation in the context of prenatal stress, and maternal depression was associated with increased NR3C1 methylation among women who experienced COVID-19 lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Ying
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxi Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Population and Health Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Hydroxysafflor yellow A can improve depressive behavior by inhibiting hippocampal inflammation and oxidative stress through regulating HPA axis. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Chen X, Chen Y, Qi D, Cui D. Multifaceted interconnections between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110422. [PMID: 34358623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Many previous studies have defined the important roles of inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of psychiatric disorders. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory factor, has been gradually recognized to be involved in the development of neurological diseases in recent years. Our current review focuses on discussing the potential beneficial and detrimental roles of MIF in psychiatric disorders. We will provide new mechanistic insights for the development of potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers based on MIF for psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Dake Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Wu S, Yin Y, Du L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2571-2591. [PMID: 34637015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression represents a complex and prevalent psychological disease that is characterized by persistent depressed mood, impaired cognitive function and complicated pathophysiological and neuroendocrine alterations. Despite the multifactorial etiology of depression, one of the most recent factors to be identified as playing a critical role in the development of depression is blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The occurrence of BBB integrity disruption contributes to the disturbance of brain homeostasis and leads to complications of neurological diseases, such as stroke, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders. Recently, BBB associated tight junction disruption has been shown to implicate in the pathophysiology of depression and contribute to increased susceptibility to depression. However, the underlying mechanisms and importance of BBB damage in depression remains largely unknown. This review highlights how BBB disruption regulates the depression process and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in development of depression-induced BBB dysfunction. Moreover, insight on promising therapeutic targets for treatment of depression with associated BBB dysfunctions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuye Yin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Chung DD, Pinson MR, Bhenderu LS, Lai MS, Patel RA, Miranda RC. Toxic and Teratogenic Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Fetal Development, Adolescence, and Adulthood. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168785. [PMID: 34445488 PMCID: PMC8395909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can have immediate and long-lasting toxic and teratogenic effects on an individual’s development and health. As a toxicant, alcohol can lead to a variety of physical and neurological anomalies in the fetus that can lead to behavioral and other impairments which may last a lifetime. Recent studies have focused on identifying mechanisms that mediate the immediate teratogenic effects of alcohol on fetal development and mechanisms that facilitate the persistent toxic effects of alcohol on health and predisposition to disease later in life. This review focuses on the contribution of epigenetic modifications and intercellular transporters like extracellular vesicles to the toxicity of PAE and to immediate and long-term consequences on an individual’s health and risk of disease.
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10
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Karin O, Raz M, Tendler A, Bar A, Korem Kohanim Y, Milo T, Alon U. A new model for the HPA axis explains dysregulation of stress hormones on the timescale of weeks. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 16:e9510. [PMID: 32672906 PMCID: PMC7364861 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress activates a complex network of hormones known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is dysregulated in chronic stress and psychiatric disorders, but the origin of this dysregulation is unclear and cannot be explained by current HPA models. To address this, we developed a mathematical model for the HPA axis that incorporates changes in the total functional mass of the HPA hormone-secreting glands. The mass changes are caused by HPA hormones which act as growth factors for the glands in the axis. We find that the HPA axis shows the property of dynamical compensation, where gland masses adjust over weeks to buffer variation in physiological parameters. These mass changes explain the experimental findings on dysregulation of cortisol and ACTH dynamics in alcoholism, anorexia, and postpartum. Dysregulation occurs for a wide range of parameters and is exacerbated by impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) feedback, providing an explanation for the implication of GR in mood disorders. These findings suggest that gland-mass dynamics may play an important role in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Karin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moriya Raz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avichai Tendler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Bar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Korem Kohanim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Dalvi-Garcia F, Fonseca LL, Vasconcelos ATR, Hedin-Pereira C, Voit EO. A model of dopamine and serotonin-kynurenine metabolism in cortisolemia: Implications for depression. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008956. [PMID: 33970902 PMCID: PMC8136856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major factor contributing to the etiology of depression is a neurochemical imbalance of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, which is caused by persistently high levels of circulating stress hormones. Here, a computational model is proposed to investigate the interplay between dopaminergic and serotonergic-kynurenine metabolism under cortisolemia and its consequences for the onset of depression. The model was formulated as a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations represented with power-law functions. Parameter values were obtained from experimental data reported in the literature, biological databases, and other general information, and subsequently fine-tuned through optimization. Model simulations predict that changes in the kynurenine pathway, caused by elevated levels of cortisol, can increase the risk of neurotoxicity and lead to increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylaceltahyde (DOPAL) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde (5-HIAL). These aldehydes contribute to alpha-synuclein aggregation and may cause mitochondrial fragmentation. Further model analysis demonstrated that the inhibition of both serotonin transport and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase decreased the levels of DOPAL and 5-HIAL and the neurotoxic risk often associated with depression. The mathematical model was also able to predict a novel role of the dopamine and serotonin metabolites DOPAL and 5-HIAL in the ethiology of depression, which is facilitated through increased cortisol levels. Finally, the model analysis suggests treatment with a combination of inhibitors of serotonin transport and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase as a potentially effective pharmacological strategy to revert the slow-down in monoamine neurotransmission that is often triggered by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dalvi-Garcia
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis L. Fonseca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Tereza R. Vasconcelos
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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12
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Kim DS, Palmas MF, Pisanu A, Carta AR, Greig NH. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Imide Drugs (IMiDs) in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656921. [PMID: 33854417 PMCID: PMC8039148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a common trait in the pathology and progression of the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged as a global crisis, affecting 1 in 4 people, while neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death in the elderly population worldwide (WHO, 2001; GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, 2019). However, there remains an immense deficit in availability of effective drug treatments for most neurological disorders. In fact, for disorders such as depression, placebos and behavioral therapies have equal effectiveness as antidepressants. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, drugs that can prevent, slow, or cure the disease have yet to be found. Several non-traditional avenues of drug target identification have emerged with ongoing neurological disease research to meet the need for novel and efficacious treatments. Of these novel avenues is that of neuroinflammation, which has been found to be involved in the progression and pathology of many of the leading neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation is characterized by glial inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the meta-analyses have provided evidence of genetic/proteomic upregulation of inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the mechanisms underpinning the connections between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders are unclear, and meta-analysis results have shown high sensitivity to factors such as disorder severity and sample type, there is significant evidence of neuroinflammation associations across neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and introduce current research on the potential of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) as a new treatment strategy for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- AevisBio, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Augusta Pisanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Li Z, Ruan M, Chen J, Fang Y. Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:863-880. [PMID: 33582959 PMCID: PMC8192601 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also referred to as depression, is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a high economic burden. The etiology of depression is still not clear, but it is generally believed that MDD is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of social, psychological, and biological aspects. Therefore, there is no exact pathological theory that can independently explain its pathogenesis, involving genetics, neurobiology, and neuroimaging. At present, there are many treatment measures for patients with depression, including drug therapy, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation technology. In recent years, great progress has been made in the development of new antidepressants, some of which have been applied in the clinic. This article mainly reviews the research progress, pathogenesis, and treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhi Li
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders of Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meihua Ruan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Information Center for Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders of Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders of Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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14
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Duarte-Silva E, Maes M, Macedo D, Savino W, Peixoto CA. Shared neuroimmune and oxidative pathways underpinning Chagas disease and major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:419. [PMID: 33268766 PMCID: PMC7710744 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis to understand the relationship between Chagas disease (CD), a infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and depression, a common psychiatric comorbidity in CD patients, is largely unknown. Clinical studies show an association between CD and depression and preclinical evidence suggests that depressive-like behaviors in T. cruzi infected mice are due, at least partially, to immune dysregulation. However, mechanistic studies regarding this issue are still lacking. Herein, we present and discuss the state of art of data on CD and depression, and revise the mechanisms that may explain the development of depression in CD. We also discuss how the knowledge generated by current and future data may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms underlying depressive symptoms associated with CD and, hence, to the identification of new therapeutic targets, which ultimately may change the way we see and treat CD and its psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure. Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure. Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Maimon L, Milo T, Moyal RS, Mayo A, Danon T, Bren A, Alon U. Timescales of Human Hair Cortisol Dynamics. iScience 2020; 23:101501. [PMID: 32911331 PMCID: PMC7490542 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a major human stress hormone, secreted within minutes of acute stress. Cortisol also has slower patterns of variation: a strong circadian rhythm and a seasonal rhythm. However, longitudinal cortisol dynamics in healthy individuals over timescales of months has rarely been studied. Here, we measured longitudinal cortisol in 55 healthy participants using 12 cm of hair, which provides a retrospective measurement over one year. Individuals showed (non-seasonal) fluctuations averaging about 22% around their baseline. Fourier analysis reveals dominant slow frequencies with periods of months to a year. These frequencies can be explained by a mathematical model of the hormonal cascade that controls cortisol, the HPA axis, when including the slow timescales of tissue turnover of the glands. Measuring these dynamics is important for understanding disorders in which cortisol secretion is impaired over months, such as mood disorders, and to test models of cortisol feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Maimon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rina S. Moyal
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Danon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Bren
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Aging increases vulnerability to stress-induced depression via upregulation of NADPH oxidase in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:292. [PMID: 32504071 PMCID: PMC7275057 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging proceeds with cellular and molecular changes in the limbic system. Aging-dependent changes might affect emotion and stress coping, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show aged (18-month-old) mice exhibit upregulation of NADPH oxidase and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, which mirrors the changes in young (2-month-old) mice subjected to chronic stress. Aged mice that lack p47phox, a key subunit of NADPH oxidase, do not show increased oxidative stress. Aged mice exhibit depression-like behavior following weak stress that does not produce depressive behavior in young mice. Aged mice have reduced expression of the epigenetic factor SUV39H1 and its upstream regulator p-AMPK, and increased expression of Ppp2ca in the hippocampus-changes that occur in young mice exposed to chronic stress. SUV39H1 mediates stress- and aging-induced sustained upregulation of p47phox and oxidative stress. These results suggest that aging increases susceptibility to stress by upregulating NADPH oxidase in the hippocampus.
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Liu Y, Zou GJ, Tu BX, Hu ZL, Luo C, Cui YH, Xu Y, Li F, Dai RP, Bi FF, Li CQ. Corticosterone Induced the Increase of proBDNF in Primary Hippocampal Neurons Via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:370-384. [PMID: 32378057 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depression disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that greatly threaten the mental health of a large population worldwide. Previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression, and current research suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) is involved in the development of depression. However, the relationship between ER and proBDNF in the pathophysiology of depression is not well elucidated. Here, we treated primary hippocampal neurons of mice with corticosterone (CORT) and evaluated the relationship between proBDNF and ERS. Our results showed that CORT induced ERS and upregulated the expression of proBDNF and its receptor, Follistatin-like protein 4 (FSTL4), which contributed to significantly decreased neuronal viability and expression of synaptic-related proteins including NR2A, PSD95, and SYN. Anti-proBDNF neutralization and ISRIB (an inhibitor of the ERS) treatment, respective ly, protected neuronal viabilities and increased the expression of synaptic-related proteins in corticosterone-exposed neurons. ISRIB treatment reduced the expression of proBDNF and FSTL4, whereas anti-proBDNF treatment did not affect ERS markers (Grp78, p-PERK, ATF4) expression. Our study presented evidence that CORT-induced ERS negatively regulated the neuronal viability and the level of synaptic-related protein of primary neurons via the proBDNF/FSTL4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Jing Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bo-Xuan Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Hui Cui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Ghazizadeh J, Hamedeyazdan S, Torbati M, Farajdokht F, Fakhari A, Mahmoudi J, Araj-Khodaei M, Sadigh-Eteghad S. Melissa officinalis L. hydro-alcoholic extract inhibits anxiety and depression through prevention of central oxidative stress and apoptosis. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:707-720. [PMID: 32003913 DOI: 10.1113/ep088254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How does an extract of Melissa officinalis L. ameliorate anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour of mice? What is the main finding and its importance? An extract of Melissa officinalis L. possessed anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects, which could mainly be mediated through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis (HAEMO) on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in restraint stress-exposed mice. In order to induce a depression-like model, mice were subjected to restraint stress (3 h day-1 for 14 days) and received normal saline or HAEMO (50, 75 and 150 mg kg-1 day-1 ) for 14 days. The administered doses of HAEMO were designated based on the concentration of one of the main phenolic compounds present in the extract, rosmarinic acid (2.55 mg kg-1 at lowest dose); other phytochemical analyses including assays for antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoids were also carried out. The behavioural changes in an open field task, elevated plus maze, tail suspension and forced swimming tests were evaluated. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity were assessed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, levels of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3 in the brain as well as serum concentration of corticosterone were evaluated. HAEMO (75 and 150 mg kg-1 ) significantly reversed anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours. Also, HAEMO reduced MDA levels, enhanced enzymatic antioxidant activities and restored serum levels of corticosterone. An immunoblotting analysis also demonstrated that HAEMO decreased levels of pro-apoptotic markers and increased anti-apoptotic protein levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of restraint stress-exposed mice. Our findings suggested that HAEMO reduced inflammation and had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Ghazizadeh
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Hamedeyazdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Torbati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Fakhari
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Flux MC, Lowry CA. Finding intestinal fortitude: Integrating the microbiome into a holistic view of depression mechanisms, treatment, and resilience. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104578. [PMID: 31454550 PMCID: PMC6995775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression affects at least 322 million people globally, or approximately 4.4% of the world's population. While the earnestness of researchers and clinicians to understand and treat depression is not waning, the number of individuals suffering from depression continues to increase over and above the rate of global population growth. There is a sincere need for a paradigm shift. Research in the past decade is beginning to take a more holistic approach to understanding depression etiology and treatment, integrating multiple body systems into whole-body conceptualizations of this mental health affliction. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiome, or the collective trillions of microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, is an important factor determining both the risk of development of depression and persistence of depressive symptoms. This review discusses recent advances in both rodent and human research that explore bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Through interactions with circulating inflammatory markers and hormones, afferent and efferent neural systems, and other, more niche, pathways, the gut microbiome can affect behavior to facilitate the development of depression, exacerbate current symptoms, or contribute to treatment and resilience. While the challenge of depression may be the direst mental health crisis of our age, new discoveries in the gut microbiome, when integrated into a holistic perspective, hold great promise for the future of positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Flux
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Senior Fellow, VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
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Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, including depression and anxiety, are highly comorbid with epilepsy (for review see Josephson and Jetté (Int Rev Psychiatry 29:409-424, 2017), Salpekar and Mula (Epilepsy Behav 98:293-297, 2019)). Psychiatric comorbidities negatively impact the quality of life of patients (Johnson et al., Epilepsia 45:544-550, 2004; Cramer et al., Epilepsy Behav 4:515-521, 2003) and present a significant challenge to treating patients with epilepsy (Hitiris et al., Epilepsy Res 75:192-196, 2007; Petrovski et al., Neurology 75:1015-1021, 2010; Fazel et al., Lancet 382:1646-1654, 2013) (for review see Kanner (Seizure 49:79-82, 2017)). It has long been acknowledged that there is an association between psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy. Hippocrates, in the fourth-fifth century B.C., considered epilepsy and melancholia to be closely related in which he writes that "melancholics ordinarily become epileptics, and epileptics, melancholics" (Lewis, J Ment Sci 80:1-42, 1934). The Babylonians also recognized the frequency of psychosis in patients with epilepsy (Reynolds and Kinnier Wilson, Epilepsia 49:1488-1490, 2008). Despite the fact that the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and epilepsy has been recognized for thousands of years, psychiatric illnesses in people with epilepsy still commonly go undiagnosed and untreated (Hermann et al., Epilepsia 41(Suppl 2):S31-S41, 2000) and systematic research in this area is still lacking (Devinsky, Epilepsy Behav 4(Suppl 4):S2-S10, 2003). Thus, although it is clear that these are not new issues, there is a need for improvements in the screening and management of patients with psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy (Lopez et al., Epilepsy Behav 98:302-305, 2019) and progress is needed to understand the underlying neurobiology contributing to these comorbid conditions. To that end, this chapter will raise awareness regarding the scope of the problem as it relates to comorbid psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy and review our current understanding of the potential mechanisms contributing to these comorbidities, focusing on both basic science and clinical research findings.
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Costache A, Riza AL, Ioana M, Glavan DG, Dinca ME, Vladu IM, Popescu M, Udristoiu I. Circulating Cortisol in a Cohort of Depressive Patients. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2020; 46:11-15. [PMID: 32637160 PMCID: PMC7323722 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.46.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has long been suspected that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Whether this association exists or not, and if it does, the degree of its significance, remain highly disputed. The issue is further complicated as no consensus currently exists on cortisol sampling timepoints or methods. Our study aimed to evaluate HPA functionality by evaluating plasma cortisol levels in a cohort of patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We enrolled 96 subjects admitted for a major depressive episode and tested serum cortisol levels for 80 of them. We found that only 15 (12%) had values that were outside the normal reference range, with 14 of these being below the normal threshold. We also interviewed the patients and obtained self-reported information regarding previous depressive episodes, treatment administration, anxiety, suicidal ideas and suicidal gestures. Our study did not find a significant association between cortisol levels and the number of previous depressive episodes, the presence of feelings of anxiety, suicidal ideas or suicidal gestures. While our cohort did not find an association between cortisol levels and depression other authors have reported significantly different results and as such, more research is needed in order to establish or infirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anca-Lelia Riza
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Craiova, County Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Craiova, County Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Gabriela Glavan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Neuropsychiatry, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Eugenia Dinca
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ionela-Mihaela Vladu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Popescu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Udristoiu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Neuropsychiatry, Craiova, Romania
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22
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Jiang Y, Peng T, Gaur U, Silva M, Little P, Chen Z, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Depression: Examination of Current Pharmaceutical and Herbal Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:290. [PMID: 31312123 PMCID: PMC6614517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3% of the world population suffers from depression, which is one of the most common form of mental disorder. Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulator of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Marta Silva
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Lee JS, Kim WY, Jeon YJ, Lee SB, Lee DS, Son CG. Antidepressant-Like Activity of Myelophil via Attenuation of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Mice Undergoing Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:683. [PMID: 31263417 PMCID: PMC6585390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelophil, a 30% ethanol extract that has an equal rate in both Astragali Radix and Salviae Radix, is a remedy for the treatment of fatigue-linked disorders in traditional Oriental medicine. The majority of patients with chronic fatigue have a risk of comorbidity with depression symptoms. To evaluate the anti-depressant activity of Myelophil, mice were subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS, eight different stresses) for 3 weeks with daily administration of distilled water, Myelophil (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg), or n-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) (100 mg/kg). After the final stress exposure, three behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST), and stress-derived alterations of the serotonergic signal and inflammatory response in the hippocampus were measured. UCMS notably induced depressive behaviors, whereas these behavioral alterations were significantly reversed by the administration of Myelophil in regard to the OFT, FST, and TST results. Myelophil also significantly attenuated the over-activation of microglial cells and the inflammatory response in the hippocampal region (TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β, interleukin-1beta; and caspase-1). Furthermore, Myelophil significantly restored the distortions of serotonergic function in the dorsal raphe nuclei and neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. These results support the clinical relevance of the anti-depressant activity of Myelophil, specifically by modulating serotonergic function and the neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Jeon
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J. ANDREW Billings
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Block
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Community Health Plan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Paul F, Alpers GW, Reinhard I, Schredl M. Nightmares do result in psychophysiological arousal: A multimeasure ambulatory assessment study. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13366. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franc Paul
- Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Psychology, Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy, School of Social Sciences University of Mannheim Mannheim Germany
| | - Georg W. Alpers
- Department of Psychology, Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy, School of Social Sciences University of Mannheim Mannheim Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Michael Schredl
- Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany
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26
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Dunlop BW, Wong A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:361-379. [PMID: 30342071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been the focus of extensive animal and human research. As a rule, results have been inconsistent across studies, likely due to a variety of confounding variables that have received inadequate attention. Important confounding factors include the effects of early life stress, biological sex, and the glucocorticoid used for interventions. In this manuscript we review: 1) the literature on identified abnormalities of HPA axis function in PTSD, both in terms of basal functioning and as part of challenge paradigms; 2) the role of HPA axis function pre- and immediately post-trauma as a risk factor for PTSD development; 3) the impact of HPA axis genes' allelic variants and epigenetic modifications on PTSD risk; 4) the contributions of HPA axis components to fear learning and extinction; and 5) therapeutic manipulations of the HPA axis to both prevent and treat PTSD, including the role of glucocorticoids as part of medication enhanced psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Andrea Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Bipolar Disorder and Immune Dysfunction: Epidemiological Findings, Proposed Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7110144. [PMID: 29084144 PMCID: PMC5704151 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is strongly associated with immune dysfunction. Replicated epidemiological studies have demonstrated that BD has high rates of inflammatory medical comorbidities, including autoimmune disorders, chronic infections, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Cytokine studies have demonstrated that BD is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation with further increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels during mood episodes. Several mechanisms have been identified to explain the bidirectional relationship between BD and immune dysfunction. Key mechanisms include cytokine-induced monoamine changes, increased oxidative stress, pathological microglial over-activation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis over-activation, alterations of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and sleep-related immune changes. The inflammatory-mood pathway presents several potential novel targets in the treatment of BD. Several proof-of-concept clinical trials have shown a positive effect of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of BD; however, further research is needed to determine the clinical utility of these treatments. Immune dysfunction is likely to only play a role in a subset of BD patients and as such, future clinical trials should also strive to identify which specific group(s) of BD patients may benefit from anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Keller J, Gomez R, Williams G, Lembke A, Lazzeroni L, Murphy GM, Schatzberg AF. HPA axis in major depression: cortisol, clinical symptomatology and genetic variation predict cognition. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:527-536. [PMID: 27528460 PMCID: PMC5313380 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of mood and cognitive disorders. Neuroendocrine studies have demonstrated HPA axis overactivity in major depression, a relationship of HPA axis activity to cognitive performance and a potential role of HPA axis genetic variation in cognition. The present study investigated the simultaneous roles HPA axis activity, clinical symptomatology and HPA genetic variation play in cognitive performance. Patients with major depression with psychotic major depression (PMD) and with nonpsychotic major depression (NPMD) and healthy controls (HC) were studied. All participants underwent a diagnostic interview and psychiatric ratings, a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, overnight hourly blood sampling for cortisol and genetic assessment. Cognitive performance differed as a function of depression subtype. Across all subjects, cognitive performance was negatively correlated with higher cortisol, and PMD patients had higher cortisol than did NPMDs and HCs. Cortisol, clinical symptoms and variation in genes, NR3C1 (glucocorticoid receptor; GR) and NR3C2 (mineralocorticoid receptor; MR) that encode for GRs and MRs, predicted cognitive performance. Beyond the effects of cortisol, demographics and clinical symptoms, NR3C1 variation predicted attention and working memory, whereas NR3C2 polymorphisms predicted memory performance. These findings parallel the distribution of GR and MR in primate brain and their putative roles in specific cognitive tasks. HPA axis genetic variation and activity were important predictors of cognition across the entire sample of depressed subjects and HR. GR and MR genetic variation predicted unique cognitive functions, beyond the influence of cortisol and clinical symptoms. GR genetic variation was implicated in attention and working memory, whereas MR was implicated in verbal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Rowena Gomez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine,Palo Alto University
| | | | - Anna Lembke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - Greer M. Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
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SayuriYamagata A, Brietzke E, Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, McIntyre RS. Medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder: The link with metabolic-inflammatory systems. J Affect Disord 2017; 211:99-106. [PMID: 28107669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, several medical comorbidities and a decreased life expectancy. Metabolic-inflammatory changes have been postulated as one of the main links between BD and medical comorbidity, although there are few studies exploring possible mechanisms underlying this relationship. Therefore, the aims of the current narrative review were 1) synthesize the evidence for metabolic-inflammatory changes that may facilitate the link between medical comorbidity and BD and 2) discuss therapeutic and preventive implications of these pathways. METHODS The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies. RESULTS Identified studies suggested that there is an increased risk of medical comorbidities, such as autoimmune disorders, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in patients with BD. The association between BD and general medical comorbidities seems to be bidirectional and potentially mediated by immune dysfunction. Targeting the metabolic-inflammatory-mood pathway may potential yield improved outcomes in BD; however, further study is needed to determine which specific interventions may be beneficial. LIMITATIONS The majority of identified studies had cross-sectional designs, small sample sizes and limited measurements of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Treatment and prevention of general medical comorbidities in mood disorders should include preferential prescribing of metabolically neutral agents and adjunctive lifestyle modifications including increased physical activity, improved diet and decreased substance abuse. In addition, the use of anti-inflammatory agents could be a relevant therapeutic target in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana SayuriYamagata
- University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ron Kakar
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Ross RA, Foster SL, Ionescu DF. The Role of Chronic Stress in Anxious Depression. CHRONIC STRESS 2017; 1:2470547016689472. [PMID: 32440578 PMCID: PMC7219927 DOI: 10.1177/2470547016689472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous disease with many different subtypes. Patients with the anxious depression-a common subtype of major depression-are at an increased risk for treatment-resistance to standard antidepressants, with resultant increases in morbidity. However, the underlying pathophysiology of anxious depression remains unknown. Without such knowledge, the development of targeted treatments towards this specific depression subtype will likely remain elusive. One method by which research into the neurobiology of anxious depression may prove fruitful is with the research domain criteria (RDoC). RDoC provides a framework for investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness. By studying disorders in terms of RDoC constructs-such as the sustained threat construct of the negative valence system-new insights may be gained into neurobiological mechanisms of disease. These mechanisms may be useful for the development of novel antidepressants that are based on specific brain targets. Specifically, we review the impact that sustained threat-or chronic stress-has on the eventual development of depression (especially anxious depression) through pathological changes to molecules, cells, neurocircuitry, physiology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simmie L Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Dawn F Ionescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Kotłowska A, Puzyn T, Sworczak K, Stepnowski P, Szefer P. Metabolomic Biomarkers in Urine of Cushing's Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020294. [PMID: 28146078 PMCID: PMC5343830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a disease which results from excessive levels of cortisol in the human body. The disorder is associated with various signs and symptoms which are also common for the general population not suffering from compound hypersecretion. Thus, more sensitive and selective methods are required for the diagnosis of CS. This follow-up study was conducted to determine which steroid metabolites could serve as potential indicators of CS and possible subclinical hypercortisolism in patients diagnosed with so called non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Urine samples from negative controls (n = 37), patients with CS characterized by hypercortisolism and excluding iatrogenic CS (n = 16), and patients with non-functioning AIs with possible subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (n = 25) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Statistical and multivariate methods were applied to investigate the profile differences between examined individuals. The analyses revealed hormonal differences between patients with CS and the rest of examined individuals. The concentrations of selected metabolites of cortisol, androgens, and pregnenetriol were elevated whereas the levels of tetrahydrocortisone were decreased for CS when opposed to the rest of the study population. Moreover, after analysis of potential confounding factors, it was also possible to distinguish six steroid hormones which discriminated CS patients from other study subjects. The obtained discriminant functions enabled classification of CS patients and AI group characterized by mild hypersecretion of cortisol metabolites. It can be concluded that steroid hormones selected by applying urinary profiling may serve the role of potential biomarkers of CS and can aid in its early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kotłowska
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Sworczak
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department ofEnvironmental Analytics,Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szefer
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rosenblat JD, Gregory JM, McIntyre RS. Pharmacologic implications of inflammatory comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 29:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rao C, Shi H, Zhou C, Zhu D, Zhao M, Wang Z, Yang Y, Chen J, Liao L, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhou J, Cheng K, Xie P. Hypothalamic Proteomic Analysis Reveals Dysregulation of Glutamate Balance and Energy Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2443-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains poorly understood. Current psychopharmacologic treatments are often poorly tolerated and carry high rates of treatment resistance. Mounting evidence has suggested that innate immune system dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology of BD. Elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels have been identified. The innate immune system is a novel therapeutic target in BD. Lithium has been shown to have antiinflammatory properties. Further research is needed to establish the role of antiinflammatory agents in the treatment of BD; however, evidence from several clinical trials indicates that antiinflammatory agents may be incorporated into clinical practice soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
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Abstract
The protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors involved in plasticity of neurons in several brain regions. There are numerous evidence that BDNF expression is decreased by experiencing psychological stress and that, accordingly, a lack of neurotrophic support causes major depression. Furthermore, disruption in sleep homeostatic processes results in higher stress vulnerability and is often associated with stress-related mental disorders. Recently, we reported, for the first time, a relationship between BDNF and insomnia and sleep deprivation (SD). Using a biphasic stress model as explanation approach, we discuss here the hypothesis that chronic stress might induce a deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. In the long-term it leads to sleep disturbance and depression as well as decreased BDNF levels, whereas acute stress like SD can be used as therapeutic intervention in some insomniac or depressed patients as compensatory process to normalize BDNF levels. Indeed, partial SD (PSD) induced a fast increase in BDNF serum levels within hours after PSD which is similar to effects seen after ketamine infusion, another fast-acting antidepressant intervention, while traditional antidepressants are characterized by a major delay until treatment response as well as delayed BDNF level increase. Key messages Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of stress-related mood disorders. The interplay of stress and sleep impacts on BDNF level. Partial sleep deprivation (PSD) shows a fast action on BDNF level increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schmitt
- a Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health , Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ;,b Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- c Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- a Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health , Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ;,b Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Rosenblat JD, Brietzke E, Mansur RB, Maruschak NA, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. Inflammation as a neurobiological substrate of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and treatment implications. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:149-59. [PMID: 26363613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with cognitive impairment during depressed, manic and euthymic periods. Inflammation has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of BD and cognitive impairment. METHODS For this systematic review, the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for relevant articles assessing the association between cognitive function and inflammatory markers in BD subjects. A discussion of potential mechanisms and therapeutic implications is also included to provide further context to the subject matter. RESULTS Eight studies, including a total of 555 BD subjects, assessing the association between cognitive function and inflammatory markers were identified. Cognitive dysfunction was associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers YKL40, IL-6, sCD40L, IL-1Ra, hsCRP and TNF-α. Mechanistically, elevation in inflammatory cytokines alters monoamine levels leading to cognitive and affective dysfunction. Neuro-inflammation, manifesting as microglial activation, leads to increased oxidative stress, pathologic synaptic pruning and impaired neuroplasticity in key brain regions sub-serving mood and cognition. Immune dysfunction also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to hypercortisolemia and metabolic dysfunction, further promoting neuronal dysfunction. Anti-inflammatory agents are therefore currently being investigated in the treatment of BD and appear to exert an antidepressant effect; however, cognitive outcomes have yet to be reported. CONCLUSION Several studies suggest that immune dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment in BD. Several neurobiological pathways have been identified whereby immune dysfunction may promote cognitive impairment in BD. Future investigations of anti-inflammatory agents targeting cognitive function as a treatment outcome are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Program of Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in AT-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade FeInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of Sao Pauloderal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Program of Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in AT-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade FeInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of Sao Pauloderal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia A Maruschak
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. Are medical comorbid conditions of bipolar disorder due to immune dysfunction? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:180-91. [PMID: 25772638 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological data have shown a clear association between bipolar disorder (BD) and medical comorbidities. The aim of this article was to assess the evidence of immune dysfunction as a key mediator of this observed association. METHOD For this narrative clinical overview, the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for relevant articles. RESULTS Bipolar disorder has been shown to have an increased prevalence in patients with autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic dysfunction. Further, an elevation in proinflammatory cytokines in BD has been repeatedly demonstrated. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of immune dysfunction on mood and cognition. Anti-inflammatory agents including TNF-α inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), minocycline and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3PUFA) are being investigated for their use as novel treatment of BD in patients with immune dysfunction. CONCLUSION Immune dysfunction appears to be an important mediator of the association observed between BD and medical comorbidities. It therefore serves as a potential novel target for treatment of BD. Further, the observed bidirectional interaction merits screening for psychiatric disorders in patients with immune dysfunction and vice versa to allow for early detection and treatment of this at risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rosenblat
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Burgese DF, Bassitt DP. Variation of plasma cortisol levels in patients with depression after treatment with bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2015; 37:27-36. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: More than 60 years after the introduction of modern psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) continues to be an essential therapeutic modality in the treatment of mental disorders, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Hormones play an essential role in the development and expression of a series of behavioral changes. One aspect of the influence of hormones on behavior is their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs and ECT.Objective: We measured blood levels of the hormone cortisol in patients with unipolar depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and compared results with levels found in healthy adults.Method: Blood cortisol levels were measured before the beginning of treatment with ECT, at the seventh session, and at the last session, at treatment completion. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).Results: Cortisol levels remained stable in both men and women between the seventh and the last sessions of ECT; values ranged from 0.686±9.6330 g/dL for women, and there was a mean decrease of 5.825±6.0780 g/dL (p = 0.024). Mean number of ECT sessions was 12. After the seventh and the last ECT sessions, patients with depression and individuals in the control group had similar cortisol levels, whereas BDI scores remained different.Conclusion: Cortisol levels decreased during ECT treatment. ECT seems to act as a regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis.
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Rosenblat C, McIntyre RS, Alves GS, Fountoulakis KN, Carvalho AF. Beyond Monoamines-Novel Targets for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:636-55. [PMID: 26467412 PMCID: PMC4761634 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150630175044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current first line therapies target modulation of the monoamine system. A large variety of agents are currently available that effectively alter monoamine levels; however, approximately one third of MDD patients remain treatment refractory after adequate trials of multiple monoamine based therapies. Therefore, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may require modulation of pathways outside of the classic monoamine system. The purpose of this review was thus to discuss novel targets for TRD, to describe their potential mechanisms of action, the available clinical evidence for these targets, the limitations of available evidence as well as future research directions. Several alternate pathways involved in the patho-etiology of TRD have been uncovered including the following: inflammatory pathways, the oxidative stress pathway, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the metabolic and bioenergetics system, neurotrophic pathways, the glutamate system, the opioid system and the cholinergic system. For each of these systems, several targets have been assessed in preclinical and clinical models. Preclinical models strongly implicate these pathways in the patho-etiology of MDD. Clinical trials for TRD have been conducted for several novel targets; however, most of the trials discussed are small and several are uncontrolled. Therefore, further clinical trials are required to assess the true efficacy of these targets for TRD. As well, several promising novel agents have been clinically tested in MDD populations, but have yet to be assessed specifically for TRD. Thus, their applicability to TRD remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rosenblat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gilberto S. Alves
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of
Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - André F. Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of
Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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41
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Rosenblat JD, Cha DS, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS. Inflamed moods: a review of the interactions between inflammation and mood disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 53:23-34. [PMID: 24468642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the leading cause of disability worldwide. Notwithstanding the established efficacy of conventional mood agents, many treated individuals continue to remain treatment refractory and/or exhibit clinically significant residual symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and psychosocial impairment. Therefore, a priority research and clinical agenda is to identify pathophysiological mechanisms subserving mood disorders to improve therapeutic efficacy. During the past decade, inflammation has been revisited as an important etiologic factor of mood disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this synthetic review is threefold: 1) to review the evidence for an association between inflammation and mood disorders, 2) to discuss potential pathophysiologic mechanisms that may explain this association and 3) to present novel therapeutic options currently being investigated that target the inflammatory-mood pathway. Accumulating evidence implicates inflammation as a critical mediator in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Indeed, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been repeatedly demonstrated in both major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Further, the induction of a pro-inflammatory state in healthy or medically ill subjects induces 'sickness behavior' resembling depressive symptomatology. Potential mechanisms involved include, but are not limited to, direct effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on monoamine levels, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, pathologic microglial cell activation, impaired neuroplasticity and structural and functional brain changes. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA), celecoxib, anti-TNF-α agents, minocycline, curcumin and omega-3 fatty acids, are being investigated for use in mood disorders. Current evidence shows improved outcomes in mood disorder patients when anti-inflammatory agents are used as an adjunct to conventional therapy; however, further research is needed to establish the therapeutic benefit and appropriate dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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43
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Nugent AC, Davis RM, Zarate CA, Drevets WC. Reduced thalamic volumes in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 213:179-85. [PMID: 23850106 PMCID: PMC3756884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Altered function in the limbic-cortical-striatial-pallidal-thalamic (LCSPT) circuit has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study evaluated volumetric differences in subcortical volumes between depressed subjects with MDD (N=142), subjects with MDD in remission (N=72), and healthy controls (N=169). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, and subcortical volumes were extracted using FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST), University of Oxford, UK. The depressed MDD subjects exhibited significantly smaller volumes in the bilateral thalamus and hippocampus compared to control subjects, and the differences in the bilateral thalamus remained significant after controlling for total intracranial volume. In a smaller subset of healthy controls and depressed MDD subjects matched to the remitted MDD subjects, significant differences in volume were observed across groups in the bilateral thalamus, as well as the right lateralized caudate, hippocampus, and pallidum; these were primarily accounted for by differences between the depressed MDD subjects versus both the remitted and healthy subjects, though none of these changes remained significant after controlling for total intracranial volume (TIV). Volumetric reductions in the thalamus and hippocampus may contribute to dysfunction within subcortical-cortical networks, consistent with previous evidence of metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities in these regions in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carol Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | - Wayne Curtis Drevets
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research and The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Tulsa, OK,Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, NJ
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The role of Akt/FoxO3a in the protective effect of venlafaxine against corticosterone-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:129-41. [PMID: 23494228 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antidepressants could exert neuroprotective effects against various insults and the antidepressant-like effect may result from its neuroprotective effects. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/Forkhead box O3 (PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a) pathway is a key signaling pathway in mediating cell survival. However, no information is available regarding the interaction of FoxO3a and antidepressants. OBJECTIVES PC12 cells treated with corticosterone were used as a model to study the protective effect of venlafaxine and underlying mechanisms. METHODS Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, Hoechst staining, and the observation of FoxO3a subcellular location were used to study the protective effect of venlafaxine against cell damage caused by corticosterone. Pretreatments with various pathway inhibitors were used to investigate the possible pathways involved in the protection of venlafaxine. The phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Corticosterone decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a and led to the nuclear localization of FoxO3a and the apoptosis of PC12 cells. Venlafaxine concentration-dependently protected PC12 cells against corticosterone. The protective effect of venlafaxine was reversed by LY294002 and wortmannin, two PI3K inhibitors, and Akt inhibitor VIII, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK kinase) inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 MAPK inhibitor PD160316 had no effect. Western blot analyses showed that venlafaxine induced the phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a by the PI3K/Akt pathway and reversed the reduction of the phosphorylated Akt and FoxO3a, and the nuclear translocation of Foxo3a induced by corticosterone. CONCLUSIONS Venlafaxine protects PC12 cells against corticosterone-induced cell death by modulating the activity of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway.
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Hempen C, Elfering S, Mulder AHL, van den Bergh FAJTM, Maatman RGHJ. Dexamethasone suppression test: development of a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol and dexamethasone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 49:170-6. [PMID: 22247524 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2011.011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid and is analogous to cortisol. It is used in the low-dose overnight dexamethasone suppression test (LDODST) to diagnose hypercortisolism in patients suspected to be suffering from Cushing's syndrome (CS). Measuring plasma dexamethasone in conjunction with measuring the amount of cortisol following the LDODST may allow clinicians to improve the diagnosis of CS. METHODS Plasma samples were cleaned up by solid-phase extraction before analysis. Liquid chromatographic separation was carried out under reversed-phase conditions prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. The analytes were determined in the presence of deuterated internal standards cortisol-d4 and dexamethasone-d4. RESULTS Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 1.89 nmol/L for dexamethasone and <0.02 μmol/L for cortisol. Recoveries of both analytes ranged from 80.2% to 114.4%. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were <15%. The concentration of dexamethasone and cortisol was determined in 62 patients after performing LDODST. Dexamethasone concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 21.5 nmol/L (median 7.4 nmol/L) for 57 of these samples. For five patients the concentration was <LOQ. Cortisol concentrations were <0.08 μmol/L (median 0.037 μmol/L, n = 54) except for eight patients (>0.22 μmol/L). CONCLUSIONS A method for the simultaneous measurement of dexamethasone and cortisol in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated. The method is suitable for controlling the compliance to the LDODST and for determining the cortisol plasma concentration after the test. The interpretation of LDODSTs was improved by the simultaneous determination of both analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hempen
- Medisch Spectrum Twente Laboratory, PO Box 50000, 7500 KA, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Vukadin M, Birkenhäger TK, Wierdsma AI, Groenland THN, van den Broek WW. Post-dexamethasone cortisol as a predictor for the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in depressed inpatients. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1165-9. [PMID: 21481419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several variables have been studied as a possible predictor for the efficacy of ECT, results regarding hypercortisolism have been inconsistent. This prospective study evaluates the relation between pre-treatment cortisol levels and the efficacy of ECT in a population of drug-free inpatients with severe major depression. METHODS At the inpatient depression unit, 18 patients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorder, and with scores of at least 18 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), were treated with bilateral ECT twice weekly. The HAM-D evaluated depression severity and was performed within 3 days prior to ECT, weekly during the course of ECT, and within 3 days after the last treatment. The outcome criterion was defined a priori as the change on the HAM-D score. Salivary cortisol was assessed within 3 days prior to ECT at two time points, followed by 0.5 mg dexamethasone ingestion. The following day, salivary cortisol was again assessed at two time points. The generalized linear model was used to assess the relation between salivary cortisol levels and reduction in HAM-D score as continuous variables. RESULTS Higher levels of salivary cortisol at 9 AM after 0.5 mg dexamethasone ingestion are associated with a greater reduction in HAM-D score (B = -0.279, 95% CI: -0.557 to -0.01, s.e. = 0.13, p = 0.049; R square = 0.23; adjusted R square = 0.13). CONCLUSION This study suggests that higher levels of post-dexamethasone salivary cortisol at 9 AM are predictive of ECT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljana Vukadin
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Putative role of endocannabinoid signaling in the etiology of depression and actions of antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1575-85. [PMID: 21111017 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, there have been several advances in the determination of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the etiology of depression and the functional actions of antidepressant drugs. Specifically, a deficiency in endocannabinoid signaling is sufficient to produce a "depressive-like" phenotype at the preclinical level (including changes in rewarding, emotional and cognitive behavior and biological changes such as increased HPA axis activity, impaired stress adaptation, reduced neurogenesis and altered serotonin negative feedback), and capable of inducing symptoms of depression in humans at a clinical level. In line with these findings, clinical populations diagnosed with depression are found to have reduced levels of circulating endocannabinoids and preclinical models of depression reveal a deficit in central endocannabinoid signaling. Moreover, facilitation of endocannabinoid signaling is sufficient to produce all of the behavioral and biochemical effects of conventional antidepressant treatments. Further, many forms of antidepressant treatments significantly alter endocannabinoid signaling, and in some of these cases this recruitment of endocannabinoid signaling is involved in the neuroadaptive effects of these treatments. Ultimately, these data present a compelling picture of the putative role of the endocannabinoid system in the processes subserving both the development and treatment of depression.
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Biomarkers for major depression and its delineation from neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:703-17. [PMID: 21854829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorders (MDD) are among the most debilitating diseases worldwide and occur with a high prevalence in elderly individuals. Neurodegenerative diseases (in particular Alzheimer's disease, AD) do also show a strong age-dependent increase in incidence and prevalence among the elderly population. A high number of geriatric patients with MDD show cognitive deficits and a very high proportion of AD patients present co-morbid MDD, which poses difficult diagnostic and prognostic questions. Especially in prodromal and in very early stages of AD, it is almost impossible to differentiate between pure MDD and MDD with underlying AD. Here, we give a comprehensive review of the literature on the current state of candidate biomarkers for MDD ("positive MDD markers") and briefly refer to established and validated diagnostic AD biomarkers in order to rule out underlying AD pathophysiology in elderly MDD subjects with cognitive impairments ("negative MDD biomarkers"). In summary, to date there is no evidence for positive diagnostic MDD biomarkers and the only way to delineate MDD from AD is to use "negative MDD" biomarkers. Because of this highly unsatisfactory current state of MDD biomarker research, we propose a research strategy targeting to detect and validate positive MDD biomarkers, which is based on a complex (genetic, molecular and neurophysiological) biological model that incorporates current state of the art knowledge on the pathobiology of MDD. This model delineates common pathways and the intersection between AD and MDD. Applying these concepts to MDD gives hope that positive MDD biomarkers can be successfully identified in the near future.
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Navarro C, González-Álvarez I, González-Álvarez M, Manku M, Merino V, Casabó V, Bermejo M. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on Cortisol transport through MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells as blood–brain barrier in vitro model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carvalho LA, Garner BA, Dew T, Fazakerley H, Pariante CM. Antidepressants, but not antipsychotics, modulate GR function in human whole blood: an insight into molecular mechanisms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:379-87. [PMID: 20231081 PMCID: PMC2982744 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated an impairment of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with major depression (GR resistance), and its resolution by antidepressant treatment. Recently, we showed that this impairment is indeed due to a dysfunction of GR in depressed patients (Carvalho et al., 2009), and that the ability of the antidepressant clomipramine to decrease GR function in peripheral blood cells is impaired in patients with major depression who are clinically resistant to treatment (Carvalho et al. 2008). To further investigate the effect of antidepressants on GR function in humans, we have compared the effect of the antidepressants clomipramine, amytriptiline, sertraline, paroxetine and venlafaxine, and of the antipsychotics, haloperidol and risperidone, on GR function in peripheral blood cells from healthy volunteers (n=33). GR function was measured by glucocorticoid inhibition of lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Compared to vehicle-treated cells, all antidepressants inhibited dexamethasone (DEX, 10-100nM) inhibition of LPS-stimulated IL-6 levels (p values ranging from 0.007 to 0.1). This effect was specific to antidepressants, as antipsychotics had no effect on DEX-inhibition of LPS-stimulated IL-6 levels. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitor, rolipram, potentiated the effect of antidepressants on GR function, while the GR antagonist, RU-486, inhibited the effect of antidepressants on GR function. These findings indicate that the effect of antidepressants on GR function are specific for this class of psychotropic drugs, and involve second messenger pathways relevant to GR function and inflammation. Furthermore, it also points towards a possible mechanism by which one maybe able to overcome treatment-resistant depression. Research in this field will lead to new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Carvalho
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry & Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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