1
|
Lamorte S, Elford AR, Chung DC, Murakami K, McGaha TL, Jacquelot N. Differences in intratumor innate lymphoid cell composition between orthotopic and spontaneous pancreatic mouse models. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:153-169. [PMID: 38880522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains an unmet medical need. Late diagnosis and the lack of efficient treatment significantly impact the prognosis of patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Improving patient outcomes requires a deeper comprehension of the tumor ecosystem. To achieve this, a thorough exploration of the tumor microenvironment using pre-clinical models that accurately replicate human disease is imperative, particularly in understanding the dynamics of immune cell subsets. Surprisingly, the impact of model variations on the composition of the tumor microenvironment has been largely neglected. In this study, we introduce an orthotopic model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and a spontaneous model of insulinoma. Our findings reveal striking differences in the innate lymphoid cell infiltrate, highlighting the importance of considering model-specific influences when investigating the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lamorte
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas C Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kiichi Murakami
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Jacquelot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cancer immune control needs senescence induction by interferon-dependent cell cycle regulator pathways in tumours. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1335. [PMID: 32165639 PMCID: PMC7067802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based or natural cancer immune responses largely eliminate tumours. Yet, they require additional mechanisms to arrest those cancer cells that are not rejected. Cytokine-induced senescence (CIS) can stably arrest cancer cells, suggesting that interferon-dependent induction of senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is needed to control those cancer cells that escape from killing. Here we report in two different cancers sensitive to T cell-mediated rejection, that deletion of the senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators p16Ink4a/p19Arf (Cdkn2a) or p21Cip1 (Cdkn1a) in the tumour cells abrogates both the natural and the ICB-induced cancer immune control. Also in humans, melanoma metastases that progressed rapidly during ICB have losses of senescence-inducing genes and amplifications of senescence inhibitors. Metastatic cells also resist CIS. Such genetic and functional alterations are infrequent in metastatic melanomas regressing during ICB. Thus, activation of tumour-intrinsic, senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is required to stably arrest cancer cells that escape from eradication. The growth of cancer cells can be stably arrested by cytokine-induced senescence. Here, the authors show that cancers with defects in senescence-inducing cell cycle regulator pathways are resistant to immune checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
|
3
|
Griessinger CM, Schmid AM, Sonanini D, Schörg BF, Jarboui MA, Bukala D, Mucha N, Fehrenbacher B, Steinhilber J, Martella M, Kohlhofer U, Schaller M, Zender L, Rammensee HG, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Röcken M, Kneilling M, Pichler BJ. The administration route of tumor-antigen-specific T-helper cells differentially modulates the tumor microenvironment and senescence. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:289-302. [PMID: 30753335 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment with adoptively transferred tumor-associated antigen-specific CD4+ T-helper cells is a promising immunotherapeutic approach. In the pancreatic cancer model RIP-Tag2, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of Tag-specific TH1 cells exhibited a profound antitumoral efficiency. We investigated, whether an intravenous (i.v.) application of Tag-TH1 cells induces an equivalent therapeutic effect. Adoptively transferred fluorescent Tag-TH1 cells revealed a pronounced homing to the tumors after either i.p. or i.v. transfer, and both routes induced an almost equivalent therapeutic effect as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, blood glucose level course and histology. The i.v. administration of Tag-TH1 cells induced p16INK4-positive/Ki67-negative tumor senescence more efficiently than i.p. administration. Both routes replenish host CD4+ T cells by transferred T cells and recruitment of B and dendritic cells to the tumors while reducing CD8+ T cells and depleting macrophages. Both administration routes efficiently induced a similar antitumoral efficiency despite the pronounced senescence induction after i.v. administration. Thus, a combinatory i.v./i.p. injection of therapeutic cells might overcome limitations of the individual routes and improve therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M Griessinger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Schmid
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Sonanini
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara F Schörg
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ali Jarboui
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bukala
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Mucha
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Steinhilber
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Martella
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang SH, McCann CD, Mota TM, Wang C, Lipkin SM, Jones RB. Have Cells Harboring the HIV Reservoir Been Immunoedited? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1842. [PMID: 31447850 PMCID: PMC6691121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is an important concept in oncology, delineating the mechanisms through which tumors are selected for resistance to immune-mediated elimination. The recent emergence of immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, as pillars of cancer therapy has intensified interest in immunoediting as a constraint limiting the efficacy of these approaches. Immunoediting manifests at a number of levels for different cancers, for example through the establishment of immunosuppressive microenvironments within solid tumors. Of particular interest to the current review, selection also occurs at the cellular level; and recent studies have revealed novel mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire intrinsic resistance to immune recognition and elimination. While the selection of escape mutations in viral epitopes by HIV-specific T cells, which is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection, can be considered a form of immunoediting, few studies have considered the possibility that HIV-infected cells themselves may parallel tumors in having differential intrinsic susceptibilities to immune-mediated elimination. Such selection, on the level of an infected cell, may not play a significant role in untreated HIV, where infection is propagated by high levels of cell-free virus produced by cells that quickly succumb to viral cytopathicity. However, it may play an unappreciated role in individuals treated with effective antiretroviral therapy where viral replication is abrogated. In this context, an "HIV reservoir" persists, comprising long-lived infected cells which undergo extensive and dynamic clonal expansion. The ability of these cells to persist in infected individuals has generally been attributed to viral latency, thought to render them invisible to immune recognition, and/or to their compartmentalization in anatomical sites that are poorly accessible to immune effectors. Recent data from ex vivo studies have led us to propose that reservoir-harboring cells may additionally have been selected for intrinsic resistance to CD8+ T cells, limiting their elimination even in the context of antigen expression. Here, we draw on knowledge from tumor immunoediting to discuss potential mechanisms by which clones of HIV reservoir-harboring cells may resist elimination by CD8+ T cells. The establishment of such parallels may provide a premise for testing therapeutics designed to sensitize tumor cells to immune-mediated elimination as novel approaches aimed at curing HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chase D. McCann
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johansson-Percival A, He B, Li ZJ, Kjellén A, Russell K, Li J, Larma I, Ganss R. De novo induction of intratumoral lymphoid structures and vessel normalization enhances immunotherapy in resistant tumors. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1207-1217. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
64Cu antibody-targeting of the T-cell receptor and subsequent internalization enables in vivo tracking of lymphocytes by PET. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1161-6. [PMID: 25587131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418391112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are key players in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immunotherapy. Thus, holistic and noninvasive in vivo characterizations of the temporal distribution and homing dynamics of lymphocytes in mammals are of special interest. Herein, we show that PET-based T-cell labeling facilitates quantitative, highly sensitive, and holistic monitoring of T-cell homing patterns in vivo. We developed a new T-cell receptor (TCR)-specific labeling approach for the intracellular labeling of mouse T cells. We found that continuous TCR plasma membrane turnover and the endocytosis of the specific (64)Cu-monoclonal antibody (mAb)-TCR complex enables a stable labeling of T cells. The TCR-mAb complex was internalized within 24 h, whereas antigen recognition was not impaired. Harmful effects of the label on the viability, DNA-damage and apoptosis-necrosis induction, could be minimized while yielding a high contrast in in vivo PET images. We were able to follow and quantify the specific homing of systemically applied (64)Cu-labeled chicken ovalbumin (cOVA)-TCR transgenic T cells into the pulmonary and perithymic lymph nodes (LNs) of mice with cOVA-induced airway delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) but not into pulmonary and perithymic LNs of naïve control mice or mice diseased from turkey or pheasant OVA-induced DTHR. Our protocol provides consequent advancements in the detection of small accumulations of immune cells in single LNs and specific homing to the sites of inflammation by PET using the internalization of TCR-specific mAbs as a specific label of T cells. Thus, our labeling approach is applicable to other cells with constant membrane receptor turnover.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hess Michelini R, Manzo T, Sturmheit T, Basso V, Rocchi M, Freschi M, Listopad J, Blankenstein T, Bellone M, Mondino A. Vaccine-instructed intratumoral IFN-γ enables regression of autochthonous mouse prostate cancer in allogeneic T-cell transplantation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4641-52. [PMID: 23749644 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination can synergize with transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells to cure hematologic malignancies, but the basis for this synergy is not understood to the degree where such approaches could be effective for treating solid tumors. We investigated this issue in a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer treated by transplantation of a nonmyeloablative MHC-matched, single Y chromosome-encoded, or multiple minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched hematopoietic cell preparation. Here, we report that tumor-directed vaccination after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion is essential for acute graft versus tumor responses, tumor regression, and prolonged survival. Vaccination proved essential for generation of CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) tumor-directed effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs and also for IFN-γ(+) upregulation at the tumor site, which in turn instructed local expression of proinflammatory chemokines and intratumoral recruitment of donor-derived T cells for disease regression. Omitting vaccination, transplanting IFN-γ-deficient donor T cells, or depleting alloreactive T cells all compromised intratumoral IFN-γ-driven inflammation and lymphocyte infiltration, abolishing antitumor responses and therapeutic efficacy of the combined approach. Our findings argue that posttransplant tumor-directed vaccination is critical to effectively direct donor T cells to the tumor site in cooperation with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
T-helper-1-cell cytokines drive cancer into senescence. Nature 2013; 494:361-5. [PMID: 23376950 DOI: 10.1038/nature11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer control by adaptive immunity involves a number of defined death and clearance mechanisms. However, efficient inhibition of exponential cancer growth by T cells and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) requires additional undefined mechanisms that arrest cancer cell proliferation. Here we show that the combined action of the T-helper-1-cell cytokines IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) directly induces permanent growth arrest in cancers. To safely separate senescence induced by tumour immunity from oncogene-induced senescence, we used a mouse model in which the Simian virus 40 large T antigen (Tag) expressed under the control of the rat insulin promoter creates tumours by attenuating p53- and Rb-mediated cell cycle control. When combined, IFN-γ and TNF drive Tag-expressing cancers into senescence by inducing permanent growth arrest in G1/G0, activation of p16INK4a (also known as CDKN2A), and downstream Rb hypophosphorylation at serine 795. This cytokine-induced senescence strictly requires STAT1 and TNFR1 (also known as TNFRSF1A) signalling in addition to p16INK4a. In vivo, Tag-specific T-helper 1 cells permanently arrest Tag-expressing cancers by inducing IFN-γ- and TNFR1-dependent senescence. Conversely, Tnfr1(-/-)Tag-expressing cancers resist cytokine-induced senescence and grow aggressively, even in TNFR1-expressing hosts. Finally, as IFN-γ and TNF induce senescence in numerous murine and human cancers, this may be a general mechanism for arresting cancer progression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Martinic MM, Huber C, Coppieters K, Oldham JE, Gavin AL, von Herrath MG. Expression level of a pancreatic neo-antigen in beta cells determines degree of diabetes pathogenesis. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:404-13. [PMID: 20932718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is not fully understood how the expression level of autoantigens in beta cells impacts autoimmune diabetes (T1D) development. Earlier studies using ovalbumin and also insulin had shown that secreted antigens could enhance diabetes development through facilitated presentation by antigen presenting cells. Here we sought to determine how the expression level of a membrane bound, non-secreted or cross-presented neo-antigen, the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), would influence T1D. We found that an RIP-LCMV transgenic mouse line exhibiting higher levels of beta cell GP expression developed more severe diabetes after LCMV infection or transfer of high numbers of activated autoreactive T cells. Importantly, all beta cells were lost and a significant increase in morbidity and mortality from T1D was noted. Insulitis and accumulation of autoaggressive CD8 cells was more profound in the RIP-LCMV-GP high-expressor line. Interestingly, the additional introduction of neo-antigen-specific CD4(+) helper or regulatory T cells was able to influence diabetogenesis positively or negatively. We conclude that a higher degree of autoantigen expression results in increased diabetes susceptibility. Therefore, autoantigens such as insulin that are expressed at higher levels in beta cells might have a more profound impact on diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Martinic
- Type 1 Diabetes Center at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Mouse lymphoid tissues contain a subset of dendritic cells (DCs) expressing CD8 alpha together with a pattern of other surface molecules that distinguishes them from other DCs. These molecules include particular Toll-like receptor and C-type lectin pattern recognition receptors. A similar DC subset, although lacking CD8 expression, exists in humans. The mouse CD8(+) DCs are non-migrating resident DCs derived from a precursor, distinct from monocytes, that continuously seeds the lymphoid organs from bone marrow. They differ in several key functions from their CD8(-) DC neighbors. They efficiently cross-present exogenous cell-bound and soluble antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I. On activation, they are major producers of interleukin-12 and stimulate inflammatory responses. In steady state, they have immune regulatory properties and help maintain tolerance to self-tissues. During infection with intracellular pathogens, they become major presenters of pathogen antigens, promoting CD8(+) T-cell responses to the invading pathogens. Targeting vaccine antigens to the CD8(+) DCs has proved an effective way to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shortman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shafer-Weaver KA, Watkins SK, Anderson MJ, Draper LJ, Malyguine A, Alvord WG, Greenberg NM, Hurwitz AA. Immunity to murine prostatic tumors: continuous provision of T-cell help prevents CD8 T-cell tolerance and activates tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6256-64. [PMID: 19622771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells (TcR-I) become tolerant in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. In this study, we show that CD4(+) TcR transgenic (TcR-II) T cells transferred into TRAMP mice became activated in lymph nodes, trafficked to the prostate, and initially functioned as T(H)1 cells. Although a single cotransfer of TcR-II cells delayed TcR-I cell tolerization, repeated transfer of TcR-II cells was required to prevent TcR-I cell tolerization and significantly slowed progression of TRAMP prostate tumors. After transfer of TcR-II cells, dendritic cells within the tumor expressed higher levels of costimulatory molecules and displayed an enhanced ability to stimulate proliferation of naive T cells. Blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions during TcR-II transfer resulted in a profound reduction in dendritic cell stimulatory capacity and a partial loss of TcR-I effector functions and tumor immunity. These data show that sustained provision of activated tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells alters the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, ultimately leading to the control of tumor growth. These findings will assist in the design of more effective immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Shafer-Weaver
- Tumor Immunity and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hamzah J, Altin JG, Herringson T, Parish CR, Hämmerling GJ, O'Donoghue H, Ganss R. Targeted liposomal delivery of TLR9 ligands activates spontaneous antitumor immunity in an autochthonous cancer model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1091-8. [PMID: 19561111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accessibility of tumors for highly effective local treatment represents a major challenge for anticancer therapy. Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with CpG motifs are ligands of TLR9, which prime spontaneous antitumor immunity, but are less effective when applied systemically. We therefore developed a liposome-based agent for selective delivery of CpG-ODN into the tumor environment. A peptide that specifically targets angiogenic endothelial cells in a transgenic tumor model for islet cell carcinogenesis was engrafted into CpG-ODN containing liposomes. Intravenous injection of these liposomes resulted in specific accumulation around tumor vessels, increased uptake by tumor-resident macrophages, and retention over time. In contrast, nontargeted liposomes did not localize to the tumor vasculature. Consequently, only vascular targeting of CpG-ODN liposomes provoked a marked inflammatory response at vessel walls with enhanced CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell infiltration and, importantly, activation of spontaneous, tumor-specific cytotoxicity. In a therapeutic setting, 40% of tumor-bearing, transgenic mice survived beyond week 45 after systemic administration of vascular-directed CpG-ODN liposomes. In contrast, control mice survived up to 30 wk. Therapeutic efficacy was further improved by increasing the frequency of tumor-specific effector cells through adoptive transfers. NK cells and CD8(+) T cells were major effectors which induced tumor cell death and acted in conjunction with antivascular effects. Thus, tumor homing with CpG-ODN-loaded liposomes is as potent as direct injection of free CpG-ODN and has the potential to overcome some major limitations of conventional CpG-ODN monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hamzah
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
EpCAM, a human tumor-associated antigen promotes Th2 development and tumor immune evasion. Blood 2009; 113:3494-502. [PMID: 19188665 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-175109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental tumor vaccination and adoptive T-cell therapies show that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing CD4(+) T helper cells (Th1) can be highly effective in tumor prevention and therapy. Unexpectedly, first vaccine trials in humans revealed that tumor immune therapy may not only be protective, but, on the contrary, even promote tumor progression. Here, we analyzed T-cell immune responses to the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), one of the most common tumor-associated antigens (TAA) serving as immune target in colon cancer patients. Th-cell priming against EpCAM inevitably resulted in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-dominated Th2 responses, even under most stringent Th1-inducing conditions. These EpCAM-reactive Th2 cells rather promoted growth of EpCAM-expressing tumors. To analyze the role of IL-4 in tumor immune evasion, we generated EpCAM-reactive Th1 cells from IL-4.ko mice. These Th1 cells provided tumor-specific protection and established highly protective Th1 memory responses, even in naive BALB/c mice. Inhibition of tumor growth by Th1 cells resulted in intra-tumoral expression of cytokines of the IL-12 family and of IFN-gamma. Preventing activation-associated death of Th1 cells further increased intratumoral IFN-gamma expression and improved therapeutic efficacy. Thus, human TAA may promote tumor immune evasion by strongly favoring Th2 development.
Collapse
|
14
|
Walker LSK. Natural Treg in autoimmune diabetes: all present and correct? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1691-703. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.11.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
15
|
Wuest TY, Willette-Brown J, Durum SK, Hurwitz AA. The influence of IL-2 family cytokines on activation and function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:973-80. [PMID: 18653463 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2 is essential for CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3+ (FoxP3+) naturally occurring regulatory T cell (Treg) homeostasis and activation. Binding of IL-2 to its receptor leads to phosphorylation of STAT5, and binding of phosphorylated STAT5 to the foxp3 promoter increases foxp3 transcription, resulting in elevated levels of FoxP3 protein in Tregs. Transcriptional regulation by the elevated levels of FoxP3 is thought to be essential for the strong suppressor function seen in activated Tregs. IL-2 belongs to a family cytokines, which all depend on the common gamma-receptor chain (gammac). Given the well-documented effects of IL-2 on Treg function, the effect of other IL-2 family cytokines (IL-7, -15, and -21) on Tregs was examined. We observed that IL-7 and IL-15 induce STAT5 phosphorylation and up-regulation of FoxP3 in Tregs. STAT5 activation correlated with enhanced viability. However, only in the presence of IL-2 did Tregs acquire potent suppressor function. This finding is surprising, as IL-15 as well as IL-2 use the same IL-2R betac and gammac for signaling. In contrast, IL-21 activated STAT3 but did not activate STAT5 and had no effect on Treg viability, activation, or function. We therefore conclude that phosphorylation of STAT5, mediated through the IL-2Rgamma, promotes Treg survival in a resting and activated state. However, activation of STAT5 alone in conjunction with TCR signaling is not sufficient for the induction of potent suppressor function in Tregs, as IL-7 and IL-15 are not capable of inducing potent Treg suppressor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y Wuest
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamzah J, Nelson D, Moldenhauer G, Arnold B, Hämmerling GJ, Ganss R. Vascular targeting of anti-CD40 antibodies and IL-2 into autochthonous tumors enhances immunotherapy in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1691-9. [PMID: 18398504 DOI: 10.1172/jci33201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anticancer therapy is a delicate balance between elimination of malignant cells and harmful side effects for the host. In this study, we used a tumor-homing peptide to engineer anti-CD40 agonist antibodies and recombinant IL-2 such that they were selectively delivered into spontaneously arising tumors in a transgenic mouse model of islet cell carcinogenesis. Intravenous injection of these agents, either separately or together, led to accumulation in the vicinity of tumor neovessels without toxic side effects. Although both molecules are critical for adaptive immunity, the most profound effects were seen in endothelial cells. Combined, local anti-CD40 and IL-2 therapy reduced tumor vascularity and significantly delayed tumor growth in mice. Remarkably, tumor-bearing mice remained disease-free long-term when targeted anti-CD40 and IL-2 were combined with transfers of preactivated antitumor immune cells. In this therapeutic setting, triggering of CD40 on endothelial cells induced an inflammatory response of the vessel wall and facilitated effector cell accumulation in the tumor parenchyma while IL-2 promoted antigen-specific immune cell persistence. We believe this is a novel and highly effective anticancer approach, whereby tumor stroma is "conditioned" for enhanced immune cell entry and survival, facilitating immune-mediated tumor destruction and leading to a sustained antitumor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hamzah
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Müller-Hermelink N, Braumüller H, Pichler B, Wieder T, Mailhammer R, Schaak K, Ghoreschi K, Yazdi A, Haubner R, Sander CA, Mocikat R, Schwaiger M, Förster I, Huss R, Weber WA, Kneilling M, Röcken M. TNFR1 signaling and IFN-gamma signaling determine whether T cells induce tumor dormancy or promote multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:507-18. [PMID: 18538734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses may arrest tumor growth by inducing tumor dormancy. The mechanisms leading to either tumor dormancy or promotion of multistage carcinogenesis by adaptive immunity are poorly characterized. Analyzing T antigen (Tag)-induced multistage carcinogenesis in pancreatic islets, we show that Tag-specific CD4+ T cells home selectively into the tumor microenvironment around the islets, where they either arrest or promote transition of dysplastic islets into islet carcinomas. Through combined TNFR1 signaling and IFN-gamma signaling, Tag-specific CD4+ T cells induce antiangiogenic chemokines and prevent alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression, tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and multistage carcinogenesis, without destroying Tag-expressing islet cells. In the absence of either TNFR1 signaling or IFN-gamma signaling, the same T cells paradoxically promote angiogenesis and multistage carcinogenesis. Thus, tumor-specific T cells can directly survey multistage carcinogenesis through cytokine signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Insulinoma/blood supply
- Insulinoma/genetics
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/metabolism
- Insulinoma/pathology
- Insulinoma/therapy
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Time Factors
- Whole-Body Irradiation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Müller-Hermelink
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Illés Z, Waldner H, Reddy J, Anderson AC, Sobel RA, Kuchroo VK. Modulation of CD4 co-receptor limits spontaneous autoimmunity when high-affinity transgenic TCR specific for self-antigen is expressed on a genetically resistant background. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1235-48. [PMID: 17804690 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 is an immunodominant peptide that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in H-2(s) SJL/J mice. While PLP 139-151-specific TCR transgenic (tg) 4E3 mice develop fulminant spontaneous disease on the susceptible SJL/J background, spontaneous EAE is dramatically reduced on the H-2(s) congenic B10.S background. On this resistant background, we observed a high frequency of positively selected tg CD4-CD8- (DN) thymocytes and peripheral DN tg T cells. Splenic DN tg T cells responded to anti-CD3 stimulation similarly to CD4+ cells, but proliferative and cytokine responses to PLP 139-151 were blunted, implying that CD4 co-receptor down-regulation modulated T cell responses to the self-antigen in vitro. Adoptive transfer of tg DN CD3hi cells into RAG-deficient wild-type (WT) recipients induced EAE less efficiently than transfer of CD4+ T tg cells indicating the blunted responses of DN tg T cells to self-antigen in vivo. The frequency of tg DN T cells was irrespective of thymic expression of the autoantigen. These data implicate that down-regulation of CD4 co-receptor in the thymus, which is independent from the expression of thymic autoantigen, results in a blunted response to the autoantigen in the periphery and limits the incidence of spontaneous autoimmunity in genetically resistant mice bearing a large autoreactive tg T cell repertoire.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/genetics
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illés
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Neighbors M, Hartley SB, Xu X, Castro AG, Bouley DM, O'Garra A. Breakpoints in immunoregulation required for Th1 cells to induce diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2315-23. [PMID: 16933361 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel TCR-transgenic mouse line, TCR7, where MHC class II-restricted, CD4+ T cells are specific for the subdominant H-2b epitope (HEL74-88) of hen egg lysozyme (HEL), and displayed an increased frequency in the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid compartments over that seen in non-transgenic littermate controls. CD4+ T cells responded vigorously to HEL or HEL74-88 epitope presented on APC and could develop into Th1 or Th2 cells under appropriate conditions. Adoptive transfer of TCR7 Ly5.1 T cells into Ly5.2 rat insulin promoter (RIP)-HEL transgenic recipient hosts did not lead to expansion of these cells or result in islet infiltration, although these TCR7 cells could expand upon transfer into mice expressing high levels of HEL in the serum. Islet cell infiltration only occurred when the TCR7 cells had been polarized to either a Th1 or Th2 phenotype prior to transfer, which led to insulitis. Progression from insulitis to autoimmune diabetes only occurred in these recipients when Th1 but not Th2 TCR7 cells were transferred and CTLA-4 signaling was simultaneously blocked. These findings show that regulatory pathways such as CTLA-4 can hold in check already differentiated autoreactive effector Th1 cells, to inhibit the transition from tolerance to autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hugues S, Boissonnas A, Amigorena S, Fetler L. The dynamics of dendritic cell–T cell interactions in priming and tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:491-5. [PMID: 16765575 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of T cell priming and tolerance require direct encounters between naïve T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). T cell activation and proliferation occur in both situations, but the concomitant dynamics of DC-T cell contacts differ: the contacts between naïve T cells and DCs are more stable during the induction of priming than during the induction of tolerance. However, the extent of the differences between the dynamics of the contacts, and the contribution of contact duration and frequency to the functional T cell outcome, remain a matter of debate. Recently, experimental models have been developed to address the role of contact stability in T cell function in vivo, which use real-time imaging of DC-T cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hugues
- INSERM U653, Immunité et Cancer, Pavillon Pasteur, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marks DJB, Mitchison NA, Segal AW, Sieper J. Can unresolved infection precipitate autoimmune disease? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 305:105-25. [PMID: 16724803 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29714-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are frequently postulated to arise as post-infectious phenomena. Here we survey the evidence supporting these theories, with particular emphasis on Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Direct proof that infection establishes persistent autoimmunity remains lacking, although it may provoke a prolonged inflammatory response when occurring on a susceptible immunological background. The argument of infective causality is by no means trivial, since it carries important consequences for the safety of vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J B Marks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raimondi G, Zanoni I, Citterio S, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Granucci F. Induction of Peripheral T Cell Tolerance by Antigen-Presenting B Cells. II. Chronic Antigen Presentation Overrules Antigen-Presenting B Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4021-8. [PMID: 16547237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag presentation in the absence of danger signals and Ag persistence are the inductive processes of peripheral T cell tolerization proposed so far. Nevertheless, it has never been definitively shown that chronic Ag presentation per se can induce T cell tolerance independent of the state of activation of APCs. In the present work, we investigated whether chronic Ag presentation by either resting or activated B cells can induce tolerance of peripheral Ag-specific T cells. We show that CD4(+) T cells that re-encounter the Ag for a prolonged period, presented either by resting or activated Ag-presenting B cells, become nonfunctional and lose any autoimmune reactivity. Thus, when the main APCs are B cells, the major mechanism responsible for peripheral T cell tolerization is persistent Ag exposure, independent of the B cell activation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Raimondi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Illés Z, Waldner H, Reddy J, Bettelli E, Nicholson LB, Kuchroo VK. T cell tolerance induced by cross-reactive TCR ligands can be broken by superagonist resulting in anti-inflammatory T cell cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1491-7. [PMID: 16034086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reactive activation of potentially autoreactive T cells by high-affinity nonself ligands may be important in breaking self-tolerance in autoimmunity. In a mouse transgenic for a cross-reactive TCR, we have previously shown that a hyper-stimulating altered peptide ligand, L144, induced unresponsiveness to the self peptide, proteolipid protein 139-151. In this study, we demonstrate that a superagonist ligand can break T cell tolerance induced by the lower affinity cognate Ag. T cells tolerant to the cognate ligand, Q144, responded to superagonist, L144, by proliferation and the production of mainly IL-4 and IL-10 in vitro. In contrast, T cells that were tolerized to the superagonist were unable to respond to any peptide that cross-reacted with the transgenic TCR. Low-dose immunization with the superagonist L144 was able to break tolerance to the cognate ligand in vivo and resulted in a blunted proliferative response with production of Th2 cytokines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illés
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Byersdorfer CA, Schweitzer GG, Unanue ER. Diabetes Is Predicted by the β Cell Level of Autoantigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4347-54. [PMID: 16177075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two novel transgenic (Tg) strains were created expressing hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in a pancreas-specific fashion. RmHP.111 mice had levels of HEL per cell similar to that of the established ILK-3 strain, while RmHP.117 mice had 10-fold lower levels (50,000 molecules per cell). When bred to 3A9 TCR Tg mice, negative selection occurred equally in all three double-Tg combinations, yet only ILK-3 x 3A9 and RmHP.111 x 3A9 mice became diabetic. Additionally, activated 3A9 cells readily transferred diabetes into ILK-3 or RmHP.111 mice, but only marginally into the RmHP.117 strain. In the peripancreatic lymph node, division of naive 3A9 cells was similar between RmHP.111 and RmHP.117 strains, but pancreatic APCs from RmHP.111 x 3A9 mice stimulated HEL-reactive cells to a much greater degree than those from RmHP.117 x 3A9 mice. In this model, diabetes was dependent upon both initial priming in the peripancreatic lymph node and subsequent presentation in the pancreas, with disease incidence predicted by the beta cell level of autoantigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Byersdorfer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garbi N, Arnold B, Gordon S, Hämmerling GJ, Ganss R. CpG motifs as proinflammatory factors render autochthonous tumors permissive for infiltration and destruction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5861-9. [PMID: 15128765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a transgenic mouse model expressing SV40 T Ag (Tag) as a de novo tumor Ag, immune surveillance fails and islet cell carcinomas grow progressively. To develop an anticancer strategy that would be effective in eradicating solid, autochthonously growing tumors, we evaluated the effectiveness of immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with cytosine-guanine-rich (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODN). In a classical vaccination protocol, Tag was administered with CpG-ODN as adjuvant. The antitumor vaccination, however, was only effective in a prophylactic setting, despite the successful activation of a Tag-specific CTL response in vivo. Histological examination demonstrated that even primed immune cells failed to infiltrate tumors once a malignant environment was established. To ensure that effector cells were not limiting, highly activated tumor Ag-specific T cells were transferred into tumor-bearing mice. However, this treatment also failed to result in tumor infiltration and rejection. Therefore, we further tested the efficacy of CpG-ODN as a proinflammatory agent in combination with the transfer of preactivated Tag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Indeed, this combination therapy proved to be highly effective, because CpG-ODN rendered insulinomas permissive for massive infiltration and destruction. The opening of tumor tissue correlated with uptake of CpG-ODN by tissue-resident macrophages and a strong up-regulation of adhesion molecules such as ICAM and VCAM on blood vessel endothelia. These data demonstrate that systemic application of proinflammatory reagents drastically enhances extravasation of effector cells into tumor tissue, an observation that is of general importance for immunotherapy of solid tumors in a clinical setting.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalio Garbi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
T cell receptor transgenic mice have been a valuable tool in the study of the immune system, from development to selection to tolerance or pathogenesis. In this manuscript we review the T cell receptor transgenic mouse lines with specificity for self antigens that have been reported before August 2003. Many such lines have been generated, which have been instrumental in our understanding of, among other aspects, the role regulatory T cells in preventing autoimmunity, the role of microbes in modifying its outcome, the influence of the genetic background, the importance of regional differences in self-antigen concentration, and the importance of differences in antigen deposition between different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hadeiba H, Locksley RM. Lung CD25 CD4 regulatory T cells suppress type 2 immune responses but not bronchial hyperreactivity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5502-10. [PMID: 12759427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of chronic Ag deposition in the airway mucosa on CD4(+) T cell priming and subsequent airway disease, transgenic mice were generated that expressed OVA under the control of the surfactant protein C promoter. CD4 T cells from these mice were tolerant to OVA but this was overcome among spleen CD4 T cells by crossing to OVA-specific DO11.10 TCR-transgenic mice. Lungs from the double-transgenic mice developed lymphocytic infiltrates and modest mucus cell hyperplasia. Infiltrating cells were unaffected by the absence of either Rag-1 or Stat6, although the latter deficiency led to the disappearance of mucus. In the lung of double-transgenic mice, a large number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells expressed CD25 and functioned as regulatory T cells. The CD25(+) CD4 T cells suppressed proliferation of CD25(-) CD4 T cells in vitro and inhibited type 2 immune responses induced by aerosolized Ags in vivo. Despite their ability to suppress allergic type 2 immunity in the airways, however, CD25(+) CD4 regulatory T cells had no effect on the development of bronchial hyperreactivity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/genetics
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Crosses, Genetic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transgenes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husein Hadeiba
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bouzahzah F, Jung S, Craft J. CD4+ T cells from lupus-prone mice avoid antigen-specific tolerance induction in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:741-8. [PMID: 12517936 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells in spontaneous lupus presumably bypass normal tolerance mechanisms in the periphery, since thymic tolerance appears intact. To determine whether such T cells indeed avoid in vivo peripheral tolerance mechanisms, we assessed their activation and recall responses after in vivo Ag stimulation in the absence of exogenously supplied costimulatory signals. Naive CD4(+) AND (transgenic mice bearing rearranged TCR specific for pigeon cytochrome c, peptides 88-104) TCR-transgenic T cells, specific for pigeon cytochrome c, from lupus-prone Fas-intact MRL/Mp+(Fas-lpr) and from H-2(k)-matched control CBA/CaJ and B10.BR mice (MRL.AND, CBA.AND, and B10.AND, respectively) were adoptively transferred into (MRL x CBA)F(1) or (MRL x B10)F(1) recipients transgenically expressing membrane-bound pigeon cytochrome c as a self-Ag. MRL.AND and control CBA.AND and B10.AND-transgenic T cells were activated and divided after transfer, indicating encounter with their cognate Ag; however, T cells from CBA.AND and B10.AND mice were impaired in their ability to proliferate and produce IL-2 after challenge with pigeon cytochrome c in ex vivo recall assays, a typical phenotype of anergized cells. By contrast, MRL.AND T cells proliferated more, and a significantly higher percentage of such cells produced IL-2, compared with control T cells. This observation that MRL T cells avoided anergy induction in vivo was confirmed in an in vitro system where the cells were stimulated with an anti-CD3 in the absence of a costimulatory signal. These experiments provide direct evidence that CD4(+) T cells from Fas-intact lupus-prone MRL mice are more resistant than nonautoimmune control cells to anergy induction. Anergy avoidance in the periphery might contribute to the characteristic finding in lupus of inappropriate T cell activation in response to ubiquitous self-Ags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farida Bouzahzah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Jersey J, Carmignac D, Barthlott T, Robinson I, Stockinger B. Activation of CD8 T cells by antigen expressed in the pituitary gland. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6753-9. [PMID: 12471106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag expressed exclusively in the anterior pituitary gland and secreted locally by pituitary somatotrophs can gain access to the MHC class I presentation pathway and activate CD8 T cells. Influenza nucleoprotein (NP) was expressed as a transgene under the control of the human growth hormone (GH) locus control region. Activation of monoclonal F5 CD8 T cells specific for NP resulted in spontaneous autoimmune pathology of the pituitary gland in mice transgenic for both NP and the F5 TCR. Destruction of somatotrophs resulted in drastically reduced GH levels in adult mice and a dwarf phenotype. Adoptive transfer of F5 T cells into NP-transgenic hosts resulted in full T cell activation, first demonstrable in regional lymph nodes, followed by their migration to the pituitary gland. Despite the presence of activated, IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in the pituitary gland and a slight reduction in pituitary GH levels, no effect on growth was observed. Thus, CD8 T cells have access to the neuroendocrine system and get fully activated in the absence of CD4 help, but Ag recognition in this location causes autoimmune pathology only in the presence of excessive CD8 T cell numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James de Jersey
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seewaldt S, Alferink J, Förster I. Interleukin-10 is crucial for maintenance but not for developmental induction of peripheral T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3607-16. [PMID: 12516547 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3607::aid-immu3607>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To asses the requirement of interleukin (IL)-10 for peripheral CD4 T cell tolerance, the IL-10 knockout (KO) was introduced into a T cell receptor-transgenic mouse model (TCR1) specific for SV40 T antigen (Tag). IL-10-deficient TCR1-transgenic mice failed to establish antigen-specific T cell tolerance following sequential injections with Tag peptide. Nevertheless, IL-10 was not required for the establishment of CD4 T cell tolerance in double transgenic RT2/TCR1 mice in which Tag is expressed endogenously under control of the insulin promoter. However, in contrast to stable anergy in wild-type RT2/TCR1 mice, tolerant T cells in RT2/TCR1/Il-10KO mice could be driven into vigorous proliferation by exogenous antigenic stimulation in vivo. The observed reactivation of anergic T cell populations in IL-10-deficient mice was only seen after in vivo but not in vitro peptide priming, reflecting an important regulatory function of IL-10 in the context of the living organism. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-10 is required to maintain T cell tolerance following exposure to enhanced antigenic stimuli but is not essential for the induction of self-tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Seewaldt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene and Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Walker LSK, Ausubel LJ, Chodos A, Bekarian N, Abbas AK. CTLA-4 differentially regulates T cell responses to endogenous tissue protein versus exogenous immunogen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6202-9. [PMID: 12444125 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is critical to the regulation of CD4 T cell homeostasis in vivo. However, whether CTLA-4 regulates responses to both self and foreign proteins is not clear. We have directly compared the role of CTLA-4 in controlling T cell responses to the same protein presented as an endogenous tissue Ag vs a foreign immunizing Ag. We show that CTLA-4 only modestly reduces responses to Ag administered with adjuvant, but dramatically inhibits responses to the same Ag expressed transgenically as a tissue self protein. The critical consequence of CTLA-4 engagement is to inhibit T cell accumulation in the local lymph node draining the Ag-bearing tissue, and failure of this control leads to the onset of autoimmune tissue destruction. Thus, CTLA-4 may preferentially dampen pathologic immune responses to self proteins while permitting protective immunity to foreign agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S K Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zheng X, Gao JX, Zhang H, Geiger TL, Liu Y, Zheng P. Clonal deletion of simian virus 40 large T antigen-specific T cells in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mice: an important role for clonal deletion in shaping the repertoire of T cells specific for antigens overexpressed in solid tumors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4761-9. [PMID: 12391185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their overexpression in cancer cells, most of the tumor-associated Ags are expressed at low but detectable levels in normal tissues. It is not clear whether the repertoire of T cells specific for unmutated tumor Ags is shaped by negative selection during T cell development. The transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model is transgenic for the SV40 large T Ag (Tag) under the control of the rat probasin regulatory elements. Although it has been established that T lymphocytes from TRAMP mice are tolerant to SV40 Tag, the mechanism of the tolerance is largely unknown. To examine whether the T cell clonal deletion is responsible for the tolerance, we crossed the TRAMP mice with mice transgenic for a rearranged TCR specific for SV40 Tag presented by the H-2K(k). Double transgenic TRAMP/TCR mice showed profound thymic deletion of SV40 Tag-reactive T cells, including a 6- to 10-fold reduction in the total thymocyte numbers and a >50-fold reduction in phenotypically mature T cells. Consistent with this finding, we observed that the SV40 Tag and endogenous mouse probasin genes are expressed at low levels in the thymus. These results demonstrate that clonal deletion is a major mechanism for tolerance to Ags previously regarded as prostate-specific, and provide direct evidence that the T cell repertoire specific for an unmutated tumor Ag can be shaped by clonal deletion in the thymus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Androgen-Binding Protein/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Cell Line
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Massey EJ, Sundstedt A, Day MJ, Corfield G, Anderton S, Wraith DC. Intranasal peptide-induced peripheral tolerance: the role of IL-10 in regulatory T cell function within the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 87:357-72. [PMID: 12072259 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease commonly employed as a model for multiple sclerosis. Extensive studies have demonstrated that EAE may be prevented or ameliorated by the intranasal administration of soluble peptides representing encephalitogenic epitopes. There is increasing evidence that this peptide administration may function via the generation of regulatory cells. The mechanism of action of these cells remains controversial and it seems likely that it may vary between experimental models. At present the majority of work on regulatory cells has centred on characterising naturally occurring regulators, or those generated artificially ex vivo, and less is known about induced regulatory cells produced following peptide administration. This report aims to briefly outline the evidence for the existence of natural regulatory T cells and to introduce the sub-types of induced regulatory T cells now recognised. In several of these regulatory cell systems investigated to date, interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to be important in cell function. This has not been directly investigated in a model employing peptide therapy to induce peripheral tolerance, hence the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IL-10 in the generation of these regulatory cells. This work has employed both a TCR transgenic mouse system, for predominantly in vitro studies of cell function, and an IL-10 knock-out mouse strain to investigate in vivo disease protection. The results summarised in this report demonstrate that IL-10 is fundamentally important in the generation of disease protection following intranasal peptide therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Massey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Veterinary College, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
von Herrath MG. Regulation of virally induced autoimmunity and immunopathology: contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 263:145-75. [PMID: 11987813 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G von Herrath
- Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, IMM6, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cao ZA, Daniel D, Hanahan D. Sub-lethal radiation enhances anti-tumor immunotherapy in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2002; 2:11. [PMID: 12019035 PMCID: PMC113758 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2002] [Accepted: 05/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not uncommon to observe circulating tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes in cancer patients despite a lack of significant infiltration and destruction of their tumors. Thus, an important goal for tumor immunotherapy is to identify ways to modulate in vivo anti-tumor immunity to achieve clinical efficacy. We investigate this proposition in a spontaneous mouse tumor model, Rip1-Tag2. METHODS Experimental therapies were carried out in two distinctive trial designs, intended to either intervene in the explosive growth of small tumors, or regress bulky end-stage tumors. Rip1-Tag2 mice received a single transfer of splenocytes from Tag-specific, CD4+ T cell receptor transgenic mice, a single sub-lethal radiation, or a combination therapy in which the lymphocyte transfer was preceded by the sub-lethal radiation. Tumor burden, the extent of lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors and host survival were used to assess the efficacy of these therapeutic approaches. RESULTS In either intervention or regression, the transfer of Tag-specific T cells alone did not result in significant lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors, not did it affect tumor growth or host survival. In contrast, the combination therapy resulted in significant reduction in tumor burden, increase in lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors, and extension of survival. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that certain types of solid tumors may be intrinsically resistant to infiltration and destruction by tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Our data suggest that such resistance can be disrupted by sub-lethal radiation. The combinatorial approach presented here merits consideration in the design of clinical trials aimed to achieve T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Alexander Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Diabetes and Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA
| | - Dylan Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Diabetes and Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Department of Biochemistry, Diabetes and Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mintern JD, Sutherland RM, Lew AM, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR. Constitutive, but not inflammatory, cross-presentation is disabled in the pancreas of young mice. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1044-51. [PMID: 11920571 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1044::aid-immu1044>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral antigens can be captured by APC and cross-presented to naive CD8(+) T cells. Notably, cross-presentation of pancreatic antigen is not seen in neonatal mice, although presentation of antigen expressed by the kidney is still intact. In this report, we examined why pancreatic antigens are not cross-presented in neonatal mice. First, we established that antigen expression was not limiting, as neonatal islets expressed as much antigen per cell as adult islets, and vastly more than neonatal renal cells. Next, we analyzed the APC subsets present in the lymph node draining the neonatal pancreas. No obvious population was absent. Finally, we examined whether cross-presentation occurred during inflammation. This showed that inflammation caused by CTL attack of islet tissue facilitated cross-presentation of antigens in neonatal mice. These data indicate that constitutive cross-presentation of islet antigens is inactive during neonatal life, but that under inflammatory conditions this antigen presentation pathway becomes available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Mintern
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nguyen LT, Elford AR, Murakami K, Garza KM, Schoenberger SP, Odermatt B, Speiser DE, Ohashi PS. Tumor growth enhances cross-presentation leading to limited T cell activation without tolerance. J Exp Med 2002; 195:423-35. [PMID: 11854356 PMCID: PMC2193619 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a tumor model of spontaneously arising insulinomas expressing a defined tumor-associated antigen, we investigated whether tumor growth promotes cross-presentation and tolerance of tumor-specific T cells. We found that an advanced tumor burden enhanced cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens to high avidity tumor-specific T cells, inducing T cell proliferation and limited effector function in vivo. However, contrary to other models, tumor-specific T cells were not tolerized despite a high tumor burden. In fact, in tumor-bearing mice, persistence and responsiveness of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells were enhanced. Accordingly, a potent T cell-mediated antitumor response could be elicited by intravenous administration of tumor-derived peptide and agonistic anti-CD40 antibody or viral immunization and reimmunization. Thus, in this model, tumor growth promotes activation of high avidity tumor-specific T cells instead of tolerance. Therefore, the host remains responsive to T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Division
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Hypoglycemia/complications
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Insulinoma/complications
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/pathology
- Insulinoma/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation Chimera
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Nguyen
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hugues S, Mougneau E, Ferlin W, Jeske D, Hofman P, Homann D, Beaudoin L, Schrike C, Von Herrath M, Lehuen A, Glaichenhaus N. Tolerance to islet antigens and prevention from diabetes induced by limited apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. Immunity 2002; 16:169-81. [PMID: 11869679 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Crosspresentation of self-antigens by antigen-presenting cells is critical for the induction of peripheral tolerance. As apoptosis facilitates the entry of antigens into the crosspresentation pathway, we sought to prevent the development of autoimmune diabetes by inducing pancreatic beta cell apoptosis before disease onset. Accordingly, young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice injected with a single low dose of streptozotocin (SZ), a drug cytotoxic for beta cells, exhibited impaired T cell responses to islet antigens and were protected from spontaneous diabetes. Furthermore, beta cell apoptosis was necessary for protection since SZ did not protect RIP-CrmA transgenic NOD mice in which beta cells expressed the caspase inhibitor CrmA. Our results support a model in which apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells induces the development of regulatory cells leading to the tolerization of self-reactive T cells and protection from diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hugues
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
DiPaolo RJ, Unanue ER. The level of peptide-MHC complex determines the susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes: studies in HEL transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3453-9. [PMID: 11745364 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3453::aid-immu3453>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a mouse model for the spontaneous development of autoimmune diabetes: the 3A9 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse, which contains T cells that recognize the 52 - 61 family of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) peptides in the context of MHC class II I-A(k) molecules, was bred to the ILK3 mouse, that expresses HEL protein via the rat insulin promoter (RIP). Despite partial tolerance of 3A9 T cells in ILK3 mice, spontaneous diabetes developed in 64 % of 3A9xILK3 mice by 20 weeks of age. We provide evidence that APC from peri-pancreatic nodes have a large content of peptide-MHC complex and stimulate 3A9 T cells. We also report that cross presentation of HEL from beta cells to APC is 26-fold more efficient than presentation of soluble HEL. We previously reported on a biochemical margin of safety, based on the observation that activation of naive 3A9 T cells required 100-fold more peptide-MHC complexes than required for deletion of 3A9 thymocytes. We speculate that the high local density of autologous peptide-MHC complexes can be a determining factor that leads to the activation of autoreactive CD4 T cells and, consequently, to the development of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J DiPaolo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tanchot C, Barber DL, Chiodetti L, Schwartz RH. Adaptive tolerance of CD4+ T cells in vivo: multiple thresholds in response to a constant level of antigen presentation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2030-9. [PMID: 11489985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo T cell response to persistent Ag contains a hyporesponsive phase following an initial expansion and subsequent partial deletion of the responding cells. The mechanism(s) responsible for this tolerance process is poorly understood. In this study, we describe a new paired transgenic model (TCR and Ag), which within 7-14 days produces 20-40 million hyporesponsive T cells. This state is characterized by an 85-95% reduction in all cytokine production, an impairment of re-expression of CD25 and CD69, and a desensitization of the proliferative response to Ag. TCR levels were normal, and in vivo mixing experiments showed no evidence for active suppression. The hyporesponsiveness partially dissipated without proliferation when the cells were transferred into a non-Ag-bearing host. If the second host expressed Ag, the T cells initially regained responsiveness, but then slowly entered an even deeper state of tolerance characterized by an additional 7- to 10-fold lowering of cytokine production and a greater desensitization of proliferation. Surprisingly, this readaptation took place with the same level of Ag presentation, suggesting that other parameters can influence the tolerance threshold. Both the readjustment in sensitivity and the reversal without Ag convincingly demonstrate for the first time a truly adaptive tolerance process in CD4+ T cells in vivo.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/immunology
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Columbidae
- Cytochrome c Group/genetics
- Cytochrome c Group/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Interphase/genetics
- Interphase/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tanchot
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- T Kamradt
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin and Universitätsklinikum Charité, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie and Klinische Immunologie, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kyewski B, Röttinger B, Klein L. Making central T-cell tolerance efficient: thymic stromal cells sample distinct self-antigen pools. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 251:139-45. [PMID: 11036769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57276-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Kyewski
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, FRG
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Voehringer D, Blaser C, Grawitz AB, Chisari FV, Buerki K, Pircher H. Break of T cell ignorance to a viral antigen in the liver induces hepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2415-22. [PMID: 10946266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To study peripheral tolerance of CD8 T cells to a classically MHC-restricted peptide Ag expressed in hepatocytes, ALB1 transgenic (tg) mice expressing the CTL epitope GP33 of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein under control of the mouse albumin promoter were generated. ALB1 mice exclusively expressed the GP33 transgene in the liver and, at a 100- to 1000-fold lower level, in the thymus. TCR-tg mice specific for the GP33 epitope were used to directly follow GP33-specific T cells in vivo. These experiments revealed that 1) thymic expression of the GP33 transgene led to incomplete central deletion of TCR-tg cells; and 2) peripheral TCR-tg cells in ALB1 mice ignored the GP33 transgene expressed in hepatocytes. Ignorance of adoptively transferred TCR-tg cells in ALB1 mice was broken by infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, leading to induction of hepatitis in ALB1, but not in control, mice. Taken together, we have established a novel model of virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune hepatitis in mice and demonstrate that naive CD8 T cells may ignore Ags expressed in the liver.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
- Viral Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Voehringer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu LY, Yang JS, Huang YM, Levi M, Link H, Xiao BG. Combined nasal administration of encephalitogenic myelin basic protein peptide 68-86 and IL-10 suppressed incipient experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Clin Immunol 2000; 96:205-11. [PMID: 10964538 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal administration of low doses of myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide 68-86 (MBP 68-86) or anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 effectively prevented experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but failed to suppress the disease if given after 7 days postimmunization (p.i.), i.e., after T cell priming had occurred. We anticipated that combined administration of autoantigen and IL-10 can treat incipient EAE. Lewis rats with EAE actively induced with MBP 68-86 and complete Freund's adjuvant received 120 microg MBP 68-86 + 200 ng IL-10 per rat per day from day 7 p.i. and for 5 consecutive days. These rats showed later onset, lower clinical scores, less body weight loss, and shorter duration of EAE than rats receiving MBP 68-86 or IL-10 only or PBS. EAE amelioration was associated with decreased infiltration of ED1(+) macrophages and CD4(+) T cells within the central nervous system and with decreased proliferative responses of lymph node cells, indicating that combined administration of MBP 68-86 and IL-10 induced immune hyporesponsiveness. IFN-gamma secretion as well as IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA expression by lymph node MNC was down-regulated in the treated rats. Immune hyporesponsiveness, rather than immune deviation or regulatory mechanisms, seems to be responsible for the protection of EAE after autoantigen + IL-10 administration by the nasal route.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-10/therapeutic use
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Monocytes/chemistry
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Basic Protein/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Xu
- Experimental Neurobiology Unit and Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
McKenzie AW, Brady JL, Martin RM, Georgiou HM, Lew AM. Local secretion of a chimeric anti-CD4 antibody protects against graft rejection in the NOD mouse. Transplantation 2000; 69:1745-8. [PMID: 10836396 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200004270-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineering a graft to secrete its own immunosuppressive antibodies may minimize the risks associated with current high dose systemic immunosuppression. METHODS AND RESULTS A beta cell insulinoma cell line (NIT-1) was transfected with genes encoding a chimeric anti-CD4 antibody. The NIT-1 cells secreted functional chimeric anti-CD4 antibody that bound to the CD4 molecule on mouse thymocytes and inhibited in vitro proliferation of CD4+ve T cells. Both test and control transfected cell lines grew at a similar rate in immunodeficient mice. In immunocompetent NOD mice, NIT-1 cells are normally rejected by a cellular immune response against the SV40 T antigen. Although control transfected NIT-1 cells were rapidly rejected by NOD mice, anti-CD4 secreting NIT-1 cells grew significantly better and were able to form tumors at the site of injection. CONCLUSIONS The local secretion of chimeric anti-CD4 antibody from transfected cells can contribute to graft survival in our transplantation model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W McKenzie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bingaman AW, Ha J, Waitze SY, Durham MM, Cho HR, Tucker-Burden C, Hendrix R, Cowan SR, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. Vigorous allograft rejection in the absence of danger. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3065-71. [PMID: 10706695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to self is a necessary attribute of the immune system. It is thought that most autoreactive T cells are deleted in the thymus during the process of negative selection. However, peripheral tolerance mechanisms also exist to prevent development of autoimmune diseases against peripheral self-Ags. It has been proposed that T cells develop tolerance to peripheral self-Ags encountered in the absence of inflammation or "danger" signals. We have used immunodeficient Rag 1-/- mice to study the response of T cells to neo-self peripheral Ags in the form of well-healed skin and vascularized cardiac allografts. In this paper we report that skin and cardiac allografts without evidence of inflammation are vigorously rejected by transferred T cells or when recipients are reconstituted with T cells at a physiologic rate by nude bone graft transplantation. These results provide new insights into the role of inflammation or "danger" in the initiation of T cell-dependent immune responses. These findings also have profound implications in organ transplantation and suggest that in the absence of central deletional tolerance, peripheral tolerance mechanisms are not sufficient to inhibit alloimmune responses even in the absence of inflammation or danger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Bingaman
- Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Batteux F, Lores P, Bucchini D, Chiocchia G. Transgenic expression of Fas ligand on thyroid follicular cells prevents autoimmune thyroiditis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1681-8. [PMID: 10657610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
"Immune privilege" is defined as tissue resistance to aggression by specifically activated lymphocytes, and involves the interaction between Fas expressed on infiltrating cells and Fas ligand (FasL) constitutively expressed on the target tissue. To test whether ectopic expression of FasL on thyrocytes could prevent autoimmune aggression of the thyroid by activated lymphoid cells, three lines of transgenic mice expressing low, intermediate, and high levels of functional FasL on thyroid follicular cells were generated. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis was induced by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin. In all of the experiments, the effects were dependent on the level of FasL expression. Low and intermediate expression had no or only weak preventive effects, respectively, whereas high FasL expression strongly inhibited lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. Anti-mouse thyroglobulin-proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses, as well as autoantibody production, were diminished in transgenic mice expressing high levels of FasL relative to controls. Furthermore, in these latter mice Th1 responses to mouse thyroglobulin were profoundly down-regulated, uncovering a new potential role for FasL in peripheral tolerance to organ-specific Ags. In sum, the prevention of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by FasL on thyrocytes is dependent on the level of FasL expression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intradermal
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thyroglobulin/administration & dosage
- Thyroglobulin/genetics
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/cytology
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/prevention & control
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Batteux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U477, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rosmalen JG, Martin T, Dobbs C, Voerman JS, Drexhage HA, Haskins K, Leenen PJ. Subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells in nonobese diabetic mouse pancreatic inflammatory infiltrates: correlation with the development of diabetes. J Transl Med 2000; 80:23-30. [PMID: 10652999 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet-specific T cells are essential in the development of type I diabetes. The role of non-lymphoid cells is relatively unclear, although infiltration of dendritic cells and macrophages is the first sign of islet autoimmunity in diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. BDC2.5 is one of the autoreactive T cell clones isolated from NOD mice. Transfer of BDC2.5 T cells into young NOD mice accelerates diabetes development, whereas transgenic expression of the BDC2.5 T cell receptor on NOD T cells (BDC2.5 TCR-Tg NOD) markedly reduces diabetes development. We show that, although the same antigen-specificity is involved, both models differ significantly in insulitis. BDC2.5 TCR-Tg NOD mice develop an extensive, but non-aggressive, peri-insulitis by 3 weeks of age. In these large peri-islet infiltrates, resembling secondary lymphoid tissue, BM8+ macrophages (Mphi) are virtually absent. In contrast, BDC2.5 T cell clone transfer results in an aggressive insulitis with small infiltrates, but relatively large numbers of BM8 Mphi. Infiltration of BM8+ Mphi therefore correlates with islet destruction. This is, however, not observed for all Mphi; Monts-4+ Mphi follow a reverse pattern and are present in higher numbers in BDC2.5 TCR-Tg than in transferred mice. ER-MP23+ Mphi are reduced in both transferred and transgenic mice compared with wild-type NOD. Thus, this study underlines and extends previous data suggesting that Mphi are implicated in both early and late phases in diabetes development. Furthermore, our data imply that subsets of non-lymphoid cells have different roles in diabetes development. It is, therefore, important to recognize this heterogeneity when interpreting both in vivo and in vitro studies concerning non-lymphoid cells in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Rosmalen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Burkhart C, Liu GY, Anderton SM, Metzler B, Wraith DC. Peptide-induced T cell regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for IL-10. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1625-34. [PMID: 10508180 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.10.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) T cell-mediated, inflammatory disease with similarities to multiple sclerosis in humans. Intranasal (i.n.) administration of a myelin basic protein (MBP)-derived peptide can protect susceptible mice from EAE. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, however, remain unclear. To analyze the phenotypic and functional changes taking place during the induction of tolerance by peptide inhalation, we have studied the fate of CD4(+) T cells after i.n. peptide application using transgenic mice expressing a TCR specific for the N-terminal peptide (Ac1-9) of MBP. Peripheral T cell death was variably observed in TCR transgenic mice after a single i.n. administration of antigenic peptide but was transient and incomplete. Transgenic spleen cells and cervical lymph node cells responded with a cytokine burst to peptide inhalation and hyperproliferation when re-stimulated in vitro. Transfer experiments demonstrated that the duration of peptide administration required to induce tolerance depended on the precursor frequency of T cells in recipient animals. The stringency of i.n. peptide treatment was increased so as to test the efficacy of tolerance induction both in vitro and in vivo in the presence of high precursor frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. Multiple i.n. doses of peptide completely protected TCR transgenic mice from EAE induced with myelin. Such repeated peptide administration resulted in down-regulation of the capacity of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells to proliferate or to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 but increased the production of IL-10. The role of IL-10 in suppression of EAE in vivo was demonstrated by neutralization of IL-10. This completely restored susceptibility to EAE in mice previously protected by i.n. peptide. Considering the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10, T cells which are resistant to apoptosis might act as regulatory cells and mediate bystander suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Burkhart
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fossati G, Cooke A, Papafio RQ, Haskins K, Stockinger B. Triggering a second T cell receptor on diabetogenic T cells can prevent induction of diabetes. J Exp Med 1999; 190:577-83. [PMID: 10449528 PMCID: PMC2195608 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we test the hypothesis that triggering of a second T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on diabetogenic T cells might initiate the onset of diabetes. A cross between two TCR-transgenic strains, the BDC2.5 strain that carries diabetogenic TCRs and the A18 strain that carries receptors specific for C5, was set up to monitor development of diabetes after activation through the C5 TCR. F1 BDC2. 5 x A18 mice developed diabetes spontaneously beyond 3-4 mo of age. Although their T cells express both TCRs constitutively, the A18 receptor is expressed at extremely low levels. In vitro activation of dual TCR T cells followed by adoptive transfer into neonatal or adult F1 mice resulted in diabetes onset and death within 10 d after transfer. In contrast, in vivo immunization of F1 mice with different forms of C5 antigen not only failed to induce diabetes but protected mice from the spontaneous onset of diabetes. We propose that antigenic stimulation of cells with low levels of TCR produces signals inadequate for full activation, resulting instead in anergy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Clonal Anergy
- Complement C5/genetics
- Complement C5/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- H-2 Antigens
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fossati
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Quartey Papafio
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - Brigitta Stockinger
- From the Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|