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Yang Y, Tong M, de la Monte SM. Early-Stage Moderate Alcohol Feeding Dysregulates Insulin-Related Metabolic Hormone Expression in the Brain: Potential Links to Neurodegeneration Including Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:1211-1228. [PMID: 39247872 PMCID: PMC11380283 DOI: 10.3233/adr-240026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most prevalent causes of dementia, is mainly sporadic in occurrence but driven by aging and other cofactors. Studies suggest that excessive alcohol consumption may increase AD risk. Objective Our study examined the degree to which short-term moderate ethanol exposure leads to molecular pathological changes of AD-type neurodegeneration. Methods Long Evans male and female rats were fed for 2 weeks with isocaloric liquid diets containing 24% or 0% caloric ethanol (n = 8/group). The frontal lobes were used to measure immunoreactivity to AD biomarkers, insulin-related endocrine metabolic molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by duplex or multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results Ethanol significantly increased frontal lobe levels of phospho-tau, but reduced Aβ, ghrelin, glucagon, leptin, PAI, IL-2, and IFN-γ. Conclusions Short-term effects of chronic ethanol feeding produced neuroendocrine molecular pathologic changes reflective of metabolic dysregulation, together with abnormalities that likely contribute to impairments in neuroplasticity. The findings suggest that chronic alcohol consumption rapidly establishes a platform for impairments in energy metabolism that occur in both the early stages of AD and alcohol-related brain degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, the Providence VA Medical Center, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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2
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Yang J, Zhuang Q, Tang K, Liu X. Exploring the action mechanism of Gegensan in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38315. [PMID: 38905402 PMCID: PMC11191986 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gegensan (GGS) has been reported for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but its therapeutic mechanism is still unclear. This paper aims to determine the therapeutic mechanism and targets of action of GGS on alcoholic liver disease utilizing network pharmacology and bioinformatics. The active ingredients in GGS were screened in the literature and databases, and common targets of ALD were then obtained from public databases to construct the network diagram of traditional Chinese medicine-active ingredient targets. Based on the common targets, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to find target enrichment pathways, and the core targets were screened out by combining differential analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis. Molecular docking was performed to verify the binding effect between the core targets and the corresponding active ingredients. ALD and GGS have 84 common targets, corresponding to 91 active ingredients. After subsequent differential analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis, 10 core targets were identified. Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the main BPs corresponding to the common targets included the response to lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory response, etc. The KEGG pathways involved in the regulation of the common targets included the lipid-atherosclerosis pathway and the alcoholic liver disease pathway, etc. Further molecular docking showed that the core targets CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CXCL8, ADH1C, MMP1, SERPINE1, COL1A1, APOB, MMP1, and their corresponding 4 active ingredients, Naringenin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Stigmasterol, have a greater docking potential. The above results suggest that GGS can regulate lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in the ALD process, and alleviate the lipid accumulation and oxidative stress caused by ethanol. This study analyzed the core targets and mechanisms of action of GGS on ALD, which provides certain theoretical support for the further development of GGS in the treatment of ALD, and provides a reference for the subsequent research on the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province 250303, China
| | - Qianqian Zhuang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province 250303, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province 250303, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province 250303, China
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Argo A, Pitingaro W, Puntarello M, Buscemi R, Malta G, D’Anna T, Albano GD, Zerbo S. A Comprehensive Review on Alcohol Abuse Disorder Fatality, from Alcohol Binges to Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1189. [PMID: 38893715 PMCID: PMC11172201 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent and excessive consumption of alcohol, be it episodic or sustained misuse, ranks among the top causes of mortality globally. This comprehensive analysis seeks to elucidate how alcohol misuse precipitates death, with a particular focus on associated cardiac anomalies. Notably, the phenomenon of "Holiday Heart Syndrome", linked to binge drinking, is recognized for inducing potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Moreover, persistent alcohol consumption is implicated in the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, a condition that underlies heart failure and arrhythmic disturbances of the heart. Additionally, individuals undergoing withdrawal from alcohol frequently exhibit disruptions in normal heart rhythm, posing a risk of death. This review further delves into additional alcohol-related mortality factors, including the heightened likelihood of hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), and the connection between excessive alcohol use and Takotsubo syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Argo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (W.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (T.D.); (G.D.A.); (S.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Ginevra Malta
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (W.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (T.D.); (G.D.A.); (S.Z.)
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4
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Yakovlev V, Lapato DM, Rana P, Ghosh P, Frye R, Roberson-Nay R. Neuron enriched extracellular vesicles' MicroRNA expression profiles as a marker of early life alcohol consumption. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:176. [PMID: 38575599 PMCID: PMC10994930 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption may impact and shape brain development through perturbed biological pathways and impaired molecular functions. We investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption rates and neuron-enriched extracellular vesicles' (EVs') microRNA (miRNA) expression to better understand the impact of alcohol use on early life brain biology. Neuron-enriched EVs' miRNA expression was measured from plasma samples collected from young people using a commercially available microarray platform while alcohol consumption was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Linear regression and network analyses were used to identify significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and to characterize the implicated biological pathways, respectively. Compared to alcohol naïve controls, young people reporting high alcohol consumption exhibited significantly higher expression of three neuron-enriched EVs' miRNAs including miR-30a-5p, miR-194-5p, and miR-339-3p, although only miR-30a-5p and miR-194-5p survived multiple test correction. The miRNA-miRNA interaction network inferred by a network inference algorithm did not detect any differentially expressed miRNAs with a high cutoff on edge scores. However, when the cutoff of the algorithm was reduced, five miRNAs were identified as interacting with miR-194-5p and miR-30a-5p. These seven miRNAs were associated with 25 biological functions; miR-194-5p was the most highly connected node and was highly correlated with the other miRNAs in this cluster. Our observed association between neuron-enriched EVs' miRNAs and alcohol consumption concurs with results from experimental animal models of alcohol use and suggests that high rates of alcohol consumption during the adolescent/young adult years may impact brain functioning and development by modulating miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Yakovlev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Dana M Lapato
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pratip Rana
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebekah Frye
- Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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5
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Drew PD. Targeting the Nlrp3 inflammasome as potential treatment for ethanol-induced non-communicable diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:125-127. [PMID: 38563505 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2332951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Drew
- Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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6
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He L, Zhang R, Yang M, Lu M. The role of astrocyte in neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166992. [PMID: 38128844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide, is a devastating condition characterized by initial mechanical damage followed by subsequent biochemical processes, including neuroinflammation. Astrocytes, the predominant glial cells in the central nervous system, play a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis and supporting neuronal function. Nevertheless, in response to TBI, astrocytes undergo substantial phenotypic alternations and actively contribute to the neuroinflammatory response. This article explores the multifaceted involvement of astrocytes in neuroinflammation subsequent to TBI, with a particular emphasis on their activation, release of inflammatory mediators, modulation of the blood-brain barrier, and interactions with other immune cells. A comprehensive understanding the dynamic interplay between astrocytes and neuroinflammation in the condition of TBI can provide valuable insights into the development of innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating secondary damage and fostering neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China.
| | - Ruqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Maiqiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Meilin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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Yin XW, Bian XX, Chen YF, Zhang M, Wu L, Ren FC, Yang FR, Pu XD, Yang BY, Shen CP. Structure-diversified terpenoids from Salvia prattii and their protective activity against alcoholic liver diseases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113819. [PMID: 37572737 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Eleven previously unreported compounds (1-11), including five diterpenoids (1-5) and six sesquiterpenoids (6-11), together with two known diterpenoids (12-13), have been isolated from the roots of Salvia prattii. Their structures were comprehensively elucidated through spectroscopic methods, and their configurations were established using computational 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and electronic circular dichroism. Compound 1 was found to be an abietane-type diterpenoid with a novel rearrangement generated from the cleavage of the C-4/5 chemical bond, 20-methyl shift, and the rearrangement of the C-10 side chain. Compounds 2-3 were the third and fourth examples of arrangement seco-norabietanes with a spiro-lactone ring. We evaluated all compounds for their protective effects against alcoholic liver diseases (ALD). Compound 2 exhibited potential protective activity and hence can be used as a novel anti-ALD candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wen Yin
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Bian
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan-Fang Chen
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fu-Cai Ren
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fu-Rong Yang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Pu
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.
| | - Chuan-Pu Shen
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Vatsalya V, Feng W, Kong M, Hu H, Szabo G, McCullough A, Dasarathy S, Nagy LE, Radaeva S, Barton B, Mitchell M, McClain CJ. The Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus GG Therapy on Liver and Drinking Assessments in Patients with Moderate Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:1457-1460. [PMID: 37040544 PMCID: PMC10524173 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of daily oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in reducing liver injury/severity and drinking in patients with alcohol use disorder and moderately severe alcohol-associated hepatitis. METHODS Forty-six male and female individuals with alcohol use disorder and moderate alcohol-associated hepatitis (12 ≤ model for end-stage liver disease score < 20, aged 21-67 years) received either LGG (n = 24) or placebo (n = 22). Data were collected/assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS LGG treatment was associated with a significant reduction in liver injury after 1 month. Six months of LGG treatment reduced heavy drinking levels to social or abstinence levels. DISCUSSION LGG treatment was associated with an improvement in both liver injury and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Wenke Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
| | - Huirong Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
| | - Gyongi Szabo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mack Mitchell
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
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Tian M, Shen J, Qi Z, Feng Y, Fang P. Bioinformatics analysis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease and alcohol dependence based on Ferroptosis-related genes. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201142. [PMID: 37520121 PMCID: PMC10373307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease whose origins have not been universally accepted. Numerous studies have demonstrated the relationship between AD and alcohol dependence; however, few studies have combined the origins of AD, alcohol dependence, and programmed cell death (PCD) to analyze the mechanistic relationship between the development of this pair of diseases. We demonstrated in previous studies the relationship between psychiatric disorders and PCD, and in the same concerning neurodegeneration-related AD, we found an interesting link with the Ferroptosis pathway. In the present study, we explored the bioinformatic interactions between AD, alcohol dependence, and Ferroptosis and tried to elucidate and predict the development of AD from this aspect. Methods We selected the Alzheimer's disease dataset GSE118553 and alcohol dependence dataset GSE44456 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Ferroptosis-related genes were gathered through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and relevant literature, resulting in a total of 88 related genes. For the AD and alcohol dependence datasets, we conducted Limma analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed functional enrichment analysis on the intersection set. Furthermore, we used ferroptosis-related genes and the DEGs to perform machine learning crossover analysis, employing Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression to identify candidate immune-related central genes. This analysis was also used to construct protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) and artificial neural networks (ANN), as well as to plot receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for diagnosing AD and alcohol dependence. We analyzed immune cell infiltration to explore the role of immune cell dysregulation in AD. Subsequently, we conducted consensus clustering analysis of AD using three relevant candidate gene models and examined the immune microenvironment and functional pathways between different subgroups. Finally, we generated a network of gene-gene interactions and miRNA-gene interactions using Networkanalyst. Results The crossover of AD and alcohol dependence DEG contains 278 genes, and functional enrichment analysis showed that both AD and alcohol dependence were strongly correlated with Ferroptosis, and then crossed them with Ferroptosis-related genes to obtain seven genes. Three candidate genes were finally identified by machine learning to build a diagnostic prediction model. After validation by ANN and PPI analysis, ROC curves were plotted to assess the diagnostic value of AD and alcohol dependence. The results showed a high diagnostic value of the predictive model. In the immune infiltration analysis, functional metabolism and immune microenvironment of AD patients were significantly associated with Ferroptosis. Finally, analysis of target genes and miRNA-gene interaction networks showed that hsa-mir-34a-5p and has-mir-106b-5p could simultaneously regulate the expression of both CYBB and ACSL4. Conclusion We obtained a diagnostic prediction model with good effect by comprehensive analysis, and validation of ROC in AD and alcohol dependence data sets showed good diagnostic, predictive value for both AD (AUC 0. 75, CI 0.91-0.60), and alcohol dependence (AUC 0.81, CI 0.95-0.68). In the consensus clustering grouping, we identified variability in the metabolic and immune microenvironment between subgroups as a likely cause of the different prognosis, which was all related to Ferroptosis function. Finally, we discovered that hsa-mir-34a-5p and has-mir-106b-5p could simultaneously regulate the expression of both CYBB and ACSL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tian
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qi
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peidi Fang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yakovlev V, Lapato DM, Rana P, Ghosh P, Frye R, Roberson-Nay R. Neuron Enriched Exosomal MicroRNA Expression Profiles as a Marker of Early Life Alcohol Consumption. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.09.544235. [PMID: 37333185 PMCID: PMC10274862 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.09.544235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption may impact and shape brain development through perturbed biological pathways and impaired molecular functions. We investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption rates and neuron-enriched exosomal microRNA (miRNA) expression to better understand the impact of alcohol use on early life brain biology. Methods Neuron-enriched exosomal miRNA expression was measured from plasma samples collected from young people using a commercially available microarray platform while alcohol consumption was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Linear regression and network analyses were used to identify significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and to characterize the implicated biological pathways, respectively. Results Compared to alcohol naïve controls, young people reporting high alcohol consumption exhibited significantly higher expression of four neuron-enriched exosomal miRNAs including miR-30a-5p, miR-194-5p, and miR-339-3p, although only miR-30a-5p and miR-194-5p survived multiple test correction. The miRNA-miRNA interaction network inferred by a network inference algorithm did not detect any differentially expressed miRNAs with a high cutoff on edge scores. However, when the cutoff of the algorithm was reduced, five miRNAs were identified as interacting with miR-194-5p and miR-30a-5p. These seven miRNAs were associated with 25 biological functions; miR-194-5p was the most highly connected node and was highly correlated with the other miRNAs in this cluster. Conclusions Our observed association between neuron-enriched exosomal miRNAs and alcohol consumption concurs with results from experimental animal models of alcohol use and suggests that high rates of alcohol consumption during the adolescent/young adult years may impact brain functioning and development by modulating miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Yakovlev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dana M Lapato
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebekah Frye
- Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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11
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Domi E, Barchiesi R, Barbier E. Epigenetic Dysregulation in Alcohol-Associated Behaviors: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36717533 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by loss of control over intake and drinking despite harmful consequences. At a molecular level, AUD is associated with long-term neuroadaptations in key brain regions that are involved in reward processing and decision-making. Over the last decades, a great effort has been made to understand the neurobiological basis underlying AUD. Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as an important mechanism in the regulation of long-term alcohol-induced gene expression changes. Here, we review the literature supporting a role for epigenetic processes in AUD. We particularly focused on the three most studied epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, Histone modification and non-coding RNAs. Clinical studies indicate an association between AUD and DNA methylation both at the gene and global levels. Using behavioral paradigms that mimic some of the characteristics of AUD, preclinical studies demonstrate that changes in epigenetic mechanisms can functionally impact alcohol-associated behaviors. While many studies support a therapeutic potential for targeting epigenetic enzymes, more research is needed to fully understand their role in AUD. Identification of brain circuits underlying alcohol-associated behaviors has made major advances in recent years. However, there are very few studies that investigate how epigenetic mechanisms can affect these circuits or impact the neuronal ensembles that promote alcohol-associated behaviors. Studies that focus on the role of circuit-specific and cell-specific epigenetic changes for clinically relevant alcohol behaviors may provide new insights on the functional role of epigenetic processes in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Domi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Barchiesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Alcohol Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Estelle Barbier
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Sagaram M, Royer AJ, Hu H, Rajhans A, Parthasarathy R, Krishnasamy SS, Mokshagundam SP, Kong M, Schwandt ML, Parajuli D, Cave MC, Vatsalya V. Illustration of Gut-Thyroid Axis in Alcohol Use Disorder: Interplay of Gut Dysfunction, Pro-Inflammatory Responses, and Thyroid Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193100. [PMID: 36231061 PMCID: PMC9563601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Heavy and chronic alcohol drinking leads to altered gut dysfunction, coupled with a pro-inflammatory state. Thyroid-associated hormones and proteins may be dysregulated by heavy and chronic alcohol intake; however, the mechanism for altered gut-derived changes in thyroid function has not been studied thus far. This study investigates the role of alcohol-induced gut dysfunction and pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in the thyroid function of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). (2) Methods: Male and female AUD patients (n = 44) were divided into Gr.1, patients with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (n = 28, 0.8 ≤ TSH ≤ 3 mIU/L); and Gr.2, patients with clinically elevated TSH levels (n = 16, TSH > 3 mIU/L). Demographics, drinking measures, comprehensive metabolic panels, and candidate thyroid markers (TSH, circulating triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (fT4)) were analyzed. Gut-dysfunction-associated markers (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble LPS-induced pathogen-associated protein (sCD14)), and candidate pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, PAI-1) were also evaluated. (3) Results: Patients in both groups presented with a borderline overweight BMI category. Gr.2 reported numerically higher indices of chronic and heavy drinking patterns than Gr.1. The fT4 levels were elevated, while T3 was within normal limits in both groups. The gut dysfunction markers LBP and sCD14 were numerically elevated in Gr.2 vs. Gr.1, suggesting subtle ongoing changes. Candidate pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in Gr.2, including IL-1 β, MCP-1, and PAI-1. Gr.2 showed a strong and statistically significant effect on the gut–immune–thyroid response (r = 0.896, 36 p = 0.002) on TSH levels in a multivariate regression model with LBP, sCD14, and PAI-1 levels as upstream variables in the gut–thyroid pathway. In addition, AUROC analysis demonstrated that many of the cytokines strongly predicted TSH in Gr.2, including IL-6 (area = 0.774, 39 p < 0.001) and TNF-α (area = 0.708, p = 0.017), among others. This was not observed in Gr.1. Gr.2 demonstrated elevated fT4, as well as TSH, which suggests that there was subclinical thyroiditis with underlying CNS dysfunction and a lack of a negative feedback loop. (4) Conclusions: These findings reveal the toxic effects of heavy and chronic drinking that play a pathological role in thyroid gland dysregulation by employing the gut–brain axis. These results also emphasize potential directions to carefully evaluate thyroid dysregulation in the overall medical management of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Sagaram
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Amor J. Royer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Huirong Hu
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Abhas Rajhans
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ranganathan Parthasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Sri Prakash Mokshagundam
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Dipendra Parajuli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-502-852-8928 or +1-502-488-0466
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Association of Hypomagnesemia and Liver Injury, Role of Gut-Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation: Efficacy of Abstinence, and 2-Week Medical Management in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911332. [PMID: 36232646 PMCID: PMC9569745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) We investigated the involvement of serum magnesium level in early alcoholic liver disease (ALD), gut barrier dysfunction, and inflammation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients; and lastly, the efficacy of 2-week abstinence and medical management to alleviate hypomagnesemia. (2) Forty-eight heavy drinking AUD patients (34 males (M)/14 females (F)) participated in this study. Patients were grouped by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (a marker of liver injury) as group 1 (Group 1 (Gr.1); ALT ≤ 40 U/L, 7M/8F, without any indication of early-stage ALD) and group 2 (Group 2 (Gr.2); ALT > 40 U/L, 27M/6F or early-stage ALD). These patients were sub-divided within each group into patients with normal magnesium (0.85 and more mmol/L) and deficient magnesium (less than 0.85 mmol/L) levels. All participants were assessed at baseline (BL) and received standard medical management for 2 weeks with reassessment at the treatment end (2w). (3) Female participants of this study showed a significantly lower baseline level of magnesium than their male counterparts. Gr.2 patients showed a greater propensity in the necrotic type of liver cell death, who reported higher chronic and recent heavy drinking. Magnesium level improved to the normal range in Gr.2 post-treatment, especially in the hypomagnesemia sub-group (0.77 ± 0.06 mmol/L (BL) vs. 0.85 ± 0.05 mmol/L (2w), p = 0.02). In Gr.2, both apoptotic (K18M30) and necrotic (K18M65) responses were significantly and independently associated with inflammasome activity comprising of LBP (Lipopolysaccharide binding-protein) and TNFα (Tumor necrosis factor -α), along with serum magnesium. (4) In AUD patients with liver injury, 2-week medical management seems to improve magnesium to a normal level. This group exhibited inflammatory activity (LBP and TNFα) contributing to clinically significant hypomagnesemia. In this group, the level of magnesium, along with the unique inflammatory activity, seems to significantly predict apoptotic and necrotic types of hepatocyte death.
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14
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Ramos A, Joshi RS, Szabo G. Innate immune activation: Parallels in alcohol use disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:910298. [PMID: 36157070 PMCID: PMC9505690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.910298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction especially in the liver and the brain. For more than a decade, studies have highlighted alcohol abuse-mediated impairment of brain function and acceleration of neurodegeneration through inflammatory mechanisms that directly involve innate immune cells. Furthermore, recent studies indicate overlapping genetic risk factors between alcohol use and neurodegenerative disorders, specifically regarding the role of innate immunity in the pathomechanisms of both areas. Considering the pressing need for a better understanding of the relevance of alcohol abuse in dementia progression, here we summarize the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation observed in alcohol abuse and Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia. In addition, we highlight mechanisms that are already established in the field of Alzheimer’s disease that may be relevant to explore in alcoholism to better understand alcohol mediated neurodegeneration and dementia, including the relevance of the liver-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Radhika S. Joshi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gyongyi Szabo,
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15
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Nath P, Anand AC. Extrahepatic Manifestations in Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1371-1383. [PMID: 36157144 PMCID: PMC9499846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though liver is the most commonly affected organ in patients with chronic and excessive intake of alcohol, no organ is immune to toxic effects of alcohol and patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) can suffer from a wide list of extrahepatic manifestations involving gastrointestinal tract, central and peripheral nervous systems, cardio vascular system, musculo-skeletal system, disruption of nutritional status, endocrinological abnormalities, hematological abnormalities and immune dysfunction. These extrahepatic organ involvements are usually overlooked by hepatologists and physicians who are mostly focused on managing life threatening complications of ALD. As a result, there is delayed diagnosis, delay in the initiation of appropriate treatment and late referral to other specialists. Some of these manifestations are of utmost clinical importance (e.g. delirium tremans and Wernicke's encephalopathy) because an early diagnosis and treatment can lead to full recovery while delayed or no treatment can result in death. On the other hand, several extrahepatic manifestations are of prognostic significance (such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy and malignancies) in which there is an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Hence, a clear understanding and awareness of the extrahepatic manifestations of ALD is quintessential for proper management of these patients.
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Key Words
- ACE, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme
- ALD, Alcohol related Liver Disease
- AUD, Alcohol Use Disorder
- GAVE, Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
- GERD, Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IL, Interleukin
- NERD, Non-Erosive Reflux Disease
- PPI, Proton Pump Inhibitors
- TNF, Tumour Necrosis Factor
- UGI, Upper Gastrointestinal
- WHO, World Health Organization
- alcohol use disorder
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- alcoholic liver disease
- alcoholic myopathy
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
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Bigdelou B, Sepand MR, Najafikhoshnoo S, Negrete JAT, Sharaf M, Ho JQ, Sullivan I, Chauhan P, Etter M, Shekarian T, Liang O, Hutter G, Esfandiarpour R, Zanganeh S. COVID-19 and Preexisting Comorbidities: Risks, Synergies, and Clinical Outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890517. [PMID: 35711466 PMCID: PMC9196863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated symptoms, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in the declaration of a pandemic. When several countries began enacting quarantine and lockdown policies, the pandemic as it is now known truly began. While most patients have minimal symptoms, approximately 20% of verified subjects are suffering from serious medical consequences. Co-existing diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and others, have been shown to make patients more vulnerable to severe outcomes from COVID-19 by modulating host-viral interactions and immune responses, causing severe infection and mortality. In this review, we outline the putative signaling pathways at the interface of COVID-19 and several diseases, emphasizing the clinical and molecular implications of concurring diseases in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. As evidence is limited on co-existing diseases and COVID-19, most findings are preliminary, and further research is required for optimal management of patients with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Bigdelou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Sahar Najafikhoshnoo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Alfonso Tavares Negrete
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mohammed Sharaf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jim Q Ho
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ian Sullivan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Manina Etter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tala Shekarian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olin Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahim Esfandiarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
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17
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León BE, Kang S, Franca-Solomon G, Shang P, Choi DS. Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:778456. [PMID: 35221939 PMCID: PMC8866940 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.778456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles central to various cellular functions such as energy production, metabolic pathways, signaling transduction, lipid biogenesis, and apoptosis. In the central nervous system, neurons depend on mitochondria for energy homeostasis to maintain optimal synaptic transmission and integrity. Deficiencies in mitochondrial function, including perturbations in energy homeostasis and mitochondrial dynamics, contribute to aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Chronic and heavy alcohol use is associated with accelerated brain aging, and increased risk for dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, through neuroimmune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, excessive alcohol use induces mitochondrial dysfunction. The direct and indirect alcohol-induced neuroimmune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, are critical for the relationship between alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In the brain, alcohol activates microglia and increases inflammatory mediators that can impair mitochondrial energy production, dynamics, and initiate cell death pathways. Also, alcohol-induced cytokines in the peripheral organs indirectly, but synergistically exacerbate alcohol's effects on brain function. This review will provide recent and advanced findings focusing on how alcohol alters the aging process and aggravates Alzheimer's disease with a focus on mitochondrial function. Finally, we will contextualize these findings to inform clinical and therapeutic approaches towards Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Emanuel León
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gabriela Franca-Solomon
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Pei Shang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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18
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Non-coding RNA in alcohol use disorder by affecting synaptic plasticity. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:365-379. [PMID: 35028694 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. AUD is a complex disorder, and there is ample evidence that genetic predisposition is critical to its development. Recent studies have shown that genetic predisposition leads to the onset of AUD, and alcohol metabolism can affect epigenetic inheritance, which in turn affects synaptic plasticity, alters brain function, and leads to more severe addictive behaviors. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play an important role in alcohol addiction. This paper reviews the regulatory role of ncRNAs. ncRNAs are involved in enzyme and neurotransmitter reaction systems during alcohol use disorder. Alcohol consumption regulates the expression of ncRNAs that mediate epigenetic modification and synaptic plasticity, which play an important role in the development of chronic AUD. ncRNAs may be used not only as predictors of therapeutic responses but also as therapeutic targets of AUD. Chronic alcoholism is more likely to lead to neuroimmune disorders, including permanent brain dysfunction. AUD induced by long-term alcoholism greatly alters the expression of genes in the human genome, especially the expression of ncRNAs. Alcohol can cause a series of pathological changes by interfering with gene expression, such as through disordered miRNA-mRNA expression networks, epigenetic modifications, disordered metabolism, and even synaptic remodeling. ncRNAs are involved in the transition from moderate drinking to alcohol dependence.
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Malherbe DC, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Monocyte and Macrophage Dysfunction by Chronic Alcohol Consumption. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911951. [PMID: 35844518 PMCID: PMC9277054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking alcohol, even in moderation, can affect the immune system. Studies have shown disproportionate effects of alcohol on circulating and tissue-resident myeloid cells (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells). These cells orchestrate the body's first line of defense against microbial challenges as well as maintain tissue homeostasis and repair. Alcohol's effects on these cells are dependent on exposure pattern, with acute drinking dampening but chronic drinking enhancing production of inflammatory mediators. Although chronic drinking is associated with heightened systemic inflammation, studies on tissue resident macrophage populations in several organs including the spleen, liver, brain, and lung have also shown compromised functional and metabolic capacities of these cells. Many of these effects are thought to be mediated by oxidative stress caused by alcohol and its metabolites which can directly impact the cellular epigenetic landscapes. In addition, since myeloid cells are relatively short-lived in circulation and are under constant repopulation from the bone marrow compartment, alcohol's effects on bone marrow progenitors and hematopoiesis are important for understanding the impact of alcohol systemically on these myeloid populations. Alcohol-induced disruption of progenitor, circulating, and tissue resident myeloid populations contribute to the increased susceptibility of patients with alcohol use disorders to viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on the function of monocytes and macrophages in host defense, tissue repair and inflammation. We then summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced disruption and examine changes in transcriptome and epigenome of monocytes and mcrophages. Overall, chronic alcohol consumption leads to hyper-inflammation concomitant with decreased microbial and wound healing responses by monocytes/macrophages due to a rewiring of the epigentic and transcriptional landscape. However, in advanced alcoholic liver disease, myeloid cells become immunosuppressed as a response to the surrounding hyper-inflammatory milieu. Therefore, the effect of chronic alcohol on the inflammatory response depends on disease state and the immune cell population.
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20
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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21
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Gene expression correlates of advanced epigenetic age and psychopathology in postmortem cortical tissue. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100371. [PMID: 34458511 PMCID: PMC8377489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric stress has been associated with accelerated epigenetic aging (i.e., when estimates of cellular age based on DNA methylation exceed chronological age) in both blood and brain tissue. Little is known about the downstream biological effects of accelerated epigenetic age on gene expression. In this study we examined associations between DNA methylation-derived estimates of cellular age that range from decelerated to accelerated relative to chronological age (“DNAm age residuals”) and transcriptome-wide gene expression. This was examined using tissue from three post-mortem cortical regions (ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex, n = 97) from the VA National PTSD Brain Bank. In addition, we examined how posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorders (AUD) moderated the association between DNAm age residuals and gene expression. Transcriptome-wide results across brain regions, psychiatric diagnoses, and cohorts (full sample and male and female subsets) revealed experiment-wide differential expression of 11 genes in association with PTSD or AUD in interaction with DNAm age residuals. This included the inflammation-related genes IL1B, RCOR2, and GCNT1. Candidate gene class analyses and gene network enrichment analyses further supported differential expression of inflammation/immune gene networks as well as glucocorticoid, circadian, and oxidative stress-related genes. Gene co-expression network modules suggested enrichment of myelination related processes and oligodendrocyte enrichment in association with DNAm age residuals in the presence of psychopathology. Collectively, results suggest that psychiatric stress accentuates the association between advanced epigenetic age and expression of inflammation genes in the brain. This highlights the role of inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of accelerated cellular aging and suggests that inflammatory pathways may link accelerated cellular aging to premature disease onset and neurodegeneration, particularly in stressed populations. This suggests that anti-inflammatory interventions may be an important direction to pursue in evaluating ways to prevent or delay cellular aging and increase resilience to diseases of aging.
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22
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Lewis SA, Sureshchandra S, Doratt B, Jimenez VA, Stull C, Grant KA, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional, Epigenetic, and Functional Reprogramming of Monocytes From Non-Human Primates Following Chronic Alcohol Drinking. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724015. [PMID: 34489976 PMCID: PMC8417707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heavy drinking (CHD) of alcohol is a known risk factor for increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infection as well as impaired wound healing. Evidence suggests that these defects are mediated by a dysregulated inflammatory response originating from myeloid cells, notably monocytes and macrophages, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our ability to study CHD is impacted by the complexities of human drinking patterns and behavior as well as comorbidities and confounding risk factors for patients with alcohol use disorders. To overcome these challenges, we utilized a translational rhesus macaque model of voluntary ethanol self-administration that closely recapitulates human drinking patterns and chronicity. In this study, we examined the effects of CHD on blood monocytes in control and CHD female macaques after 12 months of daily ethanol consumption. While monocytes from CHD female macaques generated a hyper-inflammatory response to ex vivo LPS stimulation, their response to E. coli was dampened. In depth scRNA-Seq analysis of purified monocytes revealed significant shifts in classical monocyte subsets with accumulation of cells expressing markers of hypoxia (HIF1A) and inflammation (NFkB signaling pathway) in CHD macaques. The increased presence of monocyte subsets skewed towards inflammatory phenotypes was complemented by epigenetic analysis, which revealed higher accessibility of promoter regions that regulate genes involved in cytokine signaling pathways. Collectively, data presented in this manuscript demonstrate that CHD shifts classical monocyte subset composition and primes the monocytes towards a more hyper-inflammatory response to LPS, but compromised pathogen response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa A. Jimenez
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Cara Stull
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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23
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Feng X, Bao J, Song C, Xie L, Tan X, Li J, Jia H, Tian M, Qi J, Qin C, Bian H. Functional role of miR‑155 in physiological and pathological processes of liver injury (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:714. [PMID: 34396452 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several types of liver injury, including alcohol‑induced liver injury, drug‑induced liver injury, infectious liver injury, cirrhosis, liver ischemia/reperfusion injury and liver failure. In recent years, accumulated data have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) may be involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of systemic diseases, such as immune diseases, tumors and nervous system diseases. miR‑155 is a key miRNA, which has been studied extensively and has been shown to target different genes. In the present review, the potential effects and mechanisms of miR‑155 on the physiological and pathological processes of liver injury were reviewed from the perspective of cell stress, inflammation and activation of fibrosis. In addition, the potential benefits of miR‑155 as a therapeutic target and predictor of liver injury were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Zhangqiu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Xu Tan
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Department of Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Single-Centre Retrospective Training Cohort Using Artificial Intelligence for Prognostic Prediction of Encephalopathy, Mortality, and Liver Dysfunction after Early TIPS Creation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44:1597-1608. [PMID: 34240232 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on an artificial intelligence approach, this study attempted to establish prognostic models to predict 3-month overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) occurrence, 1-year mortality, and liver dysfunction for cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding (AVB) treated with early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included patients treated with early TIPS between January 2016 and November 2019. Independent risk factors associated with occurrence of OHE within 3 months, 1-year mortality, and liver dysfunction after early TIPS were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Artificial neural network (ANN) models and prognostic nomograms based on the independent risk factors were established and validated internally. RESULTS A total of 207 patients were included, with 33 (15.9%) experienced OHE within 3 months after TIPS creation. The albumin-bilirubin grade (P = 0.015), age (≤ 65, > 65 years) (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.002), and alcoholic cirrhosis (P = 0.013) was identified as independent risk factors associated with 3-month OHE. Presence of portal vein thrombosis (P = 0.034) and model for end-stage liver disease score (P = 0.063) were identified as independent risk factors associated with 1-year mortality. The platelet-albumin-bilirubin grade (P = 0.041) and a history of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.018) were identified as independent risk factors associated with liver dysfunction after TIPS creation. Three ANN models and three nomograms were then established and validated with high accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The ANN and nomogram models have potential to accurately predict early occurrence of OHE, mortality, and liver dysfunction after early TIPS creation for cirrhotic patients with AVB.
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Qin L, Zou J, Barnett A, Vetreno RP, Crews FT, Coleman LG. TRAIL Mediates Neuronal Death in AUD: A Link between Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2547. [PMID: 33806288 PMCID: PMC7961445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cause of progressive neurodegeneration is often unclear, neuronal death can occur through several mechanisms. In conditions such as Alzheimer's or alcohol use disorder (AUD), Toll-like receptor (TLR) induction is observed with neurodegeneration. However, links between TLR activation and neurodegeneration are lacking. We report a role of apoptotic neuronal death in AUD through TLR7-mediated induction of death receptor signaling. In postmortem human cortex, a two-fold increase in apoptotic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in neurons was found in AUD versus controls. This occurred with the increased expression of TLR7 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors. Binge ethanol treatment in C57BL/6 mice increased TLR7 and induced neuronal apoptosis in cortical regions that was blocked by TLR7 antagonism. Mechanistic studies in primary organotypic brain slice culture (OBSC) found that the inhibition of TLR7 and its endogenous ligand let-7b blocked ethanol-induced neuronal cell death. Both IMQ and ethanol induced the expression of TRAIL and its death receptor. In addition, TRAIL-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies blocked both imiquimod (IMQ) and ethanol induced neuronal death. These findings implicate TRAIL as a mediator of neuronal apoptosis downstream of TLR7 activation. TLR7 and neuronal apoptosis are implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, TRAIL may represent a therapeutic target to slow neurodegeneration in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Jian Zou
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Alexandra Barnett
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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26
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Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030541. [PMID: 33540624 PMCID: PMC7867253 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, increased research into the cognizance of the gut-liver-brain axis in medicine has yielded powerful evidence suggesting a strong association between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the brain, including hepatic encephalopathy or other similar brain disorders. In the gut-brain axis, chronic, alcohol-drinking-induced, low-grade systemic inflammation is suggested to be the main pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with ALD. However, the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites have remained unclear. Eubiosis of the gut microbiome is crucial as dysbiosis between autochthonous bacteria and pathobionts leads to intestinal insult, liver injury, and neuroinflammation. Restoring dysbiosis using modulating factors such as alcohol abstinence, promoting commensal bacterial abundance, maintaining short-chain fatty acids in the gut, or vagus nerve stimulation could be beneficial in alleviating disease progression. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic mechanisms linked with the gut-liver-brain axis in the development and progression of brain disorders associated with ALD in both experimental models and humans. Further, we discuss the therapeutic potential and future research directions as they relate to the gut-liver-brain axis.
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27
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Tong H, Gan C, Wei B, Wang ZD, Li XD, Qian SJ, Huan H, Zhang LH, Yang Z, Chen YL, Gu YH, Chen LX, Yang YH, Wu H, Tang CW. Risk factors for overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:31-40. [PMID: 33128287 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the risk factors and establish a risk score for post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). METHODS Altogether 299 and 62 cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS from January 2015 to March 2018 were divided into the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The data of the derivation cohort were analyzed for risk factors of post-TIPS OHE. A risk score was established from the derivation cohort and verified by the validation cohort. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 112.6 weeks, 52 (17.4%) patients in the derivation cohort experienced post-TIPS OHE. Logistic regression showed that alcoholic cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR] 3.068, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.423-6.613, P = 0.004), stent diameter of 10 mm (OR 12.046 [95% CI 2.308-62.862], P = 0.003), portal pressure gradient (PPG) decrement ≥60% (OR 3.548 [95% CI 1.741-7.230], P < 0.001), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score ≥10 (OR 2.695 [95% CI 1.203-6.035], P = 0.016), blood ammonia (OR 1.009 [95% CI 1.000-1.018], P = 0.043) and notable hydrothorax (OR 4.393 [95% CI 1.554-12.415], P = 0.005) were associated with an increased risk of post-TIPS OHE. The risk score reached a promising risk evaluation of post-TIPS OHE when verified by the validation cohort (sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 70.7%, accuracy 71.0%). CONCLUSIONS Alcoholic cirrhosis and notable hydrothorax are independent risk factors for post-TIPS OHE in liver cirrhosis, together with the stent diameter of 10 mm, PPG decrement ≥60%, MELD score ≥10 and blood ammonia. The established risk score is reliable to identify high-risk individuals of developing post-TIPS OHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Can Gan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi Dong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuai Jie Qian
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Huan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Long Chen
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Hong Gu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liu Xiang Chen
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Hang Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng Wei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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28
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Salehi E, Mashayekh M, Taheri F, Gholami M, Motaghinejad M, Safari S, Sepehr A. Curcumin Can be Acts as Effective agent for Prevent or Treatment of Alcohol-induced Toxicity in Hepatocytes: An Illustrated Mechanistic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:418-436. [PMID: 34400970 PMCID: PMC8170768 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112852.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alcohol abuse can cause serious liver damage and cirrhosis. The main pathway for these types of hepatocellular cell neurodegeneration is mitochondrial dysfunction, which causes lipid peroxidation and dysfunction of the glutathione ring and the defect of antioxidant enzymes in alcoholic hepatic cells. Alcohol can also initiate malicious inflammatory pathways and trigger the initiation and activation of intestinal and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in hepatocellular tissues that lead to cirrhosis. Previous studies have shown that curcumin may inhibit lipid peroxidation, glutathione dysfunction and restore antioxidant enzymes. Curcumin also modulates inflammation and the production of alcohol-induced biomarkers. Curcumin has been shown to play a critical role in the survival of alcoholic hepatocellular tissue. It has been shown that curcumin can induce and trigger mitochondrial biogenesis and, by this mechanism, prevent the occurrence of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in liver cells that have been impaired by alcohol. According to this mechanism, curcumin may protect hepatocellular tissue from alcohol-induced cell degeneration and may therefore survive alcoholic hepatocellular tissue. . Based on these mechanisms, the protective functions of curcumin against alcohol-induced cell degeneration due to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis events in hepatocellular tissue have been recorded. Hence, in this research, we have attempted to evaluate and analyze the main contribution mechanism of curcumin cell defense properties against alcohol-induced hepatocellular damage, according to previous experimental and clinical studies, and in this way we report findings from major studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Salehi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mashayekh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Taheri
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afrah Sepehr
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Lowe PP, Morel C, Ambade A, Iracheta-Vellve A, Kwiatkowski E, Satishchandran A, Furi I, Cho Y, Gyongyosi B, Catalano D, Lefebvre E, Fischer L, Seyedkazemi S, Schafer DP, Szabo G. Chronic alcohol-induced neuroinflammation involves CCR2/5-dependent peripheral macrophage infiltration and microglia alterations. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:296. [PMID: 33036616 PMCID: PMC7547498 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and behavioral alterations including addiction. Alcohol-induced neuroinflammation is characterized by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (including TNFα, IL-1β, and CCL2) and microglial activation. We hypothesized chronic alcohol consumption results in peripheral immune cell infiltration to the CNS. Since chemotaxis through the CCL2-CCR2 signaling axis is critical for macrophage recruitment peripherally and centrally, we further hypothesized that blockade of CCL2 signaling using the dual CCR2/5 inhibitor cenicriviroc (CVC) would prevent alcohol-induced CNS infiltration of peripheral macrophages and alter the neuroinflammatory state in the brain after chronic alcohol consumption. Methods C57BL/6J female mice were fed an isocaloric or 5% (v/v) ethanol Lieber DeCarli diet for 6 weeks. Some mice received daily injections of CVC. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages were characterized and quantified by flow cytometry and visualized using CX3CR1eGFP/+ CCR2RFP/+ reporter mice. The effect of ethanol and CVC treatment on the expression of inflammatory genes was evaluated in various regions of the brain, using a Nanostring nCounter inflammation panel. Microglia activation was analyzed by immunofluorescence. CVC-treated and untreated mice were presented with the two-bottle choice test. Results Chronic alcohol consumption induced microglia activation and peripheral macrophage infiltration in the CNS, particularly in the hippocampus. Treatment with CVC abrogated ethanol-induced recruitment of peripheral macrophages and partially reversed microglia activation. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory markers was upregulated by chronic alcohol consumption in various regions of the brain, including the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Inhibition of CCR2/5 decreased alcohol-mediated expression of inflammatory markers. Finally, microglia function was impaired by chronic alcohol consumption and restored by CVC treatment. CVC treatment did not change the ethanol consumption or preference of mice in the two-bottle choice test. Conclusions Together, our data establish that chronic alcohol consumption promotes the recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the CNS and microglia alterations through the CCR2/5 axis. Therefore, further exploration of the CCR2/5 axis as a modulator of neuroinflammation may offer a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of alcohol-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Lowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Morel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST-214B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Aditya Ambade
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erica Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Istvan Furi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yeonhee Cho
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST-214B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST-214B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST-214B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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30
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Shukla PK, Meena AS, Rao R. Prevention and mitigation of alcohol-induced neuroinflammation by Lactobacillus plantarum by an EGF receptor-dependent mechanism. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:871-883. [PMID: 32945721 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1819105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol use disorders. We investigated the role of Gut-Brain interactions in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation by probiotic-mediated manipulation of intestinal dysbiosis in mice. Chronic ethanol feeding induced dysbiosis, as evidenced by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and depletion of Lactobacillus species in the colon. Ethanol increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in plasma and the mRNA for IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and MCP1 genes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Ethanol feeding increased inulin flux from the circulation into different brain regions, accompanied by the increase in TLR4 mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that ethanol elevates the expression of microglial activation marker TMEM119 in the cerebral cortex. Feeding L. plantarum suppressed the ethanol-induced dysbiosis to some extent, as evidenced by attenuation of ethanol effects on Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and abundance of Lactobacillus spp. L. plantarum blocked ethanol-induced elevation of plasma cytokines, inulin permeability to the brain, mRNA for TLR4, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and MCP1 in brain regions, and the expression of TMEM119 in the cerebral cortex. The L. plantarum effect was absent in mice that express a dominant-negative EGFR, suggesting that the EGFR receptor plays an essential role in the protective effect of L. plantarum against ethanol-induced neuroinflammation. L. plantarum, when administered after chronic ethanol-induced injury, rescued the ethanol-induced systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. This study demonstrates that L. plantarum in the gut prevents and mitigates ethanol-induced neuroinflammation by an EGFR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Shukla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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31
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Kamal H, Tan GC, Ibrahim SF, Shaikh MF, Mohamed IN, Mohamed RMP, Hamid AA, Ugusman A, Kumar J. Alcohol Use Disorder, Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Interplay Between Oxidative Stress, Neuroimmune Response and Excitotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:282. [PMID: 33061892 PMCID: PMC7488355 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Prolonged excessive alcohol intake contributes to increased production of reactive oxygen species that triggers neuroimmune response and cellular apoptosis and necrosis via lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial, protein or DNA damage. Long term binge alcohol consumption also upregulates glutamate receptors, glucocorticoids and reduces reuptake of glutamate in the central nervous system, resulting in glutamate excitotoxicity, and eventually mitochondrial injury and cell death. In this review, we delineate the following principles in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration: (1) alcohol-induced oxidative stress, (2) neuroimmune response toward increased oxidants and lipopolysaccharide, (3) glutamate excitotoxicity and cell injury, and (4) interplay between oxidative stress, neuroimmune response and excitotoxicity leading to neurodegeneration and (5) potential chronic alcohol intake-induced development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haziq Kamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rashidi M. Pakri Mohamed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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32
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Fernández-Solà J. The Effects of Ethanol on the Heart: Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Nutrients 2020; 12:E572. [PMID: 32098364 PMCID: PMC7071520 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic-dilated Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is the most prevalent form of ethanol-induced heart damage. Ethanol induces ACM in a dose-dependent manner, independently of nutrition, vitamin, or electrolyte disturbances. It has synergistic effects with other heart risk factors. ACM produces a progressive reduction in myocardial contractility and heart chamber dilatation, leading to heart failure episodes and arrhythmias. Pathologically, ethanol induces myocytolysis, apoptosis, and necrosis of myocytes, with repair mechanisms causing hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Myocyte ethanol targets include changes in membrane composition, receptors, ion channels, intracellular [Ca2+] transients, and structural proteins, and disrupt sarcomere contractility. Cardiac remodeling tries to compensate for this damage, establishing a balance between aggression and defense mechanisms. The final process of ACM is the result of dosage and individual predisposition. The ACM prognosis depends on the degree of persistent ethanol intake. Abstinence is the preferred goal, although controlled drinking may still improve cardiac function. New strategies are addressed to decrease myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis and try to improve myocyte regeneration, minimizing ethanol-related cardiac damage. Growth factors and cardiomyokines are relevant molecules that may modify this process. Cardiac transplantation is the final measure in end-stage ACM but is limited to those subjects able to achieve abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Fernández-Solà
- Alcohol Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Recerca August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08007 Catalunya, Spain;
- Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Orio L. Microbiota and Alcohol Use Disorder: Are Psychobiotics a Novel Therapeutic Strategy? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2426-2437. [PMID: 31969090 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200122153541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an exciting focus of research attempting to understand neuropsychiatric disorders from a holistic perspective in order to determine the role of gut microbiota in the aetiology and pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, the possible therapeutic benefits of targeting gut microbiota are being explored for conditions such as stress, depression or schizophrenia. Growing evidence indicates that there is bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain that has an effect on normal CNS functioning and behavioural responses. Alcohol abuse damages the gastrointestinal tract, alters gut microbiota and induces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The relationship between alcohol abuse and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, inflammation and immune regulation has been well documented. In this review, we explore the connection between microbiota, brain function and behaviour, as well as the mechanisms through which alcohol induces microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Finally, we propose the study of psychobiotics as a novel pharmaceutical strategy to treat alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Nguyen W, Mori S, Wills DN, Otero D, Aguirre CA, Singh M, Ehlers CL, Conti B. Time Course of Blood and Brain Cytokine/Chemokine Levels Following Adolescent Alcohol Exposure and Withdrawal in Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2547-2558. [PMID: 31589333 PMCID: PMC6904424 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for neural development, and alcohol exposure during adolescence can lead to an elevated risk for health consequences as well as alcohol use disorders. Clinical and experimental data suggest that chronic alcohol exposure may produce immunomodulatory effects that can lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways as well as microglial markers. The present study evaluated, in brain and blood, the effects of adolescent alcohol exposure and withdrawal on microglia and on the most representative pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and major chemokines that can contribute to the establishing of a neuroinflammatory environment. METHODS Wistar rats (males, n = 96) were exposed to ethanol (EtOH) vapors, or air control, for 5 weeks over adolescence (PD22-PD58). Brains and blood samples were collected at 3 time points: (i) after 35 days of vapor/air exposure (PD58); (ii) after 1 day of withdrawal (PD59), and (iii) 28 days after withdrawal (PD86). The ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) was used to index microglial activation, and cytokine/chemokine responses were analyzed using magnetic bead panels. RESULTS After 35 days of adolescent vapor exposure, a significant increase in Iba-1 immunoreactivity was seen in amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. However, Iba-1 density returned to control levels at both 1 day and 28 days of withdrawal except in the hippocampus where Iba-1 density was significantly lower than controls. In serum, adolescent EtOH exposure induced a reduction in IL-13 and an increase in fractalkine at day 35. After 1 day of withdrawal, IL-18 was reduced, and IP-10 was elevated, whereas both IP-10 and IL-10 were elevated at 28 days following withdrawal. In the frontal cortex, adolescent EtOH exposure induced an increase in IL-1β at day 35, and 28 days of withdrawal, and IL-10 was increased after 28 days of withdrawal. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that EtOH exposure during adolescence produces significant microglial activation; however, inflammatory markers seen in the blood appear to differ from those observed in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Simone Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Derek N Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Dennis Otero
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center and National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Carlos A Aguirre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Mona Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Bruno Conti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Loftis JM, Taylor J, Hudson R, Firsick EJ. Neuroinvasion and cognitive impairment in comorbid alcohol dependence and chronic viral infection: An initial investigation. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 335:577006. [PMID: 31325774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that invade the central nervous system (CNS) can cause neuropsychiatric impairments. Similarly, chronic alcohol exposure can induce inflammatory responses that alter brain function. However, the effects of a chronic viral infection and comorbid alcohol use on neuroinflammation and behavior are not well-defined. We investigated the role of heavy alcohol intake in regulating inflammatory responses and behavioral signs of cognitive impairments in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13. LCMV-infected mice exposed to alcohol had increased peripheral inflammation and impaired cognitive function (as indicated by performance on the novel object recognition test). Initial findings suggest that brain region-specific dysregulation of microglial response to viral infection may contribute to cognitive impairments in the context of heavy alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jonathan Taylor
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evan J Firsick
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
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Alcohol-induced IL-17A production in Paneth cells amplifies endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and inflammasome-IL-18 activation in the proximal small intestine in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:930-944. [PMID: 31105269 PMCID: PMC6599481 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbial translocation contributes to alcoholic hepatitis. Using a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the effects of chronic alcohol plus binge and found increased abundance of Paneth cells and IL-17A in the proximal small intestine (PSI). Alcohol increased IL-17A production and pro-apoptotic signaling evidenced by Bax, Bim, caspase-3, and caspase-8 increases via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress indicated by C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) upregulation; this was prevented by the ER stress inhibitor, 4-PBA, in isolated crypts in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IL-17 augmented alcohol-induced ER stress in isolated crypts. In vivo IL-17A blocking antibody administration in alcohol-treated mice attenuated ER stress-mediated apoptosis and IL-18 induction and prevented alcohol-induced impairment of tight junctions in the PSI and LPS translocation to the liver. Acute-on-chronic alcohol resulted in inflammasome activation, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-18 production in the PSI. In vivo treatment with antibiotics or 4-PBA prevented CHOP upregulation and inflammasome activation. Our data suggest that alcohol upregulates innate immune mechanisms by increasing Paneth cell numbers and IL-17A release contributing to apoptosis amplification, inflammasome activation, and gut leakiness in the PSI. Binge alcohol-induced Paneth cell expansion, ER stress, and inflammasome activation in the PSI are modulated by the gut microbiome.
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Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in the ethanol-induced neuroimmune response in the brain. Ethanol initiates the innate immune response via activation of the innate immune receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs, e.g., TLR4, TLR3, TLR7) and NOD-like receptors (inflammasome NLRs) leading to a release of a plethora of chemokines and cytokines and development of the innate immune response. Cytokines and chemokines can have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties through which they regulate the immune response. In this chapter, we will focus on key cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1/CCL2) that mediate the ethanol-induced neuroimmune responses. In this regard, we will use IL-1β, as an example cytokine, to discuss the neuromodulatory properties of cytokines on cellular properties and synaptic transmission. We will discuss their involvement through a set of evidence: (1) changes in gene and protein expression following ethanol exposure, (2) association of gene polymorphisms (humans) and alterations in gene expression (animal models) with increased alcohol intake, and (3) modulation of alcohol-related behaviors by transgenic or pharmacological manipulations of chemokine and cytokine systems. Over the last years, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating cytokine- and chemokine-dependent regulation of immune responses has advanced tremendously, and we review evidence pointing to cytokines and chemokines serving as neuromodulators and regulators of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Reesha R Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Brar G, Tsukamoto H. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: global perspective and emerging science. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:218-225. [PMID: 30643981 PMCID: PMC6394716 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-01542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and high-fat diet are two major risk factors responsible for metabolic diseases, which are manifested as steatohepatitis and liver cancer in the liver, and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the pancreas. These metabolic diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent around the globe, and more importantly, their two major etiologies commonly coexist to precipitate the disease processes. To highlight the importance of these metabolic diseases, Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (JSGE) and National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse of National Institute of Health cosponsored the JSGE's 7th International Forum jointly held with the 12th International Symposium on ALPD and Cirrhosis. Toward the main theme of "Frontiers in ASH, NASH, NBNC-HCC and PDAC", this platform showcased presentations by 12 invited international and Japanese speakers on brain-gut-liver interactions, emerging mechanisms of ASH and NASH, metabolic reprogramming, and new therapeutic targets for cirrhosis, HCC, and PDAC. This editorial discusses the most recent data on global statistics on how alcohol and obesity impact health and longevity as a prelude to a brief summary of the symposium presentations and discussions, primarily focusing on the first two session themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmehr Brar
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Tolefree JA, Garcia AJ, Farrell J, Meadows V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Francis N, Mirabel J, Francis H. Alcoholic liver disease and mast cells: What's your gut got to do with it? LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hillemacher T, Frieling H. Pharmacotherapeutic options for co-morbid depression and alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:547-569. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1561870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Girard M, Malauzat D, Nubukpo P. Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:76-90. [PMID: 28669319 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1349338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. METHODS Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Girard
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Philippe Nubukpo
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France.,b Faculté de Médecine , UMR/INSERM 1094/NET , Limoges , France
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Patel RR, Khom S, Steinman MQ, Varodayan FP, Kiosses WB, Hedges DM, Vlkolinsky R, Nadav T, Polis I, Bajo M, Roberts AJ, Roberto M. IL-1β expression is increased and regulates GABA transmission following chronic ethanol in mouse central amygdala. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:208-219. [PMID: 30791967 PMCID: PMC6383367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 system (IL-1) is a prominent pro-inflammatory pathway responsible for the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Human genetic and preclinical studies suggest a critical role for IL-1β signaling in ethanol drinking and dependence, but little is known about the effects of chronic ethanol on the IL-1 system in addiction-related brain regions such as the central amygdala (CeA). In this study, we generated naïve, non-dependent (Non-Dep) and dependent (Dep) male mice using a paradigm of chronic-intermittent ethanol vapor exposure interspersed with two-bottle choice to examine 1) the expression of IL-1β, 2) the role of the IL-1 system on GABAergic transmission, and 3) the potential interaction with the acute effects of ethanol in the CeA. Immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy was used to assess expression of IL-1β in microglia and neurons in the CeA, and whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from CeA neurons to measure the effects of IL-1β (50 ng/ml) or the endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra; 100 ng/ml) on action potential-dependent spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Overall, we found that IL-1β expression is significantly increased in microglia and neurons of Dep compared to Non-Dep and naïve mice, IL-1β and IL-1ra bi-directionally modulate GABA transmission through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in all three groups, and IL-1β and IL-1ra do not alter the facilitation of GABA release induced by acute ethanol. These data suggest that while ethanol dependence induces a neuroimmune response in the CeA, as indicated by increased IL-1β expression, this does not significantly alter the neuromodulatory role of IL-1β on synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reesha R Patel
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sophia Khom
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Q Steinman
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florence P Varodayan
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David M Hedges
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tali Nadav
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ilham Polis
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michal Bajo
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lowe PP, Gyongyosi B, Satishchandran A, Iracheta-Vellve A, Cho Y, Ambade A, Szabo G. Reduced gut microbiome protects from alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and alters intestinal and brain inflammasome expression. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:298. [PMID: 30368255 PMCID: PMC6203993 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The end-organ effects of alcohol span throughout the entire body, from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system (CNS). In the intestine, alcohol use changes the microbiome composition and increases gut permeability allowing translocation of microbial components into the circulation. Gut-derived pathogen-associated signals initiate inflammatory responses in the liver and possibly elsewhere in the body. Because previous studies showed that the gut microbiome contributes to alcohol-induced liver disease, we hypothesized that antibiotic administration to reduce the gut microbiome would attenuate alcohol-induced inflammation in the brain and small intestine (SI). Methods Six- to 8-week-old C57BL/6J female mice were fed alcohol in a liquid diet or a calorie-matched control diet for 10 days with an acute alcohol binge or sugar on the final day (acute-on-chronic alcohol administration). Some mice were treated with oral antibiotics daily to diminish the gut microbiome. We compared serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β by ELISA; expression of cytokines Tnfα, Mcp1, Hmgb1, Il-17, Il-23, Il-6, and Cox2; and inflammasome components Il-1β, Il-18, Casp1, Asc, and Nlrp3 in the CNS and SI by qRT-PCR. Microglial morphology was analyzed using immunohistochemical IBA1 staining in the cortex and hippocampus. Results Antibiotics dramatically reduced the gut microbiome load in both alcohol- and pair-fed mice. Alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and increase in SI cytokine expression were attenuated in mice with antibiotic treatment. Acute-on-chronic alcohol did not induce serum TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β. Alcohol feeding significantly increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as Tnfα, Mcp1, Hmgb1, Il-17, and Il-23 in the brain and intestine. Reduction in the gut bacterial load, as a result of antibiotic treatment, attenuated the expression of all of these alcohol-induced proinflammatory cytokines in both the brain and SI. Alcohol feeding resulted in microglia activation and morphologic changes in the cortex and hippocampus characterized by a reactive phenotype. These alcohol-induced changes were abrogated following an antibiotic-induced reduction in the gut microbiome. Unexpectedly, antibiotic treatment increased the mRNA expression of some inflammasome components in both the brain and intestine. Conclusions Our data show for the first time that the acute-on-chronic alcohol administration in mice induces both neuroinflammation and intestinal inflammation and that reduction in the intestinal bacterial load can attenuate alcohol-associated CNS and gut inflammation. Gut microbiome-derived signals contribute to neuroinflammation in acute-on-chronic alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Lowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Yeonhee Cho
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Aditya Ambade
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Freire D, Reyes RE, Baghram A, Davies DL, Asatryan L. P2X7 Receptor Antagonist A804598 Inhibits Inflammation in Brain and Liver in C57BL/6J Mice Exposed to Chronic Ethanol and High Fat Diet. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:263-277. [PMID: 30353422 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade neuroinflammation is increasingly implicated in organ damage caused by alcohol abuse. Purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) play an important role in the generation of inflammatory responses during a number of CNS pathologies as evidenced from studies using pharmacological inhibition approach. P2X7Rs antagonism has not been tested during chronic alcohol abuse. In the present study, we tested the potential of P2X7R antagonist A804598 to reduce/abolish alcohol-induced neuroinflammation using chronic intragastric ethanol infusion and high-fat diet (Hybrid) in C57BL/6J mice. We have previously demonstrated an increase in neuroinflammatory response in 8 weeks of Hybrid paradigm. In the present study, we found neuroinflammatory response to 4 weeks of Hybrid exposure. A804598 treatment reversed the changes in microglia and astrocytes, reduced/abolished increases in mRNA levels of number of inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, iNOS, CXCR2, and components of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as TLR2, CASP1, NF-kB1 and CREB1, as well in the protein levels of pro-IL-1β and Nf-kB1. The P2X7R antagonist did not affect the increase in mRNA levels of fraktalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1, an interaction that plays a neuroprotective role in neuron-glia communication. P2X7R antagonism also resulted in reduction of the inflammatory markers but did not alter steatosis in the liver. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how P2X7R antagonism suppresses inflammatory response in brain and liver but does not alter the neuroprotective response caused by Hybrid exposure. Overall, these findings support an important role of P2X7Rs in inflammation in brain and liver caused by combined chronic alcohol and high-fat diet. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freire
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, HCT 1520 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rachel E Reyes
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ared Baghram
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Fonken LK, Frank MG, Gaudet AD, Maier SF. Stress and aging act through common mechanisms to elicit neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:133-148. [PMID: 30009999 PMCID: PMC6129421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of an animal's lifespan, there is a protracted breakdown in basic homeostatic functions. Stressors (both psychological and physiological) can accelerate this process and compromise multiple homeostatic mechanisms. For example, both stress and aging can modulate neuroinflammatory function and cause a primed phenotype resulting in a heightened neuroinflammatory profile upon immune activation. Microglia, the brain's resident myeloid cell, produce "silent" immune machinery in response to stress and aging that does not cause immediate immune activation; rather, these changes prime the cell for a subsequent immune insult. Primed microglia exhibit a hyperinflammatory response upon immune activation that can exacerbate pathology. In this review, we will explore parallels between stress- and aging-induced neuroinflammatory priming. First, we will provide a background on the basic principles of neuroimmunology. Next, we will discuss evidence that neuroinflammatory responses become primed in the context of both stress and aging. We will also describe cell-specific contributions to neuroinflammatory priming with a focus on microglia. Finally, common mechanisms underlying priming in the context of stress and aging will be discussed: these mechanisms include glucocorticoid signaling; accumulation of danger signals; dis-inhibition of microglia; and breakdown of circadian rhythms. Overall, there are multifarious parallels between stress- and aging-elicited neuroinflammatory priming, suggesting that stress may promote a form of premature aging. Further unravelling mechanisms underlying priming could lead to improved treatments for buffering against stress- and aging-elicited behavioral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Fonken
- University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Austin, TX 78712 USA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laura K. Fonken, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME 3.510C, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
| | - Matthew G. Frank
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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46
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Hillemacher T, Bachmann O, Kahl KG, Frieling H. Alcohol, microbiome, and their effect on psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:105-115. [PMID: 29705711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that alcohol consumption and especially alcohol withdrawal increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling molecules and cause neuroinflammation. It has been shown that microbiota play a pivotal role in this process and affect central neurochemistry and behavior. Disruption of or alterations in the intimate cross-talk between microbiome and brain may be a significant factor in many psychiatric disorders. Alterations in the composition of the microbiome, so called dysbiosis, may result in detrimental distortion of microbe-host homeostasis modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. A variety of pathologies are associated with changes in the community structure and function of the gut microbiota, suggesting a link between dysbiosis and disease etiology, including irritable bowel syndrome depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and alcoholism. Despite a paucity of clinical studies in alcohol-dependent humans, emerging data suggests that alcohol induced alterations of the microbiome may explain reward-seeking behaviors as well as anxiety, depression, and craving in withdrawal and increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany
| | - Oliver Bachmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany.
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47
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Davis BC, Bajaj JS. Effects of Alcohol on the Brain in Cirrhosis: Beyond Hepatic Encephalopathy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:660-667. [PMID: 29417604 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances have led to a greater understanding of how alcohol alters the brain, both in acute stages (intoxication and alcohol withdrawal) and in chronic misuse. This review focuses on the current understanding of how alcohol affects the brain in cirrhosis patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Chronic alcohol use is associated with nutritional deficiencies, dementia, cirrhosis, and decompensating events such as HE. Direct toxicity on brain tissue, induction of neuro-inflammation, and alcohol's alterations of the gut microbiome are possible mechanisms for the clinical features of HE associated with alcohol use. Acute management of the alcoholic cirrhosis patient with altered mental status should focus on ruling out other causes, best intensive care, and use of gut-based therapies such as lactulose and rifaximin. Long-term management centers on optimizing treatment of concurrent mood disorders, nutritional support, and medical management of complications associated with cirrhosis. Future studies are needed to clarify mechanisms of brain injury in concomitant alcohol misuse and HE in addition to designing treatment interventions in order to improve outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center (BCD, JSB), Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center (BCD, JSB), Richmond, Virginia
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48
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Bray JG, Reyes KC, Roberts AJ, Gruol DL. Altered hippocampal synaptic function in transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of CCL2 after withdrawal from chronic alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:113-125. [PMID: 29499275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CNS actions of the chemokine CCL2 are thought to play a role in a variety of conditions that can have detrimental consequences to CNS function, including alcohol use disorders. We used transgenic mice that express elevated levels of CCL2 in the CNS (CCL2-tg) and their non-transgenic (non-tg) littermate control mice to investigate long-term consequences of CCL2/alcohol/withdrawal interactions on hippocampal synaptic function, including excitatory synaptic transmission, somatic excitability, and synaptic plasticity. Two alcohol exposure paradigms were tested, a two-bottle choice alcohol (ethanol) drinking protocol (2BC drinking) and a chronic intermittent alcohol (ethanol) (CIE/2BC) protocol. Electrophysiological measurements of hippocampal function were made ex vivo, starting ∼0.6 months after termination of alcohol exposure. Both alcohol exposure/withdrawal paradigms resulted in CCL2-dependent interactions that altered the effects of alcohol on synaptic function. The synaptic alterations differed for the two alcohol exposure paradigms. The 2BC drinking/withdrawal treatment had no apparent long-term consequences on synaptic responses and long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices from non-tg mice, whereas synaptic transmission was reduced but LTP was enhanced in hippocampal slices from CCL2-tg mice. In contrast, the CIE/2BC/withdrawal treatment enhanced synaptic transmission but reduced LTP in the non-tg hippocampus, whereas there were no apparent long-term consequences to synaptic transmission and LTP in hippocampus from CCL2-tg mice, although somatic excitability was enhanced. These results support the idea that alcohol-induced CCL2 production can modulate the effects of alcohol exposure/withdrawal on synaptic function and indicate that CCL2/alcohol interactions can vary depending on the alcohol exposure/withdrawal protocol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Bray
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth C Reyes
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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49
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Karoly HC, Bidwell LC, Mueller RL, Hutchison KE. Investigating the Relationships Between Alcohol Consumption, Cannabis Use, and Circulating Cytokines: A Preliminary Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:531-539. [PMID: 29286537 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, human and animal studies have converged to support altered inflammatory signaling as a molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Alcohol binds to receptors on immune cells, triggering signaling pathways that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation is associated with tissue damage, which may contribute to negative effects of AUD. Conversely, cannabis is associated with decreased inflammatory signaling, and animal studies suggest that cannabinoids may impact alcohol-induced inflammation. Thus, the impact of cannabis on inflammation in AUDs in humans warrants examination. METHODS We explored the relationship between self-reported alcohol and cannabis use and circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1β in the blood. Among 66 regular drinkers (mean age = 30.08), we examined circulating cytokines and administered questionnaires assessing alcohol consumption and days of cannabis use over the past 90 days. We examined whether alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and gender were associated with changes in circulating cytokines, and whether there was a significant interaction between alcohol and cannabis use predicting blood levels of circulating cytokines. RESULTS A positive association between alcohol and IL-6 emerged. We also observed a negative association between cannabis and IL-1β. Follow-up moderation analyses indicated a cannabis by alcohol interaction predicting circulating IL-6, such that cannabis nonusers showed a stronger relationship between alcohol and IL-6 compared to cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that cannabinoid compounds may serve to mitigate inflammation associated with alcohol use. In addition, the present results provide data to inform future investigations, with the goal of ultimately leveraging knowledge of the role of inflammation in AUDs to develop more effective treatments focused on novel immune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Raeghan L Mueller
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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50
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Kalejaiye O, Getachew B, Ferguson CL, Taylor RE, Tizabi Y. Alcohol-Induced Increases in Inflammatory Cytokines Are Attenuated by Nicotine in Region-Selective Manner in Male Rats. JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2017; 6:236036. [PMID: 29416901 PMCID: PMC5798246 DOI: 10.4303/jdar/236036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy use of alcohol is commonly associated with heavy smoking (nicotine intake). Although many factors, including mood effects of these two drugs may contribute to their co-use, the exact neurobiological underpinnings are far from clear. It is well known that chronic alcohol exposure induces neuroinflammation that may precipitate depressive-like behavior, which is considered an important factor in alcohol relapse. Nicotine, on the other hand, possesses anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. PURPOSE In this study, we sought to determine which proinflammatory markers may be associated with the depressogenic effects of chronic alcohol and whether nicotine pretreatment may normalize these changes. STUDY DESIGN For this purpose, we treated adult male Wistar rats with alcohol (1.0 g/kg, IP), nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, IP) or their combination once daily for 14 days. Two prominent proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in two primary brain regions, namely the hippocampus and frontal cortex that are intimately involved in mood regulation, were evaluated. RESULTS Chronic alcohol resulted in increases in both cytokines in both regions as determined by Western blot. Nicotine completely blocked alcohol-induced effects in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex. These data suggest that nicotine may mitigate the inflammatory effects of alcohol in brain-selective region. Hence, the previously observed depressogenic effects of alcohol and the antidepressant effects of nicotine may at least be partially mediated through manipulations of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION These findings suggest possible therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory cytokines in combating alcohol-induced depression and/or relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Kalejaiye
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Clifford L Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Robert E Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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