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Xiao Q, Wang D, Li D, Huang J, Ma F, Zhang H, Sheng Y, Zhang C, Ha X. Protein kinase C: A potential therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108565. [PMID: 37540984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play an important role in many organs and systems and whose activation contributes significantly to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. The increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) under high glucose conditions mediates PKC activation and synthesis, which stimulates oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in impaired endothelial cell function. This article reviews the contribution of PKC to the development of diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction and summarizes the drugs that inhibit PKC activation, with the aim of exploring therapeutic modalities that may alleviate endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Haocheng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Yingda Sheng
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Caimei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ha
- Department of Laboratory, Ninth Forty Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Security Force, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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Miao LN, Pan D, Shi J, Du JP, Chen PF, Gao J, Yu Y, Shi DZ, Guo M. Role and Mechanism of PKC-δ for Cardiovascular Disease: Current Status and Perspective. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:816369. [PMID: 35242825 PMCID: PMC8885814 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.816369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a protein kinase with important cellular functions. PKC-δ, a member of the novel PKC subfamily, has been well-documented over the years. Activation of PKC-δ plays an important regulatory role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IRI) injury and myocardial fibrosis, and its activity and expression levels can regulate pathological cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. This article aims to review the structure and function of PKC-δ, summarize the current research regarding its activation mechanism and its role in cardiovascular disease, and provide novel insight into further research on the role of PKC-δ in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-na Miao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junhe Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-peng Du
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-fei Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiao Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Da-Zhuo Shi
| | - Ming Guo
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ming Guo
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Pan X, Chen J, Wang T, Zhang M, Wang H, Gao H. Essential Role Of High Glucose-Induced Overexpression Of PKCβ And PKCδ In GLP-1 Resistance In Rodent Cardiomyocytes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2289-2302. [PMID: 31807042 PMCID: PMC6839579 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s215789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardia in diabetic patients exhibit increased vulnerability after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). It has been demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a protective effect on cardiomyocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC) acts as a key regulator of many signaling pathways including oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our hypothesis is that increased vulnerability of myocardia in diabetic patients is partly due to GLP-1 resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PKC in GLP-1 resistance in diabetic cardiomyocytes. METHODS Cardiac function of diabetic or non-diabetic mice after myocardial IRI was detected with or without administration of GLP-1 analog exendin-4. Impacts of diabetes mellitus on GLP-1R expression in myocardia after IRI were accessed by Western blot. By transfecting PKC isoforms siRNA, in vitro study helped to identify the exact PKC isoforms which contributed to the downregulatio n of GLP-1R or impaired post-receptor signaling pathways in rodent cardiomyocytes (H9C2 cells) cultured by high glucose. RESULTS The cardioprotective effects of endogenous GLP-1 were impaired in diabetic mice after myocardial IRI and administration of exendin-4 had no significant effects in restoring cardiac function. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression decreased in H9C2 cells cultured by high glucose and knockdown of PKCβ partly restored GLP-1R expression. Overexpression of PKCδ induced by high glucose in H9C2 cells impaired GLP-1 post-receptor anti-apoptotic signaling pathways by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Knockdown of both PKCβ and PKCδ significantly restored cardioprotective effects of GLP-1 in H9C2 cells cultured by high glucose. CONCLUSION Our study found out a new mechanism of GLP-1 resistance that high glucose-induced overexpression of PKCβ and PKCδ impaired cardioprotective effects of GLP-1 by downregulation of GLP-1R and inhibition of GLP-1 post-receptor anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, thus provided a new perspective in treating myocardial IRI in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xietian Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haokao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haokao Gao; Haichang Wang Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 029 84774114 Email ;
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Kumar V, Weng YC, Wu YC, Huang YT, Liu TH, Kristian T, Liu YL, Tsou HH, Chou WH. Genetic inhibition of PKCε attenuates neurodegeneration after global cerebral ischemia in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:444-455. [PMID: 30488977 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia that accompanies cardiac arrest is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Protein Kinase C epsilon (PKCε) is a member of the novel PKC subfamily and plays a vital role in ischemic preconditioning. Pharmacological activation of PKCε before cerebral ischemia confers neuroprotection. The role of endogenous PKCε after cerebral ischemia remains elusive. Here we used male PKCε-null mice to assess the effects of PKCε deficiency on neurodegeneration after transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). We found that the cerebral vasculature, blood flow, and the expression of other PKC isozymes were not altered in the PKCε-null mice. Spatial learning and memory was impaired after tGCI, but the impairment was attenuated in male PKCε-null mice as compared to male wild-type controls. A significant reduction in Fluoro-Jade C labeling and mitochondrial release of cytochrome C in the hippocampus was found in male PKCε-null mice after tGCI. Male PKCε-null mice expressed increased levels of PKCδ in the mitochondria, which may prevent the translocation of PKCδ from the cytosol to the mitochondria after tGCI. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of PKCε deficiency on neurodegeneration after tGCI, and suggest that reduced mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ may contribute to the neuroprotective action in male PKCε-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Yi-Chinn Weng
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hsia Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hai Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired ability of the left ventricle to either fill or eject blood efficiently. HF is a disease of multiple aetiologies leading to progressive cardiac dysfunction and it is the leading cause of deaths in both developed and developing countries. HF is responsible for about 73,000 deaths in the UK each year. In the USA, HF affects 5.8 million people and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. Cardiac remodelling (CD), which plays an important role in pathogenesis of HF, is viewed as stress response to an index event such as myocardial ischaemia or imposition of mechanical load leading to a series of structural and functional changes in the viable myocardium. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are a family of serine/threonine kinases. PKC is a central enzyme in the regulation of growth, hypertrophy, and mediators of signal transduction pathways. In response to circulating hormones, activation of PKC triggers a multitude of intracellular events influencing multiple physiological processes in the heart, including heart rate, contraction, and relaxation. Recent research implicates PKC activation in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiovascular disease states. Few reports are available that examine PKC in normal and diseased human hearts. This review describes the structure, functions, and distribution of PKCs in the healthy and diseased heart with emphasis on the human heart and, also importantly, their regulation in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Singh
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, PR1 2HE, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen, Georgetown, Guyana.
| | - Emanuel Cummings
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, PR1 2HE, UK
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Ke J, Dong N, Wang L, Li Y, Dasgupta C, Zhang L, Xiao D. Role of DNA methylation in perinatal nicotine-induced development of heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype in rat offspring. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76865-76880. [PMID: 29100355 PMCID: PMC5652749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Maternal cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in offspring. Recently, we have demonstrated that perinatal nicotine exposure alters heart development and increases heart susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that DNA methylation plays a key role in the nicotine-induced development of heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype in offspring. Experimental approach Nicotine was administered to pregnant rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps from gestational day 4 until postnatal day 10. After birth, the postnatal offspring were treated with the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) or saline from postnatal day 3 to day 10. Experiments were conducted in 1 month old offspring. Key results Perinatal nicotine increased I/R-induced left ventricular (LV) injury, and decreased post-ischemic recovery of the LV function and coronary flow rate in both male and female offspring. Nicotine differentially increased DNMT3a expression and global DNA methylation levels in LV tissues. Treatment with 5-Aza inhibited nicotine-induced an increase in DNMT3a and global DNA methylation, and blocked the nicotine-induced increase in I/R injury and dysfunction in the heart. In addition, nicotine attenuated protein kinases Cε and large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BKca) channel β1 subunit protein abundances in the heart, which were reversed by 5-Aza treatment. Conclusions and implications The present findings provide novel evidence that the increased DNA methylation plays a causal role in nicotine-induced development of heart ischemic sensitive phenotype, and suggest a potential therapeutic target of DNA demethylation for the fetal programming of heart ischemic disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ke
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People's Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai, China.,Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Protein kinase C mechanisms that contribute to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1499-510. [PMID: 27433023 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a highly-regulated and reversible process that is precisely controlled by the actions of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Factors that tip the balance of protein phosphorylation lead to changes in a wide range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases sits at nodal points in many signal transduction pathways; PKC enzymes have been the focus of considerable attention since they contribute to both normal physiological responses as well as maladaptive pathological responses that drive a wide range of clinical disorders. This review provides a background on the mechanisms that regulate individual PKC isoenzymes followed by a discussion of recent insights into their role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer. We then provide an overview on the role of individual PKC isoenzymes in the regulation of cardiac contractility and pathophysiological growth responses, with a focus on the PKC-dependent mechanisms that regulate pump function and/or contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure.
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8
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Liu M, Shi G, Yang KC, Gu L, Kanthasamy AG, Anantharam V, Dudley SC. Role of protein kinase C in metabolic regulation of the cardiac Na + channel. Heart Rhythm 2016; 14:440-447. [PMID: 27989687 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) increases in cardiomyopathy, activates protein kinase C (PKC), up-regulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and down-regulates the cardiac Na+ channel (NaV1.5). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine how NADH signals down-regulation of NaV1.5. METHODS Isolated mouse cardiomyocytes were used for patch-clamp recording and for monitoring mitoROS with MitoSOX Red. HEK293 cells were used for transient transfections. HEK293 cells stably expressing human NaV1.5 were used for single channel recording, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, activity measurements of phospholipase C and phospholipase D (PLD), channel protein purification, and co-immunoprecipitation with PKC isoforms. HL-1 cells were used for mitochondria isolation. RESULTS NADH enhanced PLD activity (1.6- ± 0.1-fold, P <.01) and activated PKCδ. Activated PKCδ translocated to mitochondria and up-regulated mitoROS (2.8- ± 0.3-fold, P <.01) by enhancing the activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV (1.1- to 1.5-fold, P <.01). PKCδ also interacted with NaV1.5 to down-regulate Na+ current (INa). Reduction in INa by activated PKCδ was prevented by antioxidants and by mutating the known PKC phosphorylation site S1503. At the single channel level, the mechanism of current reduction by PKC and recovery by protein kinase A was a change in single channel conductance. CONCLUSION NADH activated PKCδ by enhancing PLD activity. PKCδ modulated both mitoROS and NaV1.5. PKCδ elevated mitoROS by enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex activities. PKCδ-mediated channel phosphorylation and mitoROS were both required to down-regulate NaV1.5 and alter single channel conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lianzhi Gu
- Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.
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9
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Mukherjee A, Roy S, Saha B, Mukherjee D. Spatio-Temporal Regulation of PKC Isoforms Imparts Signaling Specificity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:45. [PMID: 26925059 PMCID: PMC4756072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayoni Roy
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune , India
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Mohamed W, Ray S, Brazill D, Baskar R. Absence of catalytic domain in a putative protein kinase C (PkcA) suppresses tip dominance in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol 2015; 405:10-20. [PMID: 26183108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of organisms possess several isoforms of protein kinase C but little is known about the significance of any specific isoform during embryogenesis and development. To address this we characterized a PKC ortholog (PkcA; DDB_G0288147) in Dictyostelium discoideum. pkcA expression switches from prestalk in mound to prespore in slug, indicating a dynamic expression pattern. Mutants lacking the catalytic domain of PkcA (pkcA(-)) did not exhibit tip dominance. A striking phenotype of pkcA- was the formation of an aggregate with a central hollow, and aggregates later fragmented to form small mounds, each becoming a fruiting body. Optical density wave patterns of cAMP in the late aggregates showed several cAMP wave generation centers. We attribute these defects in pkcA(-) to impaired cAMP signaling, altered cell motility and decreased expression of the cell adhesion molecules - CadA and CsaA. pkcA(-) slugs showed ectopic expression of ecmA in the prespore region. Further, the use of a PKC-specific inhibitor, GF109203X that inhibits the activity of catalytic domain phenocopied pkcA(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasima Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sibnath Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Derrick Brazill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ramamurthy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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12
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Song MA, Dasgupta C, Zhang L. Chronic Losartan Treatment Up-Regulates AT1R and Increases the Heart Vulnerability to Acute Onset of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132712. [PMID: 26168042 PMCID: PMC4500443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is an important therapy in the management of hypertension, particularly in the immediate post-myocardial infarction period. Yet, the role of AT1R in the acute onset of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury still remains controversial. Thus, the present study determined the effects of chronic losartan treatment on heart ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Losartan (10 mg/kg/day) was administered to six-month-old male rats via an osmotic pump for 14 days and hearts were then isolated and were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury in a Langendorff preparation. Losartan significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure. However, heart weight, left ventricle to body weight ratio and baseline cardiac function were not significantly altered by the losartan treatment. Of interest, chronic in vivo losartan treatment significantly increased ischemia-induced myocardial injury and decreased post-ischemic recovery of left ventricular function. This was associated with significant increases in AT1R and PKCδ expression in the left ventricle. In contrast, AT2R and PKCε were not altered. Furthermore, losartan treatment significantly increased microRNA (miR)-1, -15b, -92a, -133a, -133b, -210, and -499 expression but decreased miR-21 in the left ventricle. Of importance, addition of losartan to isolated heart preparations blocked the effect of increased ischemic-injury induced by in vivo chronic losartan treatment. The results demonstrate that chronic losartan treatment up-regulates AT1R/PKCδ and alters miR expression patterns in the heart, leading to increased cardiac vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo A. Song
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
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Fernández-Araujo A, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Yessotoxin activates cell death pathways independent of Protein Kinase C in K-562 human leukemic cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1545-54. [PMID: 26025416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a group of enzymes involved in pro-survival or pro-apoptotic events depending on the cellular model. Moreover, Yessotoxin (YTX) modulates its expression and activates different cell death pathways. In K-562 tumor cell line, YTX induces apoptosis and autophagy after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, and the toxin carries out its action through the phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A). Therefore, the levels of two subtypes of PKC, conventional (cPKC) and δ isotype of novel PKC (PKCδ) were studied at these times after YTX incubation. Also their involvement in the cell death activated by the toxin and their relationship with PDE4A was checked. The expression of cPKC and PKCδ in cytosol, plasma membrane and nucleus was studied in normal and PDE4A-silenced cells. Furthermore, cell viability of normal cells, as well as cPKC-, PKCδ- and PDE4A-silenced cells was tested by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. As a result, PKCδ showed a key role in K-562 cell survive, since without this protein, K-562 cell decreased their viability. Furthermore, modulation of PKCs by YTX treatment was observed, however, the changes in the expression of these proteins are independent of cell death activated by the toxin. In addition, the modulation of PKCs detected is PDE4A-dependent, since the silencing of this protein change PKC expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Botana
- Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Testai L, Rapposelli S, Martelli A, Breschi M, Calderone V. Mitochondrial Potassium Channels as Pharmacological Target for Cardioprotective Drugs. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:520-53. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Testai
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - S. Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - A. Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - M.C. Breschi
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - V. Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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15
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Egea-Jiménez AL, Corbalán-García S, Gómez-Fernández JC. The C1B domains of novel PKCε and PKCη have a higher membrane binding affinity than those of the also novel PKCδ and PKCθ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1898-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Targeting urocortin signaling pathways to enhance cardioprotection: is it time to move from bench to bedside? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 27:451-63. [PMID: 23824484 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the exponential growth in medical knowledge, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) contribute to more than one-third of worldwide morbidity and mortality. A range of therapies already exist for established CVDs, although there is significant interest in further understanding their pathogenesis. The urocortins (Ucns) are peptide members of the corticotrophin-releasing factor family, a group of evolutionary conserved peptides with homologues in fish, amphibians and mammals and considered to play a pivotal role in energy homeostasis and local tissue repair. A number of preclinical studies in vitro, in-vivo and ex-vivo have defined a multifaceted effect of Ucns on the cardiovascular system. Different G-protein coupled signaling and protein-kinase pathways have been shown to be activated by Ucns, together with different transcriptional and translational effects, all of which preferentially converge on the mitochondria, where the modulation of apoptosis is considered their principal action. It has been demonstrated in experimental models, and consequentially suggested in human diseases, that Ucn-mediated inhibition of apoptosis can be exploited for the improvement of both therapeutic and preventative strategies against CVDs. Specifically, some unavoidable iatrogenic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries, e.g. during cardiac surgery or percutaneous coronary angioplasty, may greatly benefit from the anti-apoptotic effect of Ucns. However, few studies on the topic have been employed in humans to date. Therefore, this review will focus on the different intra-cellular mechanisms of action of Urocortins, and detail the different Ucn-mediated pathways identified so far. It will also highlight the limited evidence already existing in human clinical and surgical settings, as well as emphasize the potential uses of Ucns in human cardiac pathology.
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17
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Liu ZC, Yu EH, Liu W, Liu XC, Tang SB, Zhu BH. Translocation of protein kinase C δ contributes to the moderately high glucose-, but not hypoxia-induced proliferation in primary cultured human retinal endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1780-6. [PMID: 24626810 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications in patients with diabetes and affects ~75% of them within 15 years of the onset of the disease. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is a key feature of diabetes mellitus and may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The present study aimed to examine the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which are triggered by high an moderately high glucose levels as well as hypoxic conditions. The underlying cell mechanisms of PKC translocation in primary cultured human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were also investigated. The expression levels of PKC isoforms were assessed using western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was determined using the MTT assay and DNA synthesis was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Translocation of PKC isoforms was examined by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The expression of PKC α, βI, βII, δ and ε was detected, while PKC ζ was not detected in HRECs. The results of the present study were consistent with the findings of a previous study by our group, reporting that moderately high glucose levels and hypoxia, but not high glucose levels, significantly increased cell proliferation. It was demonstrated that the PKC δ isoform was translocated from the cytosol to the membrane only under moderately high glucose conditions, while PKC α and ε isoforms were translocated from the cytosol to the membrane at high glucose conditions. In addition, PKC βI was translocated under all three conditions. Translocation of PKC βII was comparable among all groups. Furthermore, rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKC δ, blocked cell proliferation, which was induced by moderately high glucose levels, but not by hypoxia. Ro32-0432, an inhibitor of PKC α, βI and ε, did not significantly affect proliferation of HRECs in all treatment groups. In conclusion, the present study suggested that PKC α, βI, βII, δ and ε were expressed in primary cultured HRECs, whereas PKC ζ was not. Cell proliferation induced by moderately high glucose concentrations was associated with translocation of the PKC δ isoform; however, hypoxic conditions did not induce translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - En-Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Bo Tang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Armani F, Andersen ML, Galduróz JCF. Tamoxifen use for the management of mania: a review of current preclinical evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:639-49. [PMID: 24441937 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preliminary data on the efficacy of tamoxifen in reducing manic symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) suggest that this agent may be a potential treatment for the management of this psychiatric disorder. However, the antimanic properties of tamoxifen have not been fully elucidated, hampering the development and/or use of mood-stabilising drugs that may share its same therapeutic mechanisms of action. Notably, we may gain a greater understanding of the neurobiological and therapeutic properties of tamoxifen by using suitable animal models of mania. OBJECTIVES Here, we review the preclinical studies that have evaluated the effects of tamoxifen to provide an overview of the current progress in our understanding of its antimanic actions, highlighting the critical role of protein kinase C (PKC) as a therapeutic target for the treatment of BD. CONCLUSIONS To date, this field has struggled to make significant progress, and the organisation of an explicit battery of tests is a valuable tool for assessing a number of prominent facets of BD, which may provide a greater understanding of the entire scope of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Armani
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Krenz M, Baines C, Kalogeris T, Korthuis R. Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00090ed1v01y201309isp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterised by hypertension and proteinuria, which in severe cases results in multi-system disturbances. The maternal syndrome is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, consisting of leukocyte activation, which is thought to contribute to the widespread endothelial dysfunction. We previously showed increased activation of NADPH oxidase in pre-eclampsia, in both neutrophils and B-lymphoblast cell lines (B-LCLs). In this study, the mechanism by which NADPH oxidase activity is increased in pre-eclampsia was further investigated. NADPH oxidase activity was found to be increased in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulated B-LCLs isolated from women with pre-eclampsia. This correlated with an increase in protein kinase C (PKC) substrate phosphorylation, p47-phox phosphorylation (a regulatory component of NADPH oxidase) and p47-phox directed-kinase activity. Using ion exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography we identified a major peak of PMA regulated p47-phox kinase activity. Chromatography fractions were probed for PKC isoforms. We found the major peak of p47-phox kinase activity could not be separated from the elution profile of PKC epsilon. Using a peptide inhibitor of PKC epsilon, PMA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be reduced to that of a normal B-LCL. These data suggest a pro-inflammatory role for PKC epsilon in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.
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Diazoxide postconditioning induces mitochondrial protein S-Nitrosylation and a redox-sensitive mitochondrial phosphorylation/translocation of RISK elements: no role for SAFE. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:371. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Alizadeh AM, Mirzabeglo P. Is oxytocin a therapeutic factor for ischemic heart disease? Peptides 2013; 45:66-72. [PMID: 23659864 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is among the most important and top ranked causes of death in the world, and its preventive and interventional mechanisms are actively being investigated. Preconditioning may still be beneficial in some situations such as IHD. Development of cardioprotective agents to improve myocardial function, to decrease the incidence of arrhythmias, to delay the onset of necrosis, and to limit the total extent of infarction during IHD is of great clinical importance. In order to reduce morbidity, a new treatment modality must be developed, and oxytocin may indeed be one of the candidates. There is increasing experimental evidence indicating that oxytocin may have cardioprotective effects either by decreasing the extent of reperfusion injury or by pharmacologic preconditioning activity. This review shows that in the presence of oxytocin, the cardioprotective effects may be increased to some extent. The presented board of evidence focuses on the valuable effects of oxytocin on myocardial function and candidates it for future clinical studies in the realm of ischemic heart diseases.
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23
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has been a tantalizing target for drug discovery ever since it was first identified as the receptor for the tumour promoter phorbol ester in 1982. Although initial therapeutic efforts focused on cancer, additional indications--including diabetic complications, heart failure, myocardial infarction, pain and bipolar disorder--were targeted as researchers developed a better understanding of the roles of eight conventional and novel PKC isozymes in health and disease. Unfortunately, both academic and pharmaceutical efforts have yet to result in the approval of a single new drug that specifically targets PKC. Why does PKC remain an elusive drug target? This Review provides a short account of some of the efforts, challenges and opportunities in developing PKC modulators to address unmet clinical needs.
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24
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Billack B, Serio R, Silva I, Kinsley CH. Epigenetic changes brought about by perinatal stressors: A brief review of the literature. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:221-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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White MY, Edwards AVG, Cordwell SJ, Van Eyk JE. Mitochondria: A mirror into cellular dysfunction in heart disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:845-61. [PMID: 21136884 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the single most significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emerging global impact of CV disease means that the goals of early diagnosis and a wider range of treatment options are now increasingly pertinent. As such, there is a greater need to understand the molecular mechanisms involved and potential targets for intervention. Mitochondrial function is important for physiological maintenance of the cell, and when this function is altered, the cell can begin to suffer. Given the broad range and significant impacts of the cellular processes regulated by the mitochondria, it becomes important to understand the roles of the proteins associated with this organelle. Proteomic investigations of the mitochondria are hampered by the intrinsic properties of the organelle, including hydrophobic mitochondrial membranes; high proportion of basic proteins (pI greater than 8.0); and the relative dynamic range issues of the mitochondria. For these reasons, many proteomic studies investigate the mitochondria as a discrete subproteome. Once this has been achieved, the alterations that result in functional changes with CV disease can be observed. Those alterations that lead to changes in mitochondrial function, signaling and morphology, which have significant implications for the cardiomyocyte in the development of CV disease, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Y White
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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26
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Faghihi M, Alizadeh AM, Khori V, Latifpour M, Khodayari S. The role of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and protein kinase C in oxytocin-induced cardioprotection in ischemic rat heart. Peptides 2012; 37:314-9. [PMID: 22902709 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common complication of heart disease that is the leading cause of death worldwide. Here, we plan to elucidate oxytocin cardioprotection effects against ischemia-reperfusion via nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protein kinase C (PKC) in anesthetized rat preconditioned myocardium. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into eight groups. All animals were subjected to 25 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Oxytocin (OT), L-NAME (LNA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), chelerythrine (CHE, a PKC enzyme inhibitor), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger) were used prior to ischemia. Results showed that mean arterial pressure significantly reduced during the first 10 min of ischemia and reperfusion in IR, LNA, CHE, and NAC groups (p<0.05). OT prevented mean arterial pressure decline during early phase of ischemia and reperfusion. Cardioprotective effects of OT in infarct size, plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase, severity and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were abolished by L-NAME, chelerythrine, and N-acetylcysteine (p<0.05). The present study showed that OT pretreatment reduces myocardial infarct size and ventricular arrhythmias, and improves mean arterial pressure via NO production, PKC activation, and ROS balance. These findings provide new insight into therapeutic strategies for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Faghihi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Fetal stress and programming of hypoxic/ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain: mechanisms and possible interventions. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:145-65. [PMID: 22627492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence of epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies has clearly shown a close link between adverse in utero environment and the increased risk of neurological, psychological and psychiatric disorders in later life. Fetal stresses, such as hypoxia, malnutrition, and fetal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and glucocorticoids may directly or indirectly act at cellular and molecular levels to alter the brain development and result in programming of heightened brain vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the development of neurological diseases in the postnatal life. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. However, glucocorticoids may play a crucial role in epigenetic programming of neurological disorders of fetal origins. This review summarizes the recent studies about the effects of fetal stress on the abnormal brain development, focusing on the cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms and highlighting the central effects of glucocorticoids on programming of hypoxic-ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain, which may enhance the understanding of brain pathophysiology resulting from fetal stress and help explore potential targets of timely diagnosis, prevention and intervention in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and other brain disorders.
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28
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Xiong F, Xiao D, Zhang L. Norepinephrine causes epigenetic repression of PKCε gene in rodent hearts by activating Nox1-dependent reactive oxygen species production. FASEB J 2012; 26:2753-63. [PMID: 22441984 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Recent studies demonstrate that fetal programming of PKCε gene repression results in ischemia-sensitive phenotype in the heart. The present study tests the hypothesis that increased norepinephrine causes epigenetic repression of PKCε gene in the heart via Nox1-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Prolonged norepinephrine treatment increased ROS production in fetal rat hearts and embryonic ventricular myocyte H9c2 cells via a selective increase in Nox1 expression. Norepinephrine-induced ROS resulted in an increase in PKCε promoter methylation at Egr-1 and Sp-1 binding sites, leading to PKCε gene repression. N-acetylcysteine, diphenyleneiodonium, and apocynin blocked norepinephrine-induced ROS production and the promoter methylation, and also restored PKCε mRNA and protein to control levels in vivo in fetal hearts and in vitro in embryonic myocyte cells. Accordingly, norepinephrine-induced ROS production, promoter methylation, and PKCε gene repression were completely abrogated by knockdown of Nox1 in cardiomyocytes. These findings provide evidence of a novel interaction between elevated norepinephrine and epigenetic repression of PKCε gene in the heart mediated by Nox1-dependent oxidative stress and suggest new insights of molecular mechanisms linking the heightened sympathetic activity to aberrant cardioprotection and increased ischemic vulnerability in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxia Xiong
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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29
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Lorenzen JM, Martino F, Thum T. Epigenetic modifications in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:245. [PMID: 22234702 PMCID: PMC3329881 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics represents a phenomenon of altered heritable phenotypic expression of genetic information occurring without changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications control embryonic development, differentiation and stem cell (re)programming. These modifications can be affected by exogenous stimuli (e.g., diabetic milieu, smoking) and oftentimes culminate in disease initiation. DNA methylation has been studied extensively and represents a well-understood epigenetic mechanism. During this process cytosine residues preceding a guanosine in the DNA sequence are methylated. CpG-islands are short-interspersed DNA sequences with clusters of CG sequences. The abnormal methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of genes leads to a silencing of genetic information and finally to alteration of biological function. Emerging data suggest that these epigenetic modifications also impact on the development of cardiovascular disease. Histone modifications lead to the modulation of the expression of genetic information through modification of DNA accessibility. In addition, RNA-based mechanisms (e.g., microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) influence the development of disease. We here outline the recent work pertaining to epigenetic changes in a cardiovascular disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M Lorenzen
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Patterson AJ, Xiao D, Xiong F, Dixon B, Zhang L. Hypoxia-derived oxidative stress mediates epigenetic repression of PKCε gene in foetal rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:302-10. [PMID: 22139554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia causes protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) gene repression in foetal hearts, resulting in heightened cardiac susceptibility to ischaemic injury in offspring. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate hypoxia-induced PKCε gene repression. METHODS AND RESULTS Hypoxia induced in vivo to pregnant rats, ex vivo to isolated foetal rat hearts, and in vitro in the rat embryonic ventricular myocyte cell line H9c2 resulted in a comparable decrease in PKCε protein and mRNA abundance in foetal hearts and H9c2 cells, which was associated with a significant increase in CpG methylation of the SP1-binding sites at the PKCε promoter. In H9c2 cells and foetal hearts, hypoxia caused nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α, which was inhibited by 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole and 2-methoxy estradiol. The HIF-1α inhibitors had no significant effect on hypoxia-induced PKCε mRNA repression. Hypoxia produced a time-dependent increase in ROS production in H9c2 cells and foetal hearts that was blocked by ROS scavengers N-acetyl-cysteine or tempol. In accordance, N-acetyl-cysteine and tempol, but not apocynin, inhibited the hypoxic effect and restored PKCε protein and mRNA expression to the control values in foetal hearts and H9c2 cells. The ROS scavengers blocked hypoxia-induced CpG methylation of the SP1-binding sites, restored SP1 binding to the PKCε promoter, and abrogated the hypoxia-induced increase in the susceptibility of the heart to ischaemic injury in offspring. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that hypoxia induces epigenetic repression of the PKCε gene through a NADPH oxidase-independent ROS-mediated pathway in the foetal heart, leading to heightened heart vulnerability to ischaemic injury in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Patterson
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Li S, Lin W, Tchantchou F, Lai R, Wen J, Zhang Y. Protein kinase C mediates peroxynitrite toxicity to oligodendrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:62-71. [PMID: 21708260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite has been suggested to be the potent oxidant causing toxicity to neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). Our previous studies have illustrated that intracellular zinc liberation contributes to peroxynitrite toxicity to mature OLs. In this study, we further investigated the signaling pathways involved in this event and identified protein kinase C (PKC) as an important early signaling molecule. We found that a non-selective PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide-1 blocked OL toxicity induced by a peroxynitrite generator SIN-1 and exogenous zinc. The protective effects were due to its inhibition on ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS generation. The same phenomenon was also observed in OLs following prolonged treatment with phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate (PMA), which downregulates the conventional and the novel PKC isoforms (cPKCs and nPKCs). To determine the role of specific PKC isoforms, we found that a specific nPKC inhibitor rottlerin significantly reduced SIN-1- or zinc-induced toxicity, whereas Go6976, a cPKC inhibitor, reduced OL toxicity triggered by zinc, but not by SIN-1 at high concentrations. Rottlerin was more potent than Go6976 to attenuate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS generation induced by SIN-1 or zinc. Surprisingly, zinc only induced phosphorylation of PKCθ, but not PKCδ. Knockdown of PKCθ using lentiviral shRNA attenuated SIN-1- or zinc-induced toxicity. These results suggest that PKCθ might be the major PKC isoform involved in peroxynitrite and zinc toxicity to mature OLs, and provide a rationale for development of specific inhibitors of PKCθ in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, in which peroxynitrite formation plays a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Kim J, Koyanagi T, Mochly-Rosen D. PKCδ activation mediates angiogenesis via NADPH oxidase activity in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2011; 71:946-54. [PMID: 21541971 PMCID: PMC3544470 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PKCδ is generally known as a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative enzyme in human prostate cancer cells. METHODS Here, we investigated the role of PKCδ on the growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that sustained treatment with a specific PKCδ activator (ψδ receptor for active C kinase, ψδRACK) increased growth of PC-3 xenografts. There was increased levels of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31-positive cells in PC-3 xenografts, representative of increased tumor angiogenesis. Mechanistically, PKCδ activation increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by binding to and phosphorylating NADPH oxidase, which induced its activity. Also, PKCδ-induced activation of NADPH oxidase increased the level of HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS Our results using tumors from the PC-3 xenograft model suggest that PKCδ activation increases angiogenic activity in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells by increasing NADPH oxidase activity and HIF-1α levels and thus may partly be responsible for increased angiogenesis in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Tomoyoshi Koyanagi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Address for all correspondence: Daria Mochly-Rosen, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5174, Tel: 650-725-7720, Fax: 650-723-4686,
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Lin HW, Thompson JW, Morris KC, Perez-Pinzon MA. Signal transducers and activators of transcription: STATs-mediated mitochondrial neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1853-61. [PMID: 20712401 PMCID: PMC3078497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is defined as little or no blood flow in cerebral circulation, characterized by low tissue oxygen and glucose levels, which promotes neuronal mitochondria dysfunction leading to cell death. A strategy to counteract cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal cell death is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC results in neuroprotection, which is conferred by a mild ischemic challenge prior to a normally lethal ischemic insult. Although many IPC-induced mechanisms have been described, many cellular and subcellular mechanisms remain undefined. Some reports have suggested key signal transduction pathways of IPC, such as activation of protein kinase C epsilon, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and hypoxia-inducible factors, that are likely involved in IPC-induced mitochondria mediated-neuroprotection. Moreover, recent findings suggest that signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), a family of transcription factors involved in many cellular activities, may be intimately involved in IPC-induced ischemic tolerance. In this review, we explore current signal transduction pathways involved in IPC-induced mitochondria mediated-neuroprotection, STAT activation in the mitochondria as it relates to IPC, and functional significance of STATs in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Wen Lin
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Jiang XC, Goldberg IJ, Park TS. Sphingolipids and cardiovascular diseases: lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:19-39. [PMID: 21910080 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is widely believed to develop from two pathological processes. Circulating lipoproteins containing the nondegradable lipid, cholesterol, accumulate within the arterial wall and perhaps are oxidized to more toxic lipids. Both lipid accumulation and vascular reaction to the lipids lead to the gradual thickening of the vascular wall. A second major process that in some circumstances is a primary event is the development of a local inflammatory reaction. This might be a reaction to vessel wall injury that accompanies infections, immune disease, and perhaps diabetes and renal failure. In this chapter, we will focus on the relationship between de novo synthesis of sphingolipids and lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Deuse T, Koyanagi T, Erben RG, Hua X, Velden J, Ikeno F, Reichenspurner H, Robbins RC, Mochly-Rosen D, Schrepfer S. Sustained inhibition of epsilon protein kinase C inhibits vascular restenosis after balloon injury and stenting. Circulation 2010; 122:S170-8. [PMID: 20837910 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.927640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ε protein kinase C (εPKC) is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, but little is known about its function in vascular pathology. We aimed at assessing the role of εPKC in the development of restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Rat models of aortic balloon injury with or without subsequent stenting were used. Rats were treated with the selective ψεPKC activator ε receptor for activated protein kinase C (ψεRACK), the selective εPKC inhibitor εV1-2, or saline. Both down-stream cascades of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt, respectively, were evaluated in vivo and in VSMC cultures. Intimal hyperplasia with luminal obliteration developed in saline-treated balloon-injured rat aortas (20.3±8.0%), and ψεRACK significantly promoted neointima development (32.4±4.9%, P=0.033), whereas εV1-2 significantly inhibited luminal narrowing (9.2±4.3%, P=0.039). εPKC inhibition led to significantly reduced VSMC extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in vivo, whereas Akt phosphorylation was not markedly affected. Neointimal proliferation in vivo and platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation/migration in vitro were significantly inhibited by εV1-2. The inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor pathway was mediated by inhibiting down-stream extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt phosphorylation. In vitro, εV1-2 showed inhibitory properties on endothelial cell proliferation, but that did not prevent reendothelialization in vivo. εV1-2 showed proapoptotic effects on VSMC in vitro. After stent implantation, luminal restenosis (quantified by optical coherence tomography imaging) was significantly reduced with εV1-2 (8.0±2.0%) compared with saline (20.2±9.8%, P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS εPKC seems to be centrally involved in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. We suggest that εPKC inhibition may be mediated via inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt activation. εPKC modulation may become a new therapeutic target against vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Deuse
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Evidence for an ATP-sensitive K+ channel in mitoplasts isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi and Crithidia fasciculata. Int J Parasitol 2010; 39:955-61. [PMID: 19504755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria, as well as rat, plant and Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondria, possess an ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoK(ATP)) that has been pharmacologically characterised. Opening of mitoK(ATP) and the subsequent K+ entry into the matrix was shown to have three effects on mitochondria physiology: (i) an increase in matrix volume (swelling), (ii) an acceleration of respiration, and (iii) an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These effects on mitochondria bioenergetics have been shown to be part of distinct intracellular signalling pathways, to protect against cell death and to modulate gene transcription. To date, such a channel or its activity has not been described in trypanosomatids. In the present study, we show pharmacological evidence for the presence of a mitoK(ATP) in trypanosomatids. Cells were incubated in a hypotonic medium followed by mild detergent exposure to isolate mitoplasts from Trypanosoma cruzi and Crithidia fasciculata. Mitoplasts swelled when incubated in KCl medium due to respiration-driven K+ entry into the matrix. Swelling was sensitive to the presence of ATP when the mitoplast suspension was incubated in K+ -containing, but not in K+ -free, medium. The ATP inhibition of swelling was reversed by the mitoK(ATP) agonist diazoxide and the diazoxide-induced swelling was inhibited by the mitoK(ATP) blockers 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD) or glibenclamide. Similar to mammalian and rat mitochondria, trypanosomatid mitoK(ATP) activity was modulated by the general protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and antagonist chelerythrine. As expected, the potassium ionophore valinomycin could also reverse the ATP-inhibited state but this reversal was not sensitive to 5HD or glibenclamide. Dose response curves for ATP, diazoxide and 5HD are presented. These results provide strong evidence for the presence of an ATP-sensitive K+ in trypanosomatid mitochondria.
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Lawrence J, Chen M, Xiong F, Xiao D, Zhang H, Buchholz JN, Zhang L. Foetal nicotine exposure causes PKCε gene repression by promoter methylation in rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:89-97. [PMID: 20733009 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS foetal nicotine exposure results in decreased protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) expression and increased cardiac vulnerability to ischaemia and reperfusion injury in adult rat offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal nicotine administration causes increased promoter methylation of the PKCε gene resulting in PKCε repression in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS nicotine treatment of pregnant rats starting at day 4 of gestation increased the methylation of the Egr-1 binding site at the PKCε gene promoter and decreased PKCε protein and mRNA abundance in near-term foetal hearts. Methylation of the Egr-1 binding site reduced Egr-1 binding to the PKCε promoter in the heart. Site-specific deletion of the Egr-1 binding site significantly decreased PKCε promoter activity. The effects of nicotine were sustained in the heart of adult offspring. Ex vivo studies found no direct effect of nicotine on PKCε gene expression. However, maternal nicotine administration increased norepinephrine content in the foetal heart. Treatment of isolated foetal hearts with norepinephrine resulted in the same effects of increased methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and PKCε gene repression in the heart. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited the norepinephrine-induced increase in methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and restored Egr-1 binding and PKCε gene expression to the control levels. CONCLUSION this study demonstrates that prolonged nicotine exposure increases the sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the foetal heart and causes programming of PKCε gene repression through promoter methylation, linking maternal smoking to pathophysiological consequences in the offspring heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lawrence
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Nguyen TT, Ogbi M, Yu Q, Fishman JB, Thomas W, Harvey BJ, Fulton D, Johnson JA. Modulation of the protein kinase Cdelta interaction with the "d" subunit of F1F0-ATP synthase in neonatal cardiac myocytes: development of cell-permeable, mitochondrially targeted inhibitor and facilitator peptides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22164-73. [PMID: 20460381 PMCID: PMC2903377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase provides approximately 90% of cardiac ATP, yet little is known regarding its regulation under normal or pathological conditions. Previously, we demonstrated that protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) inhibits F(1)F(0) activity via an interaction with the "d" subunit of F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase (dF(1)F(0)) in neonatal cardiac myocytes (NCMs) (Nguyen, T., Ogbi, M., and Johnson, J. A. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 29831-29840). We have now identified a dF(1)F(0)-derived peptide (NH(2)-(2)AGRKLALKTIDWVSF(16)-COOH) that inhibits PKCdelta binding to dF(1)F(0) in overlay assays. We have also identified a second dF(1)F(0)-derived peptide (NH(2)-(111)RVREYEKQLEKIKNMI(126)-COOH) that facilitates PKCdelta binding to dF(1)F(0). Incubation of NCMs with versions of these peptides containing HIV-Tat protein transduction and mammalian mitochondrial targeting sequences resulted in their delivery into mitochondria. Preincubation of NCMs, with 10 nm extracellular concentrations of the mitochondrially targeted PKCdelta-dF(1)F(0) interaction inhibitor, decreased 100 nm 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (4beta-PMA)-induced co-immunoprecipitation of PKCdelta with dF(1)F(0) by 50 +/- 15% and abolished the 30 nm 4beta-PMA-induced inhibition of F(1)F(0)-ATPase activity. A scrambled sequence (inactive) peptide, which contained HIV-Tat and mitochondrial targeting sequences, was without effect. In contrast, the cell-permeable, mitochondrially targeted PKCdelta-dF(1)F(0) facilitator peptide by itself induced the PKCdelta-dF(1)F(0) co-immunoprecipitation and inhibited F(1)F(0)-ATPase activity. In in vitro PKC add-back experiments, the PKCdelta-F(1)F(0) inhibitor blocked PKCdelta-mediated inhibition of F(1)F(0)-ATPase activity, whereas the facilitator induced inhibition. We have developed the first cell-permeable, mitochondrially targeted modulators of the PKCdelta-dF(1)F(0) interaction in NCMs. These novel peptides will improve our understanding of cardiac F(1)F(0) regulation and may have potential as therapeutics to attenuate cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T. Nguyen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and
| | - Mourad Ogbi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and
| | - Qilin Yu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and
| | | | - Warren Thomas
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David Fulton
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and
- The Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2300
| | - John A. Johnson
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and
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Patterson AJ, Chen M, Xue Q, Xiao D, Zhang L. Chronic prenatal hypoxia induces epigenetic programming of PKC{epsilon} gene repression in rat hearts. Circ Res 2010; 107:365-73. [PMID: 20538683 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.221259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Epidemiological studies demonstrate a clear association of adverse intrauterine environment with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease in adulthood. Hypoxia is a common stress to the fetus and results in decreased protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) expression in the heart and increased cardiac vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion injury in adult offspring in rats. OBJECTIVES The present study tested the hypothesis that fetal hypoxia-induced methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides at the PKCepsilon promoter is repressive and contributes to PKCepsilon gene repression in the heart of adult offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS Hypoxic treatment of pregnant rats from days 15 to 21 of gestation resulted in significant decreases in PKCepsilon protein and mRNA in fetal hearts. Similar results were obtained in ex vivo hypoxic treatment of isolated fetal hearts and rat embryonic ventricular myocyte cell line H9c2. Increased methylation of PKCepsilon promoter at SP1 binding sites, -346 and -268, were demonstrated in both fetal hearts of maternal hypoxia and H9c2 cells treated with 1% O(2) for 24 hours. Whereas hypoxia had no significant effect on the binding affinity of SP1 to the unmethylated sites in H9c2 cells, hearts of fetuses and adult offspring, methylation of both SP1 sites reduced SP1 binding. The addition of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine blocked the hypoxia-induced increase in methylation of both SP1 binding sites and restored PKCepsilon mRNA and protein to the control levels. In hearts of both fetuses and adult offspring, hypoxia-induced methylation of SP1 sites was significantly greater in males than in females, and decreased PKCepsilon mRNA was seen only in males. In fetal hearts, there was significantly higher abundance of estrogen receptor alpha and beta isoforms in females than in males. Both estrogen receptor alpha and beta interacted with the SP1 binding sites in the fetal heart, which may explain the sex differences in SP1 methylation in the fetal heart. Additionally, selective activation of PKCepsilon restored the hypoxia-induced cardiac vulnerability to ischemic injury in offspring. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate a direct effect of hypoxia on epigenetic modification of DNA methylation and programming of cardiac PKCepsilon gene repression in a sex-dependent manner, linking fetal hypoxia and pathophysiological consequences in the hearts of adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Patterson
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA 92350, USA
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Miyamoto S, Del Re DP, Xiang SY, Zhao X, Florholmen G, Brown JH. Revisited and revised: is RhoA always a villain in cardiac pathophysiology? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:330-43. [PMID: 20559774 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal rat ventricular myocyte model of hypertrophy has provided tremendous insight with regard to signaling pathways regulating cardiac growth and gene expression. Many mediators thus discovered have been successfully extrapolated to the in vivo setting, as assessed using genetically engineered mice and physiological interventions. Studies in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes demonstrated a role for the small G-protein RhoA and its downstream effector kinase, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK), in agonist-mediated hypertrophy. Transgenic expression of RhoA in the heart does not phenocopy this response, however, nor does genetic deletion of ROCK prevent hypertrophy. Pharmacologic inhibition of ROCK has effects most consistent with roles for RhoA signaling in the development of heart failure or responses to ischemic damage. Whether signals elicited downstream of RhoA promote cell death or survival and are deleterious or salutary is, however, context and cell-type dependent. The concepts discussed above are reviewed, and the hypothesis that RhoA might protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia and other insults is presented. Novel RhoA targets including phospholipid regulated and regulating enzymes (Akt, PI kinases, phospholipase C, protein kinases C and D) and serum response element-mediated transcriptional responses are considered as possible pathways through which RhoA could affect cardiomyocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0636, USA
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Wang JZ, Cai CY, Zhang YM, Zheng JH, Chen YC, Li WQ, Shi GG. N-n-Butyl haloperidol iodide protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte injury by modulating protein kinase C activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1428-36. [PMID: 20105432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-n-Butyl haloperidol iodide (F2), a novel compound derived from haloperidol, protects against the damaging effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro and in vivo. We tested whether the myocardial protection of F2 on cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury is mediated by modulating protein kinase C (PKC) activity in primary cultured cardiomyocytes. Primary cultures of ventricular cardiomyocytes underwent 2-h hypoxia and 30-min reoxygenation. Total PKC activity was measured, and the translocation pattern of PKCalpha, betaII, delta and epsilon isoforms was assessed by fractionated western blot analysis. We investigated the association of PKC isoform translocation and H/R-induced injury in the presence and absence of the specific inhibitors and activator. Measurements included cell damage evaluated by creatine kinase (CK) release, and apoptosis measured by annexin V-FITC assay. In primary cultured cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R, PKCalpha, delta and epsilon were translocated, with no change in PKCbetaII activity. Total PKC activity, CK release and apoptosis were increased after H/R. Treatment with the conventional PKC inhibitor Go6976 reduced early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein expression and attenuated apoptosis. The PKCepsilon inhibitor peptide epsilonV1-2 increased H/R injury without influencing Egr-1 expression. Pretreatment with F2 inhibited translocation of PKCalpha, increased translocation of PKCepsilon, and relieved the CK release and apoptosis. The protection of F2 was blocked in part by the conventional PKC activator thymeleatoxin (TXA) and epsilonV1-2 peptide. F2 significantly alleviated H/R-induced injury, which might be attributed to the combined benefits of inhibiting PKCalpha and activating PKCepsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, PR China
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Bouma W, Noma M, Kanemoto S, Matsubara M, Leshnower BG, Hinmon R, Gorman JH, Gorman RC. Sex-related resistance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with high constitutive ARC expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1510-7. [PMID: 20173041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01021.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The female sex has been associated with improved myocardial salvage after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Estrogen, specifically 17beta-estradiol, has been demonstrated to mediate this phenomenon by limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We sought to quantitatively assess the effect of sex, ovarian hormone loss, and I/R on myocardial Bax, Bcl-2, and apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) expression. Male (n = 48), female (n = 26), and oophorectomized female (n = 20) rabbits underwent 30 min of regional ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. The myocardial area at risk and infarct size were determined using a double-staining technique and planimetry. In situ oligo ligation was used to assess apoptotic cell death. Western blot analysis was used to determine proapoptotic (Bax) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and ARC) protein levels in all three ischemic groups and, additionally, in three nonischemic groups. Infarct size (43.7 +/- 3.2%) and apoptotic cell death (0.51 +/- 0.10%) were significantly attenuated in females compared with males (56.4 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.01, and 4.29 +/- 0.95%, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (55.7 +/- 3.4%, P < 0.05, and 4.36 +/- 0.51%, P < 0.01). Females expressed significantly higher baseline ARC levels (3.62 +/- 0.29) compared with males (1.78 +/- 0.18, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (1.08 +/- 0.26, P < 0.01). Males expressed a significantly higher baseline Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio (4.32 +/- 0.99) compared with females (0.65 +/- 0.13, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (0.42 +/- 0.10, P < 0.01). I/R significantly reduced Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratios in males. In all other groups, ARC levels and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratios did not significantly change. These results support the conclusion that in females, endogenous estrogen limits I/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by producing a baseline antiapoptotic profile, which is associated with estrogen-dependent high constitutive myocardial ARC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wobbe Bouma
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Glenolden Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 500 S. Ridgeway Ave., Glenolden, PA 19036, USA
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Warm-blood cardioplegic arrest induces selective mitochondrial translocation of protein kinase Cε followed by interaction with 6.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit in viable myocytes overexpressing urocortin. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138:1213-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mechanisms of action and clinical implications of cardiac urocortin: A journey from the heart to the systemic circulation, with a stopover in the mitochondria. Int J Cardiol 2009; 137:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jiang XC, Yeang C, Li Z, Chakraborty M, Liu J, Zhang H, Fan Y. Sphingomyelin biosynthesis: its impact on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Meyer K, Zhang H, Zhang L. Direct effect of cocaine on epigenetic regulation of PKCepsilon gene repression in the fetal rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:504-11. [PMID: 19538969 PMCID: PMC2739252 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cocaine administration during gestation caused a down-regulation of PKCepsilon expression in the heart of adult offspring resulting in an increased sensitivity to ischemia and reperfusion injury. The present study investigated the direct effect of cocaine in epigenetic modification of PKCepsilon gene repression in the fetal heart. Hearts were isolated from gestational day 17 fetal rats and treated with cocaine in an ex vivo organ culture system. Cocaine treatment for 48 h resulted in significant decreases in PKCepsilon protein and mRNA abundance and increases in CpG methylation at two SP1 binding sites in the PKCepsilon promoter region (-346 and -268). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that CpG methylation of both SP1 sites inhibited SP1 binding. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that cocaine treatment significantly decreased binding of SP1 to the SP1 sites in the intact fetal heart. Reporter gene assays revealed that site-directed mutations of CpG methylation at both SP1 sites significantly reduced the PKCepsilon promoter activity while methylation of a single site at either -346 or -268 did not have a significant effect. The causal effect of increased methylation in the cocaine-induced down-regulation of PKCepsilon was demonstrated with the use of DNA methylation inhibitors. The presence of either 5-aza-2'-deoxycytodine or procainamide blocked the cocaine-induced increase in SP1 sites methylation and decrease in PKCepsilon mRNA. The results demonstrate a direct effect of cocaine in epigenetic modification of DNA methylation and programming of cardiac PKCepsilon gene repression linking prenatal cocaine exposure and pathophysiological consequences in the heart of adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Meyer
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
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Xue Q, Zhang L. Prenatal hypoxia causes a sex-dependent increase in heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in adult male offspring: role of protein kinase C epsilon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:624-32. [PMID: 19470841 PMCID: PMC2713094 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon plays a key role in the sex dichotomy of heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in adult offspring resulting from prenatal hypoxic exposure. Time-dated pregnant rats were divided between normoxic and hypoxic (10.5% O(2) on days 15-21 of gestation) groups. Hearts of 3-month-old progeny were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in a Langendorff preparation. Preischemic values of left ventricle (LV) function were the same between control and hypoxic animals. Prenatal hypoxia significantly decreased postischemic recovery of LV function and increased cardiac enzyme release and infarct size in adult male, but not female, rats. This was associated with significant decreases in PKC(epsilon) and phospho-PKC(epsilon) levels in the LV of the male, but not female, rats. The PKC(epsilon) translocation inhibitor peptide (PKC(epsilon)-TIP) significantly decreased phospho-PKC(epsilon) in control male rats to the levels found in the hypoxic animals and abolished the difference in I/R injury observed between the control and hypoxic rats. In females, PKC(epsilon)-TIP inhibited PKC(epsilon) phosphorylation and decreased postischemic recovery of LV function equally well in both control and hypoxic animals. PKC(epsilon)-TIP had no effect on PKCdelta activation in either male or female hearts. The results demonstrated that prenatal hypoxia caused an increase in heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in offspring in a sex-dependent manner, which was due to fetal programming of PKC(epsilon) gene repression resulting in a down-regulation of PKC(epsilon) function in the heart of adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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Lopez-Neblina F, Toledo AH, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Molecular Biology of Apoptosis in Ischemia and Reperfusion. J INVEST SURG 2009; 18:335-50. [PMID: 16319055 DOI: 10.1080/08941930500328862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the complex processes involved in apoptosis secondary to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and is not intended as a complete literature review of apoptosis. Several biochemical reactions trigger a cascade of events, which activate caspases. These caspases exert their effect through downstream proteolysis until the final effector caspases mediate the nuclear features characteristic of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and condensation. Within the context of ischemia, the hypoxic environment initiates the expression of several genes involved in inflammation, the immune response, and apoptosis. Many of these same genes are activated during reperfusion injury in response to radical oxygen species generation. It is plausible that inhibition of specific apoptotic pathways via inactivation or downregulation of those genes responsible for the initiation of inflammation, immune response, and apoptosis may provide promising molecular targets for ameliorating reperfusion injury in I/R-related processes. Such inhibitory mechanisms are discussed in this review. Important targets in I/R-related pathologies include the brain during stroke, the heart during myocardial infarction, and the organs during harvesting and/or storage for transplantation. In addition, we present data from our ongoing research of specific signal transduction-related elements and their role in ischemia/reperfusion injury. These data address the potential therapeutic application of anti-inflammatory and anti-ischemic compounds in the prevention of I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopez-Neblina
- Trauma, Surgery Research, and Molecular Biology, Borgess Research Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49048, USA
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The divergent roles of protein kinase C epsilon and delta in simulated ischaemia–reperfusion injury in human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:758-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meyer KD, Zhang H, Zhang L. Prenatal cocaine exposure abolished ischemic preconditioning-induced protection in adult male rat hearts: role of PKCepsilon. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1566-76. [PMID: 19286950 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00898.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure in rats resulted in decreased PKCepsilon protein expression in the heart of adult male but not female offspring. The present study determined its functional consequence of inhibiting cardioprotection mediated by ischemic preconditioning. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneally saline or cocaine (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) from day 15 to day 21 of gestational age. Hearts were isolated from 3-mo-old offspring and were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury in a Langendorff preparation, with or without prior ischemic preconditioning. Preischemic values of left ventricular function were the same between the saline control and cocaine-treated animals. Ischemic preconditioning of two episodes of 5-min ischemia significantly decreased infarct size and enhanced postischemic functional recovery of the left ventricle in the saline control animals. This ischemic preconditioning was associated with increased phospho-PKCepsilon, but not phospho-PKCdelta, levels and was blocked by a PKCepsilon translocation inhibitor peptide. Prenatal cocaine treatment abolished the ischemic preconditioning-mediated increase in phospho-PKCepsilon and cardioprotection in the heart of male offspring. In contrast, the cardioprotective effect was fully maintained in female offspring that were exposed to cocaine before birth. The results suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure causes a sex-specific loss of cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning in adult offspring, which is most likely due to fetal programming of PKCepsilon gene repression, resulting in a downregulation of PKCepsilon function in the heart of adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Meyer
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda Univ. School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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