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Elliott MV, John OP, Allen JD, Johnson SL. Contexts of urgency may go beyond emotion. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1412001. [PMID: 39328344 PMCID: PMC11424539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1412001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urgency has been defined as the tendency towards rash speech and behavior in the context of emotion. Measures of Urgency have been found to have robust predictive power for psychopathologies and problematic behaviors. In the current study, we question whether emotions are unique drivers of urgency, or if emotions are potent exemplars of contexts that lead to rash speech and behavior. The Emotion Specific model and the Broader Contexts model correspond with these two conceptualizations of urgency, and they frame our pre-registered hypotheses. Methods Participants from two well-powered samples (n = 600,n = 588) completed 9 modified items from the Urgency and Positive Urgency scales to assess rash responses in each of four contexts - "Upset," "Excited," "Tired," and "Hungry" - and a fifth "In General" set. After data cleaning, we used principal components analysis to construct a unidimensional, 4-item set that was applied to capture impulsive behavior across the five contexts. Results We found that this research tool, called the Contexts of Impulsive Behaviors (CIBS), replicated in the second dataset, and it had adequate internal reliability in both samples. Although the Emotion Specific model was supported by the fact that the Upset context had a greater mean and greater variance than the Tired and Hungry contexts, most results supported the Broader Contexts model. That is, CIBS contexts were highly intercorrelated, and bivariate correlations with psychopathology were not significantly different across contexts. In partial correlations, effects of the Upset and Excited contexts were partially or fully statistically mediated by the Tired and Hungry contexts. Discussion These findings suggest that emotions are potent contexts for impulsive behaviors. At the same time, those with high urgency are vulnerable to impulsivity in other contexts, such as fatigue and hunger, that challenge the regulatory functions of the prefrontal cortex. Limitations, future directions, and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Elliott
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA, United States
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Jostrup E, Claesdotter-Knutsson E, Tallberg P, Söderlund G, Gustafsson P, Nyström M. No Effects of Auditory and Visual White Noise on Oculomotor Control in Children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241273249. [PMID: 39252445 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241273249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White noise stimulation has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing working memory in children with ADHD. However, its impact on other executive functions commonly affected by ADHD, such as inhibitory control, remains largely unexplored. This research aims to explore the effects of two types of white noise stimulation on oculomotor inhibitory control in children with ADHD. METHOD Memory guided saccade (MGS) and prolonged fixation (PF) performance was compared between children with ADHD (N = 52) and typically developing controls (TDC, N = 45), during auditory and visual white noise stimulation as well as in a no noise condition. RESULTS Neither the auditory nor the visual white noise had any beneficial effects on performance for either group. CONCLUSIONS White noise stimulation does not appear to be beneficial for children with ADHD in tasks that target oculomotor inhibitory control. Potential explanations for this lack of noise benefit will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pia Tallberg
- Lund University, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Söderlund
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hapakova L, Necpal J, Kosutzka Z. The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. Cortex 2024; 178:116-140. [PMID: 38991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of the antisaccadic task in understanding inhibitory mechanisms in basal ganglia disorders. It conducts a comparative analysis of saccadic profiles in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's disease, and dystonia, revealing distinct patterns and proposing mechanisms for impaired performance. The primary focus is on two inhibitory mechanisms: global, pre-emptive inhibition responsible for suppressing prepotent responses, and slower, selective response inhibition. The antisaccadic task demonstrates practicality in clinical applications, aiding in differential diagnoses, treatment monitoring and reflecting gait control. To further enhance its differential diagnostic value, future directions should address issues such as the standardization of eye-tracking protocol and the integration of eye-tracking data with other disease indicators in a comprehensive dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hapakova
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Necpal
- Neurology Department, Hospital Zvolen, a. s., Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kosutzka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Jostrup E, Nyström M, Tallberg P, Söderlund G, Gustafsson P, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Effects of Auditory and Visual White Noise on Oculomotor Inhibition in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Crossover Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e56388. [PMID: 39146010 PMCID: PMC11362705 DOI: 10.2196/56388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), poor inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics, with oculomotor inhibition impairments being considered a potential biomarker of the disorder. While auditory white noise has demonstrated the ability to enhance working memory in this group, visual white noise is still unexplored and so are the effects of both types of white noise stimulation on oculomotor inhibition. OBJECTIVE This crossover study aims to explore the impact of auditory and visual white noise on oculomotor inhibition in children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children. The study will investigate the impact of different noise levels (25% and 50% visual, 78 dB auditory), and performance will be evaluated both with and without noise stimulation. We hypothesize that exposure to white noise will improve performance in children with ADHD and impair the performance for TD children. METHODS Memory-guided saccades and prolonged fixations, known for their sensitivity in detecting oculomotor disinhibition in ADHD, will be used to assess performance. Children diagnosed with ADHD, withdrawing from medication for 24 hours, and TD children without psychiatric disorders were recruited for the study. RESULTS Data collection was initiated in October 2023 and ended in February 2024. A total of 97 participants were enrolled, and the first results are expected between September and November 2024. CONCLUSIONS This study will examine whether cross-modal sensory stimulation can enhance executive function, specifically eye movement control, in children with ADHD. In addition, the study will explore potential differences between auditory and visual noise effects in both groups. Our goal is to identify implications for understanding how noise can be used to improve cognitive performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06057441; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06057441. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/56388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Jostrup
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Nyström
- Lund University Humanities Lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia Tallberg
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Outpatient Department, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Outpatient Department, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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Senkowski D, Ziegler T, Singh M, Heinz A, He J, Silk T, Lorenz RC. Assessing Inhibitory Control Deficits in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Stop-signal Task. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:548-567. [PMID: 37300725 PMCID: PMC11166755 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing quest in improving our understanding of the neurocognitive deficits underlying adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Current statistical manuals of psychiatric disorders emphasize inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but empirical studies have also shown consistent alterations in inhibitory control. To date, there is no established neuropsychological test to assess inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD. A common paradigm for assessing response inhibition is the stop-signal task (SST). Following PRISMA-selection criteria, our systematic review and meta-analysis integrated the findings of 26 publications with 27 studies examining the SST in adult ADHD. The meta-analysis, which included 883 patients with adult ADHD and 916 control participants, revealed reliable inhibitory control deficits, as expressed in prolonged SST response times, with a moderate effect size g = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.376-0.644, p < 0.0001). The deficits were not moderated by study quality, sample characteristics or clinical parameters, suggesting that they may be a phenotype in this disorder. The analyses of secondary outcome measures revealed greater SST omission errors and reduced go accuracy in patients, indicative of altered sustained attention. However, only few (N < 10) studies were available for these measures. Our meta-analysis suggests that the SST, in conjunction with other tests and questionnaires, could become a valuable tool for assessing inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Senkowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Theresa Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singh
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason He
- King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Tim Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert C Lorenz
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Liu X, Turel O, Xiao Z, Lv C, He Q. Neural differences of food-specific inhibitory control in people with healthy vs higher BMI. Appetite 2023; 188:106759. [PMID: 37390598 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Consistent with the idea that deficits in inhibition limit resistance to tempting, tasty, high-calorie foods, and might result in a higher BMI, we test whether people with higher BMIs (BMI >25 kg/m2) present inefficient inhibitory control over food-related responses. To unpack this association, we also examine individual differences in the neural mechanisms of food inhibitory control in healthy vs higher BMI individuals. We test these aspects with a sample of 109 participants (49 with higher BMI and 60 with healthy BMI) and the food stop-signal task, which was used to examine individuals' inhibitory control. Results demonstrated that people with higher BMI had significantly poorer food inhibitory control than healthy BMI individuals. fMRI results showed that, in both Go (Go_food vs Go_nature) and Stop conditions (Stop_food vs Stop_nature), compared to healthy BMI individuals, individuals with higher BMI had lower activation in the superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, precentral gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus in the food stimulus condition. Moreover, ROI analysis results showed that under the Stop_food condition, the activation in the inferior frontal gyrus in the higher BMI group was significantly negatively correlated with inhibitory control abilities. These results suggest that people with a higher BMI have limited ability to inhibit food impulsions, and that the prefrontal regions and parietal cortex may contribute to the progression of inhibitory control limitations in relation to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ofir Turel
- Computing Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhibing Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyu Lv
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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Cai W, Warren SL, Duberg K, Yu A, Hinshaw SP, Menon V. Both reactive and proactive control are deficient in children with ADHD and predictive of clinical symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:179. [PMID: 37236924 PMCID: PMC10220086 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control deficits are a hallmark of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Theoretical models posit that cognitive control involves reactive and proactive control processes but their distinct roles and inter-relations in ADHD are not known, and the contributions of proactive control remain vastly understudied. Here, we investigate the dynamic dual cognitive control mechanisms associated with both proactive and reactive control in 50 children with ADHD (16F/34M) and 30 typically developing (TD) children (14F/16M) aged 9-12 years across two different cognitive controls tasks using a within-subject design. We found that while TD children were capable of proactively adapting their response strategies, children with ADHD demonstrated significant deficits in implementing proactive control strategies associated with error monitoring and trial history. Children with ADHD also showed weaker reactive control than TD children, and this finding was replicated across tasks. Furthermore, while proactive and reactive control functions were correlated in TD children, such coordination between the cognitive control mechanisms was not present in children with ADHD. Finally, both reactive and proactive control functions were associated with behavioral problems in ADHD, and multi-dimensional features derived from the dynamic dual cognitive control framework predicted inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity clinical symptoms. Our findings demonstrate that ADHD in children is characterized by deficits in both proactive and reactive control, and suggest that multi-componential cognitive control measures can serve as robust predictors of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Stacie L Warren
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Duberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Yu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Robertson ND, Deacon E, Botha K. A critical review of the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus, inhibition, and behavioral management. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 3:1080415. [PMID: 36992790 PMCID: PMC10012078 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.1080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic and lifelong condition that requires adequate behavior management in order to meet desired health outcomes. The effects of T1DM on the neurocognitive functioning of affected individuals raise concerns about how the disease may influence executive functioning. Inhibition is a core component of executive functioning, and plays a vital role in self-regulation and the restriction of impulsive behaviors. Inhibition may thus play a vital role in the behavior management of people with T1DM. The aim of this study was to identify current gaps in existing knowledge regarding the relationship between T1DM, inhibition, and behavior management. This study employed a critical review design to analyze and synthesize the current scientific literature. Twelve studies were identified through an appraisal process, and the data extracted were thematically analyzed and integrated. The findings of this study indicate that a possible cycle arises between these three constructs, in which T1DM affects inhibition, inhibition affects behavior management, and poor behavior management affects inhibition. It is recommended that future research should focus more specifically on this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Dean Robertson
- School of Psychosocial Health, Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Elmari Deacon
- School of Psychosocial Health, Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- OPTENTIA, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Karel Botha
- School of Psychosocial Health, Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Cabelguen C, Saillard A, Vanier A, Laslandes M, Leboucher J, Rousselet M, Thiabaud E, Grall-Bronnec M, Challet-Bouju G. Is history of abuse predictive of eating disorders with binge-eating episodes through an effect mediated by impulsivity? A French longitudinal study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2023; 48:E13-E22. [PMID: 36627120 PMCID: PMC9833835 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many studies have explored the associations among impulsivity, history of abuse, the emergence of eating disorders with episodes of binge eating (EDBE) and their severity. Nevertheless, factors associated with successful clinical outcomes of EDBE are still unknown. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that a history of abuse is associated with unsuccessful clinical outcomes of EDBE through an effect mediated by impulsivity. METHODS We assessed patients older than 15 years, 3 months with EDBE at inclusion and at 1 year. Recovery was defined as the absence of eating disorders at 1 year. A mediation analysis was performed by means of structural equation modelling. RESULTS We included 186 patients in our analyses (54% bulimia nervosa, 29% anorexia nervosa binge eating/purging type and 17% binge-eating disorder); 179 (96%) were female. One-third (n = 63) of patients reported a history of abuse, and recovery was observed for 20% of the sample (n = 38). Contrary to our assumption, a history of abuse was not associated with the absence of recovery of EDBE at 1 year. Factors unfavourable for achieving recovery were anxiety disorders (odds ratio [OR] 0.41), vomiting (OR 0.39), physical hyperactivity (OR 0.29), negative urgency and a lack of perseverance (OR 0.85 for both). Only positive urgency was positively associated with recovery (OR 1.25). LIMITATIONS We excluded 219 patients lost to the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Our findings may help to deconstruct the empirical belief that traumatic events may interfere with the successful course of treatment for eating disorders. A high level of positive urgency may be associated with more receptivity to care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- From Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, UIC Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale, Nantes, France (Cabelguen, Saillard, Laslandes, Leboucher, Rousselet, Thiabaud, Grall-Bronnec, Challet-Bouju); Nantes Université, Université de Tours, CHU Nantes, CHU Tours, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, SPHERE, Nantes, France (Vanier, Grall-Bronnec, Challet-Bouju); and the Pharmaceutical Drugs Assessment Department, Assessment and Access to Innovation Direction, Haute Autorité de Santé, Saint-Denis, France (Vanier)
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Trempler I, Heimsath A, Nieborg J, Bradke B, Schubotz RI, Ohrmann P. Ignore the glitch but mind the switch: Positive effects of methylphenidate on cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are related to prediction gain. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:177-185. [PMID: 36252347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological symptoms such as inattention and distractibility constitute a core characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we tested the hypothesis that attentional dysfunctions result from a deficit in neural gain modulation, which translates into difficulty in predictively weighting relevant sensory input while ignoring distraction. We compared thirty-seven hitherto untreated adults diagnosed with ADHD and thirty-eight healthy participants with a serial switch-drift task that requires internal models of predictable digit sequences to be either updated or stabilized. Switches between sequences that had to be indicated by key presses and digit omissions within a sequence (drifts) that should be ignored varied by stimulus-bound surprise quantified as Shannon information. To investigate whether catecholaminergic modulation by increasing extracellular norepinephrine and dopamine levels leads to an amelioration in prediction gain, participants were tested twice, with patients receiving a single dose of methylphenidate, a norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor, in the second session. Patients and controls differed in both updating and stabilizing, depending on the respective event surprise. Specifically, patients showed difficulty in detecting expectable switches, while having greater difficulty to ignore surprising distractions. Thus, underconfident prior beliefs in ADHD may fail to appropriately weight expected relevant input, whereas the gain of neural responses to unexpected irrelevant distractors is increased. Methylphenidate improved both flexibility and stability of prediction and had a positive effect on selective responding over time. Our results suggest that ADHD is associated with an impairment in the use of prior expectations to optimally weight sensory inputs, which is improved by increasing catecholaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ima Trempler
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeldt-Center for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; LWL-Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Heimsath
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Nieborg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bradke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeldt-Center for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Patricia Ohrmann
- Otto-Creutzfeldt-Center for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; LWL-Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
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Chamorro Y, Betz LT, Philipsen A, Kambeitz J, Ettinger U. The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1090-1102. [PMID: 34052459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in oculomotor inhibition have been proposed as a potential biomarker of the disorder. The present meta-analysis summarizes the effects reported in studies comparing oculomotor inhibition in ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Inhibitory outcomes were derived from oculomotor experimental paradigms including the antisaccade (AS), memory-guided saccade, and prolonged fixation tasks. Temporal and spatial measures were also extracted from these tasks and from visually guided saccade tasks as secondary outcomes. Data were available from k = 31 studies (N = 1567 participants). Summary effect sizes were computed using random-effects models and a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. RESULTS Among inhibitory outcomes, direction errors in AS, after correcting for publication bias, showed a moderate effect and large between-study heterogeneity (k = 18, n = 739, g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.27, 0.88], I2= 74%); anticipatory saccades in memory-guided saccade showed a large effect and low heterogeneity (k = 11, n = 487; g = 0.86, 95% CI [0.64, 1.08], I2 = 17.7%); and saccades during prolonged fixation evidenced large effect size and heterogeneity (k = 6, n = 325 g = 1.11, 95% CI [0.56, 1.65], I2 = 79.1%) partially related to age. Among secondary outcomes, saccadic reaction time in AS (k = 22, n = 932, g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06, 0.63], I2 = 53.12%) and coefficient of variability in visually guided saccade (k = 5, n = 282, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.28, 0.78], I2 = 0.01%) indicated significant effects with small to moderate effects sizes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD groups commit more oculomotor inhibition failures than control groups. The substantial effects support the conclusion that oculomotor disinhibition is a relevant ADHD-related mechanism. Moderate effects observed in saccadic reaction time variability suggest that fluctuant performance in oculomotor tasks is another relevant characteristic of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Chamorro
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Galkin SA, Vasilieva SN, Simutkin GG, Ivanova SA. Executive dysfunction in affective disorders: differences in bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-28-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim. To identify the differences in executive function (inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility) between patients with bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode.Materials and methods. A total of 72 patients with affective disorders aged 20–40 years were examined. Of them, 30 patients had bipolar affective disorder, a current episode of mild or moderate depression, and 42 patients had a mild, moderate, and severe depressive episode without symptoms of psychosis. The executive function was evaluated using PsyToolkit, a set of software tools for programming psychological experiments. Computerized Go/ No–go tasks (assessment of inhibitory control and psychomotor functions), the Corsi block-tapping test (assessment of visual and spatial working memory capacities), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (assessment of cognitive flexibility) were used.Results. An intergroup comparison of patients revealed that patients with bipolar disorder significantly more often demonstrated false button press in the Go/No–go task (p = 0.043); however, they exhibited a greater working memory capacity in the Corsi block-tapping test (p = 0.049) compared with patients with a depressive episode.Conclusion. Important data were obtained regarding the specifics of executive dysfunction depending on the type of affective disorder. The presented data expand and supplement available information about the cognitive characteristics of patients with bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode, which may be useful in clinical practice and serve a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Galkin
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center (NRMC), Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - S. N. Vasilieva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center (NRMC), Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - G. G. Simutkin
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center (NRMC), Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - S. A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center (NRMC), Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian State Medical University
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Maladaptive Personality Traits in a Group of Patients with Substance Use Disorder and ADHD. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070962. [PMID: 35888680 PMCID: PMC9323800 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: the comorbidity of personality disorders in patients who use psychoactive substances is common in psychiatric practice. The epidemiology of disharmonious personality traits in patients with ADHD and addictions in adulthood is still insufficiently researched. The study investigated the typology of personality traits in a group of adult patients consuming psychoactive substances, in whom symptoms of ADHD were identified. Materials and Methods: the study evaluates a group of 104 patients with chronic psychoactive substances abuse, in whom symptoms of ADHD were identified in early adulthood, in terms of comorbid personality traits. Results: statistically significant data have been obtained regarding the presence of clinical traits characteristic for cluster B personality disorders, the patients presenting lower levels of self-control, self-image instability, difficulties in the areas of social relationships and own identity integration. Conclusions: ADHD symptomatology precedes the clinical traits of personality disorders in patients with addictions, negatively influencing chronic evolution and quality of life.
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Lev A, Braw Y, Elbaum T, Wagner M, Rassovsky Y. Eye Tracking During a Continuous Performance Test: Utility for Assessing ADHD Patients. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:245-255. [PMID: 33238787 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720972786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of continuous performance tests (CPTs) for assessing ADHD related cognitive impairment is ubiquitous. Novel psychophysiological measures may enhance the data that is derived from CPTs and thereby improve clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis and treatment. As part of the current study, we integrated an eye tracker with the MOXO-dCPT and assessed the utility of eye movement measures to differentiate ADHD patients and healthy controls. METHOD Adult ADHD patients and gender/age-matched healthy controls performed the MOXO-dCPT while their eye movements were monitored (n = 33 per group). RESULTS ADHD patients spent significantly more time gazing at irrelevant regions, both on the screen and outside of it, than healthy controls. The eye movement measures showed adequate ability to classify ADHD patients. Moreover, a scale that combined eye movement measures enhanced group prediction, compared to the sole use of conventional MOXO-dCPT indices. CONCLUSIONS Integrating an eye tracker with CPTs is a feasible way of enhancing diagnostic precision and shows initial promise for clarifying the cognitive profile of ADHD patients. Pending replication, these findings point toward a promising path for the evolution of existing CPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astar Lev
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Rassovsky
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Montgomery L, Chondrogianni V, Fletcher-Watson S, Rabagliati H, Sorace A, Davis R. Measuring the Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functioning Via Inhibitory Control Abilities in Autistic Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3560-3573. [PMID: 34406588 PMCID: PMC9296418 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One factor that may influence how executive functions develop is exposure to more than one language in childhood. This study explored the impact of bilingualism on inhibitory control in autistic (n = 38) and non-autistic children (n = 51). Bilingualism was measured on a continuum of exposure to investigate the effects of language environment on two facets of inhibitory control. Behavioural control of motor impulses was modulated positively through increased bilingual exposure, irrespective of diagnostic status, but bilingual exposure did not significantly affect inhibition involving visual attention. The results partially support the hypothesis that bilingual exposure differentially affects components of inhibitory control and provides important evidence for families that bilingualism is not detrimental to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Montgomery
- The Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5th Floor, Kennedy Tower, Morningside Place, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Vicky Chondrogianni
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Sue Fletcher-Watson
- The Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5th Floor, Kennedy Tower, Morningside Place, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Hugh Rabagliati
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Antonella Sorace
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Rachael Davis
- The Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5th Floor, Kennedy Tower, Morningside Place, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
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16
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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17
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Brain networks associated with anticipatory postural adjustments in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 28:102461. [PMID: 33395957 PMCID: PMC7575874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High hemodynamic response in the AI and SMA in the FoG when an APA was required. Connectivity between the right and left insulae was correlated with severity of FoG. Both groups showed different brain network organizations between SMA and bilateral AI. SMA was found to be a hub in patients with FoG when an APA was required.
Specific impairments of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) during step initiation have been reported in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and freezing of gait (FoG). Although APA disruption has been associated with FoG, there is scarce knowledge about its neural correlates. We sought to better understand the neural networks involved with APA in patients with FoG by assessing the level of hemodynamic response of specific brain regions and the functional connectivity during the leg lifting task. In the current investigation, APAs of patients with PD, with and without (nFoG) freezing were assessed during a leg lifting task in an event-related, functional magnetic resonance imaging (er-fMRI) protocol. Results identified a high hemodynamic response in the right anterior insula (AI) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in the FoG group when an APA was required. The nFoG had stronger connectivity between the right and left insulae than the FoG group. The strength of this connectivity was negatively correlated with the severity of FoG. Both groups showed different brain network organizations comprising the SMA and the bilateral AI. The SMA was found to be a hub in patients with FoG when an APA was required for the task. Our findings suggest that both groups used compensatory mechanism comprising the insulae during APA. Neither group used the entire network comprised of the insulae and SMA to accomplish the task. The FoG group relied more on SMA as a hub than as part of a broader network to exchange information during the APA.
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18
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Najberg H, Wachtl L, Anziano M, Mouthon M, Spierer L. Aging Modulates Prefrontal Plasticity Induced by Executive Control Training. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:809-825. [PMID: 32930336 PMCID: PMC7786350 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While declines in inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress unwanted neurocognitive processes, represent a hallmark of healthy aging, whether this function is susceptible to training-induced plasticity in older populations remains largely unresolved. We addressed this question with a randomized controlled trial investigating the changes in behavior and electrical neuroimaging activity induced by a 3-week adaptive gamified Go/NoGo inhibitory control training (ICT). Performance improvements were accompanied by the development of more impulsive response strategies, but did not generalize to impulsivity traits nor quality of life. As compared with a 2-back working-memory training, the ICT in the older adults resulted in a purely quantitative reduction in the strength of the activity in a medial and ventrolateral prefrontal network over the 400 ms P3 inhibition-related event-related potentials component. However, as compared with young adults, the ICT induced distinct configurational modifications in older adults' 200 ms N2 conflict monitoring medial-frontal functional network. Hence, while older populations show preserved capacities for training-induced plasticity in executive control, aging interacts with the underlying plastic brain mechanisms. Training improves the efficiency of the inhibition process in older adults, but its effects differ from those in young adults at the level of the coping with inhibition demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Najberg
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Wachtl
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Anziano
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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19
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Ssewanyana D, Newton CR, van Baar A, Hassan AS, Stein A, Taylor HG, Van De Vijver F, Scerif G, Abubakar A. Beyond Their HIV Status: the Occurrence of Multiple Health Risk Behavior Among Adolescents from a Rural Setting of Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:426-443. [PMID: 32215858 PMCID: PMC7359141 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Health risk behaviors during adolescence may cluster into patterns that might be predicted by specific factors, among which HIV may have an important role. Method In a cross-sectional study conducted between 2017 and 2018, clustering of HRB and its associated factors was investigated in rural Kenya among 588 adolescents (36% perinatally HIV infected; 28% perinatally HIV exposed but uninfected; and 36% HIV unexposed/uninfected). Latent class analysis of 22 behaviors followed by multinomial logistic regression were conducted. Four risk behavior classes were identified. Results No significant differences were found in behavioral class membership across the three HIV groups (p = 0.366). The risk of membership to the higher risk behavioral classes relative to class 1 (the substance and drug abstinent low risk takers) increased with older adolescent age (p = 0.047), increased among adolescent who experienced mental distress (p < 0.001), and those who felt unsafe in their neighborhood (p < 0.002). Better working memory (p = 0.0037) was found to be protective. Conclusion The results highlight a need to include screening and interventions for internalizing mental health problems and deficits in executive functioning, as well as steps to involve family members and communities to address psychosocial risk factors in adolescents in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ssewanyana
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charles R Newton
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anneloes van Baar
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amin S Hassan
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fons Van De Vijver
- Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
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20
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Tiira K, Tikkanen A, Vainio O. Inhibitory control – Important trait for explosive detection performance in police dogs? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Xing W, Lü W, Wang Z. Trait impulsiveness and response inhibition in young adults: Moderating role of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 149:1-7. [PMID: 31926906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trait impulsiveness is a multifaceted construct that includes motor-, attention/cognitive- and non-planning facets, but how specific impulsiveness facets are associated with the deficit of response inhibition is not well understood. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which is considered as an index of cardiac vagal tone has been demonstrated to play a moderating role in the associations between many individual's variables. Whether resting RSA moderates the relationships between the facets of trait impulsiveness and response inhibition remains unknown. To examine these issues, data of self-reported trait impulsiveness, as assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-II), 5-min resting RSA, and response accuracy (ACC) on a modified Go/NoGo task were collected from 132 college students. Results indicated that ACC of NoGo condition on the Go/NoGo task was negatively correlated with BIS motor and BIS total. Trait motor impulsiveness negatively predicted ACC of NoGo condition on the Go/NoGo task in the low resting RSA group but not in the high resting RSA group. This finding suggests that cardiac vagal tone could moderate the association between trait impulsiveness, especially motor impulsiveness, and deficits of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Wei Lü
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
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Pilin MA, Pike J, Xie B, Stacy AW. Working Memory and Response Inhibition Effects on At-Risk Youth's Willingness to Use Multiple Nicotine and Tobacco Products. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1867-1874. [PMID: 32460575 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1771595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Past research has suggested that executive functions, such as working memory and response inhibition, predict the use of nicotine and tobacco products (NTPs). The current study extends prior research by assessing whether response inhibition and working memory are associated with at-risk youth's willingness to use NTPs. Methods: A sample of 1060 at-risk youth were recruited from alternative high schools in southern California. Participants were randomly assigned to complete the Symmetry Span Task, an indicator of working memory ability, or the cued Go/No-Go task, an indicator of response inhibition. Participants who reported never using NTPs (n = 348) indicated how willing they would be try NTPs. Results: Results from a cross-sectional zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression suggest that females with stronger working memory skills and individuals with weaker response inhibition skills were more likely to be unwilling to use NTPs. Conclusion: While further research is needed to determine whether executive functions can prospectively predict NTP use among at-risk youth, the current study indicates that both working memory and response inhibition may play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Pilin
- Psychology Department, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Pike
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Alan W Stacy
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA
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An Overview of the Neurobiology of Impulsivity in Gambling and Gaming Disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-019-00190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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D’Agostino AR, Wesley MJ, Brown J, Fillmore MT. Effects of multisensory stop signals on alcohol-induced disinhibition in adults with ADHD. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:247-256. [PMID: 30628812 PMCID: PMC6538486 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory environments facilitate behavioral functioning in humans. The redundant signal effect (RSE) refers to the observation that individuals respond more quickly to stimuli when information is presented as multisensory, redundant stimuli (e.g., aurally and visually) rather than as a single stimulus presented to either modality alone. RSE appears to be because of specialized multisensory neurons in the superior colliculus and association cortex that allow intersensory coactivation between the visual and auditory channels. Our studies show that the disinhibiting effects of alcohol are attenuated when stop signals are multisensory (e.g., Visual + Auditory stop signals) versus unisensory (Roberts, Monem, & Fillmore, 2016). The present study expanded on this research to test the degree to which multisensory stop signals could also attenuate the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a clinical population characterized by poor impulse control. The study compared young adults with ADHD (n = 22) with healthy controls (n = 22) and examined the acute impairing effect of alcohol on response inhibition to stop signals that were presented as a unisensory (visual) stimulus or a multisensory (Visual + Auditory) stimulus. For controls, results showed alcohol impaired response inhibition to unisensory stop signals but not to multisensory stop signals. Response inhibition of those with ADHD was impaired by alcohol regardless of whether stop signals were unisensory or multisensory. The failure of multisensory stimuli to attenuate alcohol impairment in those with ADHD highlights a specific vulnerability that could account for heightened sensitivity to the disruptive effects of alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. D’Agostino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A
| | - Jaime Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
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Song J, Feng P, Wu X, Li B, Su Y, Liu Y, Zheng Y. Individual Differences in the Neural Basis of Response Inhibition After Sleep Deprivation Are Mediated by Chronotype. Front Neurol 2019; 10:514. [PMID: 31156542 PMCID: PMC6529982 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) has been reported to severely affect executive function, and interindividual differences in these effects may contribute to the SD-associated cognition impairment. However, it is unclear how individual differences in chronotypes (morning-type, MT; evening-type, ET) influence neurobehavioral functions after SD. To address this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate whether 24 h of SD differentially affect response inhibition, a core component of executive function, in MT and ET individuals. Accordingly, MT and ET participants were instructed to follow their preferred 7–9-h sleep schedule for 2 weeks at home both prior to and throughout the course of the study, and then performed a go/no-go task during fMRI scanning at 08:00 a.m. both at rested wakefulness (RW) and following SD. We also examined whether the neurobehavioral inhibition differences in the chronotypes in each session can be predicted by subjective ratings (sleepiness, mood, and task) or objective attention. Behaviorally, SD led to an increased response time of go trials (hit RT), more attentional lapses, higher subjective sleepiness, and worse mood indices, but it did not impair the accuracy of go trials (hit rate) and no-go trials (stop rate). Regardless of the presence of SD, ET individuals exhibited a lower stop rate, higher subjective ratings of sleepiness, exhausted mood, and task difficulty in comparison with MT individuals. On the neural level, SD resulted in decreased inhibition-related activation of the right lateral inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) in MT individuals and increased rIFG activation in ET individuals. Moreover, the rIFG activation in ET individuals after SD was positively correlated to the subjective ratings of sleepiness and effort put into the task, which was considered as a compensatory response to the adverse effects of SD. These findings suggest that individual differences in inhibition-related cerebral activation after SD are influenced by chronotypes. In addition, ET individuals may be vulnerable to response inhibition. Thus, it is essential to take into consideration the chronotype in SD research and sleep medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanchen Su
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sharif-Razi M, Hodgins DC, Goghari VM. Reactive and proactive control mechanisms of response inhibition in gambling disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:114-121. [PMID: 30580134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition, one component of cognitive control, refers to the ability to inhibit automatic responses and has been found to be impaired in gambling disorder. Recent models of cognitive control distinguish between two mechanisms: reactive control, the ability to stop in response to a stop-stimulus, and proactive control, the ability to anticipate and prepare for a stop. Previous studies have primarily focused on reactive modes of control in gambling disorder. The aim of the current study was to assess both reactive and proactive modes of response inhibition in individuals with gambling disorder (n = 27) and community controls (n = 21) using a variant of the stop-signal task. Second, the relationship between trait impulsivity, and reactive and proactive control was examined. No group differences in reactive or proactive control were found. However, premeditation, one domain of trait impulsivity, was associated with worse proactive control in the gambling group. These results suggest that difficulties with response inhibition may not be a core deficit in all forms of gambling disorder. Future research should continue to develop and test tasks that involve cognitive control processes in different presentations of gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sharif-Razi
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - David C Hodgins
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Vina M Goghari
- Clinical Neuroscience of Schizophrenia (CNS) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Soltaninejad Z, Nejati V, Ekhtiari H. Effect of Anodal and Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on DLPFC on Modulation of Inhibitory Control in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:325-332. [PMID: 26689935 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715618792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to improve the inhibitory control functions through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in adolescents with ADHD symptoms. METHOD Twenty high school students with ADHD symptoms participated in this single-blinded, crossover, sham-controlled study. All the participants were tested during the application of Stroop and Go/No-Go tasks that is used to measure inhibitory control, using 1.5 mA of tDCS for 15 min over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). RESULTS Anodal stimulation on left DLPFC had no effect on interference inhibition during the Stroop task and increased the proportion of correct responses in the "Go stage" of the Go/No-Go test compared with sham condition. Cathodal stimulation on the left DLPFC increased the inhibition accuracy in the inhibition stage during Go/No-Go task in comparison with sham. CONCLUSION tDCS over the left DLPFC of adolescents who suffer from ADHD symptoms can improve inhibitory control in prepotent response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.,3 Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
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Byrne KA, Worthy DA. Examining the link between reward and response inhibition in individuals with substance abuse tendencies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:518-525. [PMID: 30544087 PMCID: PMC6340392 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use problems are often characterized by dysregulation in reward sensitivity and inhibitory control. In line with this representation, the goal of this investigation was to determine how substance abuse tendencies among university students affect incentivized response inhibition. Additionally, this study examined whether striatal dopamine moderates the impact of substance use on response inhibition performance. METHODS The sample included ninety-eight university students. Participants completed this prospective experimental study at an on-campus laboratory. All participants completed substance abuse and disinhibition subscales of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory-Brief Form. Using a within-subjects design, participants then performed the Stop Signal Task under both neutral (unrewarded) and reward conditions, in which correct response cancellations resulted in a monetary reward. Striatal tonic dopamine levels were operationalized using spontaneous eyeblink rate. RESULTS The outcome measures were Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) performance in the unrewarded and rewarded phases of the task. A hierarchical linear regression analysis, controlling for trait disinhibition, age, gender, and cigarette smoking status, identified an interactive effect of substance use and striatal dopamine levels on incentivized SSRT. Substance abuse tendencies were associated with slower SSRT and thus poorer inhibitory control under reward conditions among individuals with low levels of striatal dopamine (F = 7.613, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS This work has implications for research examining advanced drug use trajectories. In situations in which rewards are at stake, drug users with low tonic dopamine may be more motivated to seek those rewards at the expense of regulating inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaileigh A. Byrne
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, 418 Brackett Hall Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Darrell A. Worthy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A and M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Skippen P, Matzke D, Heathcote A, Fulham WR, Michie P, Karayanidis F. Reliability of triggering inhibitory process is a better predictor of impulsivity than SSRT. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 192:104-117. [PMID: 30469044 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control behaviour is thought to rely at least partly on adequately suppressing impulsive responses to external stimuli. However, the evidence for a relationship between response inhibition ability and impulse control is weak and inconsistent. This study investigates the relationship between response inhibition and both self-report and behavioural measures of impulsivity as well as engagement in risky behaviours in a large community sample (N = 174) of healthy adolescents and young adults (15-35 years). Using a stop-signal paradigm with a number parity go task, we implemented a novel hierarchical Bayesian model of response inhibition that estimates stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) as a distribution and also accounts for failures to react to the stop-signal (i.e., "trigger failure"), and failure to react to the choice stimulus (i.e., "go failure" or omission errors). In line with previous studies, the model reduced estimates of SSRT by approximately 100 ms compared with traditional non-parametric SSRT estimation techniques. We found significant relationships between behavioural and self-report measures of impulsivity and traditionally estimated SSRT, that did not hold for the model-based SSRT estimates. Instead, behavioural impulsivity measures were correlated with rate of trigger failure. The relationship between trigger failure and impulsivity suggests that the former may index a higher order inhibition process, whereas SSRT may index a more automatic inhibition process. We suggest that the existence of distinct response inhibition processes that may be associated with different levels of cognitive control.
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Nguyen R, Brooks M, Bruno R, Peacock A. Behavioral measures of state impulsivity and their psychometric properties: A systematic review. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Carver CS, Johnson SL. Impulsive reactivity to emotion and vulnerability to psychopathology. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2018; 73:1067-1078. [PMID: 30525782 PMCID: PMC6309622 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Impulsiveness has been studied as an aspect of personality and psychopathology for generations. There are longstanding disagreements about how to define it and whether it should be viewed as one construct or several. This article begins by briefly reviewing some earlier and some more recent work on impulsiveness. Several approaches have recently converged to focus on a distinction between impulsive reactions to emotion and impulsive properties that are not initiated by emotion. From this review, we turn to psychopathology. It is well known that impulsiveness is related to externalizing psychopathology, but some have concluded that a similar relation does not exist for internalizing psychopathology. A recent literature is described that challenges the latter conclusion, linking impulsive reactivity to emotion to both externalizing and internalizing aspects of psychopathology. Discussion then turns to emotion-related impulsiveness and other constructs to which it is conceptually and empirically related, reexamining whether other conceptual targets should be added to the discussion. The article closes with a consideration of how important it is to continue to remain open to new conceptual perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Barrera G, Alterisio A, Scandurra A, Bentosela M, D'Aniello B. Training improves inhibitory control in water rescue dogs. Anim Cogn 2018; 22:127-131. [PMID: 30421377 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-018-1224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a collection of several processes that are aimed to refrain from any impulsive response in the subject during inappropriate situations. Evidence suggests that in dogs, the inhibitory control is affected by domestication process, but also experiences during ontogeny could be an important driver in acquiring inhibitory control. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of highly trained dogs (i.e., water rescue dogs) and pet dogs in the A-not-B task. In this procedure, the animals have to inhibit their urge of going to a previous reinforced place. The results showed that the trained dogs committed fewer errors in the task than the pet dogs suggesting a better inhibitory control. This result could indicate that inhibitory control is a flexible ability affected by ontogenetic processes such as the training experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Barrera
- Canid Behavior Research Group (ICOC), Institute of Veterinary Sciences of the Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), UNL-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Alterisio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariana Bentosela
- Canid Behavior Research Group (ICOC), Institute of Medical Research (IDIM, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Iida J, Kishimoto N, Tanaka S, Toritsuka M, Ikawa D, Yamashita Y, Ota T, Makinodan M, Yoshino H, Kishimoto T. Distinct patterns of blood oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex in clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2018. [PMID: 29522943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are characterized by different clinical symptoms, and have previously been considered as categorically separate. However, several lines of evidence controversially suggest that these two disorders may run on a continuum. While it is therefore important to evaluate the subtle differences between SZ and BD, few studies have investigated the difference of brain functioning between the two by focusing on the common symptoms of cognitive functioning and impulsivity, rather than positive/negative and mood symptoms. Recent developments in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology have enabled noninvasive assessment of brain function in people with psychiatric disorders. METHODS Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using 24-channels was conducted during the verbal fluency task (VFT) and Stroop color-word task (SCWT) in 38 patients diagnosed with SZ, 34 patients with BD, and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Oxyhemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were significantly lower particularly in the SZ compared to control group during the VFT. On the other hand, these were significantly lower particularly in the BD and SZ group to control group during the SCWT. Regression analysis showed that hemodynamic changes were significantly correlated with verbal memory and impulsivity in both disorders. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that different hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex might reflect cognitive functioning and impulsivity, providing a greater insight into SZ and BD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan.
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Junzo Iida
- Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naoko Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shohei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yamashita
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toyosaku Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
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Mashhoon Y, Betts J, Farmer SL, Lukas SE. Early onset tobacco cigarette smokers exhibit deficits in response inhibition and sustained attention. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 184:48-56. [PMID: 29402679 PMCID: PMC5818311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initiation of cigarette smoking during adolescence coincides with structural and cognitive neuromaturation. Thus, early onset smokers (EOS; initiated <16 years old) may be at unique risk of altered development of executive function relative to late onset smokers (LOS; initiated >16 years old). This study quantified the effects of age of smoking onset on response impulsivity and inhibitory control using a novel smoking Go/NoGo task (Luijten et al., 2011). METHODS Nicotine deprived adult EOS (n = 10) and LOS (n = 10) and adult healthy non-smokers (HNS; n = 10) were shown smoking-related and neutral images with either a blue (Go) or yellow (NoGo) frame. Participants were instructed to respond to blue-framed Go trials quickly and accurately, and withhold responding for yellow-framed NoGo trials. RESULTS EOS made more Go response accuracy errors (p ≤ 0.02) and failed more frequently to inhibit responses to NoGo trials (p < 0.02) than LOS and HNS. EOS also made more errors in inhibiting responses to smoking-related (p ≤ 0.02) and neutral (p ≤ 0.02) NoGo trials. EOS reported greater baseline craving for cigarette smoking than LOS (p < 0.04), and craving was significantly associated with greater omission errors (p ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSIONS EOS exhibited greater difficulty than LOS in responding accurately to Go stimuli and withholding responses to both smoking and neutral NoGo stimuli, indicating greater response impulsivity, poor attention, and deficits in response inhibition. These findings suggest that EO smoking, in particular, contributes to diminished task-related attention and inhibitory control behaviors in adulthood and provide support for the tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD) theory (DeBry and Tiffany, 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mashhoon
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Betts
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory,McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Stacey L Farmer
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory,McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Scott E Lukas
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory,McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Campbell AE, Chambers CD, Allen CPG, Hedge C, Sumner P. Impairment of manual but not saccadic response inhibition following acute alcohol intoxication. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:242-254. [PMID: 29054392 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol impairs response inhibition; however, it remains contested whether such impairments affect a general inhibition system, or whether affected inhibition systems are embedded in, and specific to, each response modality. Further, alcohol-induced impairments have not been disambiguated between proactive and reactive inhibition mechanisms, and nor have the contributions of action-updating impairments to behavioural 'inhibition' deficits been investigated. METHODS Forty Participants (25 female) completed both a manual and a saccadic stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) task before and after a 0.8g/kg dose of alcohol and, on a separate day, before and after a placebo. Blocks in which participants were required to ignore the signal to stop or make an additional 'dual' response were included to obtain measures of proactive inhibition as well as updating of attention and action. RESULTS Alcohol increased manual but not saccadic SSRT. Proactive inhibition was weakly reduced by alcohol, but increases in the reaction times used to baseline this contrast prevent clear conclusions regarding response caution. Finally, alcohol also increased secondary dual response times of the dual task uniformly as a function of the delay between tasks, indicating an effect of alcohol on action-updating or execution. CONCLUSIONS The modality-specific effects of alcohol favour the theory that response inhibition systems are embedded within response modalities, rather than there existing a general inhibition system. Concerning alcohol, saccadic control appears relatively more immune to disruption than manual control, even though alcohol affects saccadic latency and velocity. Within the manual domain, alcohol affects multiple types of action updating, not just inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Eileen Campbell
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Christopher D Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Christopher P G Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Craig Hedge
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Petroc Sumner
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Song J, Feng P, Zhao X, Xu W, Xiao L, Zhou J, Zheng Y. Chronotype regulates the neural basis of response inhibition during the daytime. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:208-218. [PMID: 29144173 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1392550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies have elucidated the various modulatory effects of chronotype and time-of-day on task-dependent brain activity, but it is unclear how chronotype and time-of-day regulate brain activity in response inhibition tasks. To address this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the effects of chronotype and time-of-day on response inhibition in normal day-night conditions. Morning-type (MT) and evening-type (ET) participants conducted the stop-signal task in morning (08:00-12:00 hours) and evening (19:00-23:00 hours) sessions. The results showed that inhibition-related cerebral responses in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG), middle cingulate cortex (MCC), thalamus and other typical regions for the execution of response inhibition significantly decreased from morning to evening in MT participants, whereas activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/insula, MFG, MCC and thalamus remained stable or increased in ET participants. The chronotypical differences in homeostatic sleep pressure may explain the observed individual differences in maintaining cognition-related cortical activation. These results suggest the importance of considering chronotype and time-of-day in the design and analysis of cognitive neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Pan Feng
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wenjian Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jia Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yong Zheng
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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Brucks D, Marshall-Pescini S, Wallis LJ, Huber L, Range F. Measures of Dogs' Inhibitory Control Abilities Do Not Correlate across Tasks. Front Psychol 2017; 8:849. [PMID: 28596749 PMCID: PMC5443147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to overcome prepotent but ineffective behaviors, has been studied extensively across species, revealing the involvement of this ability in many different aspects of life. While various different paradigms have been created in order to measure inhibitory control, only a limited number of studies have investigated whether such measurements indeed evaluate the same underlying mechanism, especially in non-human animals. In humans, inhibitory control is a complex construct composed of distinct behavioral processes rather than of a single unified measure. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the validity of inhibitory control paradigms in dogs. Sixty-seven dogs were tested in a battery consisting of frequently used inhibitory control tests. Additionally, dog owners were asked to complete an impulsivity questionnaire about their dog. No correlation of dogs' performance across tasks was found. In order to understand whether there are some underlying behavioral aspects explaining dogs' performance across tests, we performed principle component analyses. Results revealed that three components (persistency, compulsivity and decision speed) explained the variation across tasks. The questionnaire and dogs' individual characteristics (i.e., age and sex) provided only limited information for the derived components. Overall, results suggest that no unique measurement for inhibitory control exists in dogs, but tests rather measure different aspects of this ability. Considering the context-specificity of inhibitory control in dogs and most probably also in other non-human animals, extreme caution is needed when making conclusions about inhibitory control abilities based on a single test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Brucks
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Marshall-Pescini
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Jessica Wallis
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Friederike Range
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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Knox PC, MacCormick IJC, Mbale E, Malewa M, Czanner G, Harding SP. Longitudinal Visuomotor Development in a Malaria Endemic Area: Cerebral Malaria and Beyond. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164885. [PMID: 27764173 PMCID: PMC5072745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paediatric cerebral malaria is the most serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. While the majority recover, long-term cognitive impairment has been highlighted as a significant and neglected problem. Persistent or serious deficits in processes such as attention or behavioural inhibition should be manifest in changes to performance on oculomotor tasks. Therefore we investigated the impact of cerebral malaria on the development of reflexive pro-saccades and antisaccades. In a longitudinal study, 47 children previously admitted with retinopathy-confirmed cerebral malaria (mean age at admission 54 months), were compared with 37 local healthy controls (mean ages at first study visit 117 and 110 months respectively). In each of three or four test sessions, over a period of up to 32 months, participants completed 100 prosaccade tasks and 100 antisaccade tasks. Eye movements were recorded using infrared reflectance oculography; prosaccade, correct antisaccade and error prosaccade latency, and antisaccade directional error rate were calculated. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to investigate the effect of age and the influence of cerebral malaria on these parameters. Data were also collected from an independent, older group (mean age 183 months) of 37 local healthy participants in a separate cross-sectional study. Longitudinal data exhibited the expected decrease in latency with age for all saccade types, and a decrease in the antisaccade directional error rate. Hierarchical linear modelling confirmed that age had a statistically significant effect on all parameters (p< = 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the cerebral malaria and control groups. Combining groups, comparison with the literature demonstrated that antisaccade directional error rate for the Malawi sample was significantly higher than expected, while latencies for all saccade types were indistinguishable from published. The high directional error rate was also confirmed in the older, healthy Malawian participants from the cross sectional study. Our observation of similar oculomotor performance in cerebral malaria and control groups at long follow-up periods suggests that cerebral malaria survivors are not at a generally increased risk of persistent cognitive deficits. Our data raise questions about the prevailing hypothesis that cerebral malaria has gross impacts on the development of processes such as attention and behavioural inhibition. More importantly, our novel finding of a clear difference in antisaccade performance between all of the Malawi participants and published data suggests that the Malawian paediatric population as a whole faces serious challenges to cognitive development beyond cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Knox
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian J. C. MacCormick
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Emme Mbale
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, College of Medicine, P/Bag 360 Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Macpherson Malewa
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, College of Medicine, P/Bag 360 Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
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Fagnani J, Barrera G, Carballo F, Bentosela M. Is previous experience important for inhibitory control? A comparison between shelter and pet dogs in A-not-B and cylinder tasks. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:1165-1172. [PMID: 27541147 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the performance of two groups of dogs with different levels of social interaction with humans, shelter and pet dogs, in two inhibitory control tasks. (1) In the A-not-B task, dogs were required to resist searching for food in a previously rewarded location, and (2) in the cylinder task, dogs were required to resist approaching visible food directly in favor of a detour reaching response. Our first aim was to evaluate the importance of learning and ontogeny in performing inhibitory tasks. Also, we assessed whether there is a correlation between the two tasks by comparing performance in the same subjects. Results showed significant differences between shelter and pet dogs in the A-not-B task, with poorer performance in shelter dogs. However, no differences were found in the cylinder task. The poorer performance of shelter dogs might be related to their infrequent interaction with humans, which reduces the chances to learn to inhibit certain behaviors. This result would highlight the importance of ontogeny in developing that ability. On the other hand, no correlations were found between the two tasks, which contributes information to the debate about the context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fagnani
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CABA, 1427, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), UNL-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - G Barrera
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CABA, 1427, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), UNL-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - F Carballo
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CABA, 1427, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR; CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M Bentosela
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CABA, 1427, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM; CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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40
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Leshem R. Using Dual Process Models to Examine Impulsivity Throughout Neural Maturation. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:125-43. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1178266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Leshem
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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41
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Johnson SL, Tharp JA, Peckham AD, Sanchez AH, Carver CS. Positive urgency is related to difficulty inhibiting prepotent responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:750-9. [PMID: 27064288 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positive urgency, the tendency to respond impulsively to positive affective states, has been linked to many psychopathologies, but little is known about mechanisms underpinning this form of impulsivity. We examined whether the Positive Urgency Measure (PUM) related to higher scores on performance-based measures of impulsivity and cognitive control that were administered after a positive mood induction. Undergraduates (n = 112) completed the self-report PUM, several positive mood inductions, and behavioral measures of impulsivity and cognitive control. PUM scores were significantly related to poor performance on the antisaccade task, a measure of prepotent response inhibition, but not to other performance measures. Together with existing literature, findings implicate deficits in response inhibition as one mechanism involved in emotion-related impulsivity. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Jordan A Tharp
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Amy H Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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42
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Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Iida J, Kishimoto N, Nakanishi Y, Tanaka S, Ota T, Makinodan M, Kishimoto T. Reduced Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Response in Adults with Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis: Relevance for Impulsivity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152373. [PMID: 27050450 PMCID: PMC4822936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with methamphetamine abuse/dependence often exhibit high levels of impulsivity, which may be associated with the structural abnormalities and functional hypoactivities observed in the frontal cortex of these subjects. Although near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a simple and non-invasive method for characterizing the clinical features of various psychiatric illnesses, few studies have used NIRS to directly investigate the association between prefrontal cortical activity and inhibitory control in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MAP). Using a 24-channel NIRS system, we compared hemodynamic responses during the Stroop color-word task in 14 patients with MAP and 21 healthy controls matched for age, sex and premorbid IQ. In addition, we used the Barrett Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) to assess impulsivity between subject groups. The MAP group exhibited significantly less activation in the anterior and frontopolar prefrontal cortex accompanied by lower Stroop color-word task performance, compared with controls. Moreover, BIS-11 scores were significantly higher in the MAP group, and were negatively correlated with the hemodynamic responses in prefrontal cortex. Our data suggest that reduced hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex might reflect higher levels of impulsivity in patients with MAP, providing new insights into disrupted inhibitory control observed in MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Junzo Iida
- Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naoko Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shohei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toyosaku Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
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43
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Roberts W, Milich R, Fillmore MT. The Effects of Preresponse Cues on Inhibitory Control and Response Time in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:317-24. [PMID: 23881558 PMCID: PMC4026333 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713495737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preresponse cues on behavioral control in adults with ADHD. METHOD Eighty-eight adults with ADHD and 67 adults with no history of ADHD completed a cued go/no-go task. This task requires participants to respond or inhibit a response to go and no-go targets, respectively, and preresponse cues provide participants with predictive information about the upcoming target. RESULTS Overall, participants with ADHD made more inhibitory failures and responded more slowly than controls. These group differences were only present in the valid-cue condition, and there were no significant group differences in the invalid-cue conditions. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adults with ADHD are less able to utilize predictive environmental information to facilitate behavioral control.
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44
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Tonnaer F, Cima M, Arntz A. Modeling Impulsivity in Forensic Patients: A Three-Dimensional Model of Impulsivity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 129:429-441. [PMID: 29558051 DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.4.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated whether a multidimensional model could underlie impulsivity and its associations with various disorders in a forensic sample. Data were available from self-report and behavioral impulsivity instruments of 87 forensic patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive a dimensional impulsivity model, and the relationship between and possible predictive validity of impulsivity dimensions for psychopathology was investigated using product moment correlations and regression analysis. A 3-dimensional model of impulsivity was derived, with factors labeled impulsive decision making, sensation seeking, and response inhibition. Impulsive decision making was a predictor for a history of drug dependence, the impulsive lifestyle facet of psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. Sensation seeking was not related to any psychopathology. Inadequate response inhibition was a predictor for drug dependence, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. Given the importance of the concept of impulsivity with regard to forensic risk assessment, the current results replicated earlier impulsivity models and imply that impulsivity is a crucial target for diagnosis and interventions and underlines the importance to consider impulsivity as a multidimensional construct.
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45
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Hıdıroğlu C, Torres IJ, Er A, Işık G, Yalın N, Yatham LN, Ceylan D, Özerdem A. Response inhibition and interference control in patients with bipolar I disorder and first-degree relatives. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:781-94. [PMID: 26415581 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to assess both response inhibition (RI) and interference control (IC) in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD-Ps) as well as asymptomatic first-degree relatives (BD-Rs) and healthy controls (HCs) in order to evaluate trait-as opposed to illness-associated features of these components. METHODS BD-Ps (n = 35) who had been in the euthymic state for at least six months, BD-Rs (n = 30), and HCs (n = 33) completed a Stop-Signal Task (SST) and Stroop Task to assess RI and IC, respectively. Groups were compared on the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), stop-signal delay (SSD), mean reaction time on go trials (go-RT), Stroop interference score (S-interference), and number of errors on the color-word-naming trial (S-error). Associations between the patient's clinical features and RI and IC, between the patient's treatment and RI and IC, and between RI and IC in each group were investigated. RESULTS BD-Ps and BD-Rs had significantly shorter go-RT and SSD, and longer SSRT compared to HCs, with these scores being similar between the BD-Ps and BD-Rs. Also, both BD-Ps and BD-Rs made significantly more S-errors than HCs, whereas, the S-interference score was not significantly different between groups. There were no significant correlations between Stroop Task and SST scores within each group, nor between clinical features or treatment variables and RI and IC in BD-Ps. CONCLUSIONS Overall, impairment in RI and IC (only on S-error score) was present in both patients and relatives. The persistence of these deficits in the absence of mood symptoms suggests that these features may represent candidate endophenotypes for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Hıdıroğlu
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ivan J Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ayşe Er
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Işık
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nefize Yalın
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Deniz Ceylan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Özerdem
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Mowinckel AM, Pedersen ML, Eilertsen E, Biele G. A meta-analysis of decision-making and attention in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:355-67. [PMID: 25477020 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714558872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficient reward processing has gained attention as an important aspect of ADHD, but little is known about reward-based decision-making (DM) in adults with ADHD. This article summarizes research on DM in adult ADHD and contextualizes DM deficits by comparing them to attention deficits. METHOD Meta-analytic methods were used to calculate average effect sizes for different DM domains and continuous performance task (CPT) measures. RESULTS None of the 59 included studies (DM: 12 studies; CPT: 43; both: 4) had indications of publication bias. DM and CPT measures showed robust, small to medium effects. Large effect sizes were found for a drift diffusion model analysis of the CPT. CONCLUSION The results support the existence of DM deficits in adults with ADHD, which are of similar magnitude as attention deficits. These findings warrant further examination of DM in adults with ADHD to improve the understanding of underlying neurocognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guido Biele
- University of Oslo, Norway Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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47
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Gunn RL, Finn PR. Applying a dual process model of self-regulation: The association between executive working memory capacity, negative urgency, and negative mood induction on pre-potent response inhibition. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015; 75:210-215. [PMID: 25530648 PMCID: PMC4269241 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study tested a dual-process model of self-control where the combination of high impulsivity (negative urgency - NU), weak reflective / control processes (low executive working memory capacity - E-WMC), and a cognitive load is associated with increased failures to inhibit pre-potent responses on a cued go/no-go task. Using a within-subjects design, a cognitive load with and without negative emotional load was implemented to consider situational factors. Results suggested that: (1) high NU was associated with low E-WMC; (2) low E-WMC significantly predicted more inhibitory control failures across tasks; and (3) there was a significant interaction of E-WMC and NU, revealing those with low E-WMC and high NU had the highest rates of inhibitory control failures on all conditions of the task. In conclusion, results suggest that while E-WMC is a strong independent predictor of inhibitory control, NU provides additional information for vulnerability to problems associated with self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gunn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University- Bloomington
| | - Peter R Finn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University- Bloomington
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48
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Koziol LF, Barker LA, Jansons L. Attention and Other Constructs: Evolution or Revolution? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2015; 4:123-31. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1005482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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49
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The role of inhibitory mechanisms in the regulation of facial expressiveness during pain. Biol Psychol 2015; 104:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Roberts W, Peters JR, Adams ZW, Lynam DR, Milich R. Identifying the facets of impulsivity that explain the relation between ADHD symptoms and substance use in a nonclinical sample. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1272-7. [PMID: 24813555 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at higher risk to use substances than their nonclinical peers. Increased levels of impulsivity are generally thought to contribute to their increased levels of risk. Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct, however, and little research to date has attempted to identify which facets of impulsivity contribute to the increased rates of substance abuse among individuals with ADHD. The current study examined the relation among ADHD symptom clusters (i.e., hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention), substance use rates (i.e., alcohol use, nicotine use, and marijuana use), and personality processes associated with impulsive behavior in a group of young adults. Participants were 361 undergraduate students. Both symptom clusters were positively associated with rates of substance use. Specifically, hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were associated with alcohol and nicotine use, and inattentive symptoms were associated with alcohol use. Several pathways from hyperactive/impulsive symptoms to alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana use via specific facets of impulsivity were identified. These findings have implications for understanding the relation between ADHD symptoms and substance use, as well as clinical implications for preventing and treating substance use problems in individuals with symptoms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington KY, 40506, United States
| | - Jessica R Peters
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington KY, 40506, United States
| | - Zachary W Adams
- National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 37 President Street, MSC 681, 2nd Floor, IOP South Bldg. Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Richard Milich
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington KY, 40506, United States.
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