1
|
Henderson BJ, Tetteh-Quarshie S, Olszewski NA. Modulators of nicotine reward and reinforcement. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 99:355-386. [PMID: 38467487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine has been well-characterized for its ability to alter neurophysiology to promote rewarding and reinforcing properties. However, several exogenous chemicals possess properties that modulate or enhance nicotine's ability to alter neurophysiology. This chapter focuses on nicotine's impact on behavior through changes in neurophysiology and several chemical entities that in-turn modulate nicotine's ability to act as a neuromodulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
| | - Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nathan A Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mason TB, Tackett AP, Leventhal AM. Indirect Effects of Body Mass Index and Sweet Taste Responsiveness on E-Cigarette Dependence: The Role of E-Cigarette Motives. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:608-615. [PMID: 38149796 PMCID: PMC10922687 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2294962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Recent research has shown obesity to be associated with e-cigarette use and appeal, but models have yet to examine how weight status may be related to e-cigarette dependence among e-cigarette users. Objectives: To increase our understanding of pathways from body mass index (BMI) to e-cigarette dependence, the present cross-sectional observational study investigated a model in which BMI, sweet taste responsiveness, and the interaction of BMI and sweet taste responsiveness are associated with e-cigarette dependence indirectly via seven conceptually-distinct motives for e-cigarette use. Data from several e-cigarette clinical laboratory research studies were pooled and analyzed; only current e-cigarette users were included in the analyses (N=330). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the hypothesized model. Results: BMI was positively associated with lower social/environmental goad motives and higher weight control motives, and BMI x sweet taste interaction terms found that sweet taste responsiveness strengthened the association of BMI and weight control motives. BMI was not directly or indirectly associated with e-cigarette dependence nor was there a bivariate association between BMI and e-cigarette dependence. Sweet taste responsiveness was positively associated with greater affiliative attachment motives, cognitive enhancement motives, cue exposure-associative process motives, weight control motives, and affect enhancement motives. Sweet taste responsiveness was bivariately associated with e-cigarette dependence and mediation paths show indirect relations to e-cigarette dependence via three of the seven motives. Conclusions: The findings suggest that sweet taste responsiveness, opposed to BMI, is associated with a wider range of e-cigarette use motives and indirectly relates to e-cigarette dependence via several e-cigarette use motives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alayna P. Tackett
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Campbell C, Jin T, Round EK, Nelson PR, Baxter S. Abuse liability of two electronic nicotine delivery systems compared with combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum from an open-label randomized crossover study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18951. [PMID: 37919490 PMCID: PMC10622442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An assessment of the likelihood of use and abuse potential for new tobacco products is an important part of tobacco product regulation in the United States and abroad. This paper reports the results of a randomized, open-label, crossover clinical study that assessed factors related to product adoption and abuse liability (AL), comparing two closed electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum, high- and low-AL comparator products, respectively. During an 11-day confinement period that included multiple product familiarization sessions, healthy adult smokers participated in AL test sessions to evaluate the abuse liability of each product. During these test sessions, changes in subjective measures; speed and amount of nicotine uptake; and maximum changes in physiological effects before, during, and after use of each assigned product were assessed over 4 h. Positive subjective effects measures scores such as product-liking and overall intent to use again were highest for cigarettes, followed by the Vuse ENDS, with nicotine gum consistently having the lowest scores. The PK results (Cmax and Tmax) of the Vuse ENDS products are between UB cigarettes and nicotine gum, which correlates with the subjective effects. All nicotine uptake measures for the Vuse ENDS products were lower than that of usual brand (UB) cigarettes, including peak nicotine uptake and overall nicotine uptake, and were either similar to or lower than nicotine gum. The time course of nicotine uptake after use of the ENDS was more similar to that of combustible cigarettes than nicotine gum. The results indicate that the AL of each ENDS product is lower than that of UB cigarettes and similar to that of nicotine gum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Jin
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston‑Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Elaine K Round
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Sarah Baxter
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao S, Li Z, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhao X, Li Y, Zhu J. The characteristics and risk factors of e-cigarette use among adolescents in Shanghai: A case-control study. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:83. [PMID: 37342865 PMCID: PMC10277906 DOI: 10.18332/tid/166131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to explore the characteristics and risk factors of e-cigarette use in adolescents, aiming for tobacco control and reducing e-cigarette use in this population. METHODS Using 1:1 matching, 88 students from three vocational high schools in Shanghai were recruited to conduct a case (using e-cigarettes) - control (not using e-cigarettes) study. Group interviews and questionnaire surveys were used for this qualitative and quantitative mixed-methods study. The keywords were extracted from the interview data and analyzed by the Colaizzi seven-step method. RESULTS The characteristics of adolescents' use of e-cigarettes include young age at first use, consumption of a large amount, as well as smoking in discrete locations in order to hide from adults. The reasons for using e-cigarettes include curiosity and wanting to replace traditional cigarettes. The risk factors of using e-cigarettes include insufficient understanding of the harm of e-cigarettes at the individual level (The positive outcome expectancy points: Z= -3.746, p<0.001; The negative outcome expectancy points: Z= -3.882, p<0.001), peer influence at the interpersonal level (χ2=6.510, p<0.01), and the influence of social and environmental factors such as e-cigarette sales in the stores and WeChat Moments (p<0.05 for all associations). CONCLUSIONS Having friends who use e-cigarettes, curiosity and sales exposure about e-cigarettes are important factors affecting the use of e-cigarettes by adolescents. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity of the potential hazards of e-cigarettes and to reduce overall usage by improving relevant laws and regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suizi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Florida, United States
| | - Xixuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfen Zhu
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wickham RJ, Adams W, Hawker MJ. The COVID-19 and Taste Lab: A Mini Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience on Taste Differences and COVID-19 Susceptibility. JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION : JUNE : A PUBLICATION OF FUN, FACULTY FOR UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 21:A97-A107. [PMID: 37588646 PMCID: PMC10426818 DOI: 10.59390/fdma5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are common approaches to expose students to authentic laboratory practices. Traditional CUREs typically take up most of or an entire semester, require a laboratory section or may be a standalone lab course, and require significant financial and time commitments by the institution and instructors. As such, CUREs are harder to implement at institutions with fewer resources. Here, we developed a mini-CURE, which are typically shorter in duration, called the COVID-19 and Taste Lab (CT-LAB). The CT-LAB requires significantly fewer resources ($0.05/student) and time commitment (two class periods) than traditional CUREs. CT-LAB centers around the biological relationship between COVID-19 susceptibility and taste status (non-taster, taster, and supertaster) as well as potential implications for public policy behavior. Students participated in a class-wide study where they examined if taste status was related to COVID-19 susceptibility. They found that non-tasters had a higher likelihood of testing positive previously for COVID-19 compared to tasters and supertasters. To assess student outcomes of this CURE, students completed a pre- and post-test assessment including a content test, STEM identity survey, taste test, COVID-19 history test, and a modified CURE survey. Content test scores improved while STEM identity and attitudes about science were unchanged. A direct comparison to a repository of traditional CUREs shows that the CT-LAB produced comparable benefits to traditional CUREs primarily in skills that were particularly relevant for the CT-LAB. This work suggests that mini-CUREs, even as brief as two class periods, could be a way to improve student outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192
| | - Morgan J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University - Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernat JK, Jackson KJ, Krüsemann EJZ, Boesveldt S, Rudy SF, Talhout R. Sensory methods to evaluate perception of flavours in tobacco and other nicotine-containing products: a review. Tob Control 2023; 32:e95-e102. [PMID: 34615737 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sensory methods use human senses to evaluate product attributes. This review provides an overview of the types of sensory methods used to evaluate the perception of flavour in tobacco and other nicotine-containing (ToNic) products and to discuss how sensory data could inform flavoured ToNic product policy. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION All peer-reviewed studies evaluating ToNic products using a sensory method published before 23 May 2020. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent coders completed title/abstract and full-text screening to choose articles for inclusion (Cohen's kappa=0.85, strong agreement). Each coder completed data extraction on half the articles, recording relevant information (eg, sensory methods used, results). The coders categorised sensory methods and generated overarching themes. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 110 articles identified, we included 29 articles containing 35 studies that used sensory methods to investigate ToNic products. The sensory methods included analytic methods such as discrimination and descriptive tests and hedonic methods such as liking tests. Six themes emerged regarding how sensory methods can be used to understand consumer perception and liking of ToNic products and to inform ToNic product policy. CONCLUSIONS The identified studies highlight that sensory data can inform ToNic product policy. Analytic and sensory hedonic ratings can be used to assess a ToNic product's ability to promote addiction in the user (ie, abuse liability). Lastly, hedonic ratings can provide information to assess potential use behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Bernat
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Erna J Z Krüsemann
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan F Rudy
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bagdas D, Harris L, Addy NA. Chronic oral nicotine exposure decreases aversive taste of nicotine, increases nicotine withdrawal and reinstatement, but cherry flavor does not alter nicotine's effects in adolescent rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:137008. [PMID: 36476758 PMCID: PMC9948648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although e-cigarette use among youth is recognized as an epidemic, there is limited understanding regarding nicotine's orosensory and chronic use effects in youth, and how fruit e-cigarette flavorings may influence nicotine's effects. We aimed to characterize the orosensory and chronic use effects of nicotine in adolescent rats. We also determined the acute and chronic effects of benzaldehyde, a cherry/berry/almond flavoring, on nicotine's taste, consumption, withdrawal, and reinstatement. Rats were examined for their acute taste responses to the different nicotine concentrations. The effects of chronic exposure on nicotine's taste, withdrawal, and reinstatement were also determined. In addition, impact of benzaldehyde on these nicotine use behaviors was evaluated. While taste responses to low nicotine concentrations did not differ from water, high nicotine concentrations induced aversion. Aversive responses to nicotine that were observed in naïve animals vanished after chronic nicotine exposure, indicating the development of tolerance to nicotine's aversive taste. Additionally, nicotine abstinence after chronic exposure induced withdrawal. Following abstinence, animals reinstated nicotine use. Further, animals showed higher preference to nicotine after reinstatement, compared to preference values before nicotine withdrawal. Benzaldehyde did not alter nicotine's taste reactivity, withdrawal, and reinstatement experiments. Some sex differences were found in benzaldehyde's taste response and choice behavior experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Lilley Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute at Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1332-1343. [PMID: 35305014 PMCID: PMC9356694 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many adult cigarette smokers use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to cut down on or quit smoking cigarettes. E-cigarettes with higher abuse potential and appeal might facilitate complete switching. E-liquid nicotine concentration and flavor are two of the characteristics that may affect the abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. The objective of this systematic review was to compile results from survey, animal, human laboratory, and clinical studies to understand the possible effects of nicotine concentration and flavor on abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes in adult current and former cigarette and e-cigarette users. AIMS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Ovid Medline and PsycINFO followed by citation tracking in Web of Science Core Collection. Peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2007 and August 2020 were selected that analyzed differences between e-liquid nicotine concentration and/or flavors, had outcome measures related to abuse potential and/or appeal, and included adult humans (18+) or animals. A total of 1624 studies were identified and screened. A qualitative synthesis of results was performed. RESULTS Results from 104 studies included in this review suggest that higher nicotine concentration and access to a variety of flavors are likely to be associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes for adult current and former cigarette and e-cigarette users. CONCLUSIONS Higher nicotine concentrations and the availability of a variety of flavors in e-cigarettes might facilitate complete substitution for cigarettes. Future e-cigarette regulations should take into account their impact on smokers, for whom e-cigarettes may be a cessation tool or reduced-harm alternative. IMPLICATIONS E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Gades
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy L Riegelman
- Social Sciences Department, University of Minnesota Libraries, 309 19 Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hayes JE, Baker AN. Flavor science in the context of research on electronic cigarettes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:918082. [PMID: 35968379 PMCID: PMC9365686 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.918082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands start smoking or vaping daily, despite long-standing efforts by public health authorities to curb initiation and use of nicotine containing products. Over the last 15 years, use of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased dramatically, with a diverse range of products on the market, including pod-based, disposable, and refillable electronic cigarettes (eCigs). Originally intended for harm reduction and smoking cessation, eCigs may encourage nicotine use among never smokers, given the vast range of appealing flavors that are available. To better understand abuse liability and to facilitate appropriate regulations, it is crucial to understand the science of flavor, and flavor perception within the context of eCig use. Here, we (a) provide a brief primer on chemosensory perception and flavor science for addiction and nicotine researchers, and (b) highlight existing some literature regarding flavor and nicotine use, with specific attention given to individual differences in perception, and interaction between different sensory modalities that contribute to flavor. Dramatic increases in use of eCigs highlights the importance of flavor science in contemporary addiction research, both with regards to public health and regulatory efforts. Other recent work summarizes findings on flavored e-liquids and eCig use, but none have focused explicitly on chemosensory processes or flavor perception as they relate to appeal and use of such products. We argue flavor science needs to be considered as perceptual and behavioral phenomena, and not merely from analytical, toxicological and pharmacological perspectives; we help address this gap here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Allison N. Baker
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnson NL, Patten T, Ma M, De Biasi M, Wesson DW. Chemosensory Contributions of E-Cigarette Additives on Nicotine Use. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:893587. [PMID: 35928010 PMCID: PMC9344001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.893587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While rates of smoking combustible cigarettes in the United States have trended down in recent years, use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has dramatically increased, especially among adolescents. The vast majority of e-cigarette users consume "flavored" products that contain a variety of chemosensory-rich additives, and recent literature suggests that these additives have led to the current "teen vaping epidemic." This review, covering research from both human and rodent models, provides a comprehensive overview of the sensory implications of e-cigarette additives and what is currently known about their impact on nicotine use. In doing so, we specifically address the oronasal sensory contributions of e-cigarette additives. Finally, we summarize the existing gaps in the field and highlight future directions needed to better understand the powerful influence of these additives on nicotine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Theresa Patten
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel W. Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pang RD, Mason TB, Kapsner AK, Leventhal AM. Parsing Intra- and Inter-Individual Covariation Between the Sensory Attributes and Appeal of E-Cigarettes: Associations and Gender Differences. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1012-1019. [PMID: 34891167 PMCID: PMC9199929 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perceived sensory attributes of e-cigarettes may associate with their appeal. However, limited studies have accounted for individuals' variability in sensory attributes or have addressed how associations of sensory attributes with appeal may differ by gender. METHODS Individuals (n = 119, 32.8% female) who currently used combustible cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes attended one laboratory session in which they completed a standardized e-cigarette puffing procedure according to a 10 Flavor (green apple, strawberry, chocolate, vanilla, menthol, koolada, peppermint, spearmint, subtle tobacco, and full-flavored tobacco) × 2 Nicotine Formulation (free-base, salt) double-blind factorial design. The mean nicotine concentration was 23.4 (SD = 0.9) mg/mL in the nicotine salt formulations and 23.8 (SD = 1.7) mg/mL in the free-base formulations. Following each trial, participants completed ratings of sensory attributes (sweet, smooth, cool, bitter, harsh) and appeal (mean of liking, disliking [reverse-scored], and willingness-to-use-again ratings). Sensory attributes were partitioned into between-person and within-person variables. Gender was tested as a moderator of associations of sensory attributes with appeal. RESULTS Sweet, smooth, and cool sensory attributes positively associated with appeal at the between- and within-person level (ps < .001). Bitter and harsh negatively associated with appeal at the between- and within-person level (ps < .001). The associations of between-person sweet, smooth, and cool ratings with appeal was larger in males compared to females. The associations of within-person smooth, bitter, and harsh with appeal was larger in females compared to males. CONCLUSIONS This study showed important gender differences in associations of sensory attributes and appeal. IMPLICATIONS While evidence suggests that sensory attributes may contribute to the appeal of e-cigarettes, there is little experimental evidence accounting for individual variability in sensory attributes and whether sensory attribute-appeal associations differ by gender. The current study provides evidence that average sweet, cool, and smooth ratings positively associated with appeal and that these associations were larger in males. Within-person bitter, harsh, and smooth ratings significantly associated with appeal in both genders, but these associations were larger in females compared to males. Data from the current report reinforces the need for researchers to study gender stratified effects in tobacco regulatory science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raina D Pang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Addison K Kapsner
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avelar AJ, Cooper SY, Wright TD, Wright SK, Richardson MR, Henderson BJ. Morphine Exposure Reduces Nicotine-Induced Upregulation of Nicotinic Receptors and Decreases Volitional Nicotine Intake in a Mouse Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1161-1168. [PMID: 34999827 PMCID: PMC9278828 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine addiction remains a primary health concern as tobacco smoking remains the number one cause of preventable death in America. At the same time, America is still facing the threat of the opioid epidemic. While the prevalence of smoking combustible cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems in the United States varies between 12% and 35%, the smoking rates among the opioid use dependent (OUD) population is 74%-97%. We examined changes in brain reward mechanisms in which co-use of nicotine and opioids may result in enhanced reward and reinforcement. AIMS AND METHODS Adult male and female α4-mCherryα6-GFP mice (C57BL/6J) were used in conditioned place preference (CPP) and microscopy assays to examine reward-related behavior and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) upregulation following treatments with saline, nicotine, morphine, or nicotine plus morphine. Following this, separate mice were trained in e-Vape self-administration assays to examine morphine's impact on nicotine reinforcement. RESULTS We observed that nicotine and morphine coexposure in a CPP assay did not produce enhanced reward-related behavior when compared with nicotine or morphine alone. In parallel we observed coexposure reduced nicotine-induced upregulation of nAChRs on ventral tegmental area dopamine and GABA neurons. Additionally, we observed that concurrent morphine exposure reduced nicotine (plus menthol) vapor self-administration in male and female mice. CONCLUSIONS While nicotine use is high among OUD individuals, our CPP assays suggest coexposure not only fails to enhance reward-related behavior but also reduces nicotine-induced changes in ventral tegmental area neurobiology. Our self-administration assays suggest that morphine exposure during nicotine acquisition reduces nicotine reinforcement-related behavior. IMPLICATIONS While some may postulate that the co-use of opioids and nicotine may be driven by reward-related mechanisms, our data indicate that opioid exposure may hinder nicotine intake due to reduced upregulation of nAChRs critical for nicotine reward and reinforcement. Thus, the high co-use in OUD individuals may be a result of other mechanisms and this warrants further investigations into nicotine and opioid co-use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Avelar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Thomas Douglas Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Sheavonnie K Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Montana R Richardson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Corresponding Author: Brandon J. Henderson, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave, 410 BBSC, Huntington, WV 25703, USA. Telephone: 304-696-7316; Fax: 304-696-7391; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bagdas D, Kebede N, Zepei AM, Harris L, Minanov K, Picciotto MR, Addy NA. Animal Models to Investigate the Impact of Flavors on Nicotine Addiction and Dependence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2175-2201. [PMID: 35611777 PMCID: PMC9886843 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220524120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use in humans is a long-standing public health concern. Flavors are common additives in tobacco and alternative tobacco products, added to mask nicotine's harsh orosensory effects and increase the appeal of these products. Animal models are integral for investigating nicotine use and addiction and are helpful for understanding the effects of flavor additives on the use of nicotine delivery products. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on preclinical models to evaluate the contribution of flavor additives to nicotine addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by authors up to May 2022. Original articles were selected. RESULTS The behavioral models of rodents described here capture multiple dimensions of human flavored nicotine use behaviors, including advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSION The consensus of the literature search was that human research on nicotine use behavior has not caught up with fast-changing product innovations, marketing practices, and federal regulations. Animal models are therefore needed to investigate mechanisms underlying nicotine use and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive overvie.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nardos Kebede
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Ma Zepei
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilley Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karina Minanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii A. Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cooper SY, Akers AT, Henderson BJ. Flavors Enhance Nicotine Vapor Self-administration in Male Mice. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:566-572. [PMID: 32860507 PMCID: PMC7885783 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the use of combustible cigarettes has decreased in many urban regions of America, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has dramatically increased. ENDS, or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), differ from combustible cigarettes given that there are no restrictions on flavorant additives in e-liquids. With 95% of ENDS users vaping flavored e-liquids, it is critical to understand how flavors alter vaping-related behaviors. We have previously shown that menthol and green apple flavors enhance nicotine reward-related behavior in a mouse model and in the present study have investigated how menthol and green apple flavors alter e-Vape self-administration behavior in male mice. METHODS Adult C57/BL6J male mice were used in vapor-inhalation self-administration assays. Mice were assigned vaping e-liquids (6 mg/mL nicotine with or without menthol or green apple flavor) to escalate on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule in daily 3-hour sessions to examine initiation-related behaviors. Following escalation, mice were transitioned to a FR3 and progressive ratio schedules in 3-hour sessions to examine reinforcement-related behaviors. RESULTS Here we observed that male mice exhibited increased rates of self-administration escalation on a FR1 schedule when assigned to flavored e-liquids. Upon transition to FR3, mice continued to exhibit enhanced levels of reinforcement with flavored e-liquids. We also observed that mice self-administer zero-nicotine green apple flavored e-liquids. CONCLUSIONS These data provide additional evidence that ENDS flavors enhance vaping-related initiation and reinforcement-related behavior and promote the need to continue investigating the role ENDS flavors play in vaping-related behaviors. IMPLICATIONS There has been much discussion recently regarding the impact of flavors on vaping-related behavior. Our study here shows that flavors significantly enhance the acquisition and reinforcement of vaping-related behavior. This suggests that flavors in electronic nicotine delivery systems significantly increase the risk of addiction-related behaviors among users of vaping products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Austin T Akers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavors in tobacco products may be salient drivers of tobacco product use among people with overweight or obesity. Yet, whether perceived appeal of e-cigarettes with different flavors varies as a function of weight status is unknown. Purpose: To conduct secondary data analyses of a laboratory experiment to examine whether weight moderates differences in perceived appeal of fruit, menthol, and tobacco flavored e-cigarettes in young adults who vape. Methods: Using a within-subjects experimental design, young adults in Los Angeles, CA, USA. (Mage = 25.36 ± 4.42 Range: 18-35) with normal weight (n = 48) or overweight/obesity (n = 51) were administered standardized doses of e-cigarette solutions varying in flavor (fruit, menthol, tobacco). Following each administration, participants rated the appeal of the solution (range: 0-100). Results: The extent to which menthol (vs. tobacco)-flavored e-cigarettes were rated more appealing was amplified among participants with overweight or obesity versus normal weight participants (flavor × weight interaction Estimate = 7.54, p = .01 95% CI = [2.30, 12.80]). There were no differences in the effects of fruit (vs. tobacco) flavored e-cigarettes on appeal as a function of weight status. Conclusions: Menthol flavors in e-cigarettes may be disproportionately appealing to young adults with overweight and obesity. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1899229.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krüsemann EJZ, van Tiel L, Pennings JLA, Vaessen W, de Graaf K, Talhout R, Boesveldt S. Both Nonsmoking Youth and Smoking Adults Like Sweet and Minty E-liquid Flavors More Than Tobacco Flavor. Chem Senses 2021; 46:bjab009. [PMID: 33687446 PMCID: PMC8130505 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokers may reduce their health risk by switching to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use. As e-cigarettes are not harmless, concerns exist about e-cigarette use by nonsmokers and youth. E-liquids are available in many different flavors that increase sensory appeal. Flavor preferences may differ between user groups, which could open doors for product regulation. We investigated which e-liquid flavors are attractive to specific user groups by comparing liking between adolescent nonsmokers (n = 41; mean age 16.9 ± 0.8), young adult nonsmokers (n = 42; mean age 22.7 ± 1.7), and adult smokers (n = 56; mean age 39.7 ± 11.1). Participants smelled tobacco- (n = 6) and nontobacco (n = 24)-flavored e-liquids and rated liking on a 9-point labeled hedonic scale, and familiarity, overall intensity, perceived sweetness, perceived bitterness, and irritation of the odors on a 100-unit Visual Analog Scale. Mean liking ranged from 2.3 (whiskey) to 6.7 (peppermint). Within all groups, the typically sweet and minty flavors (e.g., wine gum, watermelon, peppermint, menthol) were liked significantly more than the tobacco-flavored e-liquids. The set of tobacco-flavored e-liquids was significantly, but slightly, less disliked by adult smokers (3.9 ± 0.2) than adolescent (3.1 ± 0.3) and young adult (3.4 ± 0.3) nonsmokers (P < 0.001). No between-group differences were observed for sweet and minty flavors. Liking correlated significantly positively with odor sweetness (R = 0.49) and familiarity (R = 0.48) and negatively with odor bitterness (R = -0.58), irritation (R = -0.47), and overall intensity (R = -0.27). Thus, sweet- and minty-flavored e-liquids are liked equally by young nonsmokers and adult smokers, and more than tobacco flavors. Banning all flavors except tobacco will likely reduce e-cigarette appeal; potentially more for young nonsmokers than adult smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erna J Z Krüsemann
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health (Bode 62), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Loes van Tiel
- Essensor BV, Marijkeweg 22a, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Vaessen
- Essensor BV, Marijkeweg 22a, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health (Bode 62), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health (Bode 62), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goldenson NI, Buchhalter AR, Augustson EM, Rubinstein ML, Henningfield JE. Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 217:108395. [PMID: 33176942 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse liability of the JUUL System (JS) in four flavors were evaluated compared to combustible cigarettes, nicotine gum, and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) with pharmacokinetics (PK) and subjective effects. METHODS Adult smokers (N = 66; 50.0 % female; mean age = 41.1; 63.6 % white) completed a 7-arm within-subjects cross-over product-use study while confined to a clinical laboratory. Participants used JS in four flavors (Virginia Tobacco, Mango, Mint, Creme, [5.0 % nicotine; 59 mg/mL]), their usual brand (UB) cigarette, a comparator ENDS (VUSE Solo; 4.8 % nicotine, tobacco-flavor), and mint nicotine gum (4 mg) under controlled use conditions. After each product use, nicotine PK and subjective effects were assessed. RESULTS Maximum plasma nicotine levels (Cmax-BL), rate of plasma nicotine rise, overall nicotine exposure (AUC0-60-BL), and subjective liking and satisfaction of JS were significantly lower than UB cigarettes. These parameters were generally greater for JS than nicotine gum; the comparator ENDS was somewhat lower but within the range of JS. Nicotine PK did not differ among the Mint, Mango, and Virginia Tobacco JS flavors. Mint and Mango were rated as more satisfying than Virginia Tobacco and Creme. CONCLUSIONS Controlled use of JS among adult smokers resulted in nicotine delivery, product liking, and satisfaction that were less than that of combustible cigarettes but generally greater than nicotine gum. These results support the conclusion that JS has lower abuse liability than combustible cigarettes, higher abuse liability than nicotine gum, and may provide sufficient nicotine delivery and satisfying effects to support substitution for combustible cigarettes among adult smokers.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahmad S, Sassano MF, Tarran R. Loose ENDs: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and the FDA's Recent Enforcement Policy. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL. RESPIRATORY 2020; 8:93-96. [PMID: 34336231 PMCID: PMC8323585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
|
19
|
Smith LC, Kallupi M, Tieu L, Shankar K, Jaquish A, Barr J, Su Y, Velarde N, Sedighim S, Carrette LLG, Klodnicki M, Sun X, de Guglielmo G, George O. Validation of a nicotine vapor self-administration model in rats with relevance to electronic cigarette use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1909-1919. [PMID: 32544927 PMCID: PMC7608444 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The debate about electronic cigarettes is dividing healthcare professionals, policymakers, manufacturers, and communities. A key limitation in our understanding of the cause and consequences of vaping is the lack of animal models of nicotine vapor self-administration. Here, we developed a novel model of voluntary electronic cigarette use in rats using operant behavior. We found that rats voluntarily exposed themselves to nicotine vapor to the point of reaching blood nicotine levels that are similar to humans. The level of responding on the active (nicotine) lever was similar to the inactive (air) lever and lower than the active lever that was associated with vehicle (polypropylene glycol/glycerol) vapor, suggesting low positive reinforcing effects and low nicotine vapor discrimination. Lever pressing behavior with nicotine vapor was pharmacologically prevented by the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist and α7 receptor full agonist varenicline in rats that self-administered nicotine but not vehicle vapor. Moreover, 3 weeks of daily (1 h) nicotine vapor self-administration produced addiction-like behaviors, including somatic signs of withdrawal, allodynia, anxiety-like behavior, and relapse-like behavior after 3 weeks of abstinence. Finally, 3 weeks of daily (1 h) nicotine vapor self-administration produced cardiopulmonary abnormalities and changes in α4, α3, and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings validate a novel animal model of nicotine vapor self-administration in rodents with relevance to electronic cigarette use in humans and highlight the potential addictive properties and harmful effects of chronic nicotine vapor self-administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Smith
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA ,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Lani Tieu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Kokila Shankar
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA ,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Abigail Jaquish
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jamie Barr
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yujuan Su
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nathan Velarde
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sharona Sedighim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Lieselot L. G. Carrette
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA ,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Xin Sun
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA ,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cooper SY, Henderson BJ. The Impact of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Flavors on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Nicotine Addiction-Related Behaviors. Molecules 2020; 25:E4223. [PMID: 32942576 PMCID: PMC7571084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, combustible cigarette smoking has slowly declined by nearly 11% in America; however, the use of electronic cigarettes has increased tremendously, including among adolescents. While nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco products and a primary concern in electronic cigarettes, this is not the only constituent of concern. There is a growing market of flavored products and a growing use of zero-nicotine e-liquids among electronic cigarette users. Accordingly, there are few studies that examine the impact of flavors on health and behavior. Menthol has been studied most extensively due to its lone exception in combustible cigarettes. Thus, there is a broad understanding of the neurobiological effects that menthol plus nicotine has on the brain including enhancing nicotine reward, altering nicotinic acetylcholine receptor number and function, and altering midbrain neuron excitability. Although flavors other than menthol were banned from combustible cigarettes, over 15,000 flavorants are available for use in electronic cigarettes. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on nicotine addiction and the various brain regions and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes involved, as well as describe the most recent findings regarding menthol and green apple flavorants, and their roles in nicotine addiction and vaping-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon J. Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Frati G, Carnevale R, Miraldi F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, Versaci F, Cammalleri V, Avino P, Protano C, Vitali M. Comparative Indoor Pollution from Glo, Iqos, and Juul, Using Traditional Combustion Cigarettes as Benchmark: Evidence from the Randomized SUR-VAPES AIR Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176029. [PMID: 32825020 PMCID: PMC7504617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Modified risk products (MRP) such as electronic vaping cigarettes (EVC) and heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC) are appealing alternatives to combustion cigarettes. Limited between- and within-device comparative data are available on MRP. We aimed at comparing indoor particulate matter (PM) emissions measured in a randomized trial enforcing standardized smoking sessions, testing different devices and flavors of MRP, using traditional combustion cigarettes (TCC) as benchmark. Overall, MRP yielded significantly lower levels of indoor PM in comparison to TCC (with median PM levels during smoking for MRP < 100 μg/m3, and for TCC > 1000 μg/m3). Despite this, significant differences among MRP were found, with Iqos appearing associated with a significantly lower burden of emissions for all the monitored fractions of PM, including total PM (all p < 0.05). Precisely, during use, PM ≤1 µm (PM1) emissions were 28 (16; 28) μg/m3 for Glo, 25 (15; 57) μg/m3 for Iqos, and 73 (15; 559) μg/m3 for Juul (p < 0.001 for Glo vs. Iqos, p < 0.001 for Glo vs. Juul, and p = 0.045 for Iqos vs. Juul). Exploratory within-MRP analyses suggested significant differences between flavors, favoring, for instance, Ultramarine for Glo, Bronze for Iqos, and Mango for Juul, even if results varied substantially according to individual smoker. In conclusion, leading MRP have significantly less intense and persistent effects on indoor pollution in comparison to TCC. Yet, when focusing solely on MRP, between-product and between-flavor differences appear, with quantitative estimates suggesting lower polluting effects with Iqos. These results, if confirmed externally, could be used to individualize product and flavor choice to minimize the untoward effects of EVC and HNBC on indoor pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- UOC UTIC Emodinamica e Cardiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, Via Antonio Canova, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Green Apple e-Cigarette Flavorant Farnesene Triggers Reward-Related Behavior by Promoting High-Sensitivity nAChRs in the Ventral Tegmental Area. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0172-20.2020. [PMID: 32747456 PMCID: PMC7433896 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0172-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While combustible cigarette smoking has declined, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased. ENDS are popular among adolescents, and chemical flavorants are an increasing concern because of the growing use of zero-nicotine flavored e-liquids. Despite this, little is known regarding the effects of ENDS flavorants on vaping-related behavior. Following previous studies demonstrating the green apple flavorant, farnesol, enhances nicotine reward and exhibits rewarding properties without nicotine, this work focuses on the green apple flavorant, farnesene, for its impact on vaping-related behaviors. Using adult C57BL/6J mice, genetically modified to contain fluorescent nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and farnesene doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg, we observed farnesene-alone produces reward-related behavior in both male and female mice. We then performed whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and observed farnesene-induced inward currents in ventral tegmental area (VTA) putative dopamine (pDA) neurons that were blocked by the nAChR antagonist, DhβE. While the amplitudes of farnesene-induced currents are ∼30% of nicotine's efficacy, this indicates the potential for some ENDS flavorants to stimulate nAChR function. Additionally, farnesene enhances nicotine's potency for activating nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons. This may be because of changes in nAChR stoichiometry as our data suggest a shift toward high-sensitivity α4β2 nAChRs. Consequently, these data show that the green apple flavorant, farnesene, causes reward-related behavior without nicotine through changes in nAChR stoichiometry that results in an enhanced effect of nicotine on VTA dopamine neurons. These results demonstrate the importance of future investigations into ENDS flavorants and their effects on vaping-related behaviors.
Collapse
|
23
|
Leventhal AM, Mason TB, Kirkpatrick MG, Anderson MK, Levine MD. E-cigarette device power moderates the effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on product appeal in young adults. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106403. [PMID: 32222565 PMCID: PMC7282993 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying e-cigarette product characteristics that moderate the effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on user appeal can inform regulations issued in tandem with e-cigarette nicotine and flavor policies aimed to protect young adult health. An e-cigarette device's electrical power affects the amount of solution aerosolized per puff, leading to more concentrated or diluted aerosol, which may alter product appeal. This laboratory experiment tested whether e-cigarette device power moderated the independent and interactive effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on appeal in young adults. METHOD In a within-subject design single-visit protocol, young adult e-cigarette users (N = 100) administered standardized doses of e-cigarette solutions varying in flavor (fruit, menthol, tobacco) and nicotine (nicotine-containing [6 mg/mL], nicotine-free). Solutions were administered via a variable-voltage tank-style device at low (7.3 W[3.3 V@1.5 Ω resistance]) and high (12.3 W[4.3 V@1.5 Ω resistance]) power settings. Participants rated each dose's appeal (0-100 scale). RESULTS The high (vs. low) power setting attenuated the appeal-enhancing effects of menthol (vs. tobacco) flavors (Menthol × Power, estimate = -5.44, P = .03). Power did not moderate the appeal-enhancing effects of fruit flavors. High (vs. low) power amplified the appeal-reducing effects of nicotine-containing (vs. nicotine-free) solutions (Nicotine × Power, estimate = 6.69, P < .001) and augmented the extent to which fruit and menthol flavors suppressed nicotine's appeal-reducing effects (Flavor × Nicotine × Power, estimates = 9.40-14.85, Ps≤0.03). CONCLUSION E-cigarette device power appears to moderate flavor- and nicotine-induced changes in product appeal in nuanced ways, including by augmenting the ability of non-tobacco flavors to mask nicotine's appeal-reducing effects. Regulatory restrictions on high-powered e-cigarette devices warrant consideration in efforts to protect young adult health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marissa K Anderson
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Patten T, De Biasi M. History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108162. [PMID: 32497589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of e-cigarettes has skyrocketed in recent years, and most vapers use flavored e-cigarette products. Consumption of flavored e-cigarettes exceeds that of combustible cigarettes and other tobacco products among adolescents, who are particularly vulnerable to becoming nicotine dependent. Flavorings have been used by the tobacco industry since the 17th century, but the use of flavors by the e-cigarette industry to create products with "characterizing" flavors (i.e. flavors other than tobacco or menthol) has sparked a public health debate. This review addresses the possibility that characterizing flavors make nicotine more appealing, rewarding and addictive. It also discusses ways in which preclinical and clinical studies could improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which flavors may alter nicotine reward and reinforcement. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Patten
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pang RD, Goldenson NI, Kirkpatrick M, Barrington-Trimis JL, Cho J, Leventhal AM. Sex differences in the appeal of flavored e-cigarettes among young adult e-cigarette users. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2020; 34:303-307. [PMID: 31961168 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that females (vs. males) may be more sensitive to and derive greater reinforcement from the sensory aspects of combustible cigarette smoking (e.g., flavor, taste). However, it is unknown if there are similar sex differences in the appeal of flavored e-cigarettes. Young adult male (N = 65) and female (N = 35) e-cigarette users (mean age = 25.4; 53% current smokers) attended 1 laboratory session in which they self-administered standardized e-cigarette doses according to a Flavor (fruit vs. tobacco vs. menthol) × Nicotine (6 mg/mL vs. 0 mg/mL) × Voltage (3.3 V vs. 4.3 V) within-participant fully crossed factorial design. Following each trial, participants completed ratings of appeal (mean of liking, disliking [reverse scored], and willingness-to-use-again ratings). Sex was tested as a between-subjects moderator of the effects of flavor on appeal. There was a significant interaction between sex and flavor for e-cigarette appeal (p < .001). In males, fruit-flavored e-cigarettes generated greater appeal than menthol and tobacco (ps < .001). In females, both fruit- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes generated greater appeal than tobacco (ps < .001), but there was no significant difference between fruit- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes (p = .40). The findings of this study suggest that males prefer fruit-flavored e-cigarettes, and females prefer both menthol- and fruit-flavored e-cigarettes. The impact of regulatory policies targeting e-cigarette flavors in the population may vary by sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
26
|
Leventhal A, Cho J, Barrington-Trimis J, Pang R, Schiff S, Kirkpatrick M. Sensory attributes of e-cigarette flavours and nicotine as mediators of interproduct differences in appeal among young adults. Tob Control 2019; 29:679-686. [PMID: 31852818 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the extent to which specific sensory attributes, for example, smoothness, mediate differences in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) appeal between products in non-tobacco versus tobacco flavours and varying nicotine content in young adults. METHOD E-cigarette users (n=100; aged 18-34 years) administered standardised two-puff e-cigarette doses of different products varying in a flavour (fruit, menthol, tobacco) × nicotine (nicotine-containing (6 mg/mL freebase), nicotine-free) within-subject design. Participants rated sensory attributes (sweetness, bitterness, smoothness and harshness) and appeal on 100-unit visual analogue scales after administering each product. Sensory ratings were tested as simultaneous mediators of flavour, nicotine and flavour × nicotine effects on appeal. RESULTS Appeal preferences for fruit versus tobacco flavours were mediated by sweetness-enhancing (βindirect=0.092), smoothness-enhancing (βindirect=0.045) and bitterness-reducing (βindirect=0.072) effects of fruit flavours. Appeal preferences for menthol versus tobacco flavours were mediated by menthol's smoothness-enhancing (βindirect=0.039) and bitterness-reducing (βindirect=0.034) effects. Lower appeal of nicotine-containing versus nicotine-free products was mediated by nicotine's sweetness-reducing (βindirect=-0.036), smoothness-reducing (βindirect=-0.156) and bitterness-increasing (βindirect=0.045) effects. Flavour × nicotine interaction effects on appeal were explained by menthol-related suppression of nicotine's bitterness-enhancing and sweetness-reducing mediation pathways and fruit-related suppression of nicotine's bitterness-enhancing mediation pathway. Harshness did not mediate appeal after adjusting for other sensory attributes. CONCLUSION Bitterness and smoothness may be cross-cutting mediators of interproduct variation in the effects of types of non-tobacco flavours and nicotine on e-cigarette appeal in young adults. Sweetness may also mediate appeal-enhancing effects of fruit and appeal-reducing effects of nicotine. Non-tobacco flavours may suppress appeal-reducing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes through attenuation of nicotine's aversive taste attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Leventhal
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junhan Cho
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Barrington-Trimis
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Raina Pang
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sara Schiff
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew Kirkpatrick
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Worku D, Worku E. A narrative review evaluating the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a newly marketed smoking cessation tool. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119871405. [PMID: 31452888 PMCID: PMC6700846 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119871405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: E-cigarettes are an alternative to traditional tobacco-based cigarettes. While having considerable societal awareness, conflicting evidence exists to support their claims that they are an effective smoking cessation tool and are safe. Currently >7000 flavours exist with evidence that they exhibit detrimental cellular and tissue effects. A literature review was conducted utilising PubMed and Google Scholar Databases identifying papers between 2014 and 2019. The aims of this study were to accurately gauge the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool. Methods: Search terms including ‘electronic cigarettes’ and ‘vaping’ were used to identify suitable references. A total of 314 articles were identified from which papers were excluded due to risk of bias, insufficient detail or were duplicate from which 58 papers were used in the final review. Results: Evidence shows that e-cigarettes can have detrimental effects on several cell lines and animal models with their flavourings and nicotine content implicated; this has, however, not translated into major health outcomes after 3.5 years follow-up but has been linked to chronic lung disease and cardiovascular disease. While advertised as an effective smoking cessation tool, no consensus can be made regarding their effectiveness although the first robust randomised controlled trial reports some success. This, however, is offset by the fact that the most common e-cigarette use is as a dual user and that there is evidence of threefold increased risk of future tobacco smoking. Conclusion: Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health outcomes and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool with greater discussion between patients and clinicians regarding this smoking cessation tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliott Worku
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Foundation, Herston, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Avelar AJ, Akers AT, Baumgard ZJ, Cooper SY, Casinelli GP, Henderson BJ. Why flavored vape products may be attractive: Green apple tobacco flavor elicits reward-related behavior, upregulates nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons, and alters midbrain dopamine and GABA neuron function. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107729. [PMID: 31369741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco products, additional flavors have become a concern with the growing popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). For this reason, we have begun to investigate popular tobacco and ENDS flavors. Here, we examined farnesol, a chemical flavorant used in green apple and fruit flavors in ENDS e-liquids, for its ability to produce reward-related behavior. Using male and female 3-6 month old C57BL/6 J mice and farnesol doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg we identified a sex-dependent effect in a conditioned place preference assay: farnesol-alone produces reward-related behavior in only male mice. Despite this sex-dependent effect, 1.0 mg/kg farnesol enhances locomotor activity in both male and female mice. To understand farnesol's effect on reward-related behavior, we used whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal microscopy to investigate changes in putative dopamine and GABA neurons. For these approaches, we utilized genetically modified mice that contain fluorescent nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Our electrophysiological assays with male mice revealed that farnesol treatment increases ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron firing frequency and this may be due to a decrease in inhibitory tone from GABA neurons. Our microscopy assays revealed that farnesol treatment produces a significant upregulation of α6* nAChRs in male mice but not female mice. This was supported by an observed increase in α6* nAChR function in additional electrophysiology assays. These data provide evidence that popular tobacco flavorants may alter smoking-related behavior and promote the need to examine additional ENDS flavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Avelar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Austin T Akers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Zachary J Baumgard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Gabriella P Casinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McKelvey K, Halpern-Felsher B. From tobacco-endgame strategizing to Red Queen's race: The case of non-combustible tobacco products. Addict Behav 2019; 91:1-4. [PMID: 30642577 PMCID: PMC6541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karma McKelvey
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 770 Welch Rd., Suite 100, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
| | - Bonnie Halpern-Felsher
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 770 Welch Rd., Suite 100, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Larsen BA, Litt MD, Huedo-Medina TB, Duffy VB. Modeling Associations between Chemosensation, Liking for Fats and Sweets, Dietary Behaviors and Body Mass Index in Chronic Smokers. Nutrients 2019; 11:E271. [PMID: 30691090 PMCID: PMC6412709 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic smokers have a greater risk for altered chemosensation, unhealthy dietary patterns, and excessive adiposity. In an observational study of chronic smokers, we modeled relationships between chemosensation, fat/carbohydrate liking, smoking-associated dietary behaviors, and body mass index (BMI). Also tested in the model was liking for sweet electronic cigarette juice (e-juice). Smokers (n = 135, 37 ± 11 years) were measured for: Taste genetics (intensity of 6-n-propylthiouracil-PROP); taste (NaCl and quinine intensities) and olfactory (odor identification) function; liking for cherry e-juice; and weight/height to calculate BMI. Smokers survey-reported their food liking and use of smoking for appetite/weight control. Structural equation models tested direct and indirect relationships between chemosensation, fat/carbohydrate liking, dietary behaviors, and BMI. In good-fitting models, taste intensity was linked to BMI variation through fat/carbohydrate liking (greater PROP intensity→greater NaCl intensity→greater food liking→higher BMI). Olfactory function tended to predict sweet e-juice liking, which, in turn, partially mediated the food liking and BMI association. The path between smoking-associated dietary behaviors and BMI was direct and independent of chemosensation or liking. These findings indicate that taste associates with BMI in chronic smokers through liking of fats/carbohydrates. Future research should determine if vaping sweet e-juice could improve diet quality and adiposity for smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Larsen
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Mark D Litt
- Division of Behavioral Sciences & Community Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Tania B Huedo-Medina
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|