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Ellis LR, Boesch C, Dye L. Effects of Anthocyanins on Cognition and Vascular Function: A Systematic Review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2300502. [PMID: 38961529 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Good vascular function is crucial for cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance. Diets high in anthocyanins have been shown to improve vascular function and are associated with improvements in cognition. This systematic review investigates randomized controlled trials examining the impact of anthocyanin intake on both cognition and vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the 1486 studies identified through searching Ovid Medline and AMED, PsychInfo, Web of Science, and Scopus, 20 studies are selected which measured cognitive and vascular function. Overall, positive effects on verbal and working memory are observed, which are supported by studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate increased blood flow in brain regions related to these cognitive domains. However, effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure and markers of endothelial function are inconsistent. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides evidence for a positive effect of anthocyanins on cognition and insight into the relevance of endothelial function. Anthocyanins are widely available and can be easily consumed in a range of different fruits, vegetables, and other products. Further studies should establish the optimal daily intake of anthocyanins for cardiovascular and cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy R Ellis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Louise Dye
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Institute of Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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2
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Stull AJ, Cassidy A, Djousse L, Johnson SA, Krikorian R, Lampe JW, Mukamal KJ, Nieman DC, Porter Starr KN, Rasmussen H, Rimm EB, Stote KS, Tangney C. The state of the science on the health benefits of blueberries: a perspective. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1415737. [PMID: 38919390 PMCID: PMC11196611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1415737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that blueberry consumption is associated with a variety of health benefits. It has been suggested that regular consumption of blueberries can support and/or protect against cardiovascular disease and function, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and brain and cognitive function in individuals with health conditions and age-related decline. Further, mechanistic investigations highlight the role of blueberry anthocyanins in mediating these health benefits, in part through interactions with gut microbiota. Also, nutritional interventions with blueberries have demonstrated the ability to improve recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage, attributable to anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these advancements in blueberry health research, research gaps persist which affects the generalizability of findings from clinical trials. To evaluate the current state of knowledge and research gaps, a blueberry health roundtable with scientific experts convened in Washington, DC (December 6-7, 2022). Discussions centered around five research domains: cardiovascular health, pre-diabetes and diabetes, brain health and cognitive function, gut health, and exercise recovery. This article synthesizes the outcomes of a blueberry research roundtable discussion among researchers in these domains, offering insights into the health benefits of blueberries and delineating research gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J. Stull
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Djousse
- Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah A. Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Robert Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Kathryn N. Porter Starr
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Heather Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology & Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kim S. Stote
- Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Christy Tangney
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Deng B, Lei Y, Zhou R, Ruan T, Lu W, Ying J, Yue Y, Mu D. Effect of blueberry intervention on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1368892. [PMID: 38887319 PMCID: PMC11180891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1368892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endothelial dysfunction indicates blood vessel injury and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Blueberry has been approved for its benefits on human health, especially on cardiovascular function. However, its effect on endothelial function remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the impact of blueberries on endothelial function in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, 16 studies were included in the systematic review, and 11 were used for the meta-analysis. Data associated with endothelial function were extracted and pooled as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Blueberry consumption significantly improved flow-mediated dilation (FMD) by 1.50% (95% CI: 0.81, 2.20; I2 = 87%) and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) by 0.26 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.42; I2 = 72%). A significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also observed (MD: -2.20 mm Hg; 95% CI: -4.13, -0.27; I2 = 11%). Subgroup analysis indicated a significant decrease in blood pressure (Systolic blood pressure [SBP]: -3.92 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.88, -0.97; I2 = 20% and DBP: -2.20 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.13, -0.27; I2 = 11%) in the smoking population. However, SBP levels (MD: -1.43 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.11, 0.26; I2 = 20%) and lipid status (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]: 0.06; 95% CI: -0.04, 0.16; I2 = 77%; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.24; I2 = 0%) did not significantly improve. Conclusion: Blueberry intervention improved endothelial function and DBP. Subgroup analysis revealed a notable improvement in blood pressure among the smoking population. However, no significant effects were observed on SBP, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels. Future research should delve into the mechanisms of endothelial improvement and verify blood pressure reduction in specific subpopulations through large-scale trials. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, Identifier CRD42023491277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiechao Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Integrated Care Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Láng L, McArthur S, Lazar AS, Pourtau L, Gaudout D, Pontifex MG, Müller M, Vauzour D. Dietary (Poly)phenols and the Gut-Brain Axis in Ageing. Nutrients 2024; 16:1500. [PMID: 38794738 PMCID: PMC11124177 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing, and novel approaches to mitigate this soaring prevalence are sorely needed. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbial homeostasis and its impact on brain functions, commonly referred to as the gut-brain axis, in maintaining overall health and wellbeing. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which this system acts remains poorly defined. In this review, we will explore how (poly)phenols, a class of natural compounds found in many plant-based foods and beverages, can modulate the gut-brain axis, and thereby promote neural health. While evidence indicates a beneficial role of (poly)phenol consumption as part of a balanced diet, human studies are scarce and mechanistic insight is still lacking. In this regard, we make the case that dietary (poly)phenols should be further explored to establish their therapeutic efficacy on brain health through modulation of the gut-brain axis, with much greater emphasis on carefully designed human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonie Láng
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (L.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Simon McArthur
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Blizard Institute, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Alpar S. Lazar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Queen’s Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.S.L.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Line Pourtau
- Activ’Inside, 33750 Beychac et Caillau, France; (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - David Gaudout
- Activ’Inside, 33750 Beychac et Caillau, France; (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Matthew G. Pontifex
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Queen’s Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.S.L.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (L.L.); (M.M.)
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (L.L.); (M.M.)
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Scuto M, Rampulla F, Reali GM, Spanò SM, Trovato Salinaro A, Calabrese V. Hormetic Nutrition and Redox Regulation in Gut-Brain Axis Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:484. [PMID: 38671931 PMCID: PMC11047582 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hormetic nutrition for enhancing stress resilience and overall human health have received much attention. Recently, the gut-brain axis has attracted prominent interest for preventing and therapeutically impacting neuropathologies and gastrointestinal diseases. Polyphenols and polyphenol-combined nanoparticles in synergy with probiotics have shown to improve gut bioavailability and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thus inhibiting the oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation linked to gut dysbiosis and ultimately the onset and progression of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In accordance with hormesis, polyphenols display biphasic dose-response effects by activating at a low dose the Nrf2 pathway resulting in the upregulation of antioxidant vitagenes, as in the case of heme oxygenase-1 upregulated by hidrox® or curcumin and sirtuin-1 activated by resveratrol to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, microbiota dysfunction and neurotoxic damage. Importantly, modulation of the composition and function of the gut microbiota through polyphenols and/or probiotics enhances the abundance of beneficial bacteria and can prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Interestingly, dysregulation of the Nrf2 pathway in the gut and the brain can exacerbate selective susceptibility under neuroinflammatory conditions to CNS disorders due to the high vulnerability of vagal sensory neurons to oxidative stress. Herein, we aimed to discuss hormetic nutrients, including polyphenols and/or probiotics, targeting the Nrf2 pathway and vitagenes for the development of promising neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies to suppress oxidative stress, inflammation and microbiota deregulation, and consequently improve cognitive performance and brain health. In this review, we also explore interactions of the gut-brain axis based on sophisticated and cutting-edge technologies for novel anti-neuroinflammatory approaches and personalized nutritional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (G.M.R.); (S.M.S.); (V.C.)
| | | | | | | | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (G.M.R.); (S.M.S.); (V.C.)
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Wan Y, Ma D, Shang Q, Xu H. Association between dietary flavonoid intake and hypertension among U.S. adults. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380493. [PMID: 38680497 PMCID: PMC11046732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Dietary flavonoids have been reported to reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative stress, protect the vascular endothelium, and improve vascular health. However, the relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and the prevalence of hypertension remains controversial. Methods This study included 8010 adults from the 2007-2010 and 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and the prevalence of hypertension was explored by weighted logistic regression and weighted restricted cubic spline. Results We found an inverse relationship between total anthocyanin intake and the prevalence of hypertension in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile [0.81(0.66,0.99), p = 0.04]. Moreover, the prevalence of hypertension tended to decrease with increasing total anthocyanin intake in participants over 60 years of age. In addition, we found a U-shaped relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and total flavan-3-ol intake. Total flavan-3-ol intake was inversely associated with hypertension prevalence in the third quartile compared with the first quartile [0.79 (0.63,0.99), p = 0.04]. Moreover, there was a significant negative association between the prevalence of hypertension and total flavan-3-ol intake when total flavan-3-ol intake was below 48.26 mg/day. Conclusion Our study found a negative association between the prevalence of hypertension and moderate total anthocyanins intake and total flavan-3-ols intake. Our study provides evidence from a population-based study for a negative association between dietary flavonoid intake and the prevalence of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wan
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Ma
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Shang
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Curtis PJ, van der Velpen V, Berends L, Jennings A, Haag L, Minihane AM, Chandra P, Kay CD, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Chronic and postprandial effect of blueberries on cognitive function, alertness, and mood in participants with metabolic syndrome - results from a six-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:658-668. [PMID: 38432713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanin and blueberry intakes positively associated with cognitive function in population-based studies and cognitive benefits in randomized controlled trials of adults with self-perceived or clinical cognitive dysfunction. To date, adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) but without cognitive dysfunction are understudied. OBJECTIVES Cognitive function, mood, alertness, and sleep quality were assessed as secondary end points in MetS participants, postprandially (>24 h) and following 6-mo blueberry intake. METHODS A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted, assessing the primary effect of consuming freeze-dried blueberry powder, compared against an isocaloric placebo, on cardiometabolic health >6 mo and a 24 h postprandial period (at baseline). In this secondary analysis of the main study, data from those completing mood, alertness, cognition, and sleep assessments are presented (i.e., n = 115 in the 6 mo study, n = 33 in the postprandial study), using the following: 1) Bond-Lader self-rated scores, 2) electronic cognitive battery (i.e., testing attention, working memory, episodic memory, speed of memory retrieval, executive function, and picture recognition), and 3) the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Urinary and serum anthocyanin metabolites were quantified, and apolipoprotein E genotype status was determined. RESULTS Postprandial self-rated calmness significantly improved after 1 cup of blueberries (P = 0.01; q = 0.04; with an 11.6% improvement compared with baseline between 0 and 24 h for the 1 cup group), but all other mood, sleep, and cognitive function parameters were unaffected after postprandial and 6-mo blueberries. Across the ½ and 1 cup groups, microbial metabolites of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid (i.e., hydroxycinnamic acids, benzoic acids, phenylalanine derivatives, and hippuric acids) and catechin were associated with favorable chronic and postprandial memory, attention, executive function, and calmness. CONCLUSIONS Although self-rated calmness improved postprandially, and significant cognition-metabolite associations were identified, our data did not support strong cognitive, mood, alertness, or sleep quality improvements in MetS participants after blueberry intervention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Curtis
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Jennings
- Institute for Global Food Security, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Laura Haag
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Rodriguez-Mateos A. Another piece in the complex puzzle of biological responses to (poly)phenols. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:595-596. [PMID: 38326143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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9
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Minich DM, Ross K, Frame J, Fahoum M, Warner W, Meissner HO. Not All Maca Is Created Equal: A Review of Colors, Nutrition, Phytochemicals, and Clinical Uses. Nutrients 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38398854 PMCID: PMC10892513 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii, Lepidium peruvianum) is part of the Brassicaceae family and grows at high altitudes in the Peruvian Andes mountain range (3500-5000 m). Historically, it has been used as a nutrient-dense food and for its medicinal properties, primarily in enhancing energy and fertility. Scientific research has validated these traditional uses and other clinical applications by elucidating maca's mechanisms of action, nutrition, and phytochemical content. However, research over the last twenty years has identified up to seventeen different colors (phenotypes) of maca. The color, hypocotyl size, growing location, cultivation, and post-harvest processing methods can have a significant effect on the nutrition content, phytochemical profile, and clinical application. Yet, research differentiating the colors of maca and clinical applications remains limited. In this review, research on the nutrition, phytochemicals, and various colors of maca, including black, red, yellow (predominant colors), purple, gray (lesser-known colors), and any combination of colors, including proprietary formulations, will be discussed based on available preclinical and clinical trials. The gaps, deficiencies, and conflicts in the studies will be detailed, along with quality, safety, and efficacy criteria, highlighting the need for future research to specify all these factors of the maca used in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Minich
- Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, Adjunct Faculty, University of Western States, Portland, OR 97213, USA
- Food & Spirit, LLC, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
| | - Kim Ross
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
- Kim Ross Consulting, LLC, Lakewood Ranch, FL 34211, USA
- College of Nutrition, Sonoran University of Health Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - James Frame
- Symphony Natural Health Holdings Inc., Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, (BVI), UK;
- Natural Health International Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Mona Fahoum
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Meridian Medicine, Seattle, WA 98133, USA
- Bastyr Center for Natural Health, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA 98028, USA
| | - Wendy Warner
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Wendy Warner, MD, PC, Yardley, PA 19067, USA
| | - Henry O. Meissner
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Building J, 158-160 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Therapeutic Research, TTD International Pty Ltd., 39 Leopard Ave., Elanora-Gold Coast, QLD 4221, Australia
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10
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Woolf EK, Lee SY, Ghanem N, Vazquez AR, Johnson SA. Protective effects of blueberries on vascular function: A narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Nutr Res 2023; 120:20-57. [PMID: 37913730 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Blueberries are rich in nutrients and (poly)phenols, popular with consumers, and a major agricultural crop with year-round availability supporting their use in food-based strategies to promote human health. Accumulating evidence indicates blueberry consumption has protective effects on cardiovascular health including vascular dysfunction (i.e., endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening). This narrative review synthesizes evidence on blueberries and vascular function and provides insight into underlying mechanisms with a focus on oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota. Evidence from animal studies supports beneficial impacts on vascular function. Human studies indicate acute and chronic blueberry consumption can improve endothelial function in healthy and at-risk populations and may modulate arterial stiffness, but that evidence is less certain. Results from cell, animal, and human studies suggest blueberry consumption improves vascular function through improving nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Limited data in animals suggest the gut microbiome mediates beneficial effects of blueberries on vascular function; however, there is a paucity of studies evaluating the gut microbiome in humans. Translational evidence indicates anthocyanin metabolites mediate effects of blueberries on endothelial function, though this does not exclude potential synergistic and/or additive effects of other blueberry components. Further research is needed to establish the clinical efficacy of blueberries to improve vascular function in diverse human populations in a manner that provides mechanistic information. Translation of clinical research to the community/public should consider feasibility, social determinants of health, culture, community needs, assets, and desires, barriers, and drivers to consumption, among other factors to establish real-world impacts of blueberry consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Woolf
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sylvia Y Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nancy Ghanem
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Allegra R Vazquez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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11
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Zaa CA, Marcelo ÁJ, An Z, Medina-Franco JL, Velasco-Velázquez MA. Anthocyanins: Molecular Aspects on Their Neuroprotective Activity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1598. [PMID: 38002280 PMCID: PMC10669056 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that give plants and fruits their vibrant colors. They are known for their potent antioxidant properties and have been linked to various health benefits. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Anthocyanins exhibit neuroprotective effects that could potentially alleviate symptoms associated with such diseases. In this review, we compiled and discussed a large body of evidence supporting the neuroprotective role of anthocyanins. Our examination encompasses human studies, animal models, and cell cultures. We delve into the connection between anthocyanin bioactivities and the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Our findings highlight how anthocyanins' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties contribute to their neuroprotective effects. These effects are particularly relevant to key signaling pathways implicated in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In conclusion, the outcome of this review suggests that integrating anthocyanin-rich foods into human diets could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for neurological conditions, and we identify promising avenues for further exploration in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Zaa
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Álvaro J. Marcelo
- School of Biology, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru;
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
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May N, de Sousa Alves Neri JL, Clunas H, Shi J, Parkes E, Dongol A, Wang Z, Jimenez Naranjo C, Yu Y, Huang XF, Charlton K, Weston-Green K. Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant-Based Medicines: Relevance to Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:3912. [PMID: 37764696 PMCID: PMC10535096 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common characteristic of psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, compounds that are neuroprotective and reduce oxidative stress may be of interest as novel therapeutics. Phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content, ORAC and DPPH free radical scavenging, and Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating capacities were examined in variations (fresh/capsule) of Queen Garnet plum (QGP, Prunus salicina), black pepper (Piper nigrum) clove (Syzygium aromaticum), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis), plus two blends (Astralagus membranaceus-lemon balm-rich, WC and R8). The ability of samples to prevent and treat H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells was investigated. Pre-treatment with WC, elderberry, QGP, and clove prevented the oxidative stress-induced reduction in cell viability, demonstrating a neuroprotective effect. Elderberry increased cell viability following oxidative stress induction, demonstrating treatment effects. Clove had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH, and Cu2+ chelating capacities, whereas QGP and elderberry were highest in anthocyanins. Black pepper had the highest ORAC and Fe2+ chelating capacity. These findings demonstrate that plant extracts can prevent and treat oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of neuron-like cells in vitro. Further research into phytochemicals as novel therapeutics for oxidative stress in the brain is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi May
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Julianna Lys de Sousa Alves Neri
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Helen Clunas
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Jiahua Shi
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ella Parkes
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anjila Dongol
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Zhizhen Wang
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Carlos Jimenez Naranjo
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Karen Charlton
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- Molecular Horizons and School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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