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Hamdan S, Wasling P, Lind A. High-resolution HLA sequencing and hypocretin receptor 2 autoantibodies in narcolepsy type 1 and type 2. Int J Immunogenet 2024. [PMID: 38898624 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder caused by an apparent degeneration of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and a subsequent decrease in orexin/hypocretin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Narcolepsy is classified into type 1 (NT1) and type 2 (NT2). While genetic associations in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and candidate autoantibodies have been investigated in NT1 to imply an autoimmune origin, less is known about the pathogenesis in NT2. Twenty-six NT1 and 15 NT2 patients were included, together with control groups of 24 idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) patients and 778 general population participants. High-resolution sequencing was used to determine the alleles, the extended haplotypes, and the genotypes of HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, -DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, and -DPB1. Radiobinding assay was used to determine autoantibodies against hypocretin receptor 2 (anti-HCRTR2 autoantibodies). NT1 was associated with HLA-DRB5*01:01:01, -DRB1*15:01:01, -DQA1*01:02:01, -DQB1*06:02:01, -DRB5*01:01:01, -DRB1*15:01:01, -DQA1*01:02:01, -DQB1*06:02:01 (odds ratio [OR]: 9.15; p = 8.31 × 10-4) and HLA-DRB5*01:01:01, -DRB1*15:01:01, -DQA1*01:02:01, -DQB1*06:02:01, -DRB4*01:03:01, -DRB1*04:01:01, -DQA1*03:02//03:03:01, -DQB1*03:01:01 (OR: 23.61; p = 1.58 × 10-4) genotypes. Lower orexin/hypocretin levels were reported in the NT2 subgroup (n = 5) that was associated with the extended HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 haplotype (p = .001). Anti-HCRTR2 autoantibody levels were not different between study groups (p = .8524). We confirmed the previous association of NT1 with HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 extended genotypes. A subgroup of NT2 patients with intermediate orexin/hypocretin levels and association with HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 was identified, indicating a possible overlap between the two distinct narcolepsy subtypes, NT1 and NT2. Low anti-HCRTR2 autoantibody levels suggest that these receptors might not function as autoimmune targets in either NT1 or NT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Hamdan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Pontus Wasling
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
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Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Postmarketing Vaccine Safety Assessments: Important Work in Progress. JAMA 2024; 331:915-917. [PMID: 38502085 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.26630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie R Griffin
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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3
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Tran TTT, Nguyen THN, Dauvilliers Y, Liblau R, Nguyen XH. Absence of specific autoantibodies in patients with narcolepsy type 1 as indicated by an unbiased random peptide-displayed phage screening. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297625. [PMID: 38442093 PMCID: PMC10914298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is an enigmatic sleep disorder characterized by the selective loss of neurons producing orexin (also named hypocretin) in the lateral hypothalamus. Although NT1 is believed to be an autoimmune disease, the orexinergic neuron-specific antigens targeted by the pathogenic immune response remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the differential binding capacity of various peptides to serum immunoglobin G from patients with NT1 and other hypersomnolence complaints (OHCs). These peptides were selected using an unbiased phage display technology or based on their significant presence in the serum of NT1 patients as identified from previous studies. Although the subtractive biopanning strategy successfully enriched phage clones with high reactivity against NT1 serum IgG, the 101 randomly selected individual phage clones could not differentiate the sera from NT1 and OHC. Compared to the OHC control group, serum from several NT1 patients exhibited increased reactivity to the 12-mer peptides derived from TRBV7, BCL-6, NRXN1, RXRG, HCRT, and RTN4 proteins, although not statistically significant. Collectively, employing both unbiased and targeted methodologies, we were unable to detect the presence of specific autoantibodies in our NT1 patient cohort. This further supports the hypothesis that the autoimmune response in NT1 patients likely stems primarily from T cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Tuyet Trinh Tran
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Hong Nhung Nguyen
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Department of Neurology, Sleep-Wake Disorder Center, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System: Mechanisms and Therapies, Toulouse Institute for Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Health Sciences, VinUnivesity, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Valizadeh P, Momtazmanesh S, Plazzi G, Rezaei N. Connecting the dots: An updated review of the role of autoimmunity in narcolepsy and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. Sleep Med 2024; 113:378-396. [PMID: 38128432 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic disorder characterized by pathological daytime sleepiness and cataplexy due to the disappearance of orexin immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus. Genetic and environmental factors point towards a potential role for inflammation and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aims to comprehensively review the latest evidence on the autoinflammatory mechanisms and immunomodulatory treatments aimed at suspected autoimmune pathways in NT1. METHODS Recent relevant literature in the field of narcolepsy, its autoimmune hypothesis, and purposed immunomodulatory treatments were reviewed. RESULTS Narcolepsy is strongly linked to specific HLA alleles and T-cell receptor polymorphisms. Furthermore, animal studies and autopsies have found infiltration of T cells in the hypothalamus, supporting T cell-mediated immunity. However, the role of autoantibodies has yet to be definitively established. Increased risk of NT1 after H1N1 infection and vaccination supports the autoimmune hypothesis, and the potential role of coronavirus disease 2019 and vaccination in triggering autoimmune neurodegeneration is a recent finding. Alterations in cytokine levels, gut microbiota, and microglial activation indicate a potential role for inflammation in the disease's development. Reports of using immunotherapies in NT1 patients are limited and inconsistent. Early treatment with IVIg, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and monoclonal antibodies has seldomly shown some potential benefits in some studies. CONCLUSION The current body of literature supports that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder most likely caused by T-cell involvement. However, the potential for immunomodulatory treatments to reverse the autoinflammatory process remains understudied. Further clinical controlled trials may provide valuable insights into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Valizadeh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liblau RS, Latorre D, Kornum BR, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot EJ. The immunopathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:33-48. [PMID: 37400646 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; also known as orexin) peptides. An immune-mediated pathology for NT1 has long been suspected given its exceptionally tight association with the MHC class II allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, as well as recent genetic evidence showing associations with polymorphisms of T cell receptor genes and other immune-relevant loci and the increased incidence of NT1 that has been observed after vaccination with the influenza vaccine Pandemrix. The search for both self-antigens and foreign antigens recognized by the pathogenic T cell response in NT1 is ongoing. Increased T cell reactivity against HCRT has been consistently reported in patients with NT1, but data demonstrating a primary role for T cells in neuronal destruction are currently lacking. Animal models are providing clues regarding the roles of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the disease. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of NT1 will allow for the development of targeted immunotherapies at disease onset and could serve as a model for other immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Miano S, Barateau L, De Pieri M, Riccardi S, Thevenin C, Manconi M, Dauvilliers Y. A series of 7 cases of patients with narcolepsy with hypocretin deficiency without the HLA DQB1*06:02 allele. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:2053-2057. [PMID: 37539640 PMCID: PMC10692923 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We report data collected from 2 reference European sleep centers on a series of patients with narcolepsy with hypocretin-1 deficiency and absence of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DQB1*06:02 allele. METHODS Clinical data, HLA DQ markers, and cerebrospinal fluid assessments were collected retrospectively from Caucasian patients with a diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1 with cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 deficiency (< 110 pg/ml) and absence of the HLA DQB1*06:02 allele, with follow-up with at least 1 visit within the last 4 years, consecutively admitted to 2 European sleep centers (Lugano, Switzerland and Montpellier, France). RESULTS Seven patients (3 of 29 patients in Lugano and 4 of 328 in Montpellier) were diagnosed with narcolepsy with hypocretin-1 deficiency and absence of HLA DQB1*06:02 (ie, 2% of patients with narcolepsy type 1). Regarding the HLA-DQB1 genotyping, 4 cases were positive for HLA DQB1*03:01, 1 for DQB1*03:02, and 3 for DQB1*02:01. Three patients had atypical cataplexy and 1 had no cataplexy. Only 2 patients had both a mean sleep latency of less than 8 minutes and more than 2 sleep onset rapid eye movement periods on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, indicative of a less severe condition. CONCLUSIONS Although rare, this series of 7 cases confirms that hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy should not be excluded in the absence of HLA DQB1*06:02, especially if patients are carriers of other high-risk HLA-DQB1 alleles (DQB1*03:01, *03:02, *02:01). These data support the hypothesis that narcolepsy type 1 is a wider disease spectrum linked to the loss of hypocretin peptide. CITATION Miano S, Barateau L, De Pieri M, et al. A series of 7 cases of patients with narcolepsy with hypocretin deficiency without the HLA DQB1*06:02 allele. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(12):2053-2057.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Miano
- Sleep Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Montpellier, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco De Pieri
- Sleep Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- General Psychiatry Service, Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Riccardi
- Sleep Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Celine Thevenin
- Département d’Immunologie, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Pintwala SK, Peever J. Brain Circuits Underlying Narcolepsy. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:751-766. [PMID: 34704497 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211052263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder manifesting symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness and often cataplexy, a sudden and involuntary loss of muscle activity during wakefulness. The underlying neuropathological basis of narcolepsy is the loss of orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus. To date numerous animal models of narcolepsy have been produced in the laboratory, being invaluable tools for delineating the brain circuits of narcolepsy. This review will examine the evidence regarding the function of the orexin system, and how loss of this wake-promoting system manifests in excessive daytime sleepiness. This review will also outline the brain circuits controlling cataplexy, focusing on the contribution of orexin signaling loss in narcolepsy. Although our understanding of the brain circuits of narcolepsy has made great progress in recent years, much remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Peever
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Khajavi L, Nguyen XH, Queriault C, Chabod M, Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y, Zytnicki M, Liblau R. The transcriptomics profiling of blood CD4 and CD8 T-cells in narcolepsy type I. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249405. [PMID: 38077397 PMCID: PMC10702585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Narcolepsy Type I (NT1) is a rare, life-long sleep disorder arising as a consequence of the extensive destruction of orexin-producing hypothalamic neurons. The mechanisms involved in the destruction of orexin neurons are not yet elucidated but the association of narcolepsy with environmental triggers and genetic susceptibility (strong association with the HLA, TCRs and other immunologically-relevant loci) implicates an immuno-pathological process. Several studies in animal models and on human samples have suggested that T-cells are the main pathogenic culprits. Methods RNA sequencing was performed on four CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets (naive, effector, effector memory and central memory) sorted by flow cytometry from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of NT1 patients and HLA-matched healthy donors as well as (age- and sex-) matched individuals suffering from other sleep disorders (OSD). The RNAseq analysis was conducted by comparing the transcriptome of NT1 patients to that of healthy donors and other sleep disorder patients (collectively referred to as the non-narcolepsy controls) in order to identify NT1-specific genes and pathways. Results We determined NT1-specific differentially expressed genes, several of which are involved in tubulin arrangement found in CD4 (TBCB, CCT5, EML4, TPGS1, TPGS2) and CD8 (TTLL7) T cell subsets, which play a role in the immune synapse formation and TCR signaling. Furthermore, we identified genes (GZMB, LTB in CD4 T-cells and NLRP3, TRADD, IL6, CXCR1, FOXO3, FOXP3 in CD8 T-cells) and pathways involved in various aspects of inflammation and inflammatory response. More specifically, the inflammatory profile was identified in the "naive" subset of CD4 and CD8 T-cell. Conclusion We identified NT1-specific differentially expressed genes, providing a cell-type and subset specific catalog describing their functions in T-cells as well as their potential involvement in NT1. Several genes and pathways identified are involved in the formation of the immune synapse and TCR activation as well as inflammation and the inflammatory response. An inflammatory transcriptomic profile was detected in both "naive" CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets suggesting their possible involvement in the development or progression of the narcoleptic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khajavi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Applied Mathematics and Informatics Unit of Toulouse (MIAT), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Vinmec Institute of Applied Science and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Healthcare System and College of Health Sciences, VinUniveristy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Clémence Queriault
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marianne Chabod
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthias Zytnicki
- Applied Mathematics and Informatics Unit of Toulouse (MIAT), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Universite Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Chen L, Zhou J, Ren B, Chen H. The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230823. [PMID: 38025543 PMCID: PMC10655690 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver inflammatory disease with various immune system manifestations, showing a global trend of increased prevalence. AIH is diagnosed through histological abnormalities, clinical manifestations, and biochemical indicators. The biochemical markers involve interfacial hepatitis, transaminase abnormalities, positive autoantibodies, etc. Although AIH pathogenesis is unclear, gene mutations and immunological factors could be the leading factors. AIH usually presents as a chronic liver disease and sometimes as acute hepatitis, making it challenging to distinguish it from drug-related hepatitis due to similar clinical symptoms. Normalizing transaminases and serum IgG levels is essential in assessing the remission status of AIH treatment. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine are the first-line AIH treatment, with lifelong maintenance therapy in some patients. The quality of life and survival can be improved after appropriate treatment. However, certain limitations jeopardize the quality of treatment, including long treatment cycles, side effects, poor patient compliance, and inability to inhibit liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Accurate AIH animal models will help us understand the pathophysiology of the disease while providing fresh perspectives for avoiding and treating AIH. This review will help us understand AIH better, from the cellular and molecular causes to the clinical features, and will provide insight into new therapy techniques with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Graduate Department of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Dehe Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Binbin Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Akiyama Y, Sonehara K, Maeda D, Katoh H, Naito T, Yamamoto K, Morisaki T, Ishikawa S, Ushiku T, Kume H, Homma Y, Okada Y. Genome-wide association study identifies risk loci within the major histocompatibility complex region for Hunner-type interstitial cystitis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101114. [PMID: 37467720 PMCID: PMC10394254 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) is a rare, chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder with unknown etiology and genetic background. Here, we conduct a genome-wide association study of 144 patients with HIC and 41,516 controls of Japanese ancestry. The genetic variant, rs1794275, in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (chromosome 6p21.3) is associated with HIC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; p = 3.4 × 10-9). The association is confirmed in a replication set of 26 cases and 1,026 controls (p = 0.014). Fine mapping demonstrates the contribution to the disease risk of a completely linked haplotype of three human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQβ1 amino acid positions, 71, 74, and 75 (OR = 1.94; p = 5 × 10-8) and of HLA-DPβ1 amino acid position 178, which tags HLA-DPB1∗04:02 (OR = 2.35; p = 7.5 × 10-8). The three HLA-DQβ1 amino acid positions are located together at the peptide binding groove, suggesting their functional importance in antigen presentation. Our study reveals genetic contributions to HIC risk that may be associated with class II MHC molecule antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyuto Sonehara
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daichi Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Naito
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamamoto
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; BioBank Japan, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Interstitial Cystitis Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan; The Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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11
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Yoshida-Tanaka K, Shimada M, Honda Y, Fujimoto A, Tokunaga K, Honda M, Miyagawa T. Narcolepsy type I-associated DNA methylation and gene expression changes in the human leukocyte antigen region. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10464. [PMID: 37380713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by a loss of hypothalamic orexin-producing cells, and autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been suggested to play a role in the autoimmune mechanism. Although NT1 showed a strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*06:02, the responsible antigens remain unidentified. We analyzed array-based DNA methylation and gene expression data for the HLA region in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were separated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Japanese subjects (NT1, N = 42; control, N = 42). As the large number of SNPs in the HLA region might interfere with the affinity of the array probes, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the reliability of each probe. The criteria were based on a previous study reporting that the presence of frequent SNPs, especially on the 3' side of the probe, makes the probe unreliable. We confirmed that 90.3% of the probes after general filtering in the HLA region do not include frequent SNPs, and are thus suitable for analysis, particularly in Japanese subjects. We then performed an association analysis, and found that several CpG sites in the HLA class II region of the patients were significantly hypomethylated in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This association was not detected when the effect of HLA-DQB1*06:02 was considered, suggesting that the hypomethylation was possibly derived from HLA-DQB1*06:02. Further RNA sequencing revealed reduced expression levels of HLA-DQB1 alleles other than HLA-DQB1*06:02 in the patients with NT1. Our results suggest the involvement of epigenetic and expressional changes in HLA-DQB1 in the pathogenesis of NT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kugui Yoshida-Tanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Seiwa Hospital, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Miyagawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Ollila HM, Sharon E, Lin L, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Ambati A, Yogeshwar SM, Hillary RP, Jolanki O, Faraco J, Einen M, Luo G, Zhang J, Han F, Yan H, Dong XS, Li J, Zhang J, Hong SC, Kim TW, Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L, Lammers GJ, Fronczek R, Mayer G, Santamaria J, Arnulf I, Knudsen-Heier S, Bredahl MKL, Thorsby PM, Plazzi G, Pizza F, Moresco M, Crowe C, Van den Eeden SK, Lecendreux M, Bourgin P, Kanbayashi T, Martínez-Orozco FJ, Peraita-Adrados R, Benetó A, Montplaisir J, Desautels A, Huang YS, Jennum P, Nevsimalova S, Kemlink D, Iranzo A, Overeem S, Wierzbicka A, Geisler P, Sonka K, Honda M, Högl B, Stefani A, Coelho FM, Mantovani V, Feketeova E, Wadelius M, Eriksson N, Smedje H, Hallberg P, Hesla PE, Rye D, Pelin Z, Ferini-Strambi L, Bassetti CL, Mathis J, Khatami R, Aran A, Nampoothiri S, Olsson T, Kockum I, Partinen M, Perola M, Kornum BR, Rueger S, Winkelmann J, Miyagawa T, Toyoda H, Khor SS, Shimada M, Tokunaga K, Rivas M, Pritchard JK, Risch N, Kutalik Z, O'Hara R, Hallmayer J, Ye CJ, Mignot EJ. Narcolepsy risk loci outline role of T cell autoimmunity and infectious triggers in narcolepsy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2709. [PMID: 37188663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by a loss of hypocretin/orexin transmission. Risk factors include pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A infection and immunization with Pandemrix®. Here, we dissect disease mechanisms and interactions with environmental triggers in a multi-ethnic sample of 6,073 cases and 84,856 controls. We fine-mapped GWAS signals within HLA (DQ0602, DQB1*03:01 and DPB1*04:02) and discovered seven novel associations (CD207, NAB1, IKZF4-ERBB3, CTSC, DENND1B, SIRPG, PRF1). Significant signals at TRA and DQB1*06:02 loci were found in 245 vaccination-related cases, who also shared polygenic risk. T cell receptor associations in NT1 modulated TRAJ*24, TRAJ*28 and TRBV*4-2 chain-usage. Partitioned heritability and immune cell enrichment analyses found genetic signals to be driven by dendritic and helper T cells. Lastly comorbidity analysis using data from FinnGen, suggests shared effects between NT1 and other autoimmune diseases. NT1 genetic variants shape autoimmunity and response to environmental triggers, including influenza A infection and immunization with Pandemrix®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Ollila
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eilon Sharon
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Selina M Yogeshwar
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryan P Hillary
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Otto Jolanki
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juliette Faraco
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Mali Einen
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Guo Luo
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fang Han
- Division of Sleep Medicine, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Yan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Song Dong
- Division of Sleep Medicine, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Sleep Medicine, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Seung-Chul Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Sleep-Wake Centre, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Sleep-Wake Centre, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Mayer
- Hephata Klinik, Schimmelpfengstr. 6, 34613, Schwalmstadt, Germany
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Baldinger Str., 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joan Santamaria
- Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopment Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Kristin Lyamouri Bredahl
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopment Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Medbøe Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Moresco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Michel Lecendreux
- Pediatric Sleep Center and National Reference Center for Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia Hospital Robert Debre, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Francisco J Martínez-Orozco
- Sleep Unit. Clinical Neurophysiology Service. San Carlos University Hospital. University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Peraita-Adrados
- Sleep and Epilepsy Unit, Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital and Research Institute, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex Desautels
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur and Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sona Nevsimalova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hosptal, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hosptal, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Barcelona, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB, Heeze, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Wierzbicka
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karel Sonka
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hosptal, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Makoto Honda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Seiwa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Birgit Högl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ambra Stefani
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vilma Mantovani
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eva Feketeova
- Neurology Department, Medical Faculty of P. J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mia Wadelius
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Smedje
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Hallberg
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David Rye
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zerrin Pelin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio L Bassetti
- Neurology Department, EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Khatami
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research, Clinic Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland
| | - Adi Aran
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kerala, India
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markku Partinen
- Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM) and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program. University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sina Rueger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Taku Miyagawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toyoda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manuel Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science-Administration, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Neil Risch
- Dept. Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Lausanne, 1010, Switzerland
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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13
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Mogavero MP, DelRosso LM, Bruni O, Salemi M, Salsone M, Novellino F, Zucconi M, Ferini Strambi L, Ferri R. Genetics and epigenetics of rare hypersomnia. Trends Genet 2023; 39:415-429. [PMID: 36842900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein we focus on connections between genetics and some central disorders of hypersomnolence - narcolepsy types 1 and 2 (NT1, NT2), idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), and Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) - for a better understanding of their etiopathogenetic mechanisms and a better diagnostic and therapeutic definition. Gene pleiotropism influences neurological and sleep disorders such as hypersomnia; therefore, genetics allows us to uncover common pathways to different pathologies, with potential new therapeutic perspectives. An important body of evidence has accumulated on NT1 and IH, allowing a better understanding of etiopathogenesis, disease biomarkers, and possible new therapeutic approaches. Further studies are needed in the field of epigenetics, which has a potential role in the modulation of biological specific hypersomnia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Mogavero
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lourdes M DelRosso
- Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Salsone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Novellino
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Zucconi
- Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini Strambi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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14
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James LM, Leuthold AC, Georgopoulos AP. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Modulates the Dependence on Age of the Variability of Synchronous Neural Interactions. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231159658. [PMID: 36969700 PMCID: PMC10037734 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231159658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence documented a protective effect of Class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*13 on brain health across the lifespan including evidence of reduced neural network variability relative to non-carriers. Here, in an extension of those findings, we evaluated the influence of a large number of Class I and Class II HLA alleles on aging-related changes in neural network variability. Cognitively healthy women (N = 178) ranging in age from 28 to 99 years old underwent a magnetoencephalography scan from which neural network variability was calculated and provided a blood sample from which HLA and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype were determined. The primary analyses assessed the dependence of network variability on age in carriers of a specific HLA allele compared to non-carriers. Effects were considered protective if there was a significant increase of network variability with age in the absence of a given HLA allele but not in its presence, and were considered to confer susceptibility if the converse was documented; HLA alleles that did not influence the dependence of network variability on age in their presence or absence were considered neutral. Of 50 alleles investigated, 22 were found to be protective, 7 were found to confer susceptibility, and 21 were neutral. The frequencies of those 50 alleles were not associated significantly with ApoE genotype. The findings, which document the influence of HLA on age-related brain changes and highlight the role of HLA in healthy brain function, are discussed in terms of the role of HLA in the human immune response to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M James
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Lisa M James, Department of Neuroscience,
University of Minnesota Medical School, Brain Sciences Center (11B), Minneapolis
VAHCS, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
| | - Arthur C Leuthold
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Immunogenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women veterans. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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16
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Umana GE, Tomasi SO, Lu B, Montemurro N. Narcolepsy-A Neuropathological Obscure Sleep Disorder: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1473. [PMID: 36358399 PMCID: PMC9688775 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic, long-term neurological disorder characterized by a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Some clinical symptoms enter into differential diagnosis with other neurological diseases. Excessive daytime sleepiness and brief involuntary sleep episodes are the main clinical symptoms. The majority of people with narcolepsy experience cataplexy, which is a loss of muscle tone. Many people experience neurological complications such as sleep cycle disruption, hallucinations or sleep paralysis. Because of the associated neurological conditions, the exact pathophysiology of narcolepsy is unknown. The differential diagnosis is essential because relatively clinical symptoms of narcolepsy are easy to diagnose when all symptoms are present, but it becomes much more complicated when sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is episodic or absent. Treatment is tailored to the patient's symptoms and clinical diagnosis. To facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders and to better understand the neuropathological mechanisms of this sleep disorder, this review summarizes current knowledge on narcolepsy, in particular, genetic and non-genetic associations of narcolepsy, the pathophysiology up to the inflammatory response, the neuromorphological hallmarks of narcolepsy, and possible links with other diseases, such as diabetes, ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This review also reports all of the most recent updated research and therapeutic advances in narcolepsy. There have been significant advances in highlighting the pathogenesis of narcolepsy, with substantial evidence for an autoimmune response against hypocretin neurons; however, there are some gaps that need to be filled. To treat narcolepsy, more research should be focused on identifying molecular targets and novel autoantigens. In addition to therapeutic advances, standardized criteria for narcolepsy and diagnostic measures are widely accepted, but they may be reviewed and updated in the future with comprehension. Tailored treatment to the patient's symptoms and clinical diagnosis and future treatment modalities with hypocretin agonists, GABA agonists, histamine receptor antagonists and immunomodulatory drugs should be aimed at addressing the underlying cause of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford of School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Centre, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal
| | - Giuseppe E. Umana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Associate Fellow of American College of Surgeons, Trauma and Gamma-Knife Centre, Cannizzaro Hospital Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford of School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Centre, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Buonocore SM, van der Most RG. Narcolepsy and H1N1 influenza immunology a decade later: What have we learned? Front Immunol 2022; 13:902840. [PMID: 36311717 PMCID: PMC9601309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the A/California/7/2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic vaccination campaigns in 2009-2010, an increased incidence of the chronic sleep-wake disorder narcolepsy was detected in children and adolescents in several European countries. Over the last decade, in-depth epidemiological and immunological studies have been conducted to investigate this association, which have advanced our understanding of the events underpinning the observed risk. Narcolepsy with cataplexy (defined as type-1 narcolepsy, NT1) is characterized by an irreversible and chronic deficiency of hypocretin peptides in the hypothalamus. The multifactorial etiology is thought to include genetic predisposition, head trauma, environmental triggers, and/or infections (including influenza virus infections), and an increased risk was observed following administration of the A/California/7/2009 H1N1 vaccine Pandemrix (GSK). An autoimmune origin of NT1 is broadly assumed. This is based on its strong association with a predisposing allele (the human leucocyte antigen DQB1*0602) carried by the large majority of NT1 patients, and on links with other immune-related genetic markers affecting the risk of NT1. Presently, hypotheses on the underlying potential immunological mechanisms center on molecular mimicry between hypocretin and peptides within the A/California/7/2009 H1N1 virus antigen. This molecular mimicry may instigate a cross-reactive autoimmune response targeting hypocretin-producing neurons. Local CD4+ T-cell responses recognizing peptides from hypocretin are thought to play a central role in the response. In this model, cross-reactive DQB1*0602-restricted T cells from the periphery would be activated to cross the blood-brain barrier by rare, and possibly pathogen-instigated, inflammatory processes in the brain. Current hypotheses suggest that activation and expansion of cross-reactive T-cells by H1N1/09 influenza infection could have been amplified following the administration of the adjuvanted vaccine, giving rise to a “two-hit” hypothesis. The collective in silico, in vitro, and preclinical in vivo data from recent and ongoing research have progressively refined the hypothetical model of sequential immunological events, and filled multiple knowledge gaps. Though no definitive conclusions can be drawn, the mechanistical model plausibly explains the increased risk of NT1 observed following the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and subsequent vaccination campaign, as outlined in this review.
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18
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Sonti S, Grant SFA. Leveraging genetic discoveries for sleep to determine causal relationships with common complex traits. Sleep 2022; 45:6652497. [PMID: 35908176 PMCID: PMC9548675 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sleep occurs universally and is a biological necessity for human functioning. The consequences of diminished sleep quality impact physical and physiological systems such as neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. In fact, people impacted by common complex diseases experience a wide range of sleep disturbances. It is challenging to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for decreased sleep quality in many disease systems owing to the lack of suitable sleep biomarkers. However, the discovery of a genetic component to sleep patterns has opened a new opportunity to examine and understand the involvement of sleep in many disease states. It is now possible to use major genomic resources and technologies to uncover genetic contributions to many common diseases. Large scale prospective studies such as the genome wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully revealed many robust genetic signals associated with sleep-related traits. With the discovery of these genetic variants, a major objective of the community has been to investigate whether sleep-related traits are associated with disease pathogenesis and other health complications. Mendelian Randomization (MR) represents an analytical method that leverages genetic loci as proxy indicators to establish causal effect between sleep traits and disease outcomes. Given such variants are randomly inherited at birth, confounding bias is eliminated with MR analysis, thus demonstrating evidence of causal relationships that can be used for drug development and to prioritize clinical trials. In this review, we outline the results of MR analyses performed to date on sleep traits in relation to a multitude of common complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA , USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
- Division of Human Genetics and Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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19
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Bernard-Valnet R, Frieser D, Nguyen XH, Khajavi L, Quériault C, Arthaud S, Melzi S, Fusade-Boyer M, Masson F, Zytnicki M, Saoudi A, Dauvilliers Y, Peyron C, Bauer J, Liblau RS. Influenza vaccination induces autoimmunity against orexinergic neurons in a mouse model for narcolepsy. Brain 2022; 145:2018-2030. [PMID: 35552381 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy with cataplexy or narcolepsy type 1 is a disabling chronic sleep disorder resulting from the destruction of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus. The tight association of narcolepsy with HLA-DQB1*06:02 strongly suggest an autoimmune origin to this disease. Furthermore, converging epidemiological studies have identified an increased incidence for narcolepsy in Europe following Pandemrix® vaccination against the 2009-2010 pandemic 'influenza' virus strain. The potential immunological link between the Pandemrix® vaccination and narcolepsy remains, however, unknown. Deciphering these mechanisms may reveal pathways potentially at play in most cases of narcolepsy. Here, we developed a mouse model allowing to track and study the T-cell response against 'influenza' virus haemagglutinin, which was selectively expressed in the orexinergic neurons as a new self-antigen. Pandemrix® vaccination in this mouse model resulted in hypothalamic inflammation and selective destruction of orexin-producing neurons. Further investigations on the relative contribution of T-cell subsets in this process revealed that haemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cells were necessary for the development of hypothalamic inflammation, but insufficient for killing orexinergic neurons. Conversely, haemagglutinin-specific CD8 T cells could not initiate inflammation but were the effectors of the destruction of orexinergic neurons. Additional studies revealed pathways potentially involved in the disease process. Notably, the interferon-γ pathway was proven essential, as interferon-γ-deficient CD8 T cells were unable to elicit the loss of orexinergic neurons. Our work demonstrates that an immunopathological process mimicking narcolepsy can be elicited by immune cross-reactivity between a vaccine antigen and a neuronal self-antigen. This process relies on a synergy between autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells for disease development. This work furthers our understanding of the mechanisms and pathways potentially involved in the development of a neurological side effect due to a vaccine and, likely, to narcolepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Bernard-Valnet
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Service of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Frieser
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Vinmec Institute of Applied Science and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Leila Khajavi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Quériault
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Silvia Melzi
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | | | - Frederick Masson
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias Zytnicki
- Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Peyron
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
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20
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Latorre D, Federica S, Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U. Narcolepsy: a model interaction between immune system, nervous system, and sleep-wake regulation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:611-623. [PMID: 35445831 PMCID: PMC9519713 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a rare chronic neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The disease is considered to be the result of the selective disruption of neuronal cells in the lateral hypothalamus expressing the neuropeptide hypocretin, which controls the sleep-wake cycle. Diagnosis and management of narcolepsy represent still a substantial medical challenge due to the large heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation of the disease as well as to the lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, significant advances have been made in the last years, thus opening new perspective in the field. This review describes the current knowledge of clinical presentation and pathology of narcolepsy as well as the existing diagnostic criteria and therapeutic intervention for the disease management. Recent evidence on the potential immune-mediated mechanisms that may underpin the disease establishment and progression are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sallusto Federica
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulf Kallweit
- Clinical Sleep and Neuroimmunology, Institute of Immunology, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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21
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Peris Sempere V, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Ambati A, Binks S, Pinto AL, Rogemond V, Pittock SJ, Dubey D, Geschwind MD, Gelfand JM, Dilwali S, Lee ST, Knight J, Elliott KS, Irani S, Honnorat J, Mignot E. Human Leukocyte Antigen Association Study Reveals DRB1*04:02 Effects Additional to DRB1*07:01 in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:e1140. [PMID: 35115410 PMCID: PMC8815287 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To study human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele associations in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis. METHODS A multiethnic cohort of 269 patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis and 1,359 controls was included. Four-digit HLA sequencing and genome wide association single-nucleotide polymorphism typing imputation (0.99 concordance) were used for HLA typing. Significance of primary and secondary associations was tested using χ2, Fisher exact tests, or logistic regression with the control of population stratification covariates when applicable. RESULTS DRB1*07:01 and DQA1*02:01, 2 alleles in strong linkage disequilibrium, were associated with the disease (90% vs 24%, OR = 27.8, p < 10e-50) across ethnicity independent of variation at DRB3 and DQB1, 2 flanking HLA loci. DRB1*07:01 homozygosity was associated with a doubling of risk (OR = 2.1, p = 0.010), suggesting causality. DRB1*07:01 negative subjects were younger (p = 0.003) and more frequently female (p = 0.015). Three patients with malignant thymomas did not carry DRB1*07:01, whereas patients with other tumors had high DRB1*07:01 frequency, suggesting that the presence of tumors other than thymomas may be coincidental and not causal. In both DRB1*07:01 heterozygous individuals and DRB1*07:01 negative subjects, DRB1*04:02 was associated with anti-LGI1 encephalitis, indicating an independent effect of this allele (OR = 6.85, p = 4.57 × 10-6 and OR = 8.93, p = 2.50 × 10-3, respectively). DRB1*04:02 was also independently associated with younger age at onset (β = -6.68, p = 9.78 × 10-3). Major histocompatibility complex peptide-binding predictions using LGI1-derived peptides revealed divergent binding propensities for DRB1*04:02 and DRB1*07:01 alleles, suggesting independent pathogenic mechanisms. DISCUSSION In addition to the established primary DRB1*07:01 association in anti-LGI1 encephalitis, we observe a secondary effect of DRB1*04:02 with lower age at onset. Our study provides evidence for secondary effects within HLA locus that correlate with clinical phenotypes in anti-LGI1 encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aditya Ambati
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Binks
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laurie Pinto
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Rogemond
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean J. Pittock
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Marc Gelfand
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonam Dilwali
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Knight
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine S. Elliott
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarosh Irani
- From the Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences (V.P.S., A.A., and E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., A.-L.P., V.R., and J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.B. and S.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.B. and S.I.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (S.J.P. and D.D.), and Department of Neurology (S.J.P. and D.D.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.D.G., J.M.G., and S.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (S.-T.L.), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.K. and K.S.E.), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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The role of mtDNA haplogroups on metabolic features in narcolepsy type 1. Mitochondrion 2022; 63:37-42. [PMID: 35051655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is due to selective loss of hypocretin (hcrt)-producing-neurons. Hcrt is a neuropeptide regulating the sleep/wake cycle, as well as feeding behavior. A subset of NT1 patients become overweight/obese, with a dysmetabolic phenotype. We hypothesized that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation might contribute to the metabolic features in NT1 and we undertook an exploratory survey of mtDNA haplogroups in a cohort of well-characterized patients. We studied 246 NT1 Italian patients, fully defined for their metabolic features, including obesity, hypertension, low HDL, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. For haplogroup assignment, the mtDNA control region was sequenced in combination with an assessment of diagnostic markers in the coding region. NT1 patients displayed the same mtDNA haplogroups (H, HV, J, K, T, U) frequency as those reported in the general Italian population. The majority of NT1 patients (64%) were overweight: amongst these, 35% were obese, 48% had low HDL cholesterol levels, and 31% had hypertriglyceridemia. We identified an association between haplogroups J, K and hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.03, 61.5% and 61.5%, respectively vs. 31.3% of the whole sample) and after correction for age and sex, we observed a reduction of these associations (OR=3.65, 95%CI=0.76-17.5, p=0.106 and 1.73, 0.52-5.69, p=0.368, respectively). The low HDL level showed a trend for association with haplogroup J (P=0.09, 83.3% vs. 47.4% of the whole sample) and after correction we observed an OR=6.73, 95%CI=0.65-69.9, p=0.110. Our study provides the first indication that mtDNA haplogroups J and K can modulate metabolic features of NT1 patients, linking mtDNA variation to the dysmetabolic phenotype in NT1.
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23
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Chhibber A, Huang L, Zhang H, Xu J, Cristescu R, Liu X, Mehrotra DV, Shen J, Shaw PM, Hellmann MD, Snyder A. Germline HLA landscape does not predict efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy across solid tumor types. Immunity 2022; 55:56-64.e4. [PMID: 34986342 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of class I and class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, heterozygosity, and diversity on the efficacy of pembrolizumab. Seventeen pembrolizumab clinical trials across eight tumor types and one basket trial in patients with advanced solid tumors were included (n > 3,500 analyzed). Germline DNA was genotyped using a custom genotyping array. HLA diversity (measured by heterozygosity and evolutionary divergence) across class I loci was not associated with improved response to pembrolizumab, either within each tumor type evaluated or across all patients. Similarly, HLA heterozygosity at each class I and class II gene was not associated with response to pembrolizumab after accounting for the number of tests conducted. No conclusive association between HLA genotype and response to pembrolizumab was identified in this dataset. Germline HLA genotype or diversity alone is not an important independent determinant of response to pembrolizumab and should not be used for clinical decision-making in patients treated with pembrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Chhibber
- Department of Biomarker and Genome Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lingkang Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jialin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Razvan Cristescu
- Department of Biomarker and Genome Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xiaoqiao Liu
- Department of Biomarker and Genome Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Devan V Mehrotra
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Judong Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Peter M Shaw
- Department of Biomarker and Genome Sciences, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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24
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Knez R, Stevanovic D, Fernell E, Gillberg C. Orexin/Hypocretin System Dysfunction in ESSENCE (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2683-2702. [PMID: 36411777 PMCID: PMC9675327 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s358373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE) is an umbrella term covering a wide range of neurodevelopmental difficulties and disorders. Thus, ESSENCE includes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and difficulties, with a variety of symptoms in cognitive, motor, sensory, social, arousal, regulatory, emotional, and behavioral developmental domains, frequently co-occurring and likely having partly common neurobiological substrates. The ESSENCE concept is a clinical paradigm that promotes organizing NDDs in everyday clinical practice according to their coexistence, symptom dimensions overlapping, and treatment possibilities. Despite increased knowledge regarding NDDs, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie them and other ESSENCE-related problems, are not well understood. With its wide range of neural circuits and interactions with numerous neurotransmitters, the orexin/hypocretin system (Orx-S) is possibly associated with a variety of neurocognitive, psychobiological, neuroendocrine, and physiological functions and behaviors. Dysfunction of Orx-S has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders. This article provides an overview of Orx-S dysfunctions' possible involvement in the development, presentation, and maintenance of ESSENCE. We provide a focused review of current research evidence linking orexin neuropeptides with specific clinical NDDs symptoms, mostly in ADHD and ASD, within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. We propose that Orx-S dysfunction might have an important role in some of these neurodevelopmental symptom domains, such as arousal, wakefulness, sleep, motor and sensory processing, mood and emotional regulation, fear processing, reward, feeding, attention, executive functions, and sociability. Our perspective is presented from a clinical point of view. Further, more thorough systematic reviews are needed as well as planning of extensive new research into the Orx-S's role in ESSENCE, especially considering RDoC elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajna Knez
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.,School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Dejan Stevanovic
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Benninger F, Steiner I. Non-infectious mechanisms of neurological damage due to infection. J Neurol Sci 2021; 431:120057. [PMID: 34800841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the nervous system is a growing aspect of clinical neurology. Accumulating knowledge in early diagnosis, course, therapy and prognosis is enlarging the clinical tools required for effective therapy. Of special importance is the ability to differentiate between proper infections, where anti-microbial agents, when available, should be introduced and used and post infectious conditions where therapy is mainly directed against the host immune system. The two conditions sometimes overlap, a situation that requires the ability to combine clinical skills with the use of laboratory tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology, and antigenic detection. In the era of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the need to make this distinction is emphasized as correct diagnosis of post infectious conditions and expedited therapy is important and sometimes lifesaving. We here attempt to present several infectious agents and their possible indirect damage to the nervous system causing in some cases significant neurological deficits. We try to limit our focus on those mechanisms which do not involve the direct tissue damage by the infectious agents but rather are connected to para- and post-infectious mechanisms. We attempt to delineate the features that will enable to tailor the correct diagnosis and following the effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Benninger
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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26
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Warren RL, Birol I. HLA alleles measured from COVID-19 patient transcriptomes reveal associations with disease prognosis in a New York cohort. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12368. [PMID: 34722002 PMCID: PMC8522641 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene locus plays a fundamental role in human immunity, and it is established that certain HLA alleles are disease determinants. Previously, we have identified prevalent HLA class I and class II alleles, including DPA1*02:02, in two small patient cohorts at the COVID-19 pandemic onset. METHODS We have since analyzed a larger public patient cohort data (n = 126 patients) with controls, associated demographic and clinical data. By combining the predictive power of multiple in silico HLA predictors, we report on HLA-I and HLA-II alleles, along with their associated risk significance. RESULTS We observe HLA-II DPA1*02:02 at a higher frequency in the COVID-19 positive cohort (29%) when compared to the COVID-negative control group (Fisher's exact test [FET] p = 0.0174). Having this allele, however, does not appear to put this cohort's patients at an increased risk of hospitalization. Inspection of COVID-19 disease severity outcomes, including admission to intensive care, reveal nominally significant risk associations with A*11:01 (FET p = 0.0078) and C*04:01 (FET p = 0.0087). The association with severe disease outcome is especially evident for patients with C*04:01, where disease prognosis measured by mechanical ventilation-free days was statistically significant after multiple hypothesis correction (Bonferroni p = 0.0323). While prevalence of some of these alleles falls below statistical significance after Bonferroni correction, COVID-19 patients with HLA-I C*04:01 tend to fare worse overall. This HLA allele may hold potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L. Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, CA-BC, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, CA-BC, Canada
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27
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Peptides of H. sapiens and P. falciparum that are predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02 and homologous to a SARS-CoV-2 peptide. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106013. [PMID: 34146538 PMCID: PMC8255030 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is looking for a common pathogenicity between SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium species, in individuals with certain HLA serotypes. METHODS 1. Tblastx searches of SARS-CoV-2 are performed by limiting searches to five Plasmodium species that infect humans. 2. Aligned sequences in the respective organisms' proteomes are searched with blastp. 3. Binding predictions of the identified SARS-CoV-2 peptide to HLA supertype representatives are performed. 4. Blastp searches of predicted epitopes that bind strongly to the identified HLA allele are performed by limiting searches to H. sapiens and Plasmodium species, separately. 5. Peptides with minimum 60% identity to the predicted epitopes are found in results. 6. Peptides among those, which bind strongly to the same HLA allele, are predicted. 7. Step-4 is repeated by limiting searches to H. sapiens, followed by the remaining steps until step-7, for peptides sourced by Plasmodium species after step-6. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 peptide with single letter amino acid code CFLGYFCTCYFGLFC has the highest identity to P. vivax. Its YFCTCYFGLF part is predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02. Peptides in the human proteome both homologous to YFCTCYFGLF and with a strong binding affinity to HLA-A*24:02 are YYCARRFGLF, YYCHCPFGVF, and YYCQQYFFLF. Such peptides in the Plasmodium species' proteomes are FFYTFYFELF, YFVACLFILF, and YFPTITFHLF. The first one belonging to P. falciparum has a homologous peptide (YFYLFSLELF) in the human proteome, which also has a strong binding affinity to the same HLA allele. CONCLUSION Immune responses to the identified-peptides with similar sequences and strong binding affinities to HLA-A*24:02 can be related to autoimmune response risk in individuals with HLA-A*24:02 serotypes, upon getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or P. falciparum.
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28
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Viste R, Lie BA, Viken MK, Rootwelt T, Knudsen-Heier S, Kornum BR. Narcolepsy type 1 patients have lower levels of effector memory CD4 + T cells compared to their siblings when controlling for H1N1-(Pandemrix™)-vaccination and HLA DQB1∗06:02 status. Sleep Med 2021; 85:271-279. [PMID: 34388506 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests a cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis for narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), but it is not clear whether the disease is associated with overall changes in T cell subsets. The increase in NT1 incidence after H1N1 vaccination campaign with the Pandemrix™ vaccine suggests that disease-relevant changes in the immune system following this vaccination were important. In this study, we aimed to investigate differentiated T cell subsets and levels of CD25 and CD69 activation markers in a cohort of mainly Pandemrix™-vaccinated NT1 patients compared with their vaccinated and unvaccinated siblings. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected in parallel and analysed with flow cytometry in 31 NT1 patients with disease onset after the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic and/or Pandemrix™ vaccination and 45 of their non-narcoleptic siblings (29/31 and 34/45 vaccinated, respectively). RESULTS We observed significantly lower effector memory CD4+ T cell levels in NT1 patients compared to their siblings, when controlling for HLA DQB1∗06:02 and vaccination status. Further, within the sibling group, vaccination status significantly affected frequencies of central memory and CD8+CD25+ T cells, and HLA DQB1∗06:02 status significantly affected frequencies of CD4+CD25+ T cells. CONCLUSION We confirm that NT1 is associated with lower levels of effector memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. Importantly, this finding was only significant when controlling for vaccination and HLA status in both patients and controls. We thus demonstrate the importance of characterizing such factors (eg HLA and vaccination) when studying T cell subsets in NT1. This might explain earlier conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannveig Viste
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Terje Rootwelt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Kornum Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Wiendl H, Gross CC, Bauer J, Merkler D, Prat A, Liblau R. Fundamental mechanistic insights from rare but paradigmatic neuroimmunological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:433-447. [PMID: 34050331 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of complex neuroimmunological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalitis, remains puzzling - various mechanisms that are difficult to dissect seem to contribute, hampering the understanding of the processes involved. Some rare neuroimmunological diseases are easier to study because their presentation and pathogenesis are more homogeneous. The investigation of these diseases can provide fundamental insights into neuroimmunological pathomechanisms that can in turn be applied to more complex diseases. In this Review, we summarize key mechanistic insights into three such rare but paradigmatic neuroimmunological diseases - Susac syndrome, Rasmussen encephalitis and narcolepsy type 1 - and consider the implications of these insights for the study of other neuroimmunological diseases. In these diseases, the combination of findings in humans, different modalities of investigation and animal models has enabled the triangulation of evidence to validate and consolidate the pathomechanistic features and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies; this approach has provided insights that are directly relevant to other neuroimmunological diseases and applicable in other contexts. We also outline how next-generation technologies and refined animal models can further improve our understanding of pathomechanisms, including cell-specific and antigen-specific CNS immune responses, thereby paving the way for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roland Liblau
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse, France.,CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Immunology Department, Toulouse, France
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30
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Vuorela A, Freitag TL, Leskinen K, Pessa H, Härkönen T, Stracenski I, Kirjavainen T, Olsen P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Ilonen J, Knip M, Vaheri A, Partinen M, Saavalainen P, Meri S, Vaarala O. Enhanced influenza A H1N1 T cell epitope recognition and cross-reactivity to protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 in Pandemrix-associated narcolepsy type 1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2283. [PMID: 33863907 PMCID: PMC8052463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic neurological disorder having a strong association with HLA-DQB1*0602, thereby suggesting an immunological origin. Increased risk of NT1 has been reported among children or adolescents vaccinated with AS03 adjuvant-supplemented pandemic H1N1 influenza A vaccine, Pandemrix. Here we show that pediatric Pandemrix-associated NT1 patients have enhanced T-cell immunity against the viral epitopes, neuraminidase 175-189 (NA175-189) and nucleoprotein 214-228 (NP214-228), but also respond to a NA175-189-mimic, brain self-epitope, protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1675-689). A pathogenic role of influenza virus-specific T-cells and T-cell cross-reactivity in NT1 are supported by the up-regulation of IFN-γ, perforin 1 and granzyme B, and by the converging selection of T-cell receptor TRAV10/TRAJ17 and TRAV10/TRAJ24 clonotypes, in response to stimulation either with peptide NA175-189 or POMT1675-689. Moreover, anti-POMT1 serum autoantibodies are increased in Pandemrix-vaccinated children or adolescents. These results thus identify POMT1 as a potential autoantigen recognized by T- and B-cells in NT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vuorela
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T L Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Leskinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Pessa
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Härkönen
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Stracenski
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kirjavainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Olsen
- Department of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - J Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knip
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vaheri
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Partinen
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Saavalainen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Vaarala
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Ollila HM. Narcolepsy type 1: what have we learned from genetics? Sleep 2021; 43:5842137. [PMID: 32442260 PMCID: PMC7658635 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 narcolepsy is a severe neurological disorder with distinct characteristic of loss of hypocretin neurotransmitter. Genetic analysis in type-1 narcolepsy have revealed a unique signal pointing toward autoimmune, rather than psychiatric origin. While type-1 narcolepsy has been intensively studied, the other subtypes of hypersomnolence, narcolepsy, and hypersomnia are less thoroughly understood. This review summarizes the latest breakthroughs in the field in narcolepsy. The goal of this article is to help the reader to understand better the risk from genetic factors and their interplay with immune, genetic, and epidemiological aspects in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Luo G, Yogeshwar S, Lin L, Mignot EJM. T cell reactivity to regulatory factor X4 in type 1 narcolepsy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7841. [PMID: 33837283 PMCID: PMC8035403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 narcolepsy is strongly (98%) associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQA1*01:02/DQB1*06:02 (DQ0602) and highly associated with T cell receptor (TCR) alpha locus polymorphism as well as other immune regulatory loci. Increased incidence of narcolepsy was detected following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and linked to Pandemrix vaccination, strongly supporting that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder. Although recent results suggest CD4+ T cell reactivity to neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin and cross-reactive flu peptide is involved, identification of other autoantigens has remained elusive. Here we study whether autoimmunity directed against Regulatory Factor X4 (RFX4), a protein co-localized with hypocretin, is involved in some cases of narcolepsy. Studying human serum, we found that autoantibodies against RFX4 were rare. Using RFX4 peptides bound to DQ0602 tetramers, antigen RFX4-86, -95, and -60 specific human CD4+ T cells were detected in 4/10 patients and 2 unaffected siblings, but not in others. Following culture with each cognate peptide, enriched autoreactive TCRαβ clones were isolated by single-cell sorting and TCR sequenced. Homologous clones bearing TRBV4-2 and recognizing RFX4-86 in patients and one twin control of patient were identified. These results suggest the involvement of RFX4 CD4+ T cell autoreactivity in some cases of narcolepsy, but also in healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Selina Yogeshwar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Jean-Marie Mignot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Warren RL, Birol I. HLA predictions from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood samples of eight COVID-19 patients at the pandemic onset. Bioinformatics 2021; 36:5271-5273. [PMID: 32853340 PMCID: PMC7540287 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanç Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
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Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Ample genetic and epidemiologic evidence point in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system. Many autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from NT1 patients, but none in a consistent manner. Importantly, T cells directed toward hypocretin/orexin neurons have been detected in samples from NT1 patients. However, it remains to be seen if these potentially autoreactive T cells are also present in the hypothalamus and if they are pathogenic. For this reason, NT1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, even though more and more results are pointing in that direction as will be described in this chapter. The autoimmune hypothesis has led to many attempts at slowing or stopping disease progression with immunomodulatory treatment, but so far the overall results have not been very encouraging. It is clear that more research into the pathogenesis of NT1 is needed to establish the precise role of the immune system in disease development.
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Giannoccaro MP, Liguori R, Plazzi G, Pizza F. Reviewing the Clinical Implications of Treating Narcolepsy as an Autoimmune Disorder. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:557-577. [PMID: 34007229 PMCID: PMC8123964 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s275931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a lifelong sleep disorder, primarily characterized clinically by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy and pathologically by the loss of hypocretinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Despite being a rare disorder, the NT1-related burden for patients and society is relevant due to the early onset and chronic nature of this condition. Although the etiology of narcolepsy is still unknown, mounting evidence supports a central role of autoimmunity. To date, no cure is available for this disorder and current treatment is symptomatic. Based on the hypothesis of the autoimmune etiology of this disease, immunotherapy could possibly represent a valid therapeutic option. However, contrasting and limited results have been provided so far. This review discusses the evidence supporting the use of immunotherapy in narcolepsy, the outcomes obtained so far, current issues and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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36
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Warren RL, Birol I. Retrospective in silico HLA predictions from COVID-19 patients reveal alleles associated with disease prognosis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.27.20220863. [PMID: 33140057 PMCID: PMC7605564 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene locus plays a fundamental role in human immunity, and it is established that certain HLA alleles are disease determinants. METHODS By combining the predictive power of multiple in silico HLA predictors, we have previously identified prevalent HLA class I and class II alleles, including DPA1*02:02, in two small cohorts at the COVID-19 pandemic onset. Since then, newer and larger patient cohorts with controls and associated demographic and clinical data have been deposited in public repositories. Here, we report on HLA-I and HLA-II alleles, along with their associated risk significance in one such cohort of 126 patients, including COVID-19 positive (n=100) and negative patients (n=26). RESULTS We recapitulate an enrichment of DPA1*02:02 in the COVID-19 positive cohort (29%) when compared to the COVID-negative control group (Fisher's exact test [FET] p=0.0174). Having this allele, however, does not appear to put this cohort's patients at an increased risk of hospitalization. Inspection of COVID-19 disease severity outcomes reveal nominally significant risk associations with A*11:01 (FET p=0.0078), C*04:01 (FET p=0.0087) and DQA1*01:02 (FET p=0.0121). CONCLUSIONS While enrichment of these alleles falls below statistical significance after Bonferroni correction, COVID-19 patients with the latter three alleles tend to fare worse overall. This is especially evident for patients with C*04:01, where disease prognosis measured by mechanical ventilation-free days was statistically significant after multiple hypothesis correction (Bonferroni p = 0.0023), and may hold potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanç Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
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Ambati A, Luo G, Pradhan E, Louis J, Lin L, Leib RD, Ollila HM, Poiret T, Adams C, Mignot E. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Narcolepsy-Associated Pandemic 2009 Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040630. [PMID: 33142956 PMCID: PMC7712488 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of narcolepsy, an irreversible sleep disorder, has been associated with 2009 influenza pandemic (pH1N1) infections in China, and with ASO3-adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccinations using Pandemrix in Europe. Intriguingly, however, the increased incidence was only observed following vaccination with Pandemrix but not Arepanrix in Canada. In this study, the mutational burden of actual vaccine lots of Pandemrix (n = 6) and Arepanrix (n = 5) sourced from Canada, and Northern Europe were characterized by mass spectrometry. The four most abundant influenza proteins across both vaccines were nucleoprotein NP, hemagglutinin HA, matrix protein M1, with the exception that Pandemrix harbored a significantly increased proportion of neuraminidase NA (7.5%) as compared to Arepanrix (2.6%). Most significantly, 17 motifs in HA, NP, and M1 harbored mutations, which significantly differed in Pandemrix versus Arepanrix. Among these, a 6-fold higher deamidation of HA146 (p.Asn146Asp) in Arepanrix was found relative to Pandemrix, while NP257 (p.Thr257Ala) and NP424 (p.Thr424Ile) were increased in Pandemrix. DQ0602 binding and tetramer analysis with mutated epitopes were conducted in Pandemrix-vaccinated cases versus controls but were unremarkable. Pandemrix harbored lower mutational burden than Arepanrix, indicating higher similarity to wild-type 2009 pH1N1, which could explain differences in narcolepsy susceptibility amongst the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ambati
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Guo Luo
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Elora Pradhan
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Jacob Louis
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Stanford Mass Spectrometry Core, 333 Campus Drive, Mudd 175, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (R.D.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Hanna Maria Ollila
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Thomas Poiret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Christopher Adams
- Stanford Mass Spectrometry Core, 333 Campus Drive, Mudd 175, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (R.D.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (A.A.); (G.L.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (H.M.O.)
- Correspondence:
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38
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de Sousa E, Ligeiro D, Lérias JR, Zhang C, Agrati C, Osman M, El-Kafrawy SA, Azhar EI, Ippolito G, Wang FS, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Mortality in COVID-19 disease patients: Correlating the association of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 98:454-459. [PMID: 32693089 PMCID: PMC7368421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors such as the HLA type of patients may play a role in regard to disease severity and clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. Taking the data deposited in the GISAID database, we made predictions using the IEDB analysis resource (TepiTool) to gauge how variants in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may change peptide binding to the most frequent MHC-class I and -II alleles in Africa, Asia and Europe. We caracterized how a single mutation in the wildtype sequence of of SARS-CoV-2 could influence the peptide binding of SARS-CoV-2 variants to MHC class II, but not to MHC class I alleles. Assuming the ORF8 (L84S) mutation is biologically significant, selective pressure from MHC class II alleles may select for viral varients and subsequently shape the quality and quantity of cellular immune responses aginast SARS-CoV-2. MHC 4-digit typing along with viral sequence analysis should be considered in studies examining clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation (Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação, IPST, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana R Lérias
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mohamed Osman
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, United Kingdom and Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; I Medical Clinical, University of Mainz, Germany.
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Maski K, Mignot E, Scammell TE. COMMENTARY on Lammers et al, Diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence: Challenges in defining central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Tubbs JD, Ding J, Baum L, Sham PC. Immune dysregulation in depression: Evidence from genome-wide association. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100108. [PMID: 34589869 PMCID: PMC8474691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong body of evidence supports a role for immune dysregulation across many psychiatric disorders including depression, the leading cause of global disability. Recent progress in the search for genetic variants associated with depression provides the opportunity to strengthen our current understanding of etiological factors contributing to depression and generate novel hypotheses. Here, we provide an overview of the literature demonstrating a role for immune dysregulation in depression, followed by a detailed discussion of the immune-related genes identified by the most recent genome-wide meta-analysis of depression. These genes represent strong evidence-based targets for future basic and translational research which aims to understand the role of the immune system in depression pathology and identify novel points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiahong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Larry Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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HLA-DPB1*03 as Risk Allele and HLA-DPB1*04 as Protective Allele for Both Early- and Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis in a Hellenic Cohort. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060374. [PMID: 32560041 PMCID: PMC7349544 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) represent the genetic loci most strongly linked to Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Apart from HLA-DR and HLA–DQ, HLA-DP alleles have been previously studied regarding their role in MS pathogenesis, but to a much lesser extent. Our objective was to investigate the risk/resistance influence of HLA-DPB1 alleles in Hellenic patients with early- and adult-onset MS (EOMS/AOMS), and possible associations with the HLA-DRB1*15:01 risk allele. Methods: One hundred MS-patients (28 EOMS, 72 AOMS) fulfilling the McDonald-2010 criteria were enrolled. HLA genotyping was performed with standard low-resolution Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide techniques. Demographics, clinical and laboratory data were statistically processed using well-defined parametric and nonparametric methods and the SPSSv22.0 software. Results: No significant HLA-DPB1 differences were found between EOMS and AOMS patients for 23 distinct HLA-DPB1 and 12 HLA-DRB1 alleles. The HLA-DPB1*03 allele frequency was found to be significantly increased, and the HLA-DPB1*02 allele frequency significantly decreased, in AOMS patients compared to controls. The HLA-DPB1*04 allele was to be found significantly decreased in AOMS and EOMS patients compared to controls. Conclusions: Our study supports the previously reported risk susceptibility role of the HLA-DPB1*03 allele in AOMS among Caucasians. Additionally, we report for the first time a protective role of the HLA-DPB1*04 allele among Hellenic patients with both EOMS and AOMS.
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42
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Warren RL, Birol I. HLA predictions from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of five patients at the early stage of the wuhan seafood market COVID-19 outbreak. ARXIV 2020:arXiv:2004.07108v3. [PMID: 32550246 PMCID: PMC7280900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We are in the midst of a global viral pandemic, one with no cure and a high mortality rate. The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene complex plays a critical role in host immunity. We predicted HLA class I and II alleles from the transcriptome sequencing data prepared from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of five patients at the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. We identified the HLA-I allele A*24:02 in four out of five patients, which is higher than the expected frequency (17.2%) in the South Han Chinese population. The difference is statistically significant with a p-value less than 10-4. Our analysis results may help provide future insights on disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanç Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
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43
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Schinkelshoek M, Fronczek R, Verduijn W, Haasnoot G, Overeem S, Donjacour C, van der Heide A, Roelen D, Claas F, Lammers GJ. HLA associations in narcolepsy type 1 persist after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577210. [PMID: 32179327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare HLA-DQB1-associations in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) patients with disease onset before and after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in a large Dutch cohort. 525 NT1 patients and 1272 HLA-DQB1*06:02-positive healthy controls were included. Because of the discussion that has arisen on the existence of sporadic and post-H1N1 NT1, HLA-DQB1-associations in pre- and post-H1N1 NT1 patients were compared. The associations between HLA-DQB1 alleles and NT1 were not significantly different between pre- and post-H1N1 NT1 patients. Both HLA-DQB1-associations with pre- and -post H1N1 NT1 reported in recent smaller studies were replicated. Our findings combine the results of studies in pre- and post-H1N1 NT1 and argue against considering post-H1N1 NT1 as a different entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mink Schinkelshoek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Sleep Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103, SW, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Sleep Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103, SW, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Verduijn
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Haasnoot
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe, PO Box 61, 5590, AB, Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Donjacour
- Sleep Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dokter Denekampweg 20, 8025, BV, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid van der Heide
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Sleep Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103, SW, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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Giannoccaro MP, Sallemi G, Liguori R, Plazzi G, Pizza F. Immunotherapy in Narcolepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2020; 22:2. [PMID: 31997035 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-020-0609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic and disabling sleep disorder due to the loss of hypocretinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus pathophysiologically linked to an autoimmune process. Current treatment is symptomatic, and no cure is available to date. Immunotherapy is considered a promising future therapeutic option, and this review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy in narcolepsy, current evidences of its effects, outcome measures, and future directions. RECENT FINDINGS A limited number of case reports and uncontrolled small case series have reported the effect of different immunotherapies in patients with NT1. These studies were mainly based on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVig), followed by corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and monoclonal antibodies. Although initial reports showed an improvement of symptoms, particularly when patients were treated close to disease onset, other observations have not confirmed these results. Inadequate timing of treatment, placebo effects, and spontaneous improvement due to the natural disease course can account for these contrasting findings. Moreover, clear endpoints and standardized outcome measures have not been used and are currently missing in the pediatric population. On the basis of the available data, there are no enough evidences to support the use of immunotherapy in NT1. Randomized, controlled studies using clear endpoints and new outcome measures are needed to achieve a definitive answer about the usefulness of these treatments in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Padiglione G, piano 1, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giombattista Sallemi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Padiglione G, piano 1, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Padiglione G, piano 1, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Padiglione G, piano 1, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Padiglione G, piano 1, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy. .,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Ravel JM, Mignot EJM. [Narcolepsy: From the discovery of a wake promoting peptide to autoimmune T cell biology and molecular mimicry with flu epitopes]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 213:87-108. [PMID: 31829930 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy-cataplexy was first described in the late 19th century in Germany and France. Prevalence was established to be 0.05 % and a canine model was discovered in the 1970s. In 1983, a Japanese study found that all patients carried HLA-DR2, suggesting autoimmunity as the cause of the disease. Studies in the canine model established that dopaminergic stimulation underlies anti-narcoleptic action of psychostimulants, while antidepressants were found to suppress cataplexy through adrenergic reuptake inhibition. No HLA association was found in canines. A linkage study initiated in 1988 revealed in hypocretin (orexin) receptor two mutations as the cause of canine narcolepsy in 1999. In 1992, studies on African Americans showed that DQ0602 was a better marker than DR2 across all ethnic groups. In 2000, hypocretin-1/orexin A levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and found to be undetectable in most patients, establishing hypocretin deficiency as the cause of narcolepsy. Decreased CSF hypocretin-1 was then found to be secondary to the loss of the 70,000 neurons producing hypocretin in the hypothalamus, suggesting immune destruction of these cells as the cause of the disease. Additional genetic studies, notably genome wide associations (GWAS), found multiple genetic predisposing factors for narcolepsy. These were almost all involved in other autoimmune diseases, although a strong and unique association with T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta loci were observed. Nonetheless, all attempts to demonstrate presence of autoantibodies against hypocretin cells in narcolepsy failed, and the presumed autoimmune cause remained unproven. In 2009, association with strep throat infections were found, and narcolepsy onsets were found to occur more frequently in spring and summer, suggesting upper away infections as triggers. Following reports that narcolepsy cases were triggered by vaccinations and infections against influenza A 2009 pH1N1, a new pandemic strain that erupted in 2009, molecular mimicry with influenza A virus was suggested in 2010. This hypothesis was later confirmed by peptide screening showing higher activity of CD4+ T cell reactivity to a specific post-translationally amidated segment of hypocretin (HCRT-NH2) and cross-reactivity of specific TCRs with a pH1N1-specific segment of hemagglutinin that shares homology with HCRT-NH2. Strikingly, the most frequent TCR recognizing these antigens was found to carry sequences containing TRAJ24 or TRVB4-2, segments modulated by narcolepsy-associated genetic polymorphisms. Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells with these cross-reactive TCRs likely subsequently recruit CD8+ T cells that are then involved in hypocretin cell destruction. Additional flu mimics are also likely to be discovered since narcolepsy existed prior to 2009. The work that has been conducted over the years on narcolepsy offers a unique perspective on the conduct of research on the etiopathogeny of a specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Ravel
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Stanford University, 3615 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel J M Mignot
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Stanford University, 3615 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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47
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Morse AM. Narcolepsy in Children and Adults: A Guide to Improved Recognition, Diagnosis and Management. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E106. [PMID: 31783668 PMCID: PMC6950577 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a rare condition that affects children and adults, and commonly has an onset in childhood. Time to appropriate diagnosis frequently is at least a decade. Unrecognized or misdiagnosed symptoms of narcolepsy contribute to increased morbidity, disability and socioeconomic liability in these patients. Delays in diagnosis may be related to variability in presentation in childhood, lack of familiarity with symptoms or appropriate diagnostic testing or misdiagnosis with accidental introduction of treatment that may modify or mask narcolepsy features. Improved awareness about the diagnosis and tailored therapies improve clinical and socioeconomic outcomes by reducing time to effective treatment. Application of effective treatment results in long-term benefits by improving clinical outcomes, potentially enabling improved education, increased employment opportunity, and improved work productivity and quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive stepwise approach to improve knowledge and comfort for recognition of symptoms, diagnostic strategies and management considerations of narcolepsy in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Morse
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Janet Weis Children's Hospital, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17820, USA
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48
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Cogswell AC, Maski K, Scammell TE, Tucker D, Orban ZS, Koralnik IJ. Children with Narcolepsy type 1 have increased T-cell responses to orexins. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2566-2572. [PMID: 31730293 PMCID: PMC6917326 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by severe loss of the orexin neurons, and is highly associated with HLA DQB1*06:02. Using intracellular cytokine staining, we observed a higher frequency of IFN‐γ‐ and TNF‐α‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells in response to orexins in 27 children with NT1 compared to 15 healthy control children. Conversely, no such difference was observed between 14 NT1 and 16 HC adults. In addition, priming with flu peptides amplified the T‐cell response to orexins in children with NT1. Our data suggests that NT1 may be caused by an autoimmune T‐cell response to orexins, possibly triggered by flu antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Cogswell
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Tucker
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachary S Orban
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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49
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Moreno-Estébanez A, Bilbao Villabeitia I, Echeverria Guibert T, Mendibe Bilbao M, Boyero Durán S, Cabral Martínez L, González-Pinto T, Agirre Beitia G, González Eizaguirre A, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A. Positive oligoclonal bands and CSF pleocytosis in narcolepsy type 1: A case report supporting the immune-mediated hypothesis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 339:577111. [PMID: 31756639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy-type 1 is a neurological sleep-disorder caused by a selective loss of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons whose underlying mechanism is considered to be immune-mediated. We report the case of a 16 year-old girl with excessive daytime sleepiness, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations and cataplexy, fulfilling narcolepsy-type 1 diagnostic criteria. She was HLA-DQB1*06:02/DQA1*01:02 positive. CSF analysis demonstrated positive IgG oligoclonal bands, pleocytosis and hypocretin-1 below detection limit. Other autoimmune processes were excluded, including autoimmune encephalitis. After treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins sleep-related hallucinations transiently improved for a month. This case's CSF inflammatory findings support the role of neuroinflammation in narcolepsy-type 1 development in genetically predisposed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno-Estébanez
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Iker Bilbao Villabeitia
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Teresa Echeverria Guibert
- Neurophysiology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mar Mendibe Bilbao
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Sabas Boyero Durán
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Laura Cabral Martínez
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Tirso González-Pinto
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Garazi Agirre Beitia
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Amaia González Eizaguirre
- Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
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50
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Juvodden HT, Viken MK, Nordstrand SEH, Viste R, Westlye LT, Thorsby PM, Lie BA, Knudsen-Heier S. HLA and sleep parameter associations in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients and first-degree relatives. Sleep 2019; 43:5586722. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and assess HLA associations with clinical and sleep parameters in patients and first-degree relatives.
Methods
Ninety post-H1N1 NT1 patients and 202 of their first-degree relatives were HLA-genotyped (next generation sequencing) and phenotyped (semistructured interviews, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire, polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency test). HLA allele distributions were compared between DQB1*06:02-heterozygous individuals (77 patients, 59 parents, 1230 controls). A subsample (74 patients, 114 relatives) was investigated for associations between HLA-loci and continuous sleep variables using logistic regression. Identified candidate HLA-loci were explored for HLA allele associations with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis in 90 patients, and patient allele findings were checked for similar associations in 202 relatives.
Results
DQB1*06:02 heterozygous post-H1N1 NT1 patients (84.4% H1N1-vaccinated) showed several significant HLA associations similar to those reported previously in samples of mainly sporadic NT1, i.e. DQB1*03:01, DRB1*04:01, DRB1*04:02, DRB1*04:07, DRB1*11:04, A*25:01, B*35:03, and B*51:01, and novel associations, i.e. B*14:02, C*01:02, and C*07:01. Parents HLA alleles did not deviate significantly from controls. The HLA-C locus was associated with sleep parameters in patients and relatives. In patients C*02:02 seems to be associated with protective effects against sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Conclusions
Our findings of similar risk/protective HLA-alleles in post-H1N1 as in previous studies of mainly sporadic narcolepsy support similar disease mechanisms. We also report novel allelic associations. Associations between HLA-C and sleep parameters were seen independent of NT1 diagnosis, supporting involvement of HLA-C in sleep subphenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde T Juvodden
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Sebjørg E H Nordstrand
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Rannveig Viste
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway Norway
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
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