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Hong JD, Choi EH, Suh S, Bui JH, Storch AM, Walker KR, Shahraki K, Yanez C, Torres D, Espinoza J, Molina I, Suh DW. UCI EyeMobile Exam Findings from School Children Following on-Site Screening. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:1667-1678. [PMID: 38860118 PMCID: PMC11164085 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s460879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Uncorrected refractive errors (REs) and amblyopia can lead to visual impairment with deleterious effects on quality of life and academic performance. Early detection and treatment by community vision care programs, such as the UCI EyeMobile for Children, can aid in addressing preventable vision loss. Methods A total of 5074 children between the ages of 3 and 10 years were screened at 153 locations, including preschools, head start programs, and elementary schools within Orange County (OC), California (CA). Subsequently, 1024 children presented for comprehensive eye examinations. A retrospective analysis of all examined children was conducted, determining the frequency and severity of REs and amblyopia and the spectacle prescription rate by age. Propensity score matching analysis evaluated the effect of median household income on RE and amblyopia frequency. Results Among those who failed initial screening and were subsequently examined, significant rates of REs and amblyopia were detected: myopia (24.4%), hyperopia (35.4%), astigmatism (71.8%), anisometropia (8.9%), amblyopia (7.0%), and amblyopia risk (14.4%). A majority (65.0%) of those examined received prescription spectacles from UCI EyeMobile, with around a third requiring a new or updated prescription. The frequency of REs and amblyopia and the spectacle prescription rate were uniform across OC congressional districts. Myopia and amblyopia risk was positively and negatively associated with household income, respectively. Conclusion The UCI EyeMobile for Children serves as a vital vision care program, providing free vision screening, comprehensive eye examinations, and spectacles. A significant number of children required examination, and a high frequency of REs and amblyopia were detected in examined children, with subsequent provision of prescription spectacles to most children.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hong
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susie Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph H Bui
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Annabelle M Storch
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly R Walker
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh Shahraki
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Yanez
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Diana Torres
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Espinoza
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Iliana Molina
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donny W Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wang J, Jost RM, Birch EE. Ocular Biometric Components in Hyperopic Children and a Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict Axial Length. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:25. [PMID: 38809529 PMCID: PMC11146039 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.5.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of optical biometric components in children with hyperopia, and apply a machine-learning model to predict axial length. Methods Children with hyperopia (+1 diopters [D] to +10 D) in 3 age groups: 3 to 5 years (n = 74), 6 to 8 years (n = 102), and 9 to 11 years (n = 36) were included. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, and corneal power were measured; all participants had cycloplegic refraction within 6 months. Spherical equivalent (SEQ) was calculated. A mixed-effects model was used to compare sex and age groups and adjust for interocular correlation. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to predict axial length and compared with the linear regression. Results Mean SEQ for all 3 age groups were similar but the 9 to 11 year old group had 0.49 D less hyperopia than the 3 to 5 year old group (P < 0.001). With the exception of corneal thickness, all other ocular components had a significant sex difference (P < 0.05). The 3 to 5 year group had significantly shorter axial length and anterior chamber depth and higher corneal power than older groups (P < 0.001). Using SEQ, age, and sex, axial length can be predicted with a CART model, resulting in lower mean absolute error of 0.60 than the linear regression model (0.76). Conclusions Despite similar values of refractive errors, ocular biometric parameters changed with age in hyperopic children, whereby axial length growth is offset by reductions in corneal power. Translational Relevance We provide references for optical components in children with hyperopia, and a machine-learning model for convenient axial length estimation based on SEQ, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wang
- State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reed M. Jost
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eileen E. Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Weinert MC. Photoscreeners for Amblyopia-Access Does Not Equate to Equity. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:197-198. [PMID: 38300592 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite C Weinert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Du Y, Meng J, He W, Lu Y, Zhu X. Challenges of refractive cataract surgery in the era of myopia epidemic: a mini-review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1128818. [PMID: 37795415 PMCID: PMC10546203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1128818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in the world. With ever-increasing prevalence in these years, it creates an alarming global epidemic. In addition to the difficulty in seeing distant objects, myopia also increases the risk of cataract and advances its onset, greatly affecting the productivity of myopes of working age. Cataract management in myopic eyes, especially highly myopic eyes is originally more complicated than that in normal eyes, whereas the growing population of cataract with myopia, increasing popularity of corneal and lens based refractive surgery, and rising demand for spectacle independence after cataract surgery all further pose unprecedented challenges to ophthalmologists. Previous history of corneal refractive surgery and existence of implantable collamer lens will both affect the accuracy of biometry including measurement of corneal curvature and axial length before cataract surgery, which may result in larger intraocular lens (IOL) power prediction errors and a compromise in the surgical outcome especially in a refractive cataract surgery. A prudent choice of formula for cataract patients with different characteristics is essential in improving this condition. Besides, the characteristics of myopic eyes might affect the long-term stability of IOL, which is important for the maintenance of visual outcomes especially after the implantation of premium IOLs, thus a proper selection of IOL accordingly is crucial. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the impact of myopia epidemic on treatment for cataract and to discuss new challenges that surgeons may encounter in the foreseeable future when planning refractive cataract surgery for myopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Clark R, Lee SSY, Du R, Wang Y, Kneepkens SCM, Charng J, Huang Y, Hunter ML, Jiang C, Tideman JWL, Melles RB, Klaver CCW, Mackey DA, Williams C, Choquet H, Ohno-Matsui K, Guggenheim JA. A new polygenic score for refractive error improves detection of children at risk of high myopia but not the prediction of those at risk of myopic macular degeneration. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104551. [PMID: 37055258 PMCID: PMC10203044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High myopia (HM), defined as a spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) ≤ -6.00 diopters (D), is a leading cause of sight impairment, through myopic macular degeneration (MMD). We aimed to derive an improved polygenic score (PGS) for predicting children at risk of HM and to test if a PGS is predictive of MMD after accounting for SER. METHODS The PGS was derived from genome-wide association studies in participants of UK Biobank, CREAM Consortium, and Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging. MMD severity was quantified by a deep learning algorithm. Prediction of HM was quantified as the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC). Prediction of severe MMD was assessed by logistic regression. FINDINGS In independent samples of European, African, South Asian and East Asian ancestry, the PGS explained 19% (95% confidence interval 17-21%), 2% (1-3%), 8% (7-10%) and 6% (3-9%) of the variation in SER, respectively. The AUROC for HM in these samples was 0.78 (0.75-0.81), 0.58 (0.53-0.64), 0.71 (0.69-0.74) and 0.67 (0.62-0.72), respectively. The PGS was not associated with the risk of MMD after accounting for SER: OR = 1.07 (0.92-1.24). INTERPRETATION Performance of the PGS approached the level required for clinical utility in Europeans but not in other ancestries. A PGS for refractive error was not predictive of MMD risk once SER was accounted for. FUNDING Supported by the Welsh Government and Fight for Sight (24WG201).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Clark
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ran Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Sander C M Kneepkens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jason Charng
- University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Michael L Hunter
- Busselton Health Study Centre, Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Chen Jiang
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald B Melles
- Department of Ophthalmology Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David A Mackey
- University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81NU, UK
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Kam KW, Chee ASH, Tang RCY, Zhang Y, Zhang XJ, Wang YM, Li SL, Chen LJ, Young AL, Tham CC, Pang CP, Yam JC. Differential compensatory role of internal astigmatism in school children and adults: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:1107-1113. [PMID: 35473966 PMCID: PMC10102244 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the prevalence of refractive (RA), corneal (CA), and internal astigmatism (IA) in Hong Kong children and adults and evaluate the role of IA in compensating for total astigmatism and its relations to myopic traits. METHODS The Hong Kong Children Eye Study is a population-based cross-sectional study. Totally 3704 school children (mean age 7.5 ± 1.0 years) and 5577 adults (mean age 41.1 ± 7.5 years), who were their parents, were recruited. Cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refractive cylinders were obtained from children and adults, respectively. Spearman correlation was applied to detect associations between astigmatism, ocular biometrics, refraction, and lens power. Astigmatism compensation factor (CF) was derived from the power vector analysis J0 and J45. RESULTS The prevalence of RA (≤-1.0 D), CA (≥+1.0 D) and IA (≥+1.0 D) was 21.9%, 63.9%, and 9.9% in children, and 30.9%, 39.5%, and 23.7% in adults respectively. The mean RA, CA and IA values in children and adults were -0.69 ± 0.66 D, +1.14 ± 0.61 D, +0.62 ± 0.32 D, and -0.80 ± 0.74 D, +0.97 ± 0.69 D, and +0.76 ± 0.43 D, respectively. In adults and children, IA was negatively correlated with axial length (p < 0.0001), but positively correlated with spherical values and equivalent (p < 0.0001), suggesting an association of astigmatism with myopic traits. A greater proportion of children exhibited compensation by IA than adults in J0 (86.6% vs. 66.0%, p < 0.0001) and J45 components (55.5% vs. 41.7%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Chinese children in Hong Kong exhibit a higher prevalence of RA and CA than in other cities. Children displayed a greater compensation by IA than adults, suggesting an age-related attenuation of IA compensation. IA is associated with myopic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arnold Shau Hei Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rex Chin Yung Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Meng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sophia Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Shah R, Edgar DF, Evans BJW. Worsening vision at age 4-5 in England post-COVID: Evidence from a large database of vision screening data. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:454-465. [PMID: 36866712 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia prevalence has increased in the UK at age 10-16y, but little is known about younger children. We hypothesise that if the 'myopia epidemic' is affecting young children, then there will be increasing rates of bilateral reduced unaided vision (V) at vision screenings of children 4-5 years of age. METHODS Retrospective anonymised data from computerised vision screening at age 4-5 years were analysed from serial cross-sectional data. Refractive error is not assessed in UK vision screening, so vision was investigated. Data were only included from schools that screened every year from 2015/16 to 2021/22. The criterion used was unaided monocular logMAR (automated letter-by-letter scoring) vision >0.20 in both the right and left eyes, so as to maximise the chances of detecting bilateral, moderate myopia rather than amblyopia. RESULTS Anonymised raw data were obtained for 359,634 screening episodes from 2075 schools. Once schools were excluded where data were not available for every year and data were cleaned, the final database comprised 110,076 episodes. The proportion (percentage and 95% CI) failing the criterion from 2015/16 to 2021/22 were 7.6 (7.2-8.0), 8.5 (8.1-8.9), 7.5 (7.1-7.9), 7.8 (7.4-8.2), 8.7 (8.1-9.2), 8.5 (7.9-9.0) and 9.3 (8.8-9.7), respectively. The slope of the regression line showed a trend for increasing rates of reduced bilateral unaided vision, consistent with increasing frequency of myopia (p = 0.06). A decreasing linear trendline was noted for children 'Under Professional Care'. CONCLUSIONS For children 4-5 years of age, there were signs of reduced vision over the last 7 years in England. Consideration of the most likely causes support the hypothesis of increasing myopia. The increase in screening failures highlights the importance of eye care in this young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Shah
- Institute of Optometry, London, UK.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - David F Edgar
- Institute of Optometry, London, UK.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bruce J W Evans
- Institute of Optometry, London, UK.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, City, University of London, London, UK
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8
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Rozema JJ. Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:347-367. [PMID: 36740946 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although there are many reports on ocular growth, these data are often fragmented into separate parameters or for limited age ranges. This work intends to create an overview of normal eye growth (i.e., in absence of myopisation) for the period before birth until 18 years of age. METHODS The data for this analysis were taken from a search of six literature databases using keywords such as "[Parameter] & [age group]", with [Parameter] the ocular parameter under study and [age group] an indication of age. This yielded 34,409 references that, after screening of title, abstract and text, left 294 references with usable data. Where possible, additional parameters were calculated, such as the Bennett crystalline lens power, whole eye power and axial power. RESULTS There were 3422 average values for 17 parameters, calculated over a combined total of 679,398 individually measured or calculated values. The age-related change in refractive error was best fitted by a sum of four exponentials (r2 = 0.58), while all other biometric parameters could be fitted well by a sum of two exponentials and a linear term ('bi-exponential function'; r2 range: 0.64-0.99). The first exponential of the bi-exponential fits typically reached 95% of its end value before 18 months, suggesting that these reached genetically pre-programmed passive growth. The second exponentials reached this point between 4 years of age for the anterior curvature and well past adulthood for most lenticular dimensions, suggesting that this part represents the active control underlying emmetropisation. The ocular components each have different growth rates, but growth rate changes occur simultaneously at first and then act independently after birth. CONCLUSIONS Most biometric parameters grow according to a bi-exponential pattern associated with passive and actively modulated eye growth. This may form an interesting reference to understand myopisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Hemmerich C, Jones G, Staggs J, Anderson RM, Bacani R, Vassar M. Inequities and Research Gaps in Ophthalmology: A Scoping Review. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 141:63-70. [PMID: 36480183 PMCID: PMC9857159 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Deficient ophthalmologic care is costly to patients, making the identification of groups not receiving adequate care of vital importance. The current landscape of equity in ophthalmic care has yet to be thoroughly investigated and is important to ensure inclusivity and patient-centered care. Objective To perform a scoping review of the literature pertaining to health care inequities in the field of ophthalmology. Evidence Review A comprehensive database search using MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Ovid Embase was done in July 2022. English-language articles published from 2016 to 2021 were included and encompassed all article types except commentaries or correspondence. The search modeled the National Institutes of Health list of designated US health inequity populations, which includes income, education level, occupational status, rural and underresourced area, sex and gender, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity, and race and ethnicity. A total of 8170 abstracts and titles were screened by 2 independent investigators, and 189 studies were assessed in full text for eligibility. For inclusion, articles needed to be an ophthalmic study discussing health inequities. In a masked, duplicate fashion, 2 independent investigators screened 75 full-text studies for data extraction using a pilot-tested form. Data extraction included general publication characteristics and health inequity data based on the National Institutes of Health's defined inequity groups. Findings A total of 75 publications were included. Notable inequities were found among Black and Hispanic patients associated with negative ophthalmic outcomes and mixed associations regarding sex or gender. Overall, lower-income patients were more likely to have vision impairment, use eye care services less, and have lower adherence to eye examinations. No articles within our sample examined LGBTQ inequities among ophthalmology patients since the 2016 National Institutes of Health classification of sexual and gender minority populations. Substantial research gaps were observed within the ophthalmic literature pertaining to the LGBTQ community, race and ethnicity, and rural and underresourced areas. Conclusions and Relevance This scoping review found substantial findings associated with the LGBTQ community, race and ethnicity, and the role of telemedicine in rural and underresourced areas. Because of the importance of ophthalmic care in overall patient health, it is vital to understand the various inequities present and strive to improve the current gaps in the literature. Future studies should (1) examine barriers to clinical study and medical trainee recruitment as well as patient values and preference studies and (2) investigate the implementation of telemedicine in underresourced areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hemmerich
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | - Garrett Jones
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | - Jordan Staggs
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | - Reece M. Anderson
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | - Rigel Bacani
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | - Matt Vassar
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
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Elam AR, Tseng VL, Rodriguez TM, Mike EV, Warren AK, Coleman AL. Disparities in Vision Health and Eye Care. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:e89-e113. [PMID: 36058735 PMCID: PMC10109525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant disparities in vision health and eye care exist. To achieve health equity, we must understand the root causes and drivers of health disparities and inequities, including social determinants of health and systemic racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Elam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Center for Eye Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Victoria L Tseng
- UCLA Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Elise V Mike
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexis K Warren
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anne L Coleman
- UCLA Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Functional Imaging in Improving Children’s Mental Health Based on Behavior. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4774771. [PMID: 35880091 PMCID: PMC9308513 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4774771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, children’s psychological and behavioral health care is mainly based on the doctor’s observation and diagnosis. On the whole, it is inefficient, and the effect of health care cannot meet the current needs of children’s behavior. Therefore, this paper uses the method of functional imaging to study the key factors of children’s behavioral health care. In this paper, the structure and function of children’s brain are associated with children’s psychological behavior. The brain structure of 64 children in our city is detected by functional image processing, and 64 children are divided into groups according to the detection results. According to the children’s performance, the children were divided into physical disorder (11 cases), emotional disorder (14 cases), cognitive disorder (12 cases), and normal group (42 cases). Among them, 3 cases had three kinds of disorders, 6 cases had both emotional and cognitive disorders, 7 cases had physical and emotional disorders, and 5 cases had physical and cognitive disorders. In this paper, according to the research data of functional imaging on different levels of children’s brain, we use computer to model and simulate through digital conversion technology, draw the neural network Atlas of children’s psychological behavior, compare the children’s representation and image characteristics according to functional imaging, and then, study the relationship between children’s signs and images, to make a plan for improving children’s psychological behavior health care. The study shows that in the above different groups, the linear correlation between the functional imaging results and the representation of 22 abnormal children is 98%, and the fuzzy deviation is only 3.52%, which indicates that functional imaging can be used as the basic judgment basis in improving children’s psychological and behavioral health care and can predict and reasonably prevent children’s potential psychological behavior according to the images.
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Wang CY, Hsu NW, Yang YC, Chen YL, Shyong MP, Tsai DC. Premyopia at Preschool Age: Population-based Evidence of Prevalence and Risk Factors from A Serial Survey in Taiwan. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:880-889. [PMID: 35331752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Premyopia at a young age carries a great risk of developing early-onset myopia, especially in regions with the epidemic of myopia, such as the developed areas in East Asia. This study aims to report the prevalence of premyopia and its risk factors in a Taiwan preschool population and lifestyle changes among premyopic preschoolers before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. DESIGN Repeated countywide population-based, cross-sectional study in Yilan County, northeastern Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS From 2014 through 2020, a total of 23,930 kindergarteners aged 5-6 years were identified in the Yilan Myopia Prevention and Vision Improvement Program (YMVIP). Of those, 21,761 (11,335 [52.1%] boys; mean age, 5.15 ± 0.37 years) were included for final analysis. METHODS Annual kindergarten-based eye examinations and myopia prevention strategies have been conducted since the commencement of the YMVIP in 2014. Refractive error was determined by cycloplegic autorefraction. The data of potential risk factors for myopia were gathered by caregiver-administered questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of premyopia (spherical equivalent [SE] > -0.5 diopter [D] and ≤ +0.75 D in the eye with less SE value) RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia (SE ≤ -0.5 D), premyopia, and hyperopia (SE > +0.75) was 10.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.3%-11.1%), 52.0% (95% CI, 51.3%-52.7%), and 37.3% (95% CI, 36.7%-37.9%), respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that premyopia prevalence was significantly associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.18-1.32), caregiver myopia (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.37-1.56), screen time ≥ 1 hour per weekdays (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17), 2-year exposure to myopia prevention strategy (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.54-0.65), and college or higher education level of caregiver (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.96). Even without large-scale school closure in Taiwan, there was a slight upward trend of increased time spent on screen-based devices during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that premyopia was the most common refractive error in a Taiwan preschool population. Premyopia was also associated with both parental and environmental myopiogenic factors. Longitudinal studies are warranted to examine the lifestyle change and myopic shift of premyopic preschoolers in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Hsu
- Public Health Bureau, Yilan County, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center & Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | - Mong-Ping Shyong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Suao Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Der-Chong Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center & Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Guo Y, Fu J, Hong J, Liu Z, He X. Functional changes in the visual cortex in preoperative and postoperative patients with intermittent exotropia: study protocol for a non-randomised case-control clinical trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055848. [PMID: 35210343 PMCID: PMC8883252 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common type of divergent squint. IXT is primarily a cortical neurologic dysfunction disorder, occurring as a result of the insufficient maintenance of sensory and motor fusion. Recent reports have demonstrated the relationship between IXT and visual cortical impairment. We planned to assess blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with IXT during the preoperative and postoperative follow-ups to evaluate the functional changes in the visual cortex. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 90 Chinese subjects will be recruited, and their ages will be between 18 and 40 years old. The subjects will include the surgical treatment (ST) group (45 subjects with IXT who will undergo surgery) and the HC group (45 age-matched, sex-matched and education-matched healthy volunteers). The assessments will include the following aspects: fMRI and general ophthalmic examinations, optometry measurements and strabismus-related tests, such as the ocular deviation, binocular vision test and Newcastle Control Score (NCS). Each subject will complete the resting-state BOLD-fMRI, and the sequences will include echo planar imaging (EPI) pulse and 3-dimensional brain volume (3D-BRAVO) to acquire high-resolution images. The follow-up schedule will be 6 and 12 months after the surgery. The primary outcome will be determined by cortex changes in BOLD-fMRI in the ST group before and after surgery. We will also compare the HC group with the preoperative subjects in the ST group. The secondary outcomes will be changes in strabismus-related examinations, such as binocular visual function and NCS. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital. We plan to publish the results of this study in a peer-reviewed journal article. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2100048852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying He
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Danemayer J, Boggs D, Delgado Ramos V, Smith E, Kular A, Bhot W, Ramos-Barajas F, Polack S, Holloway C. Estimating need and coverage for five priority assistive products: a systematic review of global population-based research. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007662. [PMID: 35101862 PMCID: PMC8804659 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve access to assistive products (APs) globally, data must be available to inform evidence-based decision-making, policy development and evaluation, and market-shaping interventions. METHODS This systematic review was undertaken to identify studies presenting population-based estimates of need and coverage for five APs (hearing aids, limb prostheses, wheelchairs, glasses and personal digital assistants) grouped by four functional domains (hearing, mobility, vision and cognition). RESULTS Data including 656 AP access indicators were extracted from 207 studies, most of which (n=199, 96%) were cross-sectional, either collecting primary (n=167) or using secondary (n=32) data. There was considerable heterogeneity in assessment approaches used and how AP indicators were reported; over half (n=110) used a combination of clinical and self-reported assessment data. Of 35 studies reporting AP use out of all people with functional difficulty in the corresponding functional domains, the proportions ranged from 4.5% to 47.0% for hearing aids, from 0.9% to 17.6% for mobility devices, and from 0.1% to 86.6% for near and distance glasses. Studies reporting AP need indicators demonstrated >60% unmet need for each of the five APs in most settings. CONCLUSION Variation in definitions of indicators of AP access have likely led to overestimates/underestimates of need and coverage, particularly, where the relationship between functioning difficulty and the need for an AP is complex. This review demonstrates high unmet need for APs globally, due in part to disparate data across this sector, and emphasises the need to standardise AP data collection and reporting strategies to provide a comparable evidence base to improve access to APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Danemayer
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Emma Smith
- Department of Psychology, Assisted Living and Learning Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ariana Kular
- Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - William Bhot
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Ramos-Barajas
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cathy Holloway
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
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Wang JY, Hodge DO, Mohney BG. Glasses Versus Observation for Moderate Bilateral Astigmatism in 1- to <7-Year-Olds. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 234:183-187. [PMID: 34343489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare visual outcomes in children with moderate bilateral astigmatism treated with glasses with those who were merely observed. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS The medical records of all children 1 to <7 years of age who were diagnosed with moderate bilateral astigmatism (+1.25 to +3.25 diopters [D]) at a single institution over a 12-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Children with anisometropia ≥1.00 D, hyperopia ≥+3.00 D, myopia ≥-3.00D, amblyopia, or strabismus at diagnosis were excluded. Observation or full spectacle correction of astigmatism was at the provider's discretion. Kaplan-Meier rates of developing amblyopia and strabismus were assessed over a minimum follow-up of 18 months. RESULTS Eighty-five (6.9%) of 1235 subjects met the inclusion criteria; 58 (68.2%) were prescribed glasses while 27 (31.8%) were observed. The groups differed by mean age at diagnosis (3.56 ± 1.42 years for observed vs 4.31 ± 1.36 years for glasses [P = .03]) and mean amount of astigmatism (1.73 ± 0.43 D for observed vs 2.00 ± 0.51 D for glasses [P = .02]). By 4 years of follow-up, the Kaplan-Meier rate of developing amblyopia was 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0%-19.4%) in the observed group and 10.3% (95% CI 1.5%-19.1%) in the glasses group [P = .74] while strabismus was 7.1% (95% CI 0%-20.6%) among those observed and 7.1% (95% CI 0.4%-13.8%) of those prescribed glasses [P = .60]. CONCLUSIONS Rates of amblyopia and strabismus were similar and modest in this cohort of children with moderate bilateral astigmatism treated with glasses vs observation. These results suggest that prescribing glasses for these children may be no better than observation in preventing the development of amblyopia or strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Wang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.Y.W., B.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David O Hodge
- Department of Quantitative Heath Sciences (D.O.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian G Mohney
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.Y.W., B.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Pinhole does not increase screening accuracy of detecting decreased best corrected visual acuity in schoolchildren. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:416. [PMID: 34856946 PMCID: PMC8638540 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased best corrected visual acuity among children should be treated early in life, and vision screening in schoolchildren is an efficient and feasible selection for developing countries. Thus, the screening accuracy of different visual acuity tests is the key point for making vision screening strategies. The present study aims to explore the screening accuracy of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and pin-hole corrected visual acuity (PCVA) using different vision chart in the detection of decreased best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) among schoolchildren. Methods Grade one primary schoolchildren in urban Lhasa with data of UCVA using tumbling E chart (UCVAE), PCVA using tumbling E chart (PCVAE), UCVA using Lea Symbols chart (UCVAL), PCVA using Lea Symbols chart (PCVAL) and BCVA using Lea Symbols chart were reviewed. Decreased BCVA was defined as BCVA≤20/32(≥0.2 logMAR). Difference, reliability, and diagnostic parameters in the detection of decreased BCVA of different visual acuity results were analyzed. Results Overall, 1672 children aged 6.58 ± 0.44 years fulfilling the criteria. The prevalence of decreased BCVA was 6.8%. Although no significant differences were found between UCVAE vs UCVAL (p = .84, paired t-test) as well as PCVAE vs PCVAL (p = .24), the ICC between them was low (0.68 and 0.57, respectively). The average difference between BCVA and UCVAE, UCVAL, PCVAE, PCVAL was logMAR -0.08 (− 0.37, 0.21), − 0.08 (− 0.29, 0.17), − 0.05 (− 0.30, 0.19), − 0.06 (− 0.23, 0.12) using Bland–Altman method. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of UCVAE, PCVAE, UCVAL, PCVAL for the detection of decreased BCVA was 0.78 (0.73, 0.84), 0.76 (0.71, 0.82), 0.95 (0.94, 0.96), 0.93 (0.91, 0.95), respectively. Conclusion Pinhole does not increase the screening accuracy of detecting decreased BCVA in grade one primary schoolchildren. Visual acuity test using Lea Symbols is more efficient than Tumbling E in the screening of that age. Trial registration Data were maily from the Lhasa Childhood Eye Study which has finished the clinical registration on (ChiCTR1900026693).
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Yang YC, Hsu NW, Wang CY, Shyong MP, Tsai DC. Prevalence Trend of Myopia after Promoting Eye Care in Preschoolers: A Serial Survey in Taiwan before and during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Ophthalmology 2021; 129:181-190. [PMID: 34425129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the prevalence of preschool myopia after implementing a policy intervention promoting outdoor activities and the secular trend of myopia before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a Taiwan preschool population. DESIGN Repeated countywide population-based, cross-sectional surveys based on the Yilan Myopia Prevention and Vision Improvement Program (YMVIP). PARTICIPANTS Among 23 930 kindergarteners 5 to 6 years of age from 7 school-year cohorts in Yilan County from 2014 through 2020, a total of 21 761 children (90.9%) were included for analysis. METHODS Since launching the YMVIP in August 2014, myopia prevention strategies, such as increasing outdoor activities (2 hours/weekday), have been promoted in all kindergartens, and countywide school-based eye examinations, including cycloplegic autorefraction, and caregiver-administered questionnaires have been carried out annually for all participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent, ≤ -0.5 D in either eye) in each of the 7 school-year cohorts of preschoolers 5 to 6 years of age. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia continuously decreased for 2 years after implementing the YMVIP: 2014 cohort, 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2%-16.8%); 2015 cohort, 13.5% (95% CI, 12.3%-14.7%); and 2016 cohort, 8.4% (95% CI, 7.4%-9.4%). Subsequent cohorts were exposed maximally to these school-based myopia prevention strategies, and the prevalence of myopia remained relatively stable, between 8.5% and 10.3%, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a dose-dependent association between the duration of exposure to preventive strategies and the prevalence of myopia (up to 1-year YMVIP exposure, odds ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.74-0.99]; up to 2-year YMVIP exposure, odds ratio, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.50-0.63]) after controlling other myopigenic factors. CONCLUSIONS This population-based evidence showed high prevalence of preschool myopia and an L-shaped decline after introducing strategies to promote outdoor activities in kindergartens. With undisrupted school-based preventive strategies, the prevalence of myopia can be kept stable, even during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Hsu
- Public Health Bureau, Yilan County Government, Yilan, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center & Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Ping Shyong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Suao Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Der-Chong Tsai
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center & Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan.
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Wangtiraumnuay N, Trichaiyaporn S, Lueangaram S, Surukrattanaskul S, Wongkittirux K. Prevalence of Prescription Glasses in the First-Grade Thai Students (7-8 Years Old). CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:235-242. [PMID: 34377043 PMCID: PMC8349202 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s323999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the prevalence of the prescription glasses given to first-grade students due to the "Good Sight for Thai Children" (GSTC) policy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that examined all prescription glasses given to first-grade students throughout Thailand, after visual screening due to the GSTC policy between 2016 and 2017. Trained class teachers screened their students' visual acuity and referred children who had less than 20/40 visual acuity in either eye to a hospital for an eye examination and prescription glasses. RESULTS A total of 786,729 students were screened. Of these, 20,401 (2.59%) students were referred to hospital. However, only 9867 (48.37%) students presented to a hospital. Glasses were prescribed for 5324 (53.96%) students following cycloplegic refraction by ophthalmologists or trained refractionists. The mean spherical equivalent was -1.08 (-19.00 to +10.00, SD 2.32) diopters. There were 1626 (30.54%) children at amblyopic risk without glasses. A 5.49% had high myopia (< -6 diopters), 5.22% had high hyperopia (> +5 diopters) and 27.82% had high astigmatism (>2 diopters). A cylindrical lens analysis showed that 81.53% had with-the-rule astigmatism, 4.07% had against-the-rule astigmatism, and 14.40% had oblique astigmatism. CONCLUSION Although the reliable prevalence of refractive error cannot be estimated, the prevalence of visual impairment may be estimated. There were a number of students who required glasses. The astigmatism was the most common refractive error on prescription glasses for first-grade children. With-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent. The visual screening program of school children proved to be valuable and should be continued and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumalin Trichaiyaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirin Lueangaram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Surukrattanaskul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Wongkittirux
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kabura R, Takeshita T, Lu X, Kawashita H, Yasutake M, Katoh T. Analysis of suspected visual impairment risks based on objective refraction in 3-year-old children. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:331-337. [PMID: 33598802 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between uncorrected visual acuity and non-cycloplegic refractive value among 3-year-old children in a vision screening program in Japan. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS The participants were 1746 Japanese children screened from April 2009 to July 2018, and ranged in age from 36 to 47 months. Visual acuity and handheld refractive values were collected from the clinical records of 3-year-old children in a vision screening program. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) and > 0.3 logMAR. Correlation analysis was also performed for the presence of myopic shift. RESULTS Among the 1746 children (aged [mean ± standard deviation], 37.6 ± 1.6 months; percentage of boys, 50.4%), representing 3492 eyes, 116 eyes (3.3%) had > 0.3 logMAR. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors for 1.75-2.00 diopter (D) spherical power (odds ratio [OR], 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-5.64; P = 0.026) and 1.25-1.50 D cylindrical power (OR, 5.66; 95% CI 1.58-20.40; P < 0.01) were increased in eyes with > 0.3 logMAR. There was no myopic shift for 10 years (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; P = 0.65). CONCLUSION It is important to set a threshold that comprises the characteristics of the autorefractor used in screening, and to ensure that, to help prevent amblyopia a thorough eye examination in ophthalmic institutions will be conducted taking into account population-based refractive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kabura
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Kamiamakusa General Hospital, 1419-19 Ryugatakemachi Takado, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto, 866-0293, Japan.
| | - Tetsuji Takeshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kamiamakusa General Hospital, 1419-19 Ryugatakemachi Takado, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto, 866-0293, Japan
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hikari Kawashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kamiamakusa General Hospital, 1419-19 Ryugatakemachi Takado, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto, 866-0293, Japan
| | - Mayu Yasutake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kamiamakusa General Hospital, 1419-19 Ryugatakemachi Takado, Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto, 866-0293, Japan
| | - Takahiko Katoh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ross M, Ofri R, Aizenberg I, Abu-Siam M, Pe'er O, Arad D, Rosov A, Gootwine E, Dvir H, Honig H, Obolensky A, Averbukh E, Banin E, Gantz L. Naturally-occurring myopia and loss of cone function in a sheep model of achromatopsia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19314. [PMID: 33168939 PMCID: PMC7653946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia is an inherited retinal disease characterized by loss of cone photoreceptor function. Day blind CNGA3 mutant Improved Awassi sheep provide a large animal model for achromatopsia. This study measured refractive error and axial length parameters of the eye in this model and evaluated chromatic pupillary light reflex (cPLR) testing as a potential screening test for loss of cone function. Twenty-one CNGA3 mutant, Improved Awassi, 12 control Afec-Assaf and 12 control breed-matched wild-type (WT) Awassi sheep were examined using streak retinoscopy and B-mode ocular ultrasonography. Four CNGA3 mutant and four Afec-Assaf control sheep underwent cPLR testing. Statistical tests showed that day-blind sheep are significantly more myopic than both Afec-Assaf and WT Awassi controls. Day-blind sheep had significantly longer vitreous axial length compared to WT Awassi (1.43 ± 0.13 and 1.23 ± 0.06 cm, respectively, p < 0.0002) and no response to bright red light compared to both controls. Lack of response to bright red light is consistent with cone dysfunction, demonstrating that cPLR can be used to diagnose day blindness in sheep. Day-blind sheep were found to exhibit myopia and increased vitreous chamber depth, providing a naturally occurring large animal model of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itzhak Aizenberg
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dikla Arad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Elisha Gootwine
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hay Dvir
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hen Honig
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edward Averbukh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Gantz
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, 37 Haneviim St., Jerusalem, 9101001, Israel.
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Levitt AH, Martin SJ, Arnold RW. Performance of Glow Fixation GoCheck Kids and 2WIN Photoscreeners and Retinomax to Uncover Hyperopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:2237-2244. [PMID: 32982148 PMCID: PMC7500080 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s256991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A low-detail, glowing fixation device was added to GoCheck Kids (GCK) photoscreener in the hope of unmasking hyperopia and amblyopia risk factors (ARF). Methods Pediatric eye patients were screened by GCK and 2WIN photoscreeners, and Retinomax autorefractor before being compared to AAPOS ARFs. Results Screening was attempted by 131 children who then had school bus accommodation-relaxing skiascopy (SBA-RS) before cycloplegic examination. By 2013 AAPOS uniform guidelines, sensitivity/specificity for GCK was 87%/68%, for 2WIN 87%/71% and for Retinomax 79%/68%. Detection of amblyopia had sensitivity/specificity by GCK of 78%/63%, for 2WIN 79%/65% and for Retinomax 77%/68%. Inconclusive screens were seven for GCK, six for 2WIN and 13 for Retinomax. Mean hyperopia for GCK (+2.49±0.74 D) was similar to cycloplegic refraction (+2.93±0.72 D) and SBA-RS (+2.80±0.82 D) while GCK was slightly more than Retinomax (+1.59±0.93 D, p=0.13) but significantly more than 2WIN (+1.02±0.49 D, p<0.01). Conclusion GCK, 2WIN and Retinomax had similar validity detecting uniform amblyopia risk factors and amblyopia itself. The nondetailed glow fixation device allowed GCK to uncover substantial hyperopia while the detailed flashing fixation devices on 2WIN and Retinomax seemed to stimulate accommodation in some hyperopic children. Clinical Trials Registry NCT04297969. Data Access: http://www.abcd-vision.org/references/GCK%20glow%202WIN%20deidentify.pdf. Précis A glow fixation device on a smart phone photoscreener allowed robust detection of hyperopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa H Levitt
- Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel J Martin
- Research Department, Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Robert W Arnold
- Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children's EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USA
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