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Nabi A, Jesudason CG, Sabir JSM, Kamli MR. Thermodynamic Insights of the Molecular Interactions of Dopamine (Neurotransmitter) with Anionic Surfactant in Non-Aqueous Media. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1187. [PMID: 37764995 PMCID: PMC10537161 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at establishing the interactions prevailing in an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and dopamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic (ethanol) media by using volumetric, conductometric, and tensiometric techniques. Various methods were utilized to estimate the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values at different temperatures. The entire methods yielded the same cmc values. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters viz. the standard free energy of micellization (Gmico), enthalpy of micellization (Hmico), and entropy of micellization (Smico) were predicted by applying the pseudo-phase separation model. The experimental density data at different temperatures (298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K) were utilized to estimate the apparent molar volumes (Vϕo) at an infinite dilution, apparent molar volumes (Vφcmc) at the critical micelle concentration, and apparent molar volumes (ΔVφm) upon micellization. Various micellar and interfacial parameters, for example, the surface excess concentration (Γmax), standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption at the interface (ΔGoad), and the minimum surface area per molecule (Amin), were appraised using the surface tension data. The results were used to interpret the intermolecular interactions prevailing in the mixed systems under the specified experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Nabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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2
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Clauss NJ, Mayer FP, Owens WA, Vitela M, Clarke KM, Bowman MA, Horton RE, Gründemann D, Schmid D, Holy M, Gould GG, Koek W, Sitte HH, Daws LC. Ethanol inhibits dopamine uptake via organic cation transporter 3: Implications for ethanol and cocaine co-abuse. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2934-2945. [PMID: 37308680 PMCID: PMC10615754 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent cocaine and alcohol use is among the most frequent drug combination, and among the most dangerous in terms of deleterious outcomes. Cocaine increases extracellular monoamines by blocking dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) transporters (DAT, NET and SERT, respectively). Likewise, ethanol also increases extracellular monoamines, however evidence suggests that ethanol does so independently of DAT, NET and SERT. Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) is an emergent key player in the regulation of monoamine signaling. Using a battery of in vitro, in vivo electrochemical, and behavioral approaches, as well as wild-type and constitutive OCT3 knockout mice, we show that ethanol's actions to inhibit monoamine uptake are dependent on OCT3. These findings provide a novel mechanistic basis whereby ethanol enhances the neurochemical and behavioral effects of cocaine and encourage further research into OCT3 as a target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of ethanol and ethanol/cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - F P Mayer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - W A Owens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - M Vitela
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - K M Clarke
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - M A Bowman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - R E Horton
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - D Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Schmid
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Holy
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - G G Gould
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - W Koek
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - H H Sitte
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Addiction Research and Science, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13 A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - L C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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3
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Bazovkina DV, Fursenko DV, Naumenko VS, Kulikov AV. The Role of C1473G Polymorphism in Mouse Triptophan Hydroxylase 2 Gene in the Acute Effects of Ethanol on the c-fos Gene Expression and Metabolism of Biogenic Amines in the Brain. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:291-302. [PMID: 37076278 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792303001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 is a key enzyme in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays an important role in the regulation of behavior and various physiological functions. We studied the effect of acute ethanol administration on the expression of the early response c-fos gene and metabolism of serotonin and catecholamines in the brain structures of B6-1473C and B6-1473G congenic mouse strains differing in the single-nucleotide substitution C1473G in the Tph2 gene and activity of the encoded enzyme. Acute alcoholization led to a significant upregulation of the c-fos gene expression in the frontal cortex and striatum of B6-1473G mice and in the hippocampus of B6-1473C mice and caused a decrease in the index of serotonin metabolism in the nucleus accumbens in B6-1473C mice and in the hippocampus and striatum of B6-1473G mice, as well as to the decrease in the norepinephrine level in the hypothalamus of B6-1473C mice. Therefore, the C1473G polymorphism in the Tph2 gene has a significant effect of acute ethanol administration on the c-fos expression pattern and metabolism of biogenic amines in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya V Bazovkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dariya V Fursenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandr V Kulikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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4
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Kirgintsev RM, Pavlova LE, Timina MF, Panchenko AV, Panchenko AV. [Indicators of spontaneous behavior of rhesus monkeys with short-term course alcohol self-administration under free choice]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:106-112. [PMID: 37966448 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze spontaneous behavior in 36 male rhesus macaques during formation of alcoholic motivation under free choice. MATERIAL AND METHODS The model composed the initiation stage with the provision of an aqueous ethanol solution of increasing concentration from 1 to 4% with a sweetener and restricted access to the tap water supply and the subsequent stage of the formation of alcoholic motivation with a free choice between 4% ethanol solution without sweetener and water. The behavior was recorded by the «One-Zero» method with ethogram compiled in accordance with the behavioral peculiarities of rhesus monkeys when housed individually. Three subgroups of high, medium and low-level ethanol consumption were distinguished. RESULTS In the subgroup of high ethanol consumption median consumption was 1.70 g/kg/day at initiation (p<0.05, compared to other subgroups) and 1.79 g/kg/day (p<0.05) at free choice stage. Animals of high consumption subgroup had significantly higher frequency being at the cage bottom and in a sitting posture. We observed significant changes in a number of indicators of spontaneous behavior depending on the level of ethanol consumption, which included displacement behavior, stereotypic behavior and posture of animals. In the high consumption subgroup, there was a significant increase in the frequency of stereotypic behavior, atypical behavior, being on four legs, as well as a decrease in the frequency of being at the back side of the cage and of displacement behavior. At the same time, the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system was revealed. CONCLUSION In the model of free choice alcohol self-administration rhesus monkeys demonstrate a significant change in a number of indicators of spontaneous behavior depending on the level of ethanol consumption, which includes displacement, stereotypic behaviors and animal posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kirgintsev
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - L E Pavlova
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - M F Timina
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - An V Panchenko
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - Al V Panchenko
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
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5
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The Effect of Change of Working Schedule on Health Behaviors: Evidence from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (2005–2019). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061725. [PMID: 35330049 PMCID: PMC8950370 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether changes in work schedule are associated with health behavior changes. We used data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey from 2005 to 2019. A generalized estimating equation model was used to assess the association between changes of work schedules (day–day, day–shift, shift–day, and shift–shift) and health behaviors. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated after adjusting for general and socioeconomic characteristics. Fixed daytime work was observed for 25,716 person-years, and fixed shift work was observed for 2370 person-years out of the total 4046 participants during a 14 year period. Workers who changed their work schedule from fixed daytime to shift work and from shift to fixed daytime work contributed to 670 and 739 person-years, respectively. Considering continuous fixed daytime workers as a reference group, continuous exposure to shift work (aOR 1.11, CI 1.01–1.26) and changes from fixed daytime to shift work (aOR 1.18, CI 1.05–1.44) were significantly associated with an increased risk of changing either smoking or drinking behavior to unhealthy patterns. The results of our study suggest that workers who work irregular shift times, in contrast to those with more standard, regular work schedules, are at a higher risk of changing smoking and/or drinking behavior to unhealthy patterns.
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6
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Nelke A, García-López S, Martínez-Serrano A, Pereira MP. Multifactoriality of Parkinson's Disease as Explored Through Human Neural Stem Cells and Their Transplantation in Middle-Aged Parkinsonian Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:773925. [PMID: 35126116 PMCID: PMC8807563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no cure. Cell replacement therapy is a potential treatment for PD; however, this therapy has more clinically beneficial outcomes in younger patients with less advanced PD. In this study, hVM1 clone 32 cells, a line of human neural stem cells, were characterized and subsequently transplanted in middle-aged Parkinsonian mice in order to examine cell replacement therapy as a treatment for PD. In vitro analyses revealed that these cells express standard dopamine-centered markers as well as others associated with mitochondrial and peroxisome function, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Four months after the transplantation of the hVM1 clone 32 cells, striatal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was minimally reduced in all Parkinsonian mice but that of dopamine transporter was decreased to a greater extent in buffer compared to cell-treated mice. Behavioral tests showed marked differences between experimental groups, and cell transplant improved hyperactivity and gait alterations, while in the striatum, astroglial populations were increased in all groups due to age and a higher amount of microglia were found in Parkinsonian mice. In the motor cortex, nonphosphorylated neurofilament heavy was increased in all Parkinsonian mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate that hVM1 clone 32 cell transplant prevented motor and non-motor impairments and that PD is a complex disorder with many influencing factors, thus reinforcing the idea of novel targets for PD treatment that tend to be focused on dopamine and nigrostriatal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nelke
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia García-López
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta P. Pereira
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Yorgason JT, Wadsworth HA, Anderson EJ, Williams BM, Brundage JN, Hedges DM, Stockard AL, Jones ST, Arthur SB, Hansen DM, Schilaty ND, Jang EY, Lee AM, Wallner M, Steffensen SC. Modulation of dopamine release by ethanol is mediated by atypical GABA A receptors on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13108. [PMID: 34713509 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that moderate-to-high ethanol (EtOH) concentrations enhance dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesolimbic DA system from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). However, voltammetry studies demonstrate that moderate-to-high EtOH concentrations decrease evoked DA release at NAc terminals. The involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAA Rs), glycine (GLY) receptors (GLYRs) and cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in mediating EtOH inhibition of evoked NAc DA release were examined. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry, electrophysiology, optogenetics and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic EtOH exposure on DA release and CIN activity in C57/BL6, CD-1, transgenic mice and δ-subunit knockout (KO) mice (δ-/-). Ethanol decreased DA release in mice with an IC50 of 80 mM ex vivo and 2.0 g/kg in vivo. GABA and GLY decreased evoked DA release at 1-10 mM. Typical GABAA R agonists inhibited DA release at high concentrations. Typical GABAA R antagonists had minimal effects on EtOH inhibition of evoked DA release. However, EtOH inhibition of DA release was blocked by the α4 β3 δ GABAA R antagonist Ro15-4513, the GLYR antagonist strychnine and by the GABA ρ1 (Rho-1) antagonist TPMPA (10 μM) and reduced significantly in GABAA R δ-/- mice. Rho-1 expression was observed in CINs. Ethanol inhibited GABAergic synaptic input to CINs from the VTA and enhanced firing rate, both of which were blocked by TPMPA. Results herein suggest that EtOH inhibition of DA release in the NAc is modulated by GLYRs and atypical GABAA Rs on CINs containing δ- and Rho-subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Yorgason
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Hillary A Wadsworth
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin M Williams
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - James N Brundage
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - David M Hedges
- Enterprise Information Management, Billings Clinic, Billings, Montana, USA
| | - Alyssa L Stockard
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen T Jones
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Summer B Arthur
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - David Micah Hansen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Nathan D Schilaty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Anna M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martin Wallner
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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8
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Wang X, Zhang C, Chen Q, Ma Z, Liu H, Huang J. Guanylate cyclases link serotoninergic signaling to modulate ethanol-induced food intake in C. elegans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 567:29-34. [PMID: 34133999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol affects the nervous system of animals to cause a boost of feeding, sexual, verbal, and locomotor behaviors. To understand the neural mechanisms of these ethanol-induced behaviors, we investigated a neural pathway of ethanol-induced feeding behavior by guanylate cyclases and serotonin signals in C. elegans. We recorded the intracellular calcium signaling of seven sensory neurons in response to ethanol, and only found a significant increase of calcium signaling in BAG among the seven sensor neurons. And both guanylate cyclases GCY-31 and GCY-33 were crucial signaling protein of calcium response in BAG neurons. In addition, serotonin, released from NSM motor neurons, promoted feeding behavior under ethanol stimulation. And the rescue experiment of double mutant indicated the guanylate cyclases and serotonin in the same signaling pathway. So BAG neurons respond to alcohol through the promotion of intracellular calcium signaling, and then the downstream motor neurons NSM release serotonin to regulate the feeding behavior in C. elegans. These findings revealed a neural circuit to understand how the nervous system responds to ethanol and generates corresponding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, The Central Hospital of Tujia&Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, 435000, PR China
| | - Qirui Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China.
| | - Jiangrong Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China.
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9
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Alcohol. Alcohol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Escrivá-Martínez T, Herrero R, Molinari G, Rodríguez-Arias M, Verdejo-García A, Baños RM. Binge Eating and Binge Drinking: A Two-Way Road? An Integrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2402-2415. [PMID: 32175840 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316153317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy diet and alcohol are serious health problems, especially in adolescents and young adults. "Binge" is defined as the excessive and uncontrolled consumption of food (binge eating) and alcohol (binge drinking). Both behaviors are frequent among young people and have a highly negative impact on health and quality of life. Several studies have explored the causes and risk factors of both behaviors, and the evidence concludes that there is a relationship between the two behaviors. In addition, some research postulates that binge eating is a precipitating factor in the onset and escalation of excessive alcohol consumption, while other studies suggest that alcohol consumption leads to excessive and uncontrollable food consumption. Given that no review has yet been published regarding the directionality between the two behaviors, we have set out to provide an upto- date overview of binge eating and binge drinking problems, analyzing their commonalities and differences, and their uni- and bidirectional associations. In addition, we explore the reasons why young people tend to engage in both behaviors and consider directions for future research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Escrivá-Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Polibienestar Research Institute, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero
- Polibienestar Research Institute, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER-Obn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Molinari
- CIBER-Obn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos, and Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Polibienestar Research Institute, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER-Obn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Begdache L, Kianmehr H, Sabounchi N, Marszalek A, Dolma N. Common and differential associations between levels of alcohol drinking, gender-specific neurobehaviors and mental distress in college students. Trends Neurosci Educ 2020; 19:100129. [PMID: 32475479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2020.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is associated with poor academic behaviors and performance. Excessive alcohol drinking induces molecular changes and neurobehaviors that support use of other substances and alter cognitive functions. The purpose of this study was to compare neurobehaviors and academic effort among college students with low alcohol use with those of high alcohol consumption and build conceptual models that represent the integration of the different variables. METHOD College students from several U.S colleges were assessed through an anonymous online survey for alcohol use, academic performance, lifestyle factors and mental distress. RESULTS Our results depicted common neurobehaviors and differential responses to high alcohol use. CONCLUSION The common responses in young men and women with high alcohol use are reflective of a hyperactive limbic system. The different responses involve cognitive aptitudes, typically controlled by cortical regions and affected by levels of brain connectivity known to be dissimilar between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Begdache
- Department of Health and Wellness Studies, Binghamton University, POB 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
| | - Hamed Kianmehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy University of Florida.
| | - Nasim Sabounchi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, United States
| | - Anna Marszalek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, United States
| | - Ngawang Dolma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, United States
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12
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Opitz A, Hubert J, Beste C, Stock AK. Alcohol Hangover Slightly Impairs Response Selection but not Response Inhibition. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091317. [PMID: 31461971 PMCID: PMC6780538 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol hangover commonly occurs after an episode of heavy drinking. It has previously been demonstrated that acute high-dose alcohol intoxication reduces cognitive control, while automatic processes remain comparatively unaffected. However, it has remained unclear whether alcohol hangover, as a consequence of binge drinking, modulates the interplay between cognitive control and automaticity in a comparable way. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol hangover on controlled versus automatic response selection and inhibition. N = 34 healthy young men completed a Simon Nogo task, once sober and once hungover. Hangover symptoms were experimentally induced by a standardized administration of alcoholic drinks (with high congener content) on the night before the hangover appointment. We found no significant hangover effects, which suggests that alcohol hangover did not produce the same functional deficits as an acute high-dose intoxication. Yet still, add-on Bayesian analyses revealed that hangover slightly impaired response selection, but not response inhibition. This pattern of effects cannot be explained with the current knowledge on how ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may modulate response selection and inhibition via the dopaminergic or GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Opitz
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Hubert
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Acetaldehyde Induces Neurotoxicity In Vitro via Oxidative Stress- and Ca 2+ Imbalance-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2593742. [PMID: 30728884 PMCID: PMC6343137 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2593742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive drinking can damage brain tissue and cause cognitive dysfunction. Studies have found that the early stage of neurodegenerative disease is closely related to heavy drinking. Acetaldehyde (ADE) is the main toxic metabolite of alcohol. However, the exact mechanisms of ADE-induced neurotoxicity are not fully clear. In this article, we studied the cytotoxic effect of ADE in HT22 cells and primary cultured cortical neuronal cells. We found that ADE exhibited cytotoxicities against HT22 cells and primary cultured cortical neuronal cells in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, ADE induced apoptosis of HT22 cells by upregulating the expression of caspase family proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, ADE treatment could significantly increase the intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activate endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in HT22 cells. ADE upregulated ERS-related CHOP expression dose-dependently in primary cultured cortical neuronal cells. In addition, inhibition of ROS with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reduced the accumulation of ROS and reversed ADE-induced increase of ERS-related protein and apoptosis-related protein levels. Mitigation of ERS with ERS inhibitor 4-PBA obviously suppressed ADE-induced apoptosis and the expression of ERS-related proteins. Therefore, ADE induces neurotoxicity of HT22 cells via oxidative stress- and Ca2+ imbalance-mediated ERS.
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Fernandes TP, Silverstein SM, Almeida NL, Santos NA. Visual impairments in tobacco use disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:60-67. [PMID: 30469090 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies found small effects of chronic smoking on spatial and color vision, but they were inconclusive. This study tries to: (1) replicate and extend these previous findings, and (2) rule in that this relationship is pronounced by tobacco addiction. Data were recorded in 71 healthy controls (M = 33.5 years; SD = 5.4 years) and 63 individuals with tobacco addiction (M = 34.7 years; SD = 4.8 years). Visual processing was assessed in the forms of contrast sensitivity for linear sine-wave gratings (spatial frequencies ranging between 0.2 and 16 cycles per degree) and color discrimination (using the Ellipse and Trivector subtests). The groups were matched for age, gender and level of education. The group with heavy smokers had reduced sensitivity for all spatial frequencies (p < .001), and impairments in color discrimination for both Trivector (all p-values < .001 for Protan, Deutan and Tritan) and Ellipse (all p-values < .001). This study consistently replicates and extended previous findings, and showed that visual processing can be strongly associated with tobacco addiction. These results indicate that excessive use of cigarettes, or chronic exposure to their compounds, affects visual discrimination, supporting the existence of overall deficits in visual processing in tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia L Almeida
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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15
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Fernandes TMP, Silverstein SM, Almeida NLD, Santos NAD. Psychophysical evaluation of contrast sensitivity using Gabor patches in tobacco addiction. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 57:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Lutte AH, Nazario LR, Majolo JH, Pereira TCB, Altenhofen S, Dadda ADS, Bogo MR, Da Silva RS. Persistent increase in ecto‑5'‑nucleotidase activity from encephala of adult zebrafish exposed to ethanol during early development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 70:60-66. [PMID: 30366104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure causes alterations to the brain and can lead to numerous cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Long-lasting effects of early ethanol exposure have been registered in glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems. The purinergic system has been registered as an additional target of ethanol exposure. The objective of this research was to evaluate if the ecto‑5'‑nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities and gene expression of adult zebrafish exposed to 1% ethanol during early development could be part of the long-lasting targets of ethanol. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1% ethanol in two distinct developmental phases: gastrula/segmentation (5-24 h post-fertilization) or pharyngula (24-48 h post-fertilization). At the end of three months, after checking for morphological outcomes, the evaluation of enzymatic activity and gene expression was performed. Exposure to ethanol did not promote gross morphological defects; however, a significant decrease in the body length was observed (17% in the gastrula and 22% in the pharyngula stage, p < 0.0001). Ethanol exposure during the gastrula/segmentation stage promoted an increase in ecto‑5'‑nucleotidase activity (39.5%) when compared to the control/saline group (p < 0.0001). The ecto‑5'‑nucleotidase gene expression and the deamination of adenosine exerted by ecto and cytosolic adenosine deaminase were not affected by exposure to ethanol in both developmental stages. HPLC experiments did not identify differences in adenosine concentration on the whole encephala of adult animals exposed to ethanol during the gastrula stage or on control animals (p > 0.05). Although the mechanism underlying these findings requires further investigation, these results indicate that ethanol exposure during restricted periods of brain development can have long-term consequences on ecto‑5'‑nucleotidase activity, which could have an impact on subtle sequels of ethanol early exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Haab Lutte
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Huppes Majolo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adilio da Silva Dadda
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosane Souza Da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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17
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Newman EL, Albrechet-Souza L, Andrew PM, Auld JG, Burk KC, Hwa LS, Zhang EY, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Persistent escalation of alcohol consumption by mice exposed to brief episodes of social defeat stress: suppression by CRF-R1 antagonism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1807-1820. [PMID: 29696309 PMCID: PMC6168197 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Episodic bouts of social stress can precede the initiation, escalation, or relapse to disordered alcohol intake. Social stress may engender neuroadaptations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and in extrahypothalamic stress circuitry to promote the escalation of alcohol intake. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) confirm a pattern of escalated drinking in socially defeated mice and to (2) test drugs that target distinct aspects of the HPA axis and extrahypothalamic neural substrates for their effectiveness in reducing murine, stress-escalated drinking. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were socially defeated by resident Swiss-derived males for ten consecutive days receiving 30 bites/day. Ten days after the final defeat, cohorts of B6 mice received continuous or intermittent access to 20% EtOH (w/v) and water. After 4 weeks of drinking, mice were injected with weekly, systemic doses of the CRF-R1 antagonist, CP376395; the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, mifepristone; the 11-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, metyrapone; or the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. RESULTS Prior to drug treatments, defeated mice reliably consumed more EtOH than non-defeated controls, and mice given alcohol intermittently consumed more EtOH than those with continuous access. CP376395 (17-30 mg/kg) reduced continuous, but not intermittent EtOH intake (g/kg) in socially defeated mice. Mifepristone (100 mg/kg), however, increased drinking by defeated mice with intermittent access to alcohol while reducing drinking during continuous access. When administered finasteride (100 mg/kg) or metyrapone (50 mg/kg), all mice reduced their EtOH intake while increasing their water consumption. CONCLUSIONS Mice with a history of episodic social defeat stress were selectively sensitive to the effects of CRF-R1 antagonism, suggesting that CRF-R1 may be a potential target for treating alcohol use disorders in individuals who escalate their drinking after exposure to repeated bouts of psychosocial stress. Future studies will clarify how social defeat stress may alter the expression of extrahypothalamic CRF-R1 and glucocorticoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Newman
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Peter M Andrew
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - John G Auld
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Kelly C Burk
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Lara S Hwa
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Eric Y Zhang
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Joseph F DeBold
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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18
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Wolff N, Gussek P, Stock AK, Beste C. Effects of high-dose ethanol intoxication and hangover on cognitive flexibility. Addict Biol 2018; 23:503-514. [PMID: 27790802 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of high-dose ethanol intoxication on cognitive flexibility processes are not well understood, and processes related to hangover after intoxication have remained even more elusive. Similarly, it is unknown in how far the complexity of cognitive flexibility processes is affected by intoxication and hangover effects. We performed a neurophysiological study applying high density electroencephalography (EEG) recording to analyze event-related potentials (ERPs) and perform source localization in a task switching paradigm which varied the complexity of task switching by means of memory demands. The results show that high-dose ethanol intoxication only affects task switching (i.e. cognitive flexibility processes) when memory processes are required to control task switching mechanisms, suggesting that even high doses of ethanol compromise cognitive processes when they are highly demanding. The EEG and source localization data show that these effects unfold by modulating response selection processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Perceptual and attentional selection processes as well as working memory processes were only unspecifically modulated. In all subprocesses examined, there were no differences between the sober and hangover states, thus suggesting a fast recovery of cognitive flexibility after high-dose ethanol intoxication. We assume that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) system accounts for the observed effects, while they can hardly be explained by the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wolff
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine; Germany
| | - Philipp Gussek
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine; Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine; Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine; Germany
- Experimental Neurobiology; National Institute of Mental Health; Czech Republic
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19
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Stock AK, Hoffmann S, Beste C. Effects of binge drinking and hangover on response selection sub-processes-a study using EEG and drift diffusion modeling. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1355-1365. [PMID: 27238886 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of binge drinking on cognitive control and response selection are increasingly recognized in research on alcohol (ethanol) effects. Yet, little is known about how those processes are modulated by hangover effects. Given that acute intoxication and hangover seem to be characterized by partly divergent effects and mechanisms, further research on this topic is needed. In the current study, we hence investigated this with a special focus on potentially differential effects of alcohol intoxication and subsequent hangover on sub-processes involved in the decision to select a response. We do so combining drift diffusion modeling of behavioral data with neurophysiological (EEG) data. Opposed to common sense, the results do not show an impairment of all assessed measures. Instead, they show specific effects of high dose alcohol intoxication and hangover on selective drift diffusion model and EEG parameters (as compared to a sober state). While the acute intoxication induced by binge-drinking decreased the drift rate, it was increased by the subsequent hangover, indicating more efficient information accumulation during hangover. Further, the non-decisional processes of information encoding decreased with intoxication, but not during hangover. These effects were reflected in modulations of the N2, P1 and N1 event-related potentials, which reflect conflict monitoring, perceptual gating and attentional selection processes, respectively. As regards the functional neuroanatomical architecture, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as occipital networks seem to be modulated. Even though alcohol is known to have broad neurobiological effects, its effects on cognitive processes are rather specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden; University of Dresden; Germany
| | | | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden; University of Dresden; Germany
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20
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Inenaga K, Ono K, Hitomi S, Kuroki A, Ujihara I. Thirst sensation and oral dryness following alcohol intake. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:78-85. [PMID: 28725298 PMCID: PMC5501731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial acute and chronic intakes of alcohol or ethanol (EtOH) severely influence oral sensations, such as thirst and oral dryness (dry mouth, xerostomia). Thirst sensation and oral dryness are primarily caused by the activation of neurons in brain regions, including the circumventricular organs and hypothalamus, which are referred to as the dipsogenic center, and by a decrease in salivary secretion, respectively. The sensation of thirst experienced after heavy-alcohol drinking is widely regarded as a consequence of EtOH-induced diuresis; however, EtOH in high doses induces anti-diuresis. Recently, it has been proposed that the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde induces thirst via two distinct processes in the central nervous system from EtOH-induced diuresis, based on the results of animal experiments. The present review describes new insights regarding the induction mechanism of thirst sensation and oral dryness after drinking alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotoshi Inenaga
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ayu Kuroki
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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21
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Fernandes TMDP, Almeida NLD, Santos NAD. Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on spatial vision in chronic heavy smokers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1690. [PMID: 28490803 PMCID: PMC5431787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex chemical mixture, involving health-damaging components such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, pyridine, toluene and nicotine. While cognitive functions have been well documented in heavy smokers, spatial vision has been less characterized. In the article, we investigated smoking effects through contrast sensitivity function (CSF), a rigorous procedure that measures the spatial vision. Data were recorded from 48 participants, a group of non-smokers (n = 16), a group of chronic and heavy cigarette smokers (n = 16) and deprived smokers (n = 16); age range 20-45 years. Sinewave gratings with spatial frequencies ranging from 0.25 to 20 cycles per degree were used. All subjects were free from any neurological disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. Contrary to expectations, performance on CSF differed between groups. Both smokers and deprived smokers presented a loss of contrast sensitivity compared to non-smokers. Post-hoc analyses suggest that deprived smokers were less sensitive at all spatial frequencies. These results suggest that not only chronic exposure to cigarette compounds but also withdrawal from nicotine affected spatial vision. This highlights the importance of understanding diffuse effects of smoking compounds on visual spatial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Monteiro de Paiva Fernandes
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | | | - Natanael Antonio Dos Santos
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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22
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Lovinger DM, Alvarez VA. Alcohol and basal ganglia circuitry: Animal models. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:46-55. [PMID: 28341206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain circuits that include the cortex and basal ganglia make up the bulk of the forebrain, and influence behaviors related to almost all aspects of affective, cognitive and sensorimotor functions. The learning of new actions as well as association of existing action repertoires with environmental events are key functions of this circuitry. Unfortunately, the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry is also the target for all drugs of abuse, including alcohol. This makes the circuitry susceptible to the actions of chronic alcohol exposure that impairs circuit function in ways that contribute to cognitive dysfunction and drug use disorders. In the present review, we describe the connectivity and functions of the associative, limbic and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuits. We then review the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on circuit function. Finally, we review studies examining the roles of the different circuits and circuit elements in alcohol use and abuse. We attempt to synthesize information from a variety of studies in laboratory animals and humans to generate hypotheses about how the three circuits interact with each other and with the other brain circuits during exposure to alcohol and during the development of alcohol use disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Veronica A Alvarez
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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23
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Stock AK, Mückschel M, Beste C. Reversal of alcohol-induced effects on response control due to changes in proprioceptive information processing. Addict Biol 2017; 22:246-256. [PMID: 26358755 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has drawn interest to the effects of binge drinking on response selection. However, choosing an appropriate response is a complex endeavor that usually requires us to process and integrate several streams of information. One of them is proprioceptive information about the position of limbs. As to now, it has however remained elusive how binge drinking affects the processing of proprioceptive information during response selection and control in healthy individuals. We investigated this question using neurophysiological (EEG) techniques in a response selection task, where we manipulated proprioceptive information. The results show a reversal of alcohol-induced effects on response control due to changes in proprioceptive information processing. The most likely explanation for this finding is that proprioceptive information does not seem to be properly integrated in response selection processes during acute alcohol intoxication as found in binge drinking. The neurophysiological data suggest that processes related to the preparation and execution of the motor response, but not upstream processes related to conflict monitoring and spatial attentional orienting, underlie these binge drinking-dependent modulations. Taken together, the results show that even high doses of alcohol have very specific effects within the cascade of neurophysiological processes underlying response control and the integration of proprioceptive information during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
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24
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Castelli V, Brancato A, Cavallaro A, Lavanco G, Cannizzaro C. Homer2 and Alcohol: A Mutual Interaction. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:268. [PMID: 29249995 PMCID: PMC5714871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The past two decades of data derived from addicted individuals and preclinical animal models of addiction implicate a role for the excitatory glutamatergic transmission within the mesolimbic structures in alcoholism. The cellular localization of the glutamatergic receptor subtypes, as well as their signaling efficiency and function, are highly dependent upon discrete functional constituents of the postsynaptic density, including the Homer family of scaffolding proteins. The consequences of repeated alcohol administration on the expression of the Homer family proteins demonstrate a crucial and active role, particularly for the expression of Homer2 isoform, in regulating alcohol-induced behavioral and cellular neuroplasticity. The interaction between Homer2 and alcohol can be defined as a mutual relation: alcohol consumption enhances the expression of Homer2 protein isoform within the nucleus accumbens and the extended amygdala, cerebral areas where, in turn, Homer2 is able to mediate the development of the "pro-alcoholic" behavioral phenotype, as a consequence of the morpho-functional synaptic adaptations. Such findings are relevant for the detection of the strategic molecular components that prompt alcohol-induced functional and behavioral disarrangement as targets for future innovative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Castelli
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Brancato
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Cavallaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lavanco
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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25
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Johnson KA, Lovinger DM. Presynaptic G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Gatekeepers of Addiction? Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:264. [PMID: 27891077 PMCID: PMC5104741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction cause widespread social and public health problems, and the neurobiology underlying drug actions and drug use and abuse is an area of intensive research. Drugs of abuse alter synaptic transmission, and these actions contribute to acute intoxication as well as the chronic effects of abused substances. Transmission at most mammalian synapses involves neurotransmitter activation of two receptor subtypes, ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic responses and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have slower neuromodulatory actions. The GPCRs represent a large proportion of neurotransmitter receptors involved in almost all facets of nervous system function. In addition, these receptors are targets for many pharmacotherapeutic agents. Drugs of abuse directly or indirectly affect neuromodulation mediated by GPCRs, with important consequences for intoxication, drug taking and responses to prolonged drug exposure, withdrawal and addiction. Among the GPCRs are several subtypes involved in presynaptic inhibition, most of which are coupled to the Gi/o class of G protein. There is increasing evidence that these presynaptic Gi/o-coupled GPCRs have important roles in the actions of drugs of abuse, as well as behaviors related to these drugs. This topic will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on receptors for three neurotransmitters, Dopamine (DA; D1- and D2-like receptors), Endocannabinoids (eCBs; CB1 receptors) and glutamate (group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors). The focus is on recent evidence from laboratory animal models (and some evidence in humans) implicating these receptors in the acute and chronic effects of numerous abused drugs, as well as in the control of drug seeking and taking. The ability of drugs targeting these receptors to modify drug seeking behavior has raised the possibility of using compounds targeting these receptors for addiction pharmacotherapy. This topic is also discussed, with emphasis on development of mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Johnson
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
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West CHK, Boss-Williams KA, Ritchie JC, Weiss JM. Reprint of: Locus coeruleus neuronal activity determines proclivity to consume alcohol in a selectively-bred line of rats that readily consumes alcohol. Alcohol 2016; 50:91-105. [PMID: 26873226 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats selectively-bred for susceptibility to stress in our laboratory (Susceptible, or SUS rats) voluntarily consume large amounts of alcohol, and amounts that have, as shown here, pharmacological effects, which normal rats will not do. In this paper, we explore neural events in the brain that underlie this propensity to readily consume alcohol. Activity of locus coeruleus neurons (LC), the major noradrenergic cell body concentration in the brain, influences firing of ventral tegmentum dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic system (VTA-DA neurons), which mediate rewarding aspects of alcohol. We tested the hypothesis that in SUS rats alcohol potently suppresses LC activity to markedly diminish LC-mediated inhibition of VTA-DA neurons, which permits alcohol to greatly increase VTA-DA activity and rewarding aspects of alcohol. Electrophysiological single-unit recording of LC and VTA-DA activity showed that in SUS rats alcohol decreased LC burst firing much more than in normal rats and as a result markedly increased VTA-DA activity in SUS rats while having no such effect in normal rats. Consistent with this, in a behavioral test for reward using conditioned place preference (CPP), SUS rats showed alcohol, given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, to be rewarding. Next, manipulation of LC activity by microinfusion of drugs into the LC region of SUS rats showed that (a) decreasing LC activity increased alcohol intake and increasing LC activity decreased alcohol intake in accord with the formulation described above, and (b) increasing LC activity blocked both the rewarding effect of alcohol in the CPP test and the usual alcohol-induced increase in VTA-DA single-unit activity seen in SUS rats. An important ancillary finding in the CPP test was that an increase in LC activity was rewarding by itself, while a decrease in LC activity was aversive; consequently, effects of LC manipulations on alcohol-related reward in the CPP test were perhaps even larger than evident in the test. Finally, when increased LC activity was associated with (i.e., conditioned to) i.p. alcohol, subsequent alcohol consumption by SUS rats was markedly reduced, indicating that SUS rats consume large amounts of alcohol because of rewarding physiological consequences requiring increased VTA-DA activity. The findings reported here are consistent with the view that the influence of alcohol on LC activity leading to changes in VTA-DA activity strongly affects alcohol-mediated reward, and may well be the basis of the proclivity of SUS rats to avidly consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H K West
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katherine A Boss-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James C Ritchie
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jay M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Stock AK, Schulz T, Lenhardt M, Blaszkewicz M, Beste C. High-dose alcohol intoxication differentially modulates cognitive subprocesses involved in response inhibition. Addict Biol 2016; 21:136-45. [PMID: 25132537 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aside from well-known physiological effects, high-dose alcohol intoxication (a.k.a. binge drinking) can lead to aversive social and legal consequences because response inhibition is usually compromised under the influence of alcohol. Although the behavioral aspects of this phenomenon were reported on extensively, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms mediating this disinhibition are unclear. To close this gap, we used both behavioral and neurophysiological measures (event-related potentials, ERPs) to investigate which subprocesses of response inhibition are altered under the influence of high-dose alcohol intoxication. Using a within-subject design, we asked young healthy participants (n = 27) to complete a GO/NOGO task once sober and once intoxicated (approximately 1.2‰). During intoxication, high-dose alcohol effects were highest in a condition where the participants could not rely on automated stimulus-response mapping processes during response inhibition. In this context, the NOGO-P3 (ERP), that likely depends on dopaminergic signaling within mesocorticolimbic pathways and is thought to reflect motor inhibition and/or the evaluation of inhibitory processes, was altered in the intoxicated state. In contrast to this, the N2 component, which largely depends on nigrostriatal dopamine pathways and is thought to reflect inhibition on a pre-motor level, was not altered. Based on these results, we demonstrate that alcohol-induced changes of dopaminergic neurotransmission do not exert a global effect on response inhibition. Instead, changes are highly subprocess-specific and seem to mainly target mesocorticolimbic pathways that contribute to motor inhibition and the evaluation of such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; TU Dresden; Germany
| | - Tom Schulz
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; TU Dresden; Germany
| | - Martin Lenhardt
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; TU Dresden; Germany
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- IfADo; Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors; Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; TU Dresden; Germany
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West CHK, Boss-Williams KA, Ritchie JC, Weiss JM. Locus coeruleus neuronal activity determines proclivity to consume alcohol in a selectively-bred line of rats that readily consumes alcohol. Alcohol 2015; 49:691-705. [PMID: 26496795 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats selectively-bred for susceptibility to stress in our laboratory (Susceptible, or SUS rats) voluntarily consume large amounts of alcohol, and amounts that have, as shown here, pharmacological effects, which normal rats will not do. In this paper, we explore neural events in the brain that underlie this propensity to readily consume alcohol. Activity of locus coeruleus neurons (LC), the major noradrenergic cell body concentration in the brain, influences firing of ventral tegmentum dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic system (VTA-DA neurons), which mediate rewarding aspects of alcohol. We tested the hypothesis that in SUS rats alcohol potently suppresses LC activity to markedly diminish LC-mediated inhibition of VTA-DA neurons, which permits alcohol to greatly increase VTA-DA activity and rewarding aspects of alcohol. Electrophysiological single-unit recording of LC and VTA-DA activity showed that in SUS rats alcohol decreased LC burst firing much more than in normal rats and as a result markedly increased VTA-DA activity in SUS rats while having no such effect in normal rats. Consistent with this, in a behavioral test for reward using conditioned place preference (CPP), SUS rats showed alcohol, given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, to be rewarding. Next, manipulation of LC activity by microinfusion of drugs into the LC region of SUS rats showed that (a) decreasing LC activity increased alcohol intake and increasing LC activity decreased alcohol intake in accord with the formulation described above, and (b) increasing LC activity blocked both the rewarding effect of alcohol in the CPP test and the usual alcohol-induced increase in VTA-DA single-unit activity seen in SUS rats. An important ancillary finding in the CPP test was that an increase in LC activity was rewarding by itself, while a decrease in LC activity was aversive; consequently, effects of LC manipulations on alcohol-related reward in the CPP test were perhaps even larger than evident in the test. Finally, when increased LC activity was associated with (i.e., conditioned to) i.p. alcohol, subsequent alcohol consumption by SUS rats was markedly reduced, indicating that SUS rats consume large amounts of alcohol because of rewarding physiological consequences requiring increased VTA-DA activity. The findings reported here are consistent with the view that the influence of alcohol on LC activity leading to changes in VTA-DA activity strongly affects alcohol-mediated reward, and may well be the basis of the proclivity of SUS rats to avidly consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H K West
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katherine A Boss-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James C Ritchie
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jay M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building (WMB), 4th Floor, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Martí-Prats L, Zornoza T, López-Moreno JA, Granero L, Polache A. Acetaldehyde sequestration by D-penicillamine prevents ethanol relapse-like drinking in rats: evidence from an operant self-administration paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3597-606. [PMID: 26153068 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous experiments in our laboratory have shown that D-penicillamine (DP) (acetaldehyde sequestering agent) is able to block the increase in ethanol consumption observed after a period of imposed deprivation (the so-called alcohol deprivation effect (ADE)), using a non-operant paradigm in Wistar rats. OBJECTIVES This study is aimed at investigating the robustness and reproducibility of our previous data using an operant paradigm, which is considered to be a valid and reliable model of human drug consumption, and the ADE, probably the most often used measure of ethanol relapse-drinking behaviour in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats with a limited (30-min sessions), intermittent and extended background of ethanol operant self-administration were used. In order to evaluate the efficacy of several DP doses (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg i.p.) in preventing alcohol relapse, we set up a protocol based on the ADE. In a separate experiment, the effect of DP on spontaneous motor activity of rats was also tested. RESULTS A significant ADE was observed in animals treated with saline. DP treatment blocked the increase in ethanol responses following the imposed abstinence period. The higher dose suppressed the ADE and provoked a significant reduction in ethanol consumption with respect to the baseline conditions. Basal motor activity was not altered after DP treatment. CONCLUSION Our positive results with DP, using two different paradigms that evaluate relapse of ethanol drinking, will help to increase the positive predictive value of pre-clinical experiments and offer a solid base to inspire human studies with DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martí-Prats
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Ujihara I, Hitomi S, Ono K, Kakinoki Y, Hashimoto H, Ueta Y, Inenaga K. The ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde induces water and salt intake via two distinct pathways in the central nervous system of rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:589-99. [PMID: 26298003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The sensation of thirst experienced after heavy alcohol drinking is widely regarded as a consequence of ethanol (EtOH)-induced diuresis, but EtOH in high doses actually induces anti-diuresis. The present study was designed to investigate the introduction mechanism of water and salt intake after heavy alcohol drinking, focusing on action of acetaldehyde, a metabolite of EtOH and a toxic substance, using rats. The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor cyanamide was used to mimic the effect of prolonged acetaldehyde exposure because acetaldehyde is quickly degraded by ALDH. Systemic administration of a high-dose of EtOH at 2.5 g/kg induced water and salt intake with anti-diuresis. Cyanamide enhanced the fluid intake following EtOH and acetaldehyde administration. Systemic administration of acetaldehyde with cyanamide suppressed blood pressure and increased plasma renin activity. Blockade of central angiotensin receptor AT1R suppressed the acetaldehyde-induced fluid intake and c-Fos expression in the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which form part of dipsogenic mechanism in the brain. In addition, central administration of acetaldehyde together with cyanamide selectively induced water but not salt intake without changes in blood pressure. In electrophysiological recordings from slice preparations, acetaldehyde specifically excited angiotensin-sensitive neurons in the CVO. These results suggest that acetaldehyde evokes the thirst sensation following heavy alcohol drinking, by two distinct and previously unsuspected mechanisms, independent of diuresis. First acetaldehyde indirectly activates AT1R in the dipsogenic centers via the peripheral renin-angiotensin system following the depressor response and induces both water and salt intake. Secondly acetaldehyde directly activates neurons in the dipsogenic centers and induces only water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Division of Special Needs and Geriatric Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kakinoki
- Division of Special Needs and Geriatric Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Inenaga
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Schrieks IC, Stafleu A, Griffioen-Roose S, de Graaf C, Witkamp RF, Boerrigter-Rijneveld R, Hendriks HF. Moderate alcohol consumption stimulates food intake and food reward of savoury foods. Appetite 2015; 89:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stock AK, Blaszkewicz M, Beste C. Effects of binge drinking on action cascading processes: an EEG study. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:475-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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March SM, Abate P, Molina JC. Acetaldehyde involvement in ethanol's postabsortive effects during early ontogeny. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:70. [PMID: 23801947 PMCID: PMC3685812 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and biomedical studies sustains the notion that early ontogeny is a vulnerable window to the impact of alcohol. Experiences with the drug during these stages increase latter disposition to prefer, use or abuse ethanol. This period of enhanced sensitivity to ethanol is accompanied by a high rate of activity in the central catalase system, which metabolizes ethanol in the brain. Acetaldehyde (ACD), the first oxidation product of ethanol, has been found to share many neurobehavioral effects with the drug. Cumulative evidence supports this notion in models employing adults. Nevertheless very few studies have been conducted to analyze the role of ACD in ethanol postabsorptive effects, in newborns or infant rats. In this work we review recent experimental literature that syndicates ACD as a mediator agent of reinforcing aspects of ethanol, during early ontogenetic stages. We also show a meta-analytical correlational approach that proposes how differences in the activity of brain catalase across ontogeny, could be modulating patterns of ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta M March
- Laboratorio de Alcohol, Ontogenia y Desarrollo, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra Córdoba, Argentina ; Department de Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
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Xie G, Krnjević K, Ye JH. Salsolinol modulation of dopamine neurons. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:52. [PMID: 23745110 PMCID: PMC3662897 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salsolinol, a tetrahydroisoquinoline present in the human and rat brains, is the condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol. Previous evidence obtained in vivo links salsolinol with the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) system: salsolinol is self-administered into the posterior of the ventral tegmental area (pVTA) of rats; intra-VTA administration of salsolinol induces a strong conditional place preference and increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unclear. Here we present an overview of some of the recent research on this topic. Electrophysiological studies reveal that DA neurons in the pVTA are a target of salsolinol. In acute brain slices from rats, salsolinol increases the excitability and accelerates the ongoing firing of dopamine neurons in the pVTA. Intriguingly, this action of salsolinol involves multiple pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms, including: (1) depolarizing dopamine neurons; (2) by activating μ opioid receptors on the GABAergic inputs to dopamine neurons – which decreases GABAergic activity – dopamine neurons are disinhibited; and (3) enhancing presynaptic glutamatergic transmission onto dopamine neurons via activation of dopamine type 1 receptors, probably situated on the glutamatergic terminals. These novel mechanisms may contribute to the rewarding/reinforcing properties of salsolinol observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, China
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Abstract
What do the Atkins Diet and the traditional Japanese diet have in common? The Atkins Diet is low in carbohydrate and usually high in fat; the Japanese diet is high in carbohydrate and usually low in fat. Yet both work to promote weight loss. One commonality of both diets is that they both eliminate the monosaccharide fructose. Sucrose (table sugar) and its synthetic sister high fructose corn syrup consist of 2 molecules, glucose and fructose. Glucose is the molecule that when polymerized forms starch, which has a high glycemic index, generates an insulin response, and is not particularly sweet. Fructose is found in fruit, does not generate an insulin response, and is very sweet. Fructose consumption has increased worldwide, paralleling the obesity and chronic metabolic disease pandemic. Sugar (i.e., fructose-containing mixtures) has been vilified by nutritionists for ages as a source of "empty calories," no different from any other empty calorie. However, fructose is unlike glucose. In the hypercaloric glycogen-replete state, intermediary metabolites from fructose metabolism overwhelm hepatic mitochondrial capacity, which promotes de novo lipogenesis and leads to hepatic insulin resistance, which drives chronic metabolic disease. Fructose also promotes reactive oxygen species formation, which leads to cellular dysfunction and aging, and promotes changes in the brain's reward system, which drives excessive consumption. Thus, fructose can exert detrimental health effects beyond its calories and in ways that mimic those of ethanol, its metabolic cousin. Indeed, the only distinction is that because fructose is not metabolized in the central nervous system, it does not exert the acute neuronal depression experienced by those imbibing ethanol. These metabolic and hedonic analogies argue that fructose should be thought of as "alcohol without the buzz."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pohorecky LA, Sweeny A. Amphetamine modifies ethanol intake of psychosocially stressed male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:417-26. [PMID: 22285324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of socially housed rodents have provided significant information regarding the consequences of exposure to stressors. Psychosocial stressors are known to alter the ingestion of ethanol and the activity of the dopaminergic neuronal system. Since both stressors and ethanol are known to affect the function of dopaminergic neurons, we employed amphetamine to assess the role of this neural system on the ingestion of ethanol by psychosocially stressed male rats. Male rats housed two per cage were designated as dominant or subdominant rats based on evaluations of agonistic behavior and body weight changes. The dyad-housed rats and a group of single-housed rats were sequentially assessed for ethanol intake after injections of saline or amphetamine (0.3, 0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg i.p.) both prior to dyad housing and subsequently again during dyad-housing. Prior to dyad housing ethanol intake of future subdominant rats was higher than that of future dominant rats. Dyad-housing significantly increased ethanol intake of dominant rats. Pre-dyad the highest dose of amphetamine potently depressed ethanol ingestion. Sensitivity to amphetamine's depressant effect on ethanol intake was higher at the dyad test in all subjects, most prominently in single-housed rats. In contrast to the single-housed rats, the dyad-housed rats displayed saccharin anhedonia. It can be concluded that dopaminergic system modulates, at least partially, the psychosocial stress-induced changes in ethanol intake. Furthermore, the level of ethanol ingestion at the pre-dyad test was predictive of future hierarchical status.
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Abstract
Stress has long been suggested to be an important correlate of uncontrolled drinking and relapse. An important hormonal response system to stress-the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-may be involved in this process, particularly stress hormones known as glucocorticoids and primarily cortisol. The actions of this hormone system normally are tightly regulated to ensure that the body can respond quickly to stressful events and return to a normal state just as rapidly. The main determinants of HPA axis activity are genetic background, early-life environment, and current life stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation are associated with problematic alcohol use and dependence; however, the nature of this dysregulation appears to vary with respect to stage of alcohol dependence. Much of this research has focused specifically on the role of cortisol in the risk for, development of, and relapse to chronic alcohol use. These studies found that cortisol can interact with the brain's reward system, which may contribute to alcohol's reinforcing effects. Cortisol also can influence a person's cognitive processes, promoting habit-based learning, which may contribute to habit formation and risk of relapse. Finally, cortisol levels during abstinence may be useful clinical indicators of relapse vulnerability in alcohol-dependent people.
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Leggio L, Kenna GA, Ferrulli A, Zywiak WH, Caputo F, Swift RM, Addolorato G. Preliminary findings on the use of metadoxine for the treatment of alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:554-9. [PMID: 22095793 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metadoxine is approved in Europe for alcohol intoxication and is also indicated for alcoholic liver disease (ALD). This study aims to investigate the use of metadoxine as a potential pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence (AD). METHODS This is a retrospective study of 94 outpatients with AD, who received metadoxine for alcohol intoxication and were assessed for alcohol consumption, craving [Visual Analog Scale (VAS)] and liver-related and alcohol-related biomarkers [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume]. RESULTS Range of metadoxine dose was 500-2000 mg/day, with a mean dose of 1277(s.d.290) mg/day, and for a period of 2-42 days, with a mean period of 8.9(s.d.7.0) days. Follow-up data were available for 52 patients (55.3%); 35(67.3%) patients were completely abstinent. There was a significant decrease in drinks per week, even after substituting baseline drinking as follow-up data for dropouts (p < 0.001) and examining drinking pre-treatment and post-treatment for those who did not achieve abstinence (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the VAS (p < 0.001) and a significant improvement in the AST/ALT ratio (p = 0.03). DISCUSSION Despite important limitations, this study represents a further preliminary observation suggesting metadoxine as a novel alcohol pharmacotherapy, including in alcohol-dependent patients with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Leggio
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Becker HC, Lopez MF, Doremus-Fitzwater TL. Effects of stress on alcohol drinking: a review of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:131-56. [PMID: 21850445 PMCID: PMC3247761 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While stress is often proposed to play a significant role in influencing alcohol consumption, the relationship between stress and alcohol is complex and poorly understood. Over several decades, stress effects on alcohol drinking have been studied using a variety of animal models and experimental procedures, yet this large body of literature has generally produced equivocal results. OBJECTIVES This paper reviews results from animal studies in which alcohol consumption is evaluated under conditions of acute/sub-chronic stress exposure or models of chronic stress exposure. Evidence also is presented indicating that chronic intermittent alcohol exposure serves as a stressor that consequently influences drinking. RESULTS The effects of various acute/sub-chronic stress procedures on alcohol consumption have generally been mixed, but most study outcomes suggest either no effect or decreased alcohol consumption. In contrast, most studies indicate that chronic stress, especially when administered early in development, results in elevated drinking later in adulthood. Chronic alcohol exposure constitutes a potent stressor itself, and models of chronic intermittent alcohol exposure reliably produce escalation of voluntary alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS A complex and dynamic interplay among a wide array of genetic, biological, and environmental factors govern stress responses, regulation of alcohol drinking, and the circumstances in which stress modulates alcohol consumption. Suggestions for future directions and new approaches are presented that may aid in developing more sensitive and valid animal models that not only better mimic the clinical situation, but also provide greater understanding of mechanisms that underlie the complexity of stress effects on alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Ferré S, O'Brien MC. Alcohol and Caffeine: The Perfect Storm. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2011; 1:153-162. [PMID: 24761263 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2011.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely believed that caffeine antagonizes the intoxicating effects of alcohol, the molecular mechanisms underlying their interaction are incompletely understood. It is known that both caffeine and alcohol alter adenosine neurotransmission, but the relationship is complex, and may be dose dependent. In this article, we review the available literature on combining caffeine and alcohol. Ethical constraints prohibit laboratory studies that would mimic the high levels of alcohol intoxication achieved by many young people in real-world settings, with or without the addition of caffeine. We propose a possible neurochemical mechanism for the increase in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences that have been observed in persons who simultaneously consume caffeine. Caffeine is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. During acute alcohol intake, caffeine antagonizes the "unwanted" effects of alcohol by blocking the adenosine A1 receptors that mediate alcohol's somnogenic and ataxic effects. The A1 receptor-mediated "unwanted" anxiogenic effects of caffeine may be ameliorated by alcohol-induced increase in the extracellular concentration of adenosine. Moreover, by means of interactions between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine-mediated blockade of adenosine A2A receptors can potentiate the effects of alcohol-induced dopamine release. Chronic alcohol intake decreases adenosine tone. Caffeine may provide a "treatment" for the withdrawal effects of alcohol by blocking the effects of upregulated A1 receptors. Finally, blockade of A2A receptors by caffeine may contribute to the reinforcing effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- CNS Receptor-Receptor Interactions Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse , Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Claire O'Brien
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina. ; Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Zhang Y, Ren J. ALDH2 in alcoholic heart diseases: molecular mechanism and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:86-95. [PMID: 21664374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is manifested as cardiac hypertrophy, disrupted contractile function and myofibrillary architecture. An ample amount of clinical and experimental evidence has depicted a pivotal role for alcohol metabolism especially the main alcohol metabolic product acetaldehyde, in the pathogenesis of this myopathic state. Findings from our group and others have revealed that the mitochondrial isoform of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), which metabolizes acetaldehyde, governs the detoxification of acetaldehyde formed following alcohol consumption and the ultimate elimination of alcohol from the body. The ALDH2 enzymatic cascade may evolve as a unique detoxification mechanism for environmental alcohols and aldehydes to alleviate the undesired cardiac anomalies in ischemia-reperfusion and alcoholism. Polymorphic variants of the ALDH2 gene encode enzymes with altered pharmacokinetic properties and a significantly higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases associated with alcoholism. The pathophysiological effects of ALDH2 polymorphism may be mediated by accumulation of acetaldehyde and other reactive aldehydes. Inheritance of the inactive ALDH2*2 gene product is associated with a decreased risk of alcoholism but an increased risk of alcoholic complications. This association is influenced by gene-environment interactions such as those associated with religion and national origin. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy with a special focus on ALDH2 enzymatic metabolism. It will be important to dissect the links between ALDH2 polymorphism and prevalence of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, in order to determine the mechanisms underlying such associations. The therapeutic value of ALDH2 as both target and tool in the management of alcoholic tissue damage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Penetar DM, Maclean RR, McNeil JF, Lukas SE. Kudzu extract treatment does not increase the intoxicating effects of acute alcohol in human volunteers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:726-34. [PMID: 21244439 PMCID: PMC3074930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavone administration in the form of a purified extract from the herbal medication kudzu root has been shown to reduce, but not eliminate, alcohol consumption in alcohol-abusing and alcohol-dependent men. The precise mechanism of this action is unknown, but 1 possible explanation for these results is that the isoflavones in kudzu might actually increase the intensity or duration of alcohol's effects and thus delay the desire for subsequent drinks. This study was designed to test this hypothesis. METHODS Twelve (12) healthy adult men and women (27.5 ± 1.89 years old) who consumed moderate amounts of alcohol (7.8 ± 0.63 drinks/wk) participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study in which they were treated with either kudzu extract (total isoflavone dose of 750 mg/d) or matched placebo for 9 days. On days 8 and 9, participants received an acute challenge of ethyl alcohol (either 0.35 or 0.7 g/kg alcohol). During the challenges, the following measures were collected: subjective effects, psychomotor (body sway), cognitive performance (vigilance/reaction time), physiological measures (heart rate and skin temperature), and plasma ethanol concentration. RESULTS Alcohol resulted in a dose-related alteration in subjective measures of intoxication, impairment of stance stability, and vigilance/reaction time. Kudzu extract did not alter participants' subjective responses to the alcohol challenge or to alcohol's effects on stance stability or vigilance/reaction time. However, individuals treated with kudzu extract experienced a slightly more rapid rise in plasma ethanol levels, but only after the 0.7 g/kg dose. This transient effect during the first 30 minutes of the ascending plasma alcohol curve lasted only 10-15 minutes; there were no differences in peak plasma alcohol levels or alcohol elimination kinetics. Additionally, kudzu pretreatment enhanced the effects of the 0.7 g/kg dose of alcohol on heart rate and skin temperature. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that individuals who drink alcohol while being treated with kudzu extract experience no adverse consequences, and furthermore the reported reductions in alcohol intake after kudzu extract treatment are not related to an alteration in alcohol's subjective or psychomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Penetar
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.
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Abstract
The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they act to reinforce their own acquisition. This occurs via the modulation of synaptic mechanisms that can be involved in learning, including enhanced excitation or disinhibition of dopamine neuron activity, blockade of dopamine reuptake, and altering the state of the presynaptic terminal to enhance evoked over basal transmission. Amphetamines offer an exception to such modulation in that they combine multiple effects to produce nonexocytic stimulation-independent release of neurotransmitter via reverse transport independent from normal presynaptic function. Questions about the molecular actions of addictive drugs, prominently including the actions of alcohol and solvents, remain unresolved, but their ability to co-opt normal presynaptic functions helps to explain why treatment for addiction has been challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, Black 308, 650 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Lustig RH. Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:1307-21. [PMID: 20800122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Because obesity has been equated with addiction, and because of their evolutionary commonalities, we chose to examine the metabolic, hedonic, and societal similarities between fructose and its fermentation byproduct ethanol. Elucidation of fructose metabolism in liver and fructose action in brain demonstrate three parallelisms with ethanol. First, hepatic fructose metabolism is similar to ethanol, as they both serve as substrates for de novo lipogenesis, and in the process both promote hepatic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. Second, fructosylation of proteins with resultant superoxide formation can result in hepatic inflammation similar to acetaldehyde, an intermediary metabolite of ethanol. Lastly, by stimulating the "hedonic pathway" of the brain both directly and indirectly, fructose creates habituation, and possibly dependence; also paralleling ethanol. Thus, fructose induces alterations in both hepatic metabolism and central nervous system energy signaling, leading to a "vicious cycle" of excessive consumption and disease consistent with metabolic syndrome. On a societal level, the treatment of fructose as a commodity exhibits market similarities to ethanol. Analogous to ethanol, societal efforts to reduce fructose consumption will likely be necessary to combat the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0434, USA.
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Boddi V, Corona G, Monami M, Fisher AD, Bandini E, Melani C, Balzi D, Sforza A, Patussi V, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Priapus is happier with Venus than with Bacchus. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2831-41. [PMID: 20626605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between alcohol consumption and erectile function is still not completely clarified. AIM Aims of the present study are to explore a number of biological and clinical correlates of alcohol consumption in a sample of men consulting for sexual dysfunction, and to verify possible associations with the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). METHODS A consecutive series of 1956 (mean age 55 ± 11.9 years old) attending our outpatient clinic for sexual dysfunction was retrospectively studied. A subset of the previous sample (N = 1687) was enrolled in a longitudinal study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Different clinical, biochemical, instrumental (penile Doppler ultrasound [PCDU]), and intrapsychic (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire [MHQ]) were evaluated. We considered alcohol abuse more than three drinks per day. RESULTS Among the patients studied 81% reported no or mild (<4 drinks/day) alcohol consumption whereas 14.3% and 3.9% declared a moderate (4-6 drinks/day) or severe (>6 drinks/day) alcohol abuse, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, both moderate or severe alcohol abuse was associated with low perceived partner's sexual desire, worse couple relationship, and smoking abuse. Furthermore, moderate and severe alcohol abuse was associated with low prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, as well as an increase in triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. Penile blood flow was reduced in moderate and severe alcohol drinkers even after adjustment for confounders. In the longitudinal study, after adjusting for confounding factors, any kind of alcohol abuse was independently associated with a higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio = 2.043 [1.059-3.943]; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that, in subjects consulting for erectile dysfunction, severe alcohol consumption is associated with a worse sexual function and a higher incidence of MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boddi
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Ethanol action on dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area: interaction with intrinsic ion channels and neurotransmitter inputs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 91:235-88. [PMID: 20813245 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(10)91008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system originating in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been extensively studied over the past decades as a critical neural substrate involved in the development of alcoholism and addiction to other drugs of abuse. Accumulating evidence indicates that ethanol modulates the functional output of this system by directly affecting the firing activity of VTA dopamine neurons, whereas withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure leads to a reduction in the functional output of these neurons. This chapter will provide an update on the mechanistic investigations of the acute ethanol action on dopamine neuron activity and the neuroadaptations/plasticities in the VTA produced by previous ethanol experience.
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