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Zhou ZY, Wu L, Liu YF, Tang MY, Tang JY, Deng YQ, Liu L, Nie BB, Zou ZK, Huang L. IRE1α: from the function to the potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1079-1092. [PMID: 37310588 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is generally thought to control the most conserved pathway in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Two isoforms of IRE1, IRE1α and IRE1β, have been reported in mammals. IRE1α is a ubiquitously expressed protein whose knockout shows marked lethality. In contrast, the expression of IRE1β is exclusively restricted in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and IRE1β-knockout mice are phenotypically normal. As research continues to deepen, IRE1α was showed to be tightly linked to inflammation, lipid metabolism regulation, cell death and so on. Growing evidence also suggests an important role for IRE1α in promoting atherosclerosis (AS) progression and acute cardiovascular events through disrupting lipid metabolism balance, facilitating cells apoptosis, accelerating inflammatory responses and promoting foam cell formation. In addition, IRE1α was recognized as novel potential therapeutic target in AS prevention. This review provides some clues about the relationship between IRE1α and AS, hoping to contribute to further understanding roles of IRE1α in atherogenesis and to be helpful for the design of novel efficacious therapeutics agents targeting IRE1α-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Yao Tang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Tang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qian Deng
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Kai Zou
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Rathor R, Suryakumar G. Myokines: A central point in managing redox homeostasis and quality of life. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38572958 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is a crucial phenomenon that is obligatory for maintaining the healthy status of cells. However, the loss of redox homeostasis may lead to numerous diseases that ultimately result in a compromised quality of life. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secretes hundreds of myokines. Myokines are peptides and cytokines produced and released by muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle secreted myokines act as a robust modulator for regulating cellular metabolism and redox homeostasis which play a prime role in managing and improving metabolic function in multiple organs. Further, the secretory myokines maintain redox homeostasis not only in muscles but also in other organs of the body via stabilizing oxidants and antioxidant levels. Myokines are also engaged in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondria is a central point for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ergo, myokines also act as a central player in communicating signals to other organs, including the pancreas, gut, liver, bone, adipose tissue, brain, and skin via their autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of skeletal muscle-secreted myokines in managing redox homeostasis and quality of life. Additionally, probable strategies will be discussed that provide a solution for a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rathor
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Delhi, India
| | - Geetha Suryakumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Delhi, India
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Kan H, Swindle JP, Bae J, Dunn JP, Buysman EK, Gronroos NN, Bengtson L, Chinthammit C, Ford J, Ahmad N. Weight management treatment modalities in patients with overweight or obesity: A retrospective cohort study of administrative claims data. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2023; 7:100072. [PMID: 37990675 PMCID: PMC10661997 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics among patients who have medical encounters for weight management treatments and to investigate the association of those characteristics with treatment modality. Methods This was a retrospective database study using medical claims, pharmacy claims, and enrollment information from commercial and Medicare Advantage with Part D members in the Optum Research Database from 01/01/2011-2/29/2020. Adult patients with a claim for a weight management treatment from 01/01/2012-2/28/2019 were categorized into cohorts according to the highest intensity intervention received. To examine the association between patient characteristics and treatment modality received, a multinomial logit model was performed. Results Cohorts by increasing intensity included lifestyle intervention (LSI, n = 67,679), weight reduction pharmacotherapy (WRRx) with an anti-obesity medication (AOM, n = 6,905), weight reduction procedure (WRP, n = 1,172), and weight reduction surgery (WRS, n = 18,036). Approximately 32.1% and 16.6% of patients who received WRS or WRP had an LSI during the 12-month baseline, and only 0.6% and 0.4% had treatment with long-term AOMs. In a multinomial logit model, patients with type 2 diabetes (not including WRRx cohort), respiratory disorders, cardiovascular risk factors, pain disorders, and mental health conditions had increased odds of treatment with higher intensity intervention versus LSI. Patients who were male, received an intervention more recently (2016-2019), or had a Charlson comorbidity score of 1 (compared to 0) had decreased odds of treatment with higher intensity interventions. Conclusion In this study, age, sex, body mass index, obesity-related complications, and Charlson comorbidity score appeared to influence the type of weight management treatment modality received. This study improves understanding of weight management treatment utilization and identifies gaps and opportunities to improve obesity care with the appropriate use of different treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kan
- Eli Lilly, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason P. Swindle
- Evidera, 500 Totten Pond Rd, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
- Formerly Optum, 11000 Optum Circle, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | - Jay Bae
- Eli Lilly, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lindsay Bengtson
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT, USA
- Formerly Optum, 11000 Optum Circle, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | | | - Janet Ford
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Formally Eli Lilly, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nadia Ahmad
- Eli Lilly, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Butalia S, Luu H, Guigue A, Martins KJB, Williamson T, Klarenbach SW. Health care cost of severe obesity and obesity-related comorbidities: A retrospective cohort study from Alberta, Canada. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023; 17:421-427. [PMID: 37709630 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of health care costs associated with severe obesity, and those attributable to specific health conditions among adults living with severe obesity are needed. METHODS Administrative data was used to identify adults who previously received a procedure, and had (investigational cohort) or did not have (control cohort) a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. Two-part models were used to estimate the incremental health care cost of severe obesity and related health conditions during a 1-year observation period. RESULTS Adjusting for potential confounders, the total health care cost ratio was higher in the investigational (n = 220,190) versus control (n = 1,955,548) cohort (1.32 [95 % CI: 1.32, 1.33]) with a predicted incremental cost of $2221 (95 % CI $2184, $22,265) per person-year; costs were less when obesity-related health conditions were controlled for (1.13 [95 % CI: 1.13, 1.14]; $1097 [95 % CI: $1084, $1110] per person-year). Among those living with severe obesity, incremental costs associated with specific health conditions ranged from $737 (95 % CI: $747, $728) lower (dyslipidemia) to $12,996 (95 % CI: $12,512, $13,634) higher (peripheral vascular disease) per person-year. CONCLUSIONS Adults living with severe obesity had greater costs than those without, largely driven by obesity-related health conditions. For the Alberta adult population with a severe obesity prevalence of 11 %, severe obesity may account for an estimated additional $453-918 million in health care costs per year. Findings of this study provide rationale for resources and strategies to prevent and manage obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Huong Luu
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Real World Evidence Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Alexis Guigue
- Department of Community Health Sciences and the Centre for Health Informatics, University of Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Karen J B Martins
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Real World Evidence Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Tyler Williamson
- Department of Community Health Sciences and the Centre for Health Informatics, University of Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Scott W Klarenbach
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Real World Evidence Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3.
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Ma W, Zhu H, Yu X, Zhai X, Li S, Huang N, Liu K, Shirai K, Sheerah HA, Cao J. Association between android fat mass, gynoid fat mass and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in adults: NHANES 2003-2007. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1055223. [PMID: 37273879 PMCID: PMC10233278 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1055223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Evidence of the relationship between android fat mass and gynoid fat mass with the mortality prediction is still limited. Current study analyzed the NHANES database to investigate the relationship between android fat mass, gynoid fat mass and CVD, with all-cause mortality. Method The study subjects were NHANES participants over 20 years old, two indicators of regional body composition, android fat and gynoid fat were measured by Dual Energy x-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). The other various covariates data obtained from the NHANES questionnaire and laboratory measurements, including age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, uric acid, total serum cholesterol, albumin, Vitamin C, folate, alcohol drinking, smoking status, history of diabetes, and hypertension. Mortality status was ascertained from a linked mortality file prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics. The study population was divided quartiles based on the distribution of android fat mass and gynoid fat mass. The relationship between these two indicators with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was investigated by using Cox regression. The covariates age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, history of diabetes, and history of hypertension were stratified. Results In the fully adjusted model, Q3 had the lowest HR in android fat mass and gynoid fat mass. When examining the relationship between android fat mass and CVD mortality, current smokers and drinkers had the lowest CVD risk in Q2 [smoking: 0.21 (0.08, 0.52), drinking: 0.14 (0.04, 0.50)]. In diabetic patients, compared with Q1, other groups with increased android fat mass can significantly reduce the risk of CVD [Q4: 0.17 (0.04, 0.75), Q3: 0.18 (0.03, 1.09), Q2: 0.27 (0.09, 0.83)]. In ≥60 years old and female, the greater the gynoid fat mass, the smaller the HR of all-cause mortality [Q4 for ≥60 years old: 0.57 (0.33, 0.96), Q4 for female: 0.37 (0.23, 0.58)]. People <60 years old had a lower risk of all-cause mortality with gynoid fat mass in Q3 than those ≥60 years old [<60 years: 0.50 (0.27, 0.91), ≥60 years: 0.65 (0.45, 0.95)]. Among subjects without hypertension, the group with the largest android fat mass had the lowest risk of CVD mortality, and the group with the largest gynoid fat mass had the lowest risk of all-cause mortality [Android fat mass: 0.36 (0.16, 0.81), gynoid fat mass: 0.57 (0.39, 0.85)]. Conclusion Moderate android fat mass and gynoid fat mass (Q3) had the most protective effect. Smokers and drinkers need to control their body fat. Being too thin is harmful to people with diabetes. Increased gynoid fat mass is a protective factor for all-cause mortality in older adults and females. Young people's gynoid fat mass is more protective in the moderate range than older people's. If no high blood pressure exists, people with more android and gynoid fat mass have a lower risk of CVD or all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Ma
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiping Zhu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhai
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Huang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keyang Liu
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Japan
| | - Kokoro Shirai
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Japan
| | - Haytham A. Sheerah
- Assistant Deputyship for International Collaborations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinhong Cao
- School of Management, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for the Development of Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities, Wuhan, China
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Sun J, Meng X, Huang H, Jing J, Pan Y, Mei L, Jin A, Wang Y, Wei T, Cai X. Higher visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product in relation to increased risk of atherosclerotic burden in community-dwelling older adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112115. [PMID: 36758647 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP), as anthropometric indices, have been applied to predict the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, few studies investigated the correlation between these two indicators and cardio-cerebro-vascular atherosclerosis in community populations. Our study was to explore the association of VAI and LAP with coronary, intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in a community-based asymptomatic middle-aged and older population. METHODS Participants without a history of CVD in the study of PRECISE (Polyvascular Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Events) were included. The sex-special indicators of VAI and LAP were calculated and stratified by the tertiles. The presence of plaque and coronary segmental stenosis score (SSS) were assessed by coronary computed tomography (CTA), as well as intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic burden were evaluated by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI), respectively. Binary or ordinal logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between each of the indexes and the presence and burden of atherosclerosis. RESULTS A total of 2875 subjects were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 60.9 ± 6.6 years and 1329 (46.2 %) participants were males. Compared with the first tertile of VAI, the higher tertile was associated with the presence of plaques (T3 vs T1, OR, 1.49, 95%CI, 1.12-1.98, for males; OR, 1.64, 95%CI, 1.24-2.17, for females) and atherosclerotic burden (T3 vs T1, adjusted cOR, 1.63, 95%CI, 1.24-2.14, for males; adjusted cOR, 1.70, 95%CI, 1.29-2.24, for females) in major coronary arteries. A similar association was found for LAP. VAI level has presented an association with the extracranial atherosclerotic plaques (T3 vs T1, OR, 1.34, 95%CI, 1.02-1.77) and burden (T3 vs T1, adjusted cOR 1.32, 95 % CI 1.00-1.73) only in females. Whereas, for intracranial atherosclerosis, the results failed to show any statistically significant association. CONCLUSIONS Among community-dwelling asymptomatic older adults, VAI and LAP were associated with the presence and burden of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, while VAI presented a weaker significant association with extracranial atherosclerosis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Lishui, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China; Lishui Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huifen Huang
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Lishui, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China; Lishui Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuesong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lerong Mei
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Lishui, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China; Lishui Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aoming Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tiemin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, the Central Hospital of Lishui, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xueli Cai
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Lishui, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China; Lishui Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
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Bays HE, Bindlish S, Clayton TL. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiometabolic risk: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2023. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2023; 5:100056. [PMID: 37990743 PMCID: PMC10661981 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) is intended to provide clinicians an overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), an obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factor. Methods The scientific support for this CPS is based upon published citations and clinical perspectives of OMA authors. Results Topics include T2DM and obesity as cardiometabolic risk factors, definitions of obesity and adiposopathy, and mechanisms for how obesity causes insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Adipose tissue is an active immune and endocrine organ, whose adiposopathic obesity-mediated dysfunction contributes to metabolic abnormalities often encountered in clinical practice, including hyperglycemia (e.g., pre-diabetes mellitus and T2DM). The determination as to whether adiposopathy ultimately leads to clinical metabolic disease depends on crosstalk interactions and biometabolic responses of non-adipose tissue organs such as liver, muscle, pancreas, kidney, and brain. Conclusions This review is intended to assist clinicians in the care of patients with the disease of obesity and T2DM. This CPS provides a simplified overview of how obesity may cause insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and T2DM. It also provides an algorithmic approach towards treatment of a patient with obesity and T2DM, with "treat obesity first" as a priority. Finally, treatment of obesity and T2DM might best focus upon therapies that not only improve the weight of patients, but also improve the health outcomes of patients (e.g., cardiovascular disease and cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Edward Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
| | - Shagun Bindlish
- Diabetology, One Medical, Adjunct Faculty Touro University, CA, USA
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Deng P, Yu Q, Tang H, Lu Y, He Y. Age at Menarche Mediating Visceral Adipose Tissue's Influence on Pre-eclampsia: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:405-413. [PMID: 36184738 PMCID: PMC9844965 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and pre-eclampsia (PE) shows inconsistent results and the underlying mediator remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the causal effect of VAT on PE risks and the mediation role of age at menarche (AAM) in explaining this relationship. METHODS Summary data for PE were obtained from the FinnGen genome-wide association study (3556 cases and 114 735 controls). For exposure data, 70 genetic variants associated with the predicted VAT in 161 149 European women from UK Biobank were used as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted and multiple sensitivity analyses were applied. We also conducted multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to test the association between VAT-associated single-nucleotide variations and PE. Next, mediation analyses were performed to study whether the association between VAT and PE was mediated via AAM. RESULTS In univariable MR analysis, higher volume of VAT was associated with the advancement of AAM and increased PE risk (beta = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.16 for AAM; odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.20 for PE). After adjusting for waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and hip circumference, the multivariable MR results presented the consistent positive causality of VAT on PE. Two-step MR analysis proved an estimated 14.3% of the positive effect of VAT on PE was mediated by AAM. CONCLUSION Our findings provided evidence of the causal relationship between VAT and PE and proved VAT could accelerate AAM and then contribute to the risk of incident PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Deng
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qingwei Yu
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Haibo Tang
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Clinical Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R2ls, UK
| | - Yingdong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Ajoolabady A, Lebeaupin C, Wu NN, Kaufman RJ, Ren J. ER stress and inflammation crosstalk in obesity. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:5-30. [PMID: 35975736 DOI: 10.1002/med.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) governs the proper folding of polypeptides and proteins through various chaperones and enzymes residing within the ER organelle. Perturbation in the ER folding process ensues when overwhelmed protein folding exceeds the ER handling capacity, leading to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen-a state being referred to as ER stress. In turn, ER stress induces a gamut of signaling cascades, termed as the "unfolded protein response" (UPR) that reinstates the ER homeostasis through a panel of gene expression modulation. This type of UPR is usually deemed "adaptive UPR." However, persistent or unresolved ER stress hyperactivates UPR response, which ultimately, triggers cell death and inflammatory pathways, termed as "maladaptive/terminal UPR." A plethora of evidence indicates that crosstalks between ER stress (maladaptive UPR) and inflammation precipitate obesity pathogenesis. In this regard, the acquisition of the mechanisms linking ER stress to inflammation in obesity might unveil potential remedies to tackle this pathological condition. Herein, we aim to elucidate key mechanisms of ER stress-induced inflammation in the context of obesity and summarize potential therapeutic strategies in the management of obesity through maneuvering ER stress and ER stress-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lee WC, Yu HR, Tain YL, Wu KL, Chuang YC, Chan JY. Vinpocetine Ameliorates Metabolic-Syndrome-Associated Bladder Overactivity in Fructose-Fed Rats by Restoring Succinate-Modulated cAMP Levels and Exerting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in the Bladder Detrusor Muscle. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2716. [PMID: 36359236 PMCID: PMC9687486 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinate and its receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor 91 (GPR91), have pathological implications in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated bladder dysfunction, particularly in decreasing bladder cAMP levels and promoting proinflammation. Using fructose-fed rats (FFRs), a rat model of MetS, we investigate the effects of vinpocetine (a phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitor) and celecoxib (a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) on MetS-associated bladder overactivity. Phenotypes of the overactive bladder, including increased micturition frequency and a shortened intercontractile interval in cystometry, were observed in FFRs, together with elevated succinate levels in the liver and serum and the downregulation of GPR91 in the liver and urinary bladder. Treatments with vinpocetine and celecoxib improved tissue fibrosis and ameliorated the overexpression of the inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, in the liver and bladder. In bladder organ bath studies, vinpocetine, but not celecoxib, treatment restored the contraction and relaxation responses of the detrusor muscle strip in response to KCl, carbachol, and forskolin stimulation. At a molecular level, vinpocetine and celecoxib treatments modulated the downstream messengers of GPR91 (i.e., ERK1/2 and JNK), suppressed NF-κB and IL-1β expressions in the bladder, and prevented the fibrogenesis observed in FFRs. The exogenous application of succinate to a bladder organ bath significantly reduced the forskolin-induced cAMP production by the detrusor muscle, which was notably restored in the presence of vinpocetine. Together, these results suggest that vinpocetine may alleviate the MetS-associated bladder overactivity by restoring the succinate-modulated detrusor cAMP production and exerting the anti-inflammatory effects in the bladder detrusor muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Paediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kay L.H. Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Julie Y.H. Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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Hsu LN, Hu JC, Chen PY, Lee WC, Chuang YC. Metabolic Syndrome and Overactive Bladder Syndrome May Share Common Pathophysiologies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081957. [PMID: 36009505 PMCID: PMC9405560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a group of cardiovascular risk factors, including impaired glucose tolerance, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome consists of symptoms such as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia with or without urge incontinence. The high prevalences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and overactive bladder (OAB) worldwide affect quality of life and cause profound negative impacts on the social economy. Accumulated evidence suggests that MetS might contribute to the underlying mechanisms for developing OAB, and MetS-associated OAB could be a subtype of OAB. However, how could these two syndromes interact with each other? Based on results of animal studies and observations in epidemiological studies, we summarized the common pathophysiologies existing between MetS and OAB, including autonomic and peripheral neuropathies, chronic ischemia, proinflammatory status, dysregulation of nutrient-sensing pathways (e.g., insulin resistance at the bladder mucosa and excessive succinate intake), and the probable role of dysbiosis. Since the MetS-associated OAB is a subtype of OAB with distinctive pathophysiologies, the regular and non-specific medications, such as antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonist, and botulinum toxin injection, might lead to unsatisfying results. Understanding the pathophysiologies of MetS-associated OAB might benefit future studies exploring novel biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets on both MetS and OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Nei Hsu
- Department of Urology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City 833, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chuan Hu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Division of Urology, Yunlin Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Yunlin 638, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8094); Fax: 886-7-7318762
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Bays HE, Kulkarni A, German C, Satish P, Iluyomade A, Dudum R, Thakkar A, Rifai MA, Mehta A, Thobani A, Al-Saiegh Y, Nelson AJ, Sheth S, Toth PP. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 10:100342. [PMID: 35517870 PMCID: PMC9061634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" is a summary document regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This 2022 update provides summary tables of ten things to know about 10 CVD risk factors and builds upon the foundation of prior annual versions of "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors" published since 2020. This 2022 version provides the perspective of ASPC members and includes updated sentinel references (i.e., applicable guidelines and select reviews) for each CVD risk factor section. The ten CVD risk factors include unhealthful dietary intake, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, pre-diabetes/diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, considerations of select populations (older age, race/ethnicity, and sex differences), thrombosis (with smoking as a potential contributor to thrombosis), kidney dysfunction and genetics/familial hypercholesterolemia. Other CVD risk factors may be relevant, beyond the CVD risk factors discussed here. However, it is the intent of the ASPC "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" to provide a tabular overview of things to know about ten of the most common CVD risk factors applicable to preventive cardiology and provide ready access to applicable guidelines and sentinel reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Clinical Associate Professor, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville KY 40213
| | - Anandita Kulkarni
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701
| | - Charles German
- University of Chicago, Section of Cardiology, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 6080, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Priyanka Satish
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Adedapo Iluyomade
- Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176
| | - Ramzi Dudum
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aarti Thakkar
- Osler Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore MD
| | | | - Anurag Mehta
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aneesha Thobani
- Emory University School of Medicine | Department of Cardiology, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 2125, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yousif Al-Saiegh
- Lankenau Medical Center – Mainline Health, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
| | - Adam J Nelson
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX 75093
| | - Samip Sheth
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Cener, Sterling, IL 61081
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Soto ME, Pérez-Torres I, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Manzano-Pech L, Guarner-Lans V. Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061039. [PMID: 35326490 PMCID: PMC8946995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Soto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico; (I.P.-T.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Linaloe Manzano-Pech
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico; (I.P.-T.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Cuda SE, Censani M. Assessment, differential diagnosis, and initial clinical evaluation of the pediatric patient with obesity: An Obesity Medical Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 1:100010. [PMID: 37990703 PMCID: PMC10662031 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The Obesity Medical Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on the assessment, differential diagnosis, and initial clinical evaluation of pediatric patients with obesity is intended to provide clinicians with an overview of clinical practices applicable to children and adolescents with body mass indexes greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for their ages, particularly those with adverse consequences resulting from increased body mass. The information in this CPS is based on scientific evidence, supported by the medical literature, and derived from the clinical experiences of members of the OMA. Methods The scientific information and clinical guidance in this CPS is based upon referenced evidence and derived from the clinical perspectives of the authors. Results This OMA Clinical Practice Statement on assessment, differential diagnosis, and initial clinical evaluation of pediatric patients with obesity provides clinical information regarding classification of children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, differential diagnoses to consider, and a roadmap for the initial clinical evaluation. Conclusions This OMA Clinical Practice Statement on assessment, differential diagnosis, and initial clinical evaluation of pediatric patients with obesity is an overview of current recommendations. Assessment of pediatric patients with obesity is the first step in determining treatments leading to the improvement of the health of children and adolescents with obesity, especially those with metabolic, physiological, and psychological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Cuda
- Alamo City Healthy Kids and Families, 1919 Oakwell Farms Parkway, Ste 145, San Antonio, TX, 78218, USA
| | - Marisa Censani
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology; New York, NY, USA
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15
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Fitch AK, Bays HE. Obesity definition, diagnosis, bias, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and telehealth: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 1:100004. [PMID: 37990702 PMCID: PMC10661988 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2021.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) regarding definition, diagnosis, bias, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and telehealth is intended to provide clinicians an overview of obesity medicine and provide basic organizational tools towards establishing, directing, managing, and maintaining an obesity medical practice. Methods This CPS is based upon published scientific citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results OMA has defined obesity as: "A chronic, progressive, relapsing, and treatable multi-factorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health consequences." While body mass index may be sufficiently diagnostic for populations and many patients, accurate diagnosis of adiposity in an individual may require anthropometric assessments beyond body weight alone (e.g., waist circumference, percent body fat, and android/visceral fat). Obesity complications can be categorized as "sick fat disease" (adiposopathy) and/or "fat mass disease." Obesity complications predominantly of fat mass origins include sleep apnea and orthopedic conditions. Obesity complications due to adiposopathic endocrinopathies and/or immunopathies include cardiovascular disease, cancer, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, and alterations in sex hormones in both males (i.e., hypogonadism) and females (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome). Obesity treatment begins with proactive steps to avoid weight bias, including patient-appropriate language, office equipment, and supplies. To help manage obesity and its complications, this CPS provides a practical template for an obesity medicine practice, creation of standard operating procedures, and incorporation of the OMA "ADAPT" method in telehealth (Assessment, Diagnosis, Advice, Prognosis, and Treatment). Conclusions The OMA CPS regarding "Obesity Definition, Diagnosis, Bias, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and Telehealth" is one in a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians care for patients with the disease of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Fitch
- Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford Street Suite 430, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Harold E. Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
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Rhee EJ. The Influence of Obesity and Metabolic Health on Vascular Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2022; 37:1-8. [PMID: 35255597 PMCID: PMC8901957 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity should not be understood only as the accumulation of fat in the body, but instead as a phenomenon that exerts different effects on our health according to the place of fat deposition and its stability. Obesity is the starting point of most metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, and eventually cardiovascular disease. There are different kinds of obesity, ranging from simple obesity to sarcopenic obesity. The main purpose of intervening to address obesity is to decrease the ultimate consequence of obesity-namely, cardiovascular disease. The main mechanism through which obesity, especially abdominal obesity, increases cardiovascular risk is the obesity-induced derangement of metabolic health, leading to the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome, which are the main initiators of vascular damage. In this review, I discuss the influence of various types of obesity on the risk of metabolic diseases, and how these diseases increase cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Potential Prebiotic and Anti-Obesity Effects of Codium fragile Extract. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from marine algae exhibit beneficial biological activities. In this study, we examined the effect of Codium fragile extract (CFE) on prebiotic and anti-obesity activity through in vitro experiments. CFE increases the growth of specific beneficial microbial populations with concomitant decrease in pathogenic microbes. Further, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH activity) after fermentation with CFE as the carbon source were higher than for glucose as the control. Moreover, CFE inhibited adipocyte differentiation by inducing differentiation-related factors when the induction of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes was induced. Therefore, we suggest that CFE can be used as a prebiotic material with an anti-obesity effect for human health.
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18
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Branda JIF, de Almeida-Pititto B, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA, Ferreira SRG. Low Birth Weight, β-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Adults: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:842233. [PMID: 35360053 PMCID: PMC8964259 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse intrauterine environment-reflected by low birth weight (LBW)-has been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life. Whether β-cell function reduction and insulin resistance could be detected even in middle-aged adults without overt diabetes is less investigated. We examined the association of LBW with β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic middle-aged adults from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of 2,634 ELSA-Brasil participants aged between 34 and 59 years, without diabetes. Participants were stratified according to LBW defined as <2.5 kg and their clinical data were compared. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, HOMA-adiponectin, TyG index, QUICKI and TG/HDL were calculated and their association with LBW were tested using multiple linear regression including adjustments suggested by Directed Acyclic Graphs and propensity score matching was applied. RESULTS The sample (47.4 ± 6.3 years) was composed of 57.5% of women and 9% had LBW. Subjects with LBW and normal-weight reported similar BMI values at the age of 20 years and current BMI was slightly lower in the LBW group. In average, cardiometabolic risk profile and also indexes of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were within normal ranges. In regression analysis, log-transformed HOMA-β-but not with the other indexes-was associated with LBW (p = 0.014) independent of sex, skin color, prematurity, and family history of diabetes. After applying propensity-score matching in a well-balanced sample, HOMA-AD and TG/HDL indexes were associated with LBW. CONCLUSION The association between LBW and insulin sensitivity markers may occur in healthy middle-aged adults before overt glucose metabolism disturbances. Our data are coherent with the detection of early life events consequent with insulin resistance markers that could contribute to the risk of glucose metabolism disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ines F. Branda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Almeida-Pititto
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Bensenor
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Lotufo
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira,
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Pétursdóttir Maack H, Sundström Poromaa I, Lindström L, Mulic-Lutvica A, Junus K, Wikström AK. Ultrasound estimated subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue thicknesses and risk of pre-eclampsia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22740. [PMID: 34815471 PMCID: PMC8611080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early identification of high-risk pregnancies enables identification of those who would benefit from aspirin prophylaxis and increased surveillance for pre-eclampsia. A high body mass index (BMI) is a well-known predictor for pre-eclampsia. However, if abdominal adipose tissue distribution is associated with pre-eclampsia is limited investigated. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) thickness were measured by ultrasound on 3777 women at around 18 gestational weeks. SAT thickness was measured from the skin to linea alba and VAT from linea alba to the anterior aortic wall. The risk of developing pre-eclampsia (de novo hypertension at ≥ 20 gestational weeks in combination with proteinuria) was evaluated by logistic regression and expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The risk of pre-eclampsia increased by 79% for every cm in SAT thickness (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.48-2.17) and by 23% for every cm VAT thickness (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.11-1.35). After adjustment for maternal age, parity, BMI, smoking and country of birth, the association between SAT thickness and pre-eclampsia remained (AOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.02-1.79). Greater SAT thickness measured with second trimester ultrasound is associated with increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia. The measurement may improve prediction models for pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda Lindström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ajlana Mulic-Lutvica
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Junus
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Vučić D, Bijelić N, Rođak E, Rajc J, Dumenčić B, Belovari T, Mihić D, Selthofer-Relatić K. Right Heart Morphology and Its Association With Excessive and Deficient Cardiac Visceral Adipose Tissue. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2021; 15:11795468211041330. [PMID: 34602829 PMCID: PMC8485260 DOI: 10.1177/11795468211041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic coronary disease, arterial hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Right heart morphology often involves the presence of adipose tissue, which can be quantified by non-invasive imaging methods. The last decade brought a wealth of new insights into the function and morphology of adipose tissue, with great emphasis on its role in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Cardiac adipose tissue is involved in thermogenesis, mechanical protection of the heart and energy storage. However, it can also be an endocrine organ that synthesises numerous pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the effect of which is accomplished by paracrine and vasocrine mechanisms. Visceral adipose tissue has several compartments that differ in their embryological origin and vascularisation. Deficiency of cardiac adipose tissue, often due to chronic pathological conditions such as oncological diseases or chronic infectious diseases, predicts increased mortality and morbidity. To date, knowledge about the influence of visceral adipose tissue on cardiac morphology is limited, especially the effect on the morphology of the right heart in a state of excess or deficient visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Vučić
- Department for Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Doctor Josip Benčević, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Nikola Bijelić
- Department for Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Edi Rođak
- Department for Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rajc
- Department for Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Boris Dumenčić
- Department for Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Belovari
- Department for Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Damir Mihić
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Center Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department for Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Center Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Characteristics of Selected Adipokines in Ascites and Blood of Ovarian Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184702. [PMID: 34572929 PMCID: PMC8465310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian cancer is at the forefront of all cancers worldwide. A specific microenvironment for the secretion of various proteins, including adipokines, is formed around the neoplastic tissue. Five of these proteins, namely adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), were found to have a particular effect on metastasis. The review collects data available in the literature on the function and occurrence of these cytokines in ovarian cancer. The collected information will allow for the observation of these proteins in the area of diagnostics and the planning of further scientific research, and will enable the use of the cytokine level determination as biomarkers of neoplastic disease, its progression and prognosis. Abstract Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide. The course of the disease is often latent and asymptomatic in the early stages, but as it develops, metastasis occurs, accompanied by accumulation of ascites in the peritoneal cavity. The ascites fluid constitutes a specific microenvironment influencing the processes of carcinogenesis. In ascites, signaling is mediated by various cytokines that control tumor cell proliferation, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Adipokines, secreted into ascites and also appearing in blood, may be markers of ongoing processes related to the development of neoplastic disease. Moreover, a significant influence of adipocyte lipids on the growth of tumors, for which they are one of energy sources, is observed. Adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), discussed in the present review, were found to mediate the effects of omentum metastasis through homing, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Further research on those adipokines seem to be a natural consequence, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanisms of neoplastic disease and determination of the treatment procedure.
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Zwartjes MSZ, Gerdes VEA, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Produced Metabolites in Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Its Interventions. Metabolites 2021; 11:531. [PMID: 34436472 PMCID: PMC8398981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and is often, but not invariably, associated with dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, relatively little focus has been attributed to the role of gut-microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of dyslipidemia and alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we discuss current data involved in these processes and point out the therapeutic potentials. We cover the ability of gut microbiota metabolites to alter lipoprotein lipase action, VLDL secretion, and plasma triglyceride levels, and its effects on reverse cholesterol transport, adipocyte dysfunction, and adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, the current intervention strategies for treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia is addressed with emphasis on the role of gut microbiota metabolites and its ability to predict treatment efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S. Z. Zwartjes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Victor E. A. Gerdes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Matias CN, Campa F, Nunes CL, Francisco R, Jesus F, Cardoso M, Valamatos MJ, Homens PM, Sardinha LB, Martins P, Minderico C, Silva AM. Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126649. [PMID: 34205575 PMCID: PMC8296352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: An increasing body of evidence indicates that the phase angle (PhA) can be applied as a marker of nutritional status, disease prognosis, and mortality probability. Still, it is not known whether PhA can be used as an indicator of muscular quantity and strength and maximal aerobic capacity in overweight/obese former highly active individuals, an understudied population. This study aimed to analyze the association between PhA with skeletal muscle mass, maximal isometric strength, and maximal aerobic capacity through VO2max, in overweight/obese and inactive former athletes. Methods: Cross-sectional information of 94 (62 males) former adult athletes (age: 43.1 ± 9.4 years old; body mass index: 31.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) taking part in a weight-loss clinical trial was analyzed. Total fat and fat-free mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while skeletal muscle mass was predicted from appendicular lean soft tissue. Values for upper- and lower-body maximal isometric strength were assessed by handgrip and leg press dynamometry. VO2max was determined by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Results: PhA was associated with skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.564, p < 0.001), upper-body strength (r = 0.556, p < 0.001), lower-body strength (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), and VO2max (r = 0.328, p = 0.013). These relationships remained significant for skeletal muscle mass (β = 2.158, p = 0.001), maximal isometric strength (upper-body: β = 2.846, p = 0.012; low-er-body: β = 24.209, p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, sex, and fat mass but not for VO2max (β = −0.163, p = 0.098). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that former athletes with higher values of PhA exhibited greater muscle mass and strength, despite sex, age, and body composition, which suggests that this simple raw BI parameter can be utilized as an indicator of muscle quantity and functionality in overweight/obese former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina N. Matias
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CIDEFES-Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40126 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Catarina L. Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Rubén Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Maria J. Valamatos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Pedro Mil Homens
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
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Bocanegra A, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3816. [PMID: 33917044 PMCID: PMC8067684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Sabry MM, Dawood AF, Rashed LA, Sayed SM, Hassan S, Younes SF. Relation between resistin, PPAR-γ, obesity and atherosclerosis in male albino rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:389-398. [PMID: 30612469 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1550094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and atherosclerosis are inflammatory states involving variable metabolic signals. The adipokine resistin is implicated in adipose tissue dysfunction and is modulated by PPARγ. In this study, resistin and PPARγ role is investigated in the development of CVS disease. Forty-eight Adult male albino rats were divided into control, obesity and atherosclerotic groups; each group is divided into two subgroups; with and without PPARγ agonist administration for 8 weeks. To assess pathological changes; lipid profile, inflammatory mediator, serum resistin level and resistin expression in adipose tissue were measured. Aorta is histopathologically evaluated. It was found that resistin expression is significantly correlated with lipid profile and inflammatory status in obesity and atherosclerotic groups, and PPARγ agonist administration significantly improves inflammatory status and dyslipidemic profile across studied groups (p < .05). Aortic wall shows histopathological evidence of atherosclerosis in obesity group which is more evident in atherosclerotic group, and milder changes upon receiving PPARγ agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Sabry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal F Dawood
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham M Sayed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Hassan
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine (CalMed-SOM), Irvine, USA
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheren F Younes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Role of adiposopathy and physical activity in cardio-metabolic disorder diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:243-247. [PMID: 33148528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Positive calorie balance disrupts the function of visceral adipose tissue, including the cardiac adipose tissue and the perivascular adipose tissue. The inflammatory and hormonal factors, which are released from adipose tissue, play a central role in inter-organ cross talk, affecting the development of obesity. Excess fat in visceral adipocytes impairs endocrine as well as immune response, leading to multiple aberrant status and posing serious risks to the future health of humans. As confirmed in previous studies, up-regulated pro-inflammatory and down-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines disturb the communication among muscle, liver, and vasculature. In other words, adiposopathy promote cardio-metabolic risk factors, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and pro-thrombotic state, which in turn directly and indirectly promote cardio-metabolic disorder diseases. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies has shown that physical activity restores the size of adipocytes and helps in re-browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). This review summarizes the current evidence on the roles of adiposopathy on cardio-metabolic disorder diseases and the importance of physical activity in restoring the function of adipocytes.
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27
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Zacharia A, Saidemberg D, Mannully CT, Kogan NM, Shehadeh A, Sinai R, Zucker A, Bruck-Haimson R, Goldstein N, Haim Y, Dani C, Rudich A, Moussaieff A. Distinct infrastructure of lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:979-990. [PMID: 32766878 PMCID: PMC7528551 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue plays important roles in health and disease. Given the unique association of visceral adipose tissue with obesity-related metabolic diseases, the distribution of lipids between the major fat depots located in subcutaneous and visceral regions may shed new light on adipose tissue-specific roles in systemic metabolic perturbations. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the lipid networks and unveil differences in the metabolic infrastructure of the 2 adipose tissues that may have functional and nutritional implications. METHODS Paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 17 overweight patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Ultra-performance LC-MS was used to measure 18,640 adipose-derived features; 520 were putatively identified. A stem cell model for adipogenesis was used to study the functional implications of the differences found. RESULTS Our analyses resulted in detailed lipid metabolic maps of the 2 major adipose tissues. They point to a higher accumulation of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, although lower ceramide concentrations, in subcutaneous tissue. The degree of unsaturation was lower in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) phospholipids, indicating lower unsaturated fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue. The differential abundance of phosphatidylcholines we found can be attributed at least partially to higher expression of phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase (PEMT). PEMT-deficient embryonic stem cells showed a dramatic decrease in adipogenesis, and the resulting adipocytes exhibited lower accumulation of lipid droplets, in line with the lower concentrations of glycerolipids in VAT. Ceramides may inhibit the expression of PEMT by increased insulin resistance, thus potentially suggesting a functional pathway that integrates ceramide, PEMT, and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our work unveils differential infrastructure of the lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and suggests an integrative pathway, with a discriminative flux between adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Zacharia
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Saidemberg
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Natalya M Kogan
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alaa Shehadeh
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Sinai
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avigail Zucker
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Bruck-Haimson
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Goldstein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Christian Dani
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Faculté de Medicine, Nice, France
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Severinsen MCK, Pedersen BK. Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5835999. [PMID: 32393961 PMCID: PMC7288608 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity decreases the risk of a network of diseases, and exercise may be prescribed as medicine for lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. During the past couple of decades, it has been apparent that skeletal muscle works as an endocrine organ, which can produce and secrete hundreds of myokines that exert their effects in either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Recent advances show that skeletal muscle produces myokines in response to exercise, which allow for crosstalk between the muscle and other organs, including brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin, as well as communication within the muscle itself. Although only few myokines have been allocated to a specific function in humans, it has been identified that the biological roles of myokines include effects on, for example, cognition, lipid and glucose metabolism, browning of white fat, bone formation, endothelial cell function, hypertrophy, skin structure, and tumor growth. This suggests that myokines may be useful biomarkers for monitoring exercise prescription for people with, for example, cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Charlotte Krogh Severinsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Furanasperterpenes A and B, two meroterpenoids with a novel 6/6/6/6/5 ring system from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus GZU-31-1. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gündoğan K, Doğan E, Özer NT, Güneş Şahin G, Şahin S, Sungur M, Akbudak IH, Muhtaroğlu S, Güven M, Ziegler TR. The association between the route of nutrition and serum levels of adipokines in critical illness: a pilot study. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:877-884. [PMID: 32336076 PMCID: PMC7379413 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1911-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Adipokines play an important role in the regulation of metabolism. In critical illness, they alter serum levels and are suspected to worsen clinical outcomes. But the effect of the route of nutrition on adipokines is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the route of nutrition and adipokine levels in critically ill patients. Materials and methods This prospective study was performed in an intensive care unit (ICU). Patients admitted to the ICU for least 72 h and receiving either enteral nutrition (EN) via tube feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) were enrolled. Serum was obtained at baseline, 24 h, and 72 h for concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, glucagon–like peptide 1 (GLP–1), insulin–like growth factors 1 (IGF–1), and ghrelin. Results A total of 26 patients were included in the study. Thirteen patients received EN and 13 patients received PN. In the PN group, leptin level significantly increased (P = 0.037), adiponectin and ghrelin significantly decreased during follow up (P = 0.037, P = 0.008, respectively). There was no significant change between all adipokines in the EN group and resistin, IGF–1 and GLP–1 in the PN group during follow up. Resistin levels were markedly lower in the EN group at both 24 h (P = 0.015) and 72 h (P = 0.006) while GLP–1 levels were higher in the EN group at baseline, 24 h, and 72 h (P = 0.018, P = 0.005, and P = 0.003, respectively). There were no differences in leptin, adiponectin, IGF–1, and ghrelin levels over time. Conclusion The delivery of EN in critical illness was associated with decreased resistin levels and increased GLP–1 levels. Thus, the route of nutrition may impact the clinical outcome in critical illness due to adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kürşat Gündoğan
- Division of Medical Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ender Doğan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Tuğra Özer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Güneş Şahin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serap Şahin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Sungur
- Division of Medical Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Akbudak
- Division of Medical Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Muhammet Güven
- Division of Medical Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Nutrition and Metabolic Support Service, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bagyura Z, Kiss L, Lux Á, Csobay-Novák C, Jermendy ÁL, Polgár L, Szelid Z, Soós P, Merkely B. Association between coronary atherosclerosis and visceral adiposity index. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:796-803. [PMID: 32127334 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Visceral obesity is a marker of dysfunctional adipose tissue and ectopic fat infiltration. Many studies have shown that visceral fat dysfunction has a close relationship with cardiovascular disease. For a better identification of visceral adiposity dysfunction, the visceral adiposity index (VAI) is used. Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) is known to have a strong correlation with the total plaque burden therefore provides information about the severity of the coronary atherosclerosis. CACS is a strong predictor of cardiac events and it refines cardiovascular risk assessment beyond conventional risk factors. Our aim was to evaluate the association between VAI and CACS in an asymptomatic Caucasian population. METHODS AND RESULTS Computed tomography scans of 460 participants were analyzed in a cross-sectional, voluntary screening program. A health questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests were also performed. Participants with a history of cardiovascular disease were excluded from the analysis. Mean VAI was 1.41 ± 0.07 in men and 2.00 ± 0.15 in women. VAI showed a positive correlation with total coronary calcium score (r = 0.242) in males but not in females. VAI was stratified into tertiles by gender. In males, third VAI tertile was independently associated with CACS>100 (OR: 3.21, p = 0.02) but not with CACS>0 after the effects of conventional risk factors were eliminated. CONCLUSION VAI tertiles were associated with calcium scores and the highest VAI tertile was an independent predictor for the presence of CACS>100 in males but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bagyura
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary.
| | - Loretta Kiss
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Árpád Lux
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csobay-Novák
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Ádám L Jermendy
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Lívia Polgár
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szelid
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Pál Soós
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor utca 68, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary
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Beisani M, Pappa S, Moreno P, Martínez E, Tarascó J, Granada ML, Puig R, Cremades M, Puig-Domingo M, Jordà M, Pellitero S, Balibrea JM. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy induces molecular changes in peripheral white blood cells. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:592-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Coker MS, Ladd KR, Kim J, Murphy CJ, DeCort R, Newcomer BR, Wolfe RR, Coker RH. Essential Amino Acid Supplement Lowers Intrahepatic Lipid despite Excess Alcohol Consumption. Nutrients 2020; 12:E254. [PMID: 31963802 PMCID: PMC7019240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess alcohol consumption is a top risk factor for death and disability. Fatty liver will likely develop and the risk of liver disease increases. We have previously demonstrated that an essential amino acid supplement (EAAS) improved protein synthesis and reduced intrahepatic lipid in the elderly. The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to initiate the evaluation of EAAS on intrahepatic lipid (IHL), body composition, and blood lipids in individuals with mild to moderate alcohol use disorder (AUD). Following consent, determination of eligibility, and medical screening, 25 participants (18 males at 38 ± 15 years/age and 7 females at 34 ± 18 years/age) were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of two dosages: a low dose (LD: 8 g of EAAS twice/day (BID)) or high dose (HD: 13 g of EAAS BID). Five of the twenty-five enrolled participants dropped out of the intervention. Both groups consumed the supplement BID for 4 weeks. Pre- and post-EAAS administration, IHL was determined using magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy, body composition was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood parameters were measured by LabCorp. T-tests were used for statistical analysis and considered significant at p < 0.05. While there was no significant change in IHL in the LD group, there was a significant 23% reduction in IHL in the HD group (p = 0.02). Fat mass, lean tissue mass, bone mineral content, and blood lipids were not altered. Post-EAAS phosphatidylethanol was elevated and remained unchanged in LD at 407 ± 141 ng/mL and HD at 429 ± 196 ng/mL, indicating chronic and excess alcohol consumption. The HD of the proprietary EAAS formulation consumed BID seemed to lower IHL in individuals with mild to moderate AUD. We suggest that further studies in a larger cohort be conducted to more completely address this important area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melynda S. Coker
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 505 South Chandalar Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;
| | - Kaylee R. Ladd
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; (K.R.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; (K.R.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Carl J. Murphy
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks1930 Yukon Dr. Room 136, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;
| | - Ryan DeCort
- Bassett Army Community Hospital, 4076 Neely Road, FortWainwright, United States Army, Fairbanks, AK 99703, USA;
| | - Bradley R. Newcomer
- Honors College, 1501 251Warren Service Drive, Room 105, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, 4301 West Markham, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Robert H. Coker
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; (K.R.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks1930 Yukon Dr. Room 136, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;
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Effects of Propolis Extract and Propolis-Derived Compounds on Obesity and Diabetes: Knowledge from Cellular and Animal Models. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234394. [PMID: 31805752 PMCID: PMC6930477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product resulting from the mixing of bee secretions with botanical exudates. Since propolis is rich in flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives, the application of propolis extracts has been tried in therapies against cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. As metabolic diseases develop relatively slowly in patients, the therapeutic effects of propolis in humans should be evaluated over long periods of time. Moreover, several factors such as medical history, genetic inheritance, and living environment should be taken into consideration in human studies. Animal models, especially mice and rats, have some advantages, as genetic and microbiological variables can be controlled. On the other hand, cellular models allow the investigation of detailed molecular events evoked by propolis and derivative compounds. Taking advantage of animal and cellular models, accumulating evidence suggests that propolis extracts have therapeutic effects on obesity by controlling adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, food intake, and energy expenditure. Studies in animal and cellular models have also indicated that propolis modulates oxidative stress, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and adipose tissue inflammation, all of which contribute to insulin resistance or defects in insulin secretion. Consequently, propolis treatment may mitigate diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review describes the beneficial effects of propolis on metabolic disorders.
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Ribeiro IS, Pereira ÍS, Santos DP, Lopes DN, Prado AO, Calado SP, Gonçalves CV, Galantini MP, Muniz IP, Santos GS, Silva RA. Association between body composition and inflammation: A central role of IL-17 and IL-10 in diabetic and hypertensive elderly women. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jiang Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Guo Z, Li Q, Wang J. Aerobic exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity improves body composition, glycemic control, and physical capacity in older people with type 2 diabetes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2019; 18:7-13. [PMID: 31641362 PMCID: PMC6796612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic training has been used as one of the common treatments for type 2 diabetes; however, further research on the individualized exercise program with the optimal intensity is still necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supervised exercise training at the maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) intensity on body composition, glycemic control, lipid profile, and physical capacity in older people with type 2 diabetes. Methods Twenty-four women and 25 men with type 2 diabetes, aged 60–69 years. The exercise groups trained at the individualized FATmax intensity for 1 h/day for 3 days/week over 16 weeks. No dietary intervention was introduced during the experimental period. Whole body fat, abdominal fat, oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and physical capacity were measured before and after the interventions. Results FATmax intensity was at 41.3 ± 3.2% VO2max for women and 46.1 ± 10.3% VO2max for men. Exercise groups obtained significant improvements in body composition, with a special decrease in abdominal obesity; decreased resting blood glucose concentration and HbA1c; and increased VO2max, walking ability, and lower body strength, compared to the non-exercising controls. Daily energy intake and medication remained unchanged for all participants during the experimental period. Conclusion Beside the improvements in the laboratory variables, the individualized FATmax training can also benefit daily physical capacity of older people with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Sijie Tan
- Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Faculty of Health, Engineering, and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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Intermittent Fasting in Cardiovascular Disorders-An Overview. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030673. [PMID: 30897855 PMCID: PMC6471315 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting is a form of time restricted eating (typically 16 h fasting and 8 h eating), which has gained popularity in recent years and shows promise as a possible new paradigm in the approach to weight loss and the reduction of inflammation, and has many potential long term health benefits. In this review, the authors will incorporate many aspects of fasting, mainly focusing on its effects on the cardiovascular system, involving atherosclerosis progression, benefits for diabetes mellitus type 2, lowering of blood pressure, and exploring other cardiovascular risk factors (such as lipid profile and inflammation).
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Hayakawa J, Wang M, Wang C, Han RH, Jiang ZY, Han X. Lipidomic analysis reveals significant lipogenesis and accumulation of lipotoxic components in ob/ob mouse organs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:161-169. [PMID: 28110829 PMCID: PMC6203299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the role of lipogenesis and lipotoxicity in the development of obesity and diabetes, lipidomes of various organs from ob/ob mice and their wild type controls were analyzed by shotgun lipidomics at 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We observed that the amounts of fatty acyl (FA) chains corresponding to those from de novo synthesis (e.g., 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 FA) were substantially elevated in ob/ob mice, consistent with increased expression of genes and proteins involved in biosynthesis. Polyunsaturated fatty acid species were moderately increased in the examined tissues of ob/ob mice, since they can only be absorbed from diets or elongated from the ingested n-3 or n-6 FA. Different profiles of FA chains between ob/ob mouse liver and skeletal muscle reflect diverging lipogenesis pathways in these organs. Amounts of vaccenic acids (i.e., 18:1(n-7) FA) in 12- and 16-week ob/ob mouse liver were significantly increased compared to their controls, indicating enhanced de novo synthesis of this acid through 16:1(n-7) FA in the liver starting at 12 weeks of age. Coincidentally, synthesis of triacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol in the liver was also increased in ob/ob mice starting at 12 weeks of age, as revealed by simulation of triacylglycerol synthesis. Moreover, levels of lipotoxic lipid classes were significantly higher in ob/ob mice than their age-matched controls, supporting the notion that elevated lipotoxic components are tightly associated with insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Taken together, the current study revealed that lipogenesis and lipotoxicity in ob/ob mice likely contribute to insulin resistance and provides great insights into the underlying mechanisms of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hayakawa
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Zhen Y Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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El Wakeel MA, El-Kassas GM, Kamhawy AH, Galal EM, Nassar MS, Hammad EM, El-Zayat SR. Serum Apelin and Obesity-Related Complications in Egyptian Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1354-1358. [PMID: 30159056 PMCID: PMC6108807 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity became a major burden on health worldwide, giving an alarm to clinicians and researchers. Adipocytes act as an active endocrine organ by releasing plenty of bioactive mediators (adipokines) that play a major role in regulating metabolic processes. Apelin is a recently identified adipokine that is expressed in adipocytes. AIM The current work aimed to uncover the relation between serum apelin and childhood obesity and its related complications as hypertension and hyperglycemia. METHOD A group of 50 obese and 31 non-obese; sex- and age-matched children were enrolled in our study with a mean age of (9.5 ± 2.1) and (8.7 ± 1.3) respectively. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, were assessed in all studied participants, we also determined the lipid profile, serum insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, HOMA-IR and serum apelin. RESULTS Obese children had higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP Z-score); compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Apelin was significantly higher in obese children versus controls and correlated positively with BMI Z-Score (P = 0.008), DBP Z-Score (P = 0.02), cholesterol, TG (both P = 0.02), serum insulin (P = 0.003), FBG and HOMA-IR (both P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that FBG was the most effective factor in predicting the level of serum apelin (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION This work supports the hypothesis that apelin may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of health hazards related to obesity in children including insulin resistance, hypertension and a higher risk of occurrence of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged A. El Wakeel
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. El-Kassas
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alyaa H. Kamhawy
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Galal
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maysa S. Nassar
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Salwa Refat El-Zayat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Cuda SE, Censani M. Pediatric Obesity Algorithm: A Practical Approach to Obesity Diagnosis and Management. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:431. [PMID: 30729102 PMCID: PMC6351475 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem. Despite the highest rates of childhood obesity in the United States and other developed countries over the last 30 years, there is still no clear treatment strategy. Practitioners often do not know where to turn to find guidance on managing the nearly one third of their population who present for medical care either with obesity that coexists with other medical problems or because of obesity. The Pediatric Obesity Algorithm is an evidence based roadmap for the diagnosis and management of children with obesity. In this article, we summarize topics from the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm pertaining to pediatric obesity diagnosis, evaluation, and management including assessment, differential diagnosis, review of systems, diagnostic work up, physical exam, age specific management, comorbidities, use of medications and surgery, and medication associated weight gain. Identifying and treating children with obesity as early as possible is important, as is identifying comorbid conditions. Earlier and more comprehensive management through resources such as the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm serve to help guide health care practitioners with a practical and evidence based approach to the diagnosis and management of children with obesity, and provide families with the tools needed for a healthy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Cuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marisa Censani
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
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Tao L, Nie Y, Wang G, Ding Y, Ding J, Xiong F, Tang S, Wang Y, Zhou B, Zhu H. All‑trans retinoic acid reduces endothelin‑1 expression and increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in rabbits with atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2619-2625. [PMID: 29207193 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a natural derivative of vitamin A that ameliorates atherosclerosis (AS) by regulating inflammatory factors. However, studies concerning the role of retinoic acid in artery endothelial function are rare. Therefore, the present study investigated its role in regulating the production of endothelin‑1 (ET‑1) and nitric oxide (NO) in rabbits with AS. The rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: The control group was administered an ordinary diet, while the high fat group and the ATRA drug intervention group were administered a high fat diet. After 12 weeks, the blood lipid levels of rabbits, the morphological structure of the arterial wall, the arterial intimal permeability, the activity of blood endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the level of plasma NO were investigated. Western blot analysis was used to detect the levels of ET‑1, eNOS and eNOS phosphorylation at Ser‑1177 (p‑eNOS), and a radioimmunoassay was performed to detect the level of ET‑1 in the plasma. It was identified that plaque formation was alleviated in the ATRA group compared with the high fat group, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining, and a similar trend was reflected in the immunofluorescence results for endothelial permeability. Western blotting demonstrated significantly decreased ET‑1 expression levels in the arterial tissue of rabbits in the ATRA group compared with the high fat group, together with increased p‑eNOS level (P<0.05), however, no difference was observed in the expression of eNOS (P>0.05). The trends observed for ET‑1 and the activity of eNOS in plasma were similar to those for arterial tissue. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that ATRA may regulate the grade of AS by the reduction of ET‑1 secretion and increased NO formation via increased phosphorylation of eNOS. ATRA provides a potential novel method for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Nie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ganxian Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Birong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Evaluation of abdominal fat index by ultrasonography and its relationship with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:453-456. [PMID: 29507560 PMCID: PMC5831280 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.71111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence indicates that psoriasis is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Psoriasis and obesity share similar inflammatory mediators, and obesity may potentiate some inflammatory cytokines seen in psoriasis. Body fat distribution, particularly visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is an important factor in metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic diseases. An association has been demonstrated between psoriasis and abdominal VAT measured by computed tomography (CT). Aim To measure abdominal VAT noninvasively by ultrasonography (USG) in patients with psoriasis and investigated its relation to psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Material and methods The study population consisted of 41 psoriasis patients and 41 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index. The maximal preperitoneal fat thickness (Pmax) at the anterior surface of the liver and the minimal subcutaneous fat thickness (Smin) of the abdomen were measured by USG. The abdominal fat index (AFI = Pmax/Smin ratio) was calculated and the results were compared between groups. Results The rate of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in psoriasis patients (p = 0.0018). The mean AFI was similar in both groups. AFI was not associated with psoriasis in subjects with metabolic syndrome (p = 0.495) or with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (r = 0.123, p = 0.443). Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate abdominal VAT by USG. Computed tomography may be more reliable than USG, but its high cost and radiation exposure are major disadvantages. Further studies are required to determine the relationships between psoriasis and VAT.
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Park YK, Obiang-Obounou BW, Lee J, Lee TY, Bae MA, Hwang KS, Lee KB, Choi JS, Jang BC. Anti-Adipogenic Effects on 3T3-L1 Cells and Zebrafish by Tanshinone IIA. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102065. [PMID: 28953247 PMCID: PMC5666747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA is a diterpene quinone isolated from the roots of Salviamiltiorrhiza bunge that has traditionally been used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Although there is recent evidence showing that tanshinone IIA has an anti-obesity effect, its underlying mechanism of anti-obesity effect is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and zebrafish. Notably, tanshinone IIA at 10 μM concentration greatly reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) contents during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, suggesting its anti-adipogenic effect. On mechanistic levels, tanshinone IIA reduced the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A but also the phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/5 (STAT-3/5) in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, tanshinone IIA strongly inhibited leptin and resistin mRNA expression in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Importantly, the tanshinone IIA's lipid-reducing effect was also seen in zebrafish. In sum, these findings demonstrate that tanshinone IIA has anti-adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 cells and zebrafish, and its anti-adipogenic effect on 3T3-L1 cells is largely attributable to the reduced expression and/or phosphorylation levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, perilipin A, and STAT-3/5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Brice Wilfried Obiang-Obounou
- Department of Food Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Tae-Yun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea.
| | - Myung-Ae Bae
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Seok Hwang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Division of Convergence Biotechnology, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Division of Convergence Biotechnology, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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Tsai YC, Yang BC, Peng WH, Lee YM, Yen MH, Cheng PY. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates anti-adipogenesis effect of raspberry ketone in 3T3-L1 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 31:11-17. [PMID: 28606512 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by excessive accumulation of body fat and is closely related to complex metabolic diseases. Raspberry ketone (RK), a major aromatic compound in red raspberry, was recently reported to possess anti-obesity effects. However, its mechanisms are unclear. AIM Adipogenesis plays a critical role in obesity and, therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanisms of action of RK on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in medium containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Adipocyte lipid contents were determined using oil-red O staining while adipogenic transcription factor and lipogenic protein expressions were determined using western blotting. RESULTS RK (300-400µM) strongly inhibited lipid accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation into adipocytes. RK reduced the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) expressions and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Wnt10b, and β-catenin expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, RK inhibited lipid accumulation, and adipogenic transcription factor and lipogenic protein expressions were all decreased by inhibiting HO-1 or β-catenin using tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) or β-catenin short-interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Furthermore, Wnt10b and β-catenin expressions were negatively regulation by SnPP. CONCLUSION RK may exert anti-adipogenic effects through modulation of the HO-1/Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan; Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huang Peng
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsiung Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tung CH, Han MS, Qi J. Total control of fat cells from adipogenesis to apoptosis using a xanthene analog. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179158. [PMID: 28582464 PMCID: PMC5459503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcrowded adipocytes secrete excess adipokines and cytokines under stress, which results in a deregulated metabolism. This negative response to stress increases the possibility of obesity and several of its associated diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Therefore, a reduction in the number of adipocytes may be a rational strategy to relieve the undesired expansion of adipose tissue. A newly synthesized xanthene analog, MI-401, was found to have two distinct effects on the regulation of the adipocyte’s life cycle. MI-401 efficiently down regulated the expression of transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα, and lipogenesis proteins, FAS and FABP4. This down regulation resulted in the inhibition of adipogenesis. Without newly differentiated adipocytes, the total number of adipocytes will not increase. In addition to this inhibitory effect, MI-401 was able to actively kill mature adipocytes. It specifically triggered apoptosis in adipocytes at low micro molar concentration and spared preadipocytes and fibroblasts. These dual functionalities make MI-401 an effective agent in the regulation of the birth and death of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Myung Shin Han
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Qian L, Ma L, Wu G, Yu Q, Lin H, Ying Q, Wen D, Gao C. G004, a synthetic sulfonylurea compound, exerts anti-atherosclerosis effects by targeting SIRT1 in ApoE −/− mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 89:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Harder-Lauridsen NM, Nielsen ST, Mann SP, Lyngbæk MP, Benatti FB, Langkilde AR, Law I, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Thomsen C, Møller K, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. The effect of alternate-day caloric restriction on the metabolic consequences of 8 days of bed rest in healthy lean men: a randomized trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:230-241. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and alternate-day fasting/caloric restriction may both ameliorate aspects of the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, visceral fat mass accumulation, and cognitive impairment by overlapping mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that alternate-day caloric restriction (ADCR) with overall energy balance would reduce insulin resistance and accumulation of visceral fat, in addition to improving cognitive functions, after 8 consecutive days in bed. Healthy, lean men ( n = 20) were randomized to 1) 8 days of bed rest with three daily isoenergetic meals (control group, n = 10); and 2) 8 days of bed rest with 25% of total energy requirements every other day and 175% of total energy requirements every other day (ADCR group). Oral glucose tolerance testing, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and brain, V̇o2max, and tests for cognitive function were performed before and after bed rest. In addition, daily fasting blood samples and 24-h glucose profiles by continuous glucose monitoring system were assessed during the 8 days of bed rest period. Bed rest induced insulin resistance, visceral fat accumulation, and worsening of mood. No positive effects emerged from ADCR on these negative health outcomes. Compared with the control group, ADCR was associated with improved and steadier glycemic control on fasting days and higher glycemic fluctuation and indexes of insulin resistance on overeating days. In contrast to our hypothesis, the metabolic impairment induced by 8 days of bed rest was not counteracted by ADCR with overall energy balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alternate-day caloric restriction without overall energy reduction does not ameliorate the metabolic impairment induced in lean men by 8 days of bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Majlund Harder-Lauridsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Tellerup Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mark Preben Lyngbæk
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ian Law
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Anne-Sophie Wedell-Neergaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of the duration of hyperlipidemia on cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:26. [PMID: 28143622 PMCID: PMC5282812 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hyperlipidemia on the cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons of rats, and to provide experimental evidence for subsequent intervention. Method One hundred adult SD rats, half of which were male and half of which were female, were randomly divided into five groups on the basis of serum total cholesterol (TC) levels. Four groups were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil – this is also called a CCT diet) for periods of 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. A control group was included. The levels of serum lipids, cerebral lipids, free fatty acids (FFA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), A-beta precursor proteins (APP), amyloid beta (Aβ), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tight junction protein Claudin-5 were measured after the experiment. The pathologic changes and apoptosis of the rat brains were evaluated. Results Compared with the control group, after 1 week of a CCT diet, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and brain triglycerides had increased by 2.40, 1.29 and 1.75 and 0.3 times, respectively. The serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had decreased by 0.74 times (P < 0.05) and the expression of IL-1, TNF-α and GFAP in the brains had increased (P < 0.05). In the second week, the expression of FFA and APP in the brains, and the amount of apoptotic neurons, had increased (P < 0.05). In the third week, the levels of VEGF, Ox-LDL and Aβ had increased, and the expression of Claudin-5 had decreased in the brains (P < 0.05). In the fourth week, the levels of TC, LDL-C and the amount of apoptotic neurons had increased (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed a positive correlation among FFA, TNF-α, VEGF, ox-LDL, Aβ, GFAP and neuronal apoptosis in the rat brains, and they all were negatively correlated with Claudin-5 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Hyperlipidemia may activate astrocytes by means of high levels of TG that will have direct toxic effects on the cerebral vessels and neurons by causing the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1 in the brains of rats. In the metabolic procession, brain tissue was shown to generate FFA that aggravated the biosynthesis of ox-LDL. With the extension of the duration of hyperlipidemia, high levels of cerebral TC and LDL-C were shown to aggravate the deposition of Aβ, induce the secretion of VEGF, reduce the expression of tight junction protein Claudin-5 and change the permeability of blood–brain barriers to factors that could damage cerebral vessels and neurons.
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Park HJ, Kim J, Park SE, Park CY, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Rhee EJ. Increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis associated with high visceral adiposity index in apparently healthy Korean adults: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Ann Med 2016; 48:410-416. [PMID: 27181508 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1183258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a mathematical tool that reflects a patient's visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Recent studies have noted an association between VAI and cardiovascular event. We analyzed the association between VAI and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in Korean adults. METHODS For 33,468 participants (mean age 42 yrs) in a health screening program, VAI was calculated using the following formulae: [waist circumference (WC)/{39.68 + (1.88 * body mass index (BMI))}] * (triglyceride/1.03) * {1.31/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)} for men and [WC/{36.58 + (1.89 * BMI)}] * (triglyceride/0.81) * (1.52/HDL-C) for women. Coronary artery calcium scores were measured with multi-detector computed tomography. RESULTS CACS was positively correlated with VAI (r = 0.027, p < 0.001). Subjects with 0 < CACS <100 and CACS ≥ 100 had significantly higher VAI compared to those with CACS = 0 (2.04 ± 1.97, 2.08 ± 1.67 vs. 1.68 ± 1.50, p < 0.001). In logistic regression analyses with CACS >0 as the dependent variable, subjects in the highest tertile of VAI (>1.777) had significantly increased odds ratio for CACS >0 compared to subjects in the lowest tertile (<0.967), even after adjusting for confounding variables, including BMI (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.147-1.381). CONCLUSIONS Subjects with high VAI had increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, as assessed by CACS. Key messages Recent studies have noted an association between visceral adiposity index (VAI) and cardiovascular event. Subjects with coronary artery calcification (CAC) showed significantly higher VAI compared to those without CAC. The subjects with high VAI showed increased odds ratio for CAC as compared to subjects with low VAI, suggesting high VAI reflects increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Park
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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