1
|
Els F, Kleynhans J, Wolter N, du Plessis M, Moosa F, Tempia S, Makhasi M, Nel J, Dawood H, Meiring S, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Walaza S. Comparing adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 or influenza infection: South Africa, 2016-2021. S Afr J Infect Dis 2024; 39:574. [PMID: 39114258 PMCID: PMC11304391 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v39i1.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Comparisons of the characteristics of individuals hospitalised with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza in low-to middle-income countries with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence are limited. Objectives Determine the epidemiological differences with those hospitalised with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Method We investigated hospitalised individuals ≥18 years of age testing positive for seasonal influenza (2016-2019) or SARS-CoV-2 (2020-2021). We used random effects multivariable logistic regression, controlling for clustering by site, to evaluate differences among adults hospitalised with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Compared to individuals with influenza, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to be diabetic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.61) or die in hospital (aOR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.61-4.12). Additionally, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection were less likely to be living with HIV (not immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34-0.73) or living with HIV (immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18-0.39) compared to not living with HIV and less likely to be asthmatic (aOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.13-0.33) rather than those living with influenza. Conclusion Individuals hospitalised with SARS-CoV-2 had different characteristics to individuals hospitalised with influenza before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Risk factors should be considered in health management especially as we move into an era of co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza pathogens. Contribution Identifying groups at high risk of severe disease could help to better monitor, prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 or influenza severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Els
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Field Epidemiology Training Programme (SAFETP), Division of Public Health, Surveillance and Response (DPHSR), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fahima Moosa
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mvuyo Makhasi
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeremy Nel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Halima Dawood
- Department of Medicine, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Centre for the Aids programme of research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Meiring
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Toit MN, Eccles R, Westwood K, Graham MA, Van der Linde J. Caregivers' perspectives of early developmental tele-assessments in challenging circumstances. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2024; 71:e1-e9. [PMID: 39099281 PMCID: PMC11304366 DOI: 10.4102/sajcd.v71i1.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, exacerbate barriers to accessing early childhood developmental care. Tele-assessment may serve as an innovative approach to developmental monitoring to overcome service delivery amidst challenging circumstances. It is vital to collect caregivers' perspectives of this potential service delivery method to inform clinical decision making. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine caregivers' perspectives of interview-based early developmental tele-assessment in a South African context. METHOD Thirty caregivers of children (aged birth - 36 months) completed a caregiver-report developmental assessment via a telecommunications platform, as well as an online questionnaire probing their perspectives on the tele-assessment. RESULTS Most participants (96.7%, n = 29 out of 30) rated their overall experience of the tele-assessment as positive; however, 53.8% (n = 14 out of 26 that answered the question) indicated that they would additionally still prefer in-person assessment. CONCLUSION Tele-assessment appears to be a viable approach for caregivers to access developmental care during circumstances such as COVID-19.Contribution: This study provided valuable insight into a novel approach using interview-based early developmental tele-assessment and the perspectives of caregivers thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Du Toit
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wilson E, Loades ME, Human S, Coetzee B, Gericke H, Laning G. The impact of the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on referral patterns and therapeutic service provision for children and young people's psychosocial distress in a Low-or Middle-Income Country: A service evaluation of routinely collected data from a non-government organisation operating in schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024:13591045241264861. [PMID: 39030660 DOI: 10.1177/13591045241264861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including South Africa, there is a paucity of psychosocial support services. Therefore, services are often provided in schools by non-government organisations like Community Keepers (CK). The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant restrictions meant that children and young people's (CYP) lives changed, negatively affecting their mental health. Further, organisations like CK had to change their working processes. METHOD This project compared routinely collected data from CK from 2019 (pre-pandemic) to 2020 (pandemic) to describe the changes that occurred in referral patterns to, and service provision by, CK. RESULTS Both pre-pandemic and during the pandemic, most referrals of CYP were for emotional/psychological support and behavioural difficulties. In 2020, referrals for general guidance increased, whilst referrals for peer group issues and sexuality decreased. Further, CK completed more brief check-ins, provided wellbeing workshops to increased numbers of teachers, parents and CYP, and had more consultation sessions with other service providers during the pandemic. DISCUSSION Routinely collected data from this community-based service in a LMIC context shows differences in the way that support was provided, and to whom, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical implications, including the importance of increasing access to psychosocial support via technology, are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Human
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, SA
- Community Keepers, SA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Closson K, Dong E, Zulu B, Dietrich JJ, Zharima C, Jesson J, Pakhomova T, Beksinska M, Kaida A. 'Life became harder with COVID-19': exploring the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic among youth living in eThekwini district, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1922. [PMID: 39020372 PMCID: PMC11256542 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South Africa, pervasive age and gender inequities have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and public health response. We aimed to explore experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic among youth in eThekwini district, South Africa. METHODS Between December 2021-May 2022 we explored experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth aged 16-24 residing in eThekwini, South Africa. We collated responses to the open-ended question "Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected you in any other way you want to tell us about?" in an online survey focused on understanding the pandemic's multi-levelled health and social effects. We used a thematic analysis to summarise the responses. RESULTS Of 2,068 respondents, 256 (12.4%, median age = 22, 60.9% women) completed the open-ended survey question (11% in isiZulu). Results were organized into three main themes encompassing (1) COVID-19-related loss, fear, grief, and exacerbated mental and physical health concerns; (2) COVID-19-related intensified hardships, which contributed to financial, employment, food, education, and relationship insecurities for individuals and households; and (3) positive effects of the pandemic response, including the benefits of government policies and silver linings to government restrictions. CONCLUSIONS We found that South African youth experienced significant grief and multiple losses (e.g., death, income, job, and educational) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trauma-aware interventions that provide economic and educational opportunities must be included in post-COVID recovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalysha Closson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Center of Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Erica Dong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Bongiwe Zulu
- Wits MRU (MatCH Research Unit), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Janan J Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa
- African Social Sciences Unit of Research and Evaluation (ASSURE), Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Campion Zharima
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julie Jesson
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), Inserm, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Tatiana Pakhomova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Mags Beksinska
- Wits MRU (MatCH Research Unit), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garenne M, Stiegler N. Covid-19 demography in France and South Africa: A comparative study of morbidity and mortality in 2020-2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294870. [PMID: 38315717 PMCID: PMC10843123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 epidemics raged around the world in years 2020-2022. The dynamics of the epidemics and their mortality varied by country depending on prevention, treatments, vaccination and health status of the population. OBJECTIVE The study compares Covid-19 morbidity and mortality in South-Africa and in France, two countries with similar population size and with reliable reporting systems, in order to better understand the dynamics and impacts of the epidemics and the effects of health policies and programs. DATA AND METHODS Data on cases, deaths, hospitalizations, vaccinations were drawn from national statistics. Published data on cases and deaths were corrected for undercount. RESULTS Results show a different epidemiology in the two countries in the first three years of the epidemic (2020-2022). Incidence was higher in South Africa, and some 44% more people were infected by December 2022 than in France. Mortality and case-fatality were also higher in South Africa despite a favourable age structure. The age pattern of mortality showed higher values in South Africa among the young adults. Young women appeared somewhat disadvantaged in South Africa. Lastly, vaccination appeared to have had no effect on incidence, but a large effect on case-fatality in France. CONCLUSIONS Despite about the same population size and the same crude death rate at baseline, South Africa exhibited more cases and more deaths from Covid-19 over the 2020-2022 period. Prevention strategies (lockdown and vaccination) appear to have had large impacts on morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Garenne
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI Résiliences, Bondy, France
- Senior Fellow, FERDI, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sorsdahl K, Van Der Westhuizen C, Hornsby N, Jacobs Y, Poole M, Neuman M, Weiss HA, Myers B. Project ASPIRE: A feasibility randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for reducing risk of depression and alcohol-related harms among South African adolescents. Psychother Res 2024; 34:96-110. [PMID: 36736329 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2023.2169083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brief interventions could reduce adolescents' risk of depression and alcohol-related harms, but evidence of their feasibility and acceptability for low-and middle-income countries is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a feasibility trial of the ASPIRE intervention, a four-session multi-component counselling intervention for South African adolescents. METHOD We recruited 117 adolescents who met our inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to the ASPIRE intervention or a comparison condition. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, six-week, and three-month post-randomization time points. Primary outcomes were based on feasibility of study procedures and intervention delivery (assessed on seven predetermined progression criteria). Clinical outcomes (risk of depression and alcohol harms) were secondary. RESULTS Despite modifications to all study procedures arising from Covid-19 restrictions, five of the seven key progression criteria were fully met, including: feasibility of data collection and outcome measures, counsellor competencies, randomization and blinding, adverse advents, and acceptability of the intervention. The progression criterion for recruitment and intervention retention were not fully met. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the ASPIRE intervention was generally feasible to deliver and acceptable to adolescents. However, modifications to the trial design and intervention delivery are needed to optimize the validity of a definitive randomized controlled trial of the ASPIRE intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sorsdahl
- Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - C Van Der Westhuizen
- Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - N Hornsby
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Y Jacobs
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - M Poole
- Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - M Neuman
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - H A Weiss
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - B Myers
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chandiwana N, Kruger C, Richardson N, Nxumalo S, Mashilo N, Dineka Y, Mudau N, Johnstone H, Kim W, Ju C, Arbe-Barnes S, Marrast AC, Flynn J, Venter WDF. Community-based management of a five-arm randomised clinical trial in COVID-19 outpatients in South Africa: challenges and opportunities. Trials 2023; 24:635. [PMID: 37794489 PMCID: PMC10548657 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated COVID-19 waves and corresponding mitigation measures have impacted health systems globally with exceptional challenges. In response to the pandemic, researchers, regulators, and funders rapidly pivoted to COVID-19 research activities. However, many clinical drug studies were not completed, due to often complex and rapidly evolving research conditions. METHODS We outline our experience of planning and managing a randomised, adaptive, open-label, phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of four repurposed drug regimens versus standard-of-care (SOC) in outpatients with 'mild to moderate' COVID-19 in Johannesburg, South Africa, in the context of a partnership with multiple stakeholders. The study was conducted between 3 September 2020 and 23 August 2021 during changing COVID-19 restrictions, significant morbidity and mortality waves, and allied supply line, economic, and political instability. RESULTS Our clinical study design was pragmatic, including low-risk patients who were treated open label. There was built-in flexibility, including provision for some sample size adjustment and a range of secondary efficacy outcomes. Barriers to recruitment included the timing of waves, staff shortages due to illness, late presentation of patients, COVID-19 misinformation, and political unrest. Mitigations were the use of community health workers, deployment of mobile clinical units, and simplification of screening. Trial management required a radical reorganisation of logistics and processes to accommodate COVID-19 restrictions. These included the delivery of staff training and monitoring remotely, electronic consent, patient training and support to collect samples and report data at home, and the introduction of tele-medicine. These measures were successful for data collection, safe, and well received by patients. CONCLUSION Completing a COVID-19 trial in outpatients during the height of the pandemic required multiple innovations in nearly every aspect of clinical trial management, a high commitment level from study staff and patients, and support from study sponsors. Our experience has generated a more robust clinical research infrastructure, building in efficiencies to clinical trial management beyond the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nomathemba Chandiwana
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
| | - Chelsea Kruger
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | | | - Sibongiseni Nxumalo
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Nkoleleng Mashilo
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Yengiwe Dineka
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Ntanganedzeni Mudau
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | | | - Wookyung Kim
- Shin Poong Pharm. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Shin Poong Pharm. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Julia Flynn
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Willem D Francois Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pillay J. Difficulties experienced by South African adolescents during COVID-19 lockdown: implications for early mental health interventions. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 53:211-224. [PMID: 38603312 PMCID: PMC9659695 DOI: 10.1177/00812463221133964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized as a period of great physical, psychological, social, and behavioral challenges which often impacts on the mental health of adolescents. Prior research has demonstrated the mental health of adolescents to be further complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in isolation during the strictest lockdown period. As such, the primary purpose of this study was to identify the difficulties of South African adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through a questionnaire completed by 4230 grade 4 to 12 learners from two provinces in South Africa (Mpumalanga, North-West) and analyzed with chi-square, Cramer's V, Bayesian, and the odds ratio tests. Participants self-reported on the difficulties they experienced during the strictest part of the COVID-19 lockdown period which could possibly impact on their mental health. The results indicate that fear was the most prominent difficulty experienced, but it must be viewed as a comorbidity with anxiety, stress, and depression. A significant finding was that the difficulties experienced were gender, age, and school level specific. The results indicate that mental health practitioners working with adolescents who experienced such difficulties should adopt a multilevel systems approach in supporting the mental health of adolescents during crisis situations like the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. More importantly, early mental health interventions should take gender, age, and primary and secondary school levels into consideration for effectiveness since the difficulties highlighted in this study are likely to impact on the mental health of learners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jace Pillay
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kourti A, Stavridou A, Panagouli E, Psaltopoulou T, Spiliopoulou C, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:719-745. [PMID: 34402325 PMCID: PMC10011925 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211038690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 outbreak and the followed confinement measures have raised concerns to specialists worldwide regarding the imminent increase in domestic violence cases. The present systematic review aims to identify the international trends in domestic violence during the COVID-19 epidemic and to examine the possible differences among all population groups and different geographic areas worldwide. METHOD The following databases were accessed: DOAJ, ERIC, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Pubmed, PsycNet, and SCOPUS, up to July 22, 2020. RESULTS A total of 32 studies were considered eligible. Data from North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific Area, Africa, and worldwide researches were retrieved. COVID-19 has caused an increase in domestic violence cases, especially during the first week of the COVID-19 lockdown in each country. In children, however, although the specialists' estimations suggested an increase in child maltreatment and abuse cases, the rate of police and social services' reports has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. School closures that isolated students at home seemed to have contributed to this decrease. CONCLUSIONS Domestic violence has been a considerable issue imposed by the COVID-19 epidemic to a worldwide context. The home confinement led to constant contact between perpetrators and victims, resulting in increased violence and decreased reports. In order to minimize such issues, prevention measures and supporting programs are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kourti
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Stavridou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Eleni Panagouli, Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 24, Mesogeion Ave., Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Connor LM, Yelverton C. Knowledge, attitudes and perceived behavioral modification of chiropractic students returning to clinical training in South Africa amid the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2023; 37:33-40. [PMID: 36356293 PMCID: PMC10013598 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 and perceived behavioral modification of South African chiropractic students returning to clinical training during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS An online survey was administered to students registered for clinical training in South African chiropractic programs. The survey consisted of questions related to knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 and perceptions on behavioral modification in the form of personal protective equipment (PPE) use to prevent transmission. RESULTS Out of 129 participants, there was a 69% response rate (n = 89), with a mean age of 25 (±2.39) years and 75% were females. They had an acceptable level of knowledge (67.9%). There was a favorable perception score about COVID-19 (98.8%) but a poor perception of the role of PPE. They expressed concern about returning to clinical training (62.9%) but were prepared to return to serve their patients during the pandemic (72%). CONCLUSION Chiropractic students within South Africa demonstrated good attitudes, knowledge, and perception toward the measures required to return safely to the clinical environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a level of stress associated with potential infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mostly for onward transmission to family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. O'Connor
- Laura O'Connor is a senior lecturer in the Department of Chiropractic at the Durban University of Technology (Ritson Campus, 11 Ritson Rd, Berea, Durban, 4000, South Africa; )
| | - Christopher Yelverton
- Christopher Yelverton is the head of the Department of Chiropractic at the University of Johannesburg (John Orr Building, 7th Floor, 55 Beit St, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa; )
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wickenden M, Hart TGB, Thompson SJ, Davids YD, Ngungu M. How did South Africans with disabilities experience COVID-19? Results of an online survey. Afr J Disabil 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 36876021 PMCID: PMC9982366 DOI: 10.4102/ajod.v12i0.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People with disabilities are a large, disadvantaged minority, comprising approximately 12% of the population. The South African government has ratified international and regional disability treaties but deals with disability rights within general anti-discrimination legislation. There are no specific frameworks to monitor justice for people with disabilities. The study aims to inform further development of disability inclusive mechanisms relating to crises including pandemics. Objectives This study explored the perceptions of South Africans with disabilities, to understand their experiences during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), focussing on socioeconomic, well-being and human rights aspects. Method An online survey tool generated quantitative and qualitative data. Widespread publicity and broad recruitment were achieved through project partners networks. Participants responded via mobile phone and/or online platforms. Results Nearly 2000 people responded, representing different genders, impairments, races, socio-economic status, education and ages. Findings include: (1) negative economic and emotional impacts, (2) a lack of inclusive and accessible information, (3) reduced access to services, (4) uncertainty about government and non-government agencies' support and (5)exacerbation of pre-existing disadvantages. These findings echo international predictions of COVID-19 disproportionally impacting people with disabilities. Conclusion The evidence reveals that people with disabilities in South Africa experienced many negative impacts of the pandemic. Strategies to control the virus largely ignored attending to human rights and socioeconomic well-being of this marginalised group. Contribution The evidence will inform the development of the national monitoring framework, recognised by the South African Government and emphasised by the United Nations as necessary to ensure the realisation of the rights of people with disabilities during future crises including pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wickenden
- Participation, Inclusion and Social Change Cluster, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim G B Hart
- Developmental, Capable and Ethical State Research Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Stephen J Thompson
- Participation, Inclusion and Social Change Cluster, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Yul D Davids
- Developmental, Capable and Ethical State Research Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mercy Ngungu
- Impact Centre Research Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Githaiga JN, Späth C, Sicwebu N, Perera S, Tolla T, Leon N. Critical Reflections on Conducting Qualitative Health Research During COVID-19: The Lived Experiences of a Cohort of Postgraduate Students in a South African University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUALITATIVE METHODS 2023; 22:16094069221148406. [PMID: 36628133 PMCID: PMC9813641 DOI: 10.1177/16094069221148406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 ushered in public health guidelines restricting face-to-face contact and movement, and encouraging social distancing, all of which had implications for conducting field-based research during the pandemic. For qualitative researchers, this meant adapting conventional face-to-face methods and resorting to virtual variations of the same in adherence to stipulated COVID-19 health protocols. Virtual qualitative research introduced new concerns and logistical challenges. This paper presents critical reflections on experiences of conducting qualitative research during the pandemic, from the perspectives of a cohort of postgraduate fellows. A critical reflection framework was utilised to explore fellows experiences and meanings ascribed to their experiences. The research findings illustrate three overarching processes which, in turn, shaped ways of thinking, doing and being. First, explicating tacit assumptions about their anticipated research journeys and interrogating these. Second, shifts in power differentials demonstrated by role reversal between researchers and participants, and between fellows and supervisors as they re-negotiated their positionalities in virtual research spaces. Third, context specific sense-making, in which - narrative accounts support the notion of knowledge as a social construct. Our findings have important implications for qualitative research practice. Our study documents methodological nuances and social implications of conducting qualitative research during COVID-19 and in a-South African context. In addition, our study exemplifies the use of critical reflection in qualitative research practice in the specific context of postgraduate academic research. Further, our study illustrates how the use of technology shapes qualitative research protocol development, data collection and analysis phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nyawira Githaiga
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carmen Späth
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Namhla Sicwebu
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shehani Perera
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tsidiso Tolla
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Leon
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Purasram M, Bangalee V, Oosthuizen F, Moodley R. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of a patient population on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Health SA 2022; 27:1845. [PMID: 36570088 PMCID: PMC9772648 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v27i0.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had dire effects on South Africa. Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are critical in the fight against COVID-19. This study is necessary to optimise vaccine acceptance. Aim To determine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of a patient population in South Africa on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Setting This study was conducted via a retail pharmacy in Merebank, Wentworth and Bluff (Ward 68), which is in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province. Methods A quantitative study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire between April 2021 to September 2021. There were a total of 430 participants. Data were collected on Google Forms, recorded in Microsoft Excel and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Knowledge of COVID-19 in the population was 81.86%. A total of 65% of participants stated that they would definitely take the COVID-19 vaccine, and 33.7% stated that they were hesitant to receive the vaccine. Reasons for hesitancies included concerns surrounding side effects of the vaccines, its safety and efficacy and the fast-tracking of the vaccine. Conclusion Education campaigns need to be customised to provide the population with reliable and vetted vaccine information and address specific concerns or hesitancies present. Health care workers and the government need to work with religious leaders to improve public trust and confidence in the vaccine. To reach herd immunity and prevent increased morbidity rates, there needs to be a rise in vaccine acceptance across South Africa and globally. Contribution With the intention of ensuring a successful COVID-19 vaccine rollout strategy in South Africa, it is of great importance to address the reasons for vaccine hesitancy and to determine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the population on the COVID-19 vaccines. This study will therefore aid in developing strategies aimed at improving vaccine education and awareness, thereby resulting in a greater uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine by the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makaira Purasram
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Varsha Bangalee
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frasia Oosthuizen
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajatheran Moodley
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fapohunda T, Stiegler N, Masiagwala P, Bouchard JP. [The role of nurses in the prevention and post-traumatic management of domestic violence in South Africa]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIERE 2022; 71:38-40. [PMID: 36509480 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization defines domestic violence as the deliberate use of force, power, threats, against a person or group of people, which may result in death or physical injury. As such, it usually results in physical, economic, psychological, sexual or emotional harm. This study assessed the prevalence and contributing factors of domestic violence among women and children in South Africa to better understand the factors surrounding domestic violence using the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey. Because domestic violence is a public health issue, nurses play a central role in prevention and post-trauma care, including within emergency and psychiatric services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomiwa Fapohunda
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South-Africa
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South-Africa
| | - Phathutshedzo Masiagwala
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South-Africa
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South-Africa; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac,33410 Cadillac, France; Psychologie-Criminologie-Victimologie (PCV), Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Large-Scale Dataset of Twitter Chatter about Online Learning during the Current COVID-19 Omicron Wave. DATA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/data7080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 Omicron variant, reported to be the most immune-evasive variant of COVID-19, is resulting in a surge of COVID-19 cases globally. This has caused schools, colleges, and universities in different parts of the world to transition to online learning. As a result, social media platforms such as Twitter are seeing an increase in conversations related to online learning in the form of tweets. Mining such tweets to develop a dataset can serve as a data resource for different applications and use-cases related to the analysis of interest, views, opinions, perspectives, attitudes, and feedback towards online learning during the current surge of COVID-19 cases caused by the Omicron variant. Therefore, this work presents a large-scale, open-access Twitter dataset of conversations about online learning from different parts of the world since the first detected case of the COVID-19 Omicron variant in November 2021. The dataset is compliant with the privacy policy, developer agreement, and guidelines for content redistribution of Twitter, as well as with the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles for scientific data management. The paper also briefly outlines some potential applications in the fields of Big Data, Data Mining, Natural Language Processing, and their related disciplines, with a specific focus on online learning during this Omicron wave that may be studied, explored, and investigated by using this dataset.
Collapse
|
16
|
Eike D, Hogrebe M, Kifle D, Tregilgas M, Uppal A, Calmy A. How the COVID-19 Pandemic Alters the Landscapes of the HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemics in South Africa: A Case Study and Future Directions. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:297-313. [PMID: 36417259 PMCID: PMC9620941 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
South Africa has long grappled with one of the highest HIV and tuberculosis (TB) burdens in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges to the country's already strained health system. Measures to contain COVID-19 virus may have further hampered the containment of HIV and TB in the country and further widened the socioeconomic gap. South Africa's handling of the pandemic has led to disruptions to HIV/TB testing and treatment. It has, furthermore, influenced social risk factors associated with increased transmission of these diseases. Individuals living with HIV and/or TB also face higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 disease. In this case study, we contextualize the HIV/TB landscape in South Africa and analyze the direct and indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the country's efforts to combat these ongoing epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eike
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.H.); (D.K.); (M.T.); (A.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maximilia Hogrebe
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.H.); (D.K.); (M.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Dagem Kifle
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.H.); (D.K.); (M.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Miriam Tregilgas
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.H.); (D.K.); (M.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.H.); (D.K.); (M.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lambarey H, Blumenthal MJ, Chetram A, Joyimbana W, Jennings L, Tincho MB, Burgers WA, Orrell C, Schäfer G. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Uncontrolled HIV Viral Load in Non-Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients from Gugulethu, South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061222. [PMID: 35746693 PMCID: PMC9229655 DOI: 10.3390/v14061222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Africa, high exposure to SARS-CoV-2 occurs primarily in densely populated, low-income communities, which are additionally burdened by highly prevalent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). With the aim to assess SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and its association with HIV-related clinical parameters in non-hospitalized patients likely to be highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2, this observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gugulethu Community Health Centre Antiretroviral clinic between October 2020 and June 2021, after the first COVID-19 wave in South Africa and during the second and beginning of the third wave. A total of 150 adult (median age 39 years [range 20−65 years]) HIV-infected patients (69% female; 31% male) were recruited. 95.3% of the cohort was on antiretroviral therapy (ART), had a median CD4 count of 220 cells/µL (range 17−604 cells/µL) and a median HIV viral load (VL) of 49 copies/mL (range 1−1,050,867 copies/mL). Furthermore, 106 patients (70.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive, and 0% were vaccinated. When stratified for HIV VL, patients with uncontrolled HIV viremia (HIV VL > 1000 copies/mL) had significantly higher odds of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity than patients with HIV VL < 1000 copies/mL, after adjusting for age, sex and ART status (p = 0.035, adjusted OR 2.961 [95% CI: 1.078−8.133]). Although the cause−effect relationship could not be determined due to the cross-sectional study design, these results point towards a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility among viremic HIV patients, or impaired HIV viral control due to previous co-infection with SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Lambarey
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (H.L.); (M.J.B.); (A.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Melissa J. Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (H.L.); (M.J.B.); (A.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Abeen Chetram
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (H.L.); (M.J.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Wendy Joyimbana
- Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (W.J.); (L.J.)
| | - Lauren Jennings
- Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (W.J.); (L.J.)
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Catherine Orrell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (W.J.); (L.J.)
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (H.L.); (M.J.B.); (A.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.B.T.); (W.A.B.); (C.O.)
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-404-7688
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campbell LS, Masquillier C, Knight L, Delport A, Sematlane N, Dube LT, Wouters E. Stay-at-Home: The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Household Functioning and ART Adherence for People Living with HIV in Three Sub-districts of Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1905-1922. [PMID: 34977957 PMCID: PMC8720535 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, the South African government imposed a lockdown to control COVID-19 transmission. Lockdown may affect people living with HIV's (PLWH) antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Data from a cluster randomised control trial was collected from 152 PLWH in Cape Town sub-districts from October 2019-March 2020 when the lockdown halted collection. Subsequently, 83 PLWH were followed-up in June-July 2020. Random effects models were used to analyse: (1) changes between baseline and follow-up and (2) correlates of adherence during lockdown. At follow-up, there was an increase in the odds of being below the poverty line and the odds of experiencing violence decreased. Measures for well-being, household functioning, stigma and HIV competency improved. Violence, depression, food insecurity, and stigma were associated with poorer ART adherence; higher well-being scores were associated with better adherence. During lockdown, governments need to ensure financial support, access to (mental) health services, and services for those experiencing violence.Clinical Trial Number: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201906476052236. Registered on 24 June 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Campbell
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Caroline Masquillier
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lucia Knight
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anton Delport
- School of Public Health, Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neo Sematlane
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Tanyaradzwa Dube
- School of Public Health, Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edwin Wouters
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
South Africa had the privilege of learning from how other countries responded to the crisis engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this opportunity seems to have been lost as the South African government made the mistake of transposing a developed world preventive response onto a largely developing-world populace. The government failed to map out how factors such as South Africa’s demographic composition, spatial architecture, the incidence of poverty and informality, and competing epidemics would interact synergistically and shape epidemiological outcomes. In this article shaped by sociological insights, we show how the application of governance systems can give rise to many unintended social consequences when the knowledge forms upon which they are based are not suitably tailored to meet the needs of the specific local context. We highlight how informality can play a valuable role in fighting the COVID crisis and suggest that, to truly succeed, the government should include rather than override informal principles of governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Trevor van Wyk
- Department of Sociology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vasu Reddy
- Department of Sociology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahlangu P, Gibbs A, Shai N, Machisa M, Nunze N, Sikweyiya Y. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and link to women and children's experiences of violence in the home in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1029. [PMID: 35597933 PMCID: PMC9123923 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown remains at an early stage. There is limited research about the impact of hard lockdown restrictions on families, specifically how these restrictions impact on women and children's experiences of domestic violence, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse in South Africa. We conducted research among men and women in Gauteng province, South Africa to understand their experiences of the COVID-19 national lockdown and its impact and link to women and children's experiences of domestic violence. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study, using social media to recruit men and women who were 18 years and older, living with a spouse and/or children in Gauteng province, South Africa during the lockdown. To collect the data, we conducted telephone interviews, and analyzed data using the thematic approach. RESULTS The lockdown had unprecedented negative economic impacts on families, and exacerbated some of the risk factors for violence against women and children in the home in South Africa. Some women reported experiences of emotional violence. Experiences of physical violence were mostly amongst children. The risk factors for women and children's experiences of violence in the home differed by socio-economic class. Job losses and reduction in earnings resulted to food insecurity which was a key driver of violence in most low socio-economic status (SES) families. Confinement in the home with spouses was an unfamiliar and difficult experience, associated with conflict and perpetration of violence by men in high SES families. Participants across socio-economic groups reported high levels of stress with limited psychosocial support available during the lockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our finding showing a link between low-socio-economic status and increased risk for domestic violence during the lockdown in South Africa suggests the need for socio-economic interventions to mitigate these risks. Structural and social relief measures need to be strengthened to reduce the loss of jobs and income and to address food insecurity during pandemics. Psychosocial support should be provided to men and women to mitigate the mental health impacts of the pandemics and lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - A Gibbs
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - N Shai
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Machisa
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - N Nunze
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Y Sikweyiya
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mbunge E, Batani J, Gaobotse G, Muchemwa B. Virtual healthcare services and digital health technologies deployed during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa: a systematic review. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2022; 6:102-113. [PMID: 35282399 PMCID: PMC8897959 DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To identify virtual healthcare services and digital health technologies deployed in South Africa during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the challenges associated with their use. Methods To determine the status of digital health utilization during COVID-19 in South Africa, the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses model was used to perform a systematic and in-depth critical analysis of previously published studies in well-known and trusted online electronic databases using specific search keywords words that are relevant to this study. We selected published peer-reviewed articles available from the onset of COVID-19 to July 2021. Results Total of 24 articles were included into this study. This study revealed that South Africa adopted digital technologies such as SMS-based solutions, mobile health applications, telemedicine and telehealth, WhatsApp-based systems, artificial intelligence and chatbots and robotics to provide healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. These innovative technologies have been used for various purposes including screening infectious and non-infectious diseases, disease surveillance and monitoring, medication and treatment compliance, creating awareness and communication. The study also revealed that teleconsultation and e-prescription, telelaboratory and telepharmacy, teleeducation and teletraining, teledermatology, teleradiology, telecardiology, teleophthalmology, teleneurology, telerehabilitation, teleoncology and telepsychiatry are among virtual healthcare services delivered through digital health technologies during COVID-19 in South Africa. However, these smart digital health technologies face several impediments such as infrastructural and technological barriers, organization and financial barriers, policy and regulatory barriers as well as cultural barriers. Conclusion Although COVID-19 has invigorated the use of digital health technologies, there are still some shortcomings. The outbreak of pandemics like COVID-19 in the future is not inevitable. Therefore, we recommend increasing community networks in rural areas to bridge the digital divide and the modification of mHealth policy to advocate for the effective use of innovative technologies in healthcare and the development of sustainable strategies for resources mobilization through private-public partnerships as well as joining available international initiatives advocating for smart digital health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mbunge
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Manzini, Eswatini
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Accounting and Informatics, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
| | - John Batani
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botho University, Lesotho
| | - Goabaone Gaobotse
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana
| | - Benhildah Muchemwa
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Manzini, Eswatini
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jugwanth S, Gededzha MP, Mampeule N, Zwane N, David A, Burgers WA, Blackburn JM, Grove JS, George JA, Sanne I, Scott L, Stevens W, Mayne ES. Performance of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG serological assay in South African 2 patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262442. [PMID: 35120133 PMCID: PMC8815965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, pneumonia cases of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan, China. This virus was named SARS-CoV2 and the clinical syndrome was named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). South Africa, despite strict and early lockdown has the highest infection rate in Africa. A key component of South Africa's response to SARSCoV2 was the rapid scale-up of diagnostic testing. The Abbott SARS-CoV2 assay detects IgG antibodies against the Nucleocapsid (N) protein of the SARS-CoV2 virus. This study undertook to validate and evaluate performance criteria of the Abbott assay and to establish whether this assay would show clinical utility in our population. Positive patients (n = 391) and negative controls (n = 139) were included. The Architect-i and Alinity-i systems were analyzers that were used to perform the SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. In-house ELISA was incorporated into the study as a confirmatory serology test. A total of number of 530 participants was tested, 87% were symptomatic with infection and 13% were asymptomatic. When compared to RT-qPCR, the sensitivity of Architect and Alinity SARS-CoV2 assays was 69.5% and 64.8%, respectively. Specificity for Architect and Alinity assays was 95% and 90.3%, respectively. The Abbott assay was also compared to in house ELISA assay, with sensitivity for the Architect and Alinity assays of 94.7% and 92.5%, respectively. Specificity for Abbott Alinity assays was 91.7% higher than Abbott Architect 88.1%. Based on the current findings testing of IgG after 14 days is recommended in South Africa and supports other studies performed around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Jugwanth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maemu P. Gededzha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nakampe Mampeule
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Zwane
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anura David
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Divisions of Chemical and System Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jurette S. Grove
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaya A. George
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lesley Scott
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stevens
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S. Mayne
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oloniiju SD, Otegbeye O, Ezugwu AE. Investigating the impact of vaccination and non-pharmaceutical measures in curbing COVID-19 spread: A South Africa perspective. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:1058-1077. [PMID: 34903026 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 brought about a pandemic that caught most of the world population by surprise and wreaked unimaginable havoc before any form of effective reaction could be put in place. COVID-19 is proving to be an epidemic that keeps on having an upsurge whenever it looks like it is being curbed. This pandemic has led to continuous strategizing on approaches to quelling the surge. The recent and welcome introduction of vaccines has led to renewed optimism for the population at large. The introduction of vaccines has led to the need to investigate the effect of vaccination among other control measures in the fight against COVID-19. In this study, we develop a mathematical model that captures the dynamics of the disease taking into consideration some measures that are easier to implement majorly within the African context. We consider quarantine and vaccination as control measures and investigate the efficacy of these measures in curbing the reproduction rate of the disease. We analyze the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium point. We also perform sensitivity analysis of the effective reproduction number to determine which parameters significantly lowers the effective reproduction number. The results obtained suggest that quarantine and a vaccine with at least 75% efficacy and reducing transmission probability through sanitation and wearing of protective gears can significantly reduce the number of secondary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shina D Oloniiju
- Department of Mathematics, Rhodes University, Makhanda, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Olumuyiwa Otegbeye
- School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Absalom E Ezugwu
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB, Stiegler N, Bouchard JP. A serial model of the interrelationship between perceived vulnerability to disease, fear of COVID-19, and psychological distress among teachers in South Africa. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2022; 180:23-28. [PMID: 34866639 PMCID: PMC8629722 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the serial relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and psychological distress among school teachers. Participants were South African school teachers (n = 355) who completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale. A path analysis confirmed that teachers who appraised themselves as more susceptible to disease, experienced heightened levels of fear of COVID-19, which led to heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. Specifically, germ aversion and perceived infectability were separately associated with heightened fear of COVID-19, which in turn was associated with heightened anxiety. This serial relationship was associated with heightened levels of hopelessness and depression. The current study extends research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among a distinct subgroup of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Padmanabhanunni
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa,Auteur correspondant. University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Tyrone B. Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa,Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France,Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ahmed R, Sayed YM, Nell J, Somhlaba NZ, Karriem A. Poverty, protests and pandemics: what can we learn from community resilience? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 51:478-480. [PMID: 38603187 PMCID: PMC8495207 DOI: 10.1177/00812463211047669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Jiang X, Chen Y, Wang J. Global Food Security under COVID-19: Comparison and Enlightenment of Policy Responses in Different Countries. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112850. [PMID: 34829131 PMCID: PMC8618370 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19 has exacerbated global food security risks, and the global food supply chain, especially in developing countries, has become more vulnerable. (2) Methods: In this paper, we discussed the current security of global food, response measures, and potential impacts, and analyzed the characteristics and evolution of food security policies in four representative countries: China, Italy, Malawi, Argentina. (3) Results: The results showed that most countries give priority to ensuring food access. Most underdeveloped countries adopt humanitarian intervention measures such as food distribution and transfer payments, while developed countries tend to implement development intervention policies such as supporting small- and medium-sized enterprises and guaranteeing employment. (4) Conclusions: Despite the ample global supply, developing countries still face long-term food security risks, highlighting the importance of strengthening global food security governance and risk management. Finally, a food security risk response policy framework was built to provide suggestions for effectively handling COVID-19 and similar public health emergencies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Yangfen Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Jieyong Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dekel B, Abrahams N. 'I will rather be killed by corona than by him…': Experiences of abused women seeking shelter during South Africa's COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259275. [PMID: 34710174 PMCID: PMC8553161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2020, the United Nations predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic will have a 'calamitous' impact on the lives of women. This was based on concerns about an upsurge in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) arising from increased opportunities for relational conflict due to forced co-existence and therefore additional time spent with abusive partners. AIM Research has shown an increase in IPV during times of crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has generated unprecedented circumstances and stress, and opportunities to do research to understand whether the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on IPV experiences were limited. Thus, the present study aimed to understand women's experiences of being in and leaving an abusive relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Individual, telephonic interviews were conducted with 16 women living in domestic violence shelters within three Provinces during South Africa's lockdown period. RESULTS Findings reveal that the public health measures implemented by the South African Government to curb the spread of the virus, may have placed vulnerable groups at increased risk of violence. Specifically, lockdown likely magnified the risk for escalation of abuse in families already experiencing IPV prior to COVID-19. The study highlights an IPV and COVID-19 relationship, showing that the gender insensitive pandemic control measures, such as stay at home orders and travel restrictions, likely placed women at risk of increased abuse. Given the recurrency of COVID-19 epidemic waves, attention must be given to gender disparities or many South African women may experience worse outcomes. CONCLUSION This study reminds us that being ordered to stay at home is not always the safest option for women and thus, in a country with one of the highest levels of GBV, it becomes imperative to ensure that IPV safeguards are integrated into COVID-19 measures. It also becomes evident that COVID-19 requires enhanced ways of responding by paying attention to gender disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dekel
- Gender and Health Research Unit, The South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South African
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- Gender and Health Research Unit, The South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South African
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pretorius TB, Padmanabhanunni A, Stiegler N, Bouchard JP. [Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in South Africa: Three Complementary Analyses]. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2021; 179:940-946. [PMID: 34697503 PMCID: PMC8529262 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear is the most common response to disease outbreaks. Persistent and prolonged fear can elevate the levels of psychological distress and aggravate preexisting mental health problems. Therefore, prompted by the central role of fear in psychological responses to COVID-19, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was developed, which is the only instrument that can assess emotional fear reactions in relation to the current pandemic. In this study, we extend research on the psychometric properties of this instrument by adopting three complementary approaches: classical test theory, Rasch analysis, and Mokken analysis. Combining these methods allows for a more nuanced overview of the psychometric properties of the instrument. The sample comprised South African teachers (n = 355) who completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. All three approaches confirmed the reliability and the construct, convergent, and concurrent validity of the scale as used with South African teachers. In addition, all three approaches confirmed that the scale is sufficiently homogenous to be considered unidimensional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone B Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Anita Padmanabhanunni
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa.,Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.,Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eboreime E, Iyamu I, Afirima B, Okechukwu EF, Kibombwe GI, Oladele T, Tafuma T, Badejo OO, Ashiono E, Mpofu M, Oladele EA. COVID-19 risk perception among residents of seven sub-Saharan African countries: socio-demographic correlates and predicted probabilities. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:227. [PMID: 34630839 PMCID: PMC8486937 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.227.28193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, sub-Saharan Africa remains at high risk given the poor adherence to pandemic control protocols. Misconceptions about the contagion may have given rise to adverse risk behaviours across population groups. This study evaluates risk perception among 2,244 residents of seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) in relation to socio-demographic determinants. Methods an online survey was conducted via social media platforms to a random sample of participants. Risk perception was evaluated across six domains: loss of income, food scarcity, having a relative infected, civil disorder, criminal attacks, or losing a friend or relative to COVID-19. A multivariable ordinal logistic regression was conducted to assess socio-demographic factors associated with the perceived risk of being affected by COVID-19. Results 595 (27%) respondents did not consider themselves to be at risk, while 33% perceived themselves to be at high risk of being affected by the pandemic with respect to the six domains evaluated. Hospital-based workers had the highest proportional odds (3.5; 95%CI: 2.3-5.6) high perceived risk. Teenage respondents had the highest predictive probability (54.6%; 95% CI: 36.6-72.7%) of perceiving themselves not to be at risk of being affected by COVID-19, while Zambia residents had the highest predictive probability (40.7%; 95% CI: 34.3-47.0%) for high-risk perception. Conclusion this study reveals the need to increase awareness of risks among socio-demographic groups such as younger people and the unemployed. Targeted risk communication strategies will create better risk consciousness, as well as adherence to safety measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ejemai Eboreime
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), Abuja, Nigeria.,Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ihoghosa Iyamu
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,School of Population and Public Health (SPPH), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barinaadaa Afirima
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Franklin Okechukwu
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,Family Health International (FHI360), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel Isaac Kibombwe
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,Family Health International (FHI360), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tolulope Oladele
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,Community Prevention and Care Services Department, National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Taurayi Tafuma
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Okiki-Olu Badejo
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Everline Ashiono
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Mulamuli Mpofu
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Edward Adekola Oladele
- Pan African Research Consortium, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.,EpiSolution Public Health Services, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The feeling of memory failure is the most frequently expressed discomfort with age. The difficulty is to distinguish between a memory complaint and a memory pathology. Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed at the stage of dementia. Early detection and the prospect of treatments likely to act lead to an interest in its pre-dementia phase, which is known to precede the appearance of the dementia syndrome by several years.
Collapse
|
31
|
Montag C, Sindermann C, Rozgonjuk D, Yang S, Elhai JD, Yang H. Investigating Links Between Fear of COVID-19, Neuroticism, Social Networks Use Disorder, and Smartphone Use Disorder Tendencies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:682837. [PMID: 34408703 PMCID: PMC8366062 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates links between fear of COVID-19, the personality trait of neuroticism, social networks use disorder, and smartphone use disorder (SNUD and SmUD, respectively) tendencies. In an online survey, N = 932 participants recruited at a Chinese University (237 males and 695 females) completed self-reports on fear of COVID-19, neuroticism (and other personality traits from the Big Five Inventory-44), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (assessing tendencies toward SNUD), and the Smartphone Addiction Scale short version—assessing individual differences in tendencies toward SmUD. Our findings showed that all variables of main interest were positively correlated with each other. A mediation model suggested that SNUD (in parts) mediated the association between fear of COVID-19 and SmUD. Although neuroticism was robustly correlated with all mentioned variables, no moderation effect could be observed on the investigated fear-of-COVID-19-SNUD-link. The findings of this work provide further evidence that the smartphone itself is only a device giving individuals access to software applications, which might be excessively used. Beyond that, the present data indicate neuroticism to be a risk factor with respect to fear of COVID-19, SNUD, and SmUD, although the study is limited by its cross-sectional study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shixin Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Greenleaf A, Mwima G, Lethoko M, Conkling M, Keefer G, Chang C, McLeod N, Maruyama H, Chen Q, Farley S, Low A. Participatory surveillance of COVID-19 in Lesotho via weekly calls: Protocol for cell phone data collection. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e31236. [PMID: 34351866 PMCID: PMC8478051 DOI: 10.2196/31236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in cell phone ownership in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has created an opportunity for low-cost, rapid data collection by calling participants on their cell phones. Cell phones can be mobilized for a myriad of data collection purposes, including surveillance. In LMIC, cell phone–based surveillance has been used to track Ebola, measles, acute flaccid paralysis, and diarrheal disease, as well as noncommunicable diseases. Phone-based surveillance in LMIC is a particularly pertinent, burgeoning approach in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participatory surveillance via cell phone could allow governments to assess burden of disease and complements existing surveillance systems. Objective We describe the protocol for the LeCellPHIA (Lesotho Cell Phone PHIA) project, a cell phone surveillance system that collects weekly population-based data on influenza-like illness (ILI) in Lesotho by calling a representative sample of a recent face-to-face survey. Methods We established a phone-based surveillance system to collect ILI symptoms from approximately 1700 participants who had participated in a recent face-to-face survey in Lesotho, the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) Survey. Of the 15,267 PHIA participants who were over 18 years old, 11,975 (78.44%) consented to future research and provided a valid phone number. We followed the PHIA sample design and included 342 primary sampling units from 10 districts. We randomly selected 5 households from each primary sampling unit that had an eligible participant and sampled 1 person per household. We oversampled the elderly, as they are more likely to be affected by COVID-19. A 3-day Zoom training was conducted in June 2020 to train LeCellPHIA interviewers. Results The surveillance system launched July 1, 2020, beginning with a 2-week enrollment period followed by weekly calls that will continue until September 30, 2022. Of the 11,975 phone numbers that were in the sample frame, 3020 were sampled, and 1778 were enrolled. Conclusions The surveillance system will track COVID-19 in a resource-limited setting. The novel approach of a weekly cell phone–based surveillance system can be used to track other health outcomes, and this protocol provides information about how to implement such a system. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/31236
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Greenleaf
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| | - Gerald Mwima
- ICAP at Columbia University - Lesotho, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Maseru, LS
| | - Molibeli Lethoko
- ICAP at Columbia University - Lesotho, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Maseru, LS
| | - Martha Conkling
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, US
| | - George Keefer
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| | - Christiana Chang
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| | - Natasha McLeod
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| | - Haruka Maruyama
- ICAP at Columbia University - Tanzania, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Dar es Salaam, TZ
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, US
| | - Shannon Farley
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| | - Andrea Low
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, New York, US
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Myers B, van der Westhuizen C, Pool M, Hornsby N, Sorsdahl KR. Responding to COVID-19 threats to trial conduct: lessons learned from a feasibility trial of a psychological intervention for South African adolescents. Trials 2021; 22:440. [PMID: 34243806 PMCID: PMC8267766 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to the conduct of clinical trials. Strategies for overcoming common challenges to non-COVID-19 trial continuation have been reported, but this literature is limited to pharmacological intervention trials from high-income settings. The purpose of this paper is to expand the literature to include a low- and middle-income country perspective. We describe the challenges posed by COVID-19 for a randomised feasibility trial of a psychological intervention for adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa, and lessons learned when implementing strategies to facilitate trial continuation in this context. We used a Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle method to explore whether our adaptations were having the desired effect on trial accrual and retention. We found that stakeholder engagement, trial coordination and team communication need to be intensified while testing these procedural changes. We learned that strategies found to be effective in high-income countries required significant adaptation to our resource-constrained setting. The detailed documentation of extraneous influences, procedural changes and trial process information was essential to guiding decisions about which adaptations to retain. This information will be used to examine the potential impact of these changes on study outcomes. We hope that these reflections will be helpful to other trialists from low- and middle-income countries grappling with how to minimise the impact of public health emergencies on their research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR20200352214510). Registered 28 February 2020. https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=9795 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa. .,Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Claire van der Westhuizen
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Megan Pool
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Hornsby
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Katherine R Sorsdahl
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Scholtz S. The balancing act: A qualitative study on remote work and childcare during the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa. F1000Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53579.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many employees' world by forcing some to remote work whilst also caring for children. Methods: This study explored the remote working experiences of child caregivers in balancing work and childcare during the South African COVID-19 lockdown period (from 26 March 2020 to 31 December 2020). A qualitative descriptive design was employed to collect data through an online qualitative questionnaire with semi-structured questions. A final sample of 22 participants was included using purposive and snowball sampling. Results: Findings indicate that employees experienced difficulty balancing work and childcare, which prompted them to use personal and organisational resources to restore work-life balance. These resources included people, spaces and time. Conclusions: This study provides insight for employers and healthcare workers into how remote workers balanced work and childcare and can promote conversations or interventions on improving employee remote work experiences - especially in the unique South African context.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kumar J, Agiwal V, Yau CY. Study of the trend pattern of COVID-19 using spline-based time series model: a Bayesian paradigm. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF STATISTICS AND DATA SCIENCE 2021; 5:363-377. [PMID: 35425883 PMCID: PMC8183329 DOI: 10.1007/s42081-021-00127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A vast majority of the countries are under economic and health crises due to the current epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The present study analyzes the COVID-19 using time series, an essential gizmo for knowing the enlargement of infection and its changing behavior, especially the trending model. We consider an autoregressive model with a non-linear time trend component that approximately converts into the linear trend using the spline function. The spline function splits the series of COVID-19 into different piecewise segments between respective knots in the form of various growth stages and fits the linear time trend. First, we obtain the number of knots with their locations in the COVID-19 series to identify the transmission stages of COVID-19 infection. Then, the estimation of the model parameters is obtained under the Bayesian setup for the best-fitted model. The results advocate that the proposed model appropriately determines the location of knots based on different transmission stages and know the current transmission situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in a country.
Collapse
|
36
|
Waseem Z. Policing COVID-19 through procedural informality in Pakistan. POLICING AND SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2021.1887869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Waseem
- Institute for Global City Policing, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mutambara VM, Crankshaw TL, Freedman J. Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on women refugees in South Africa. JOURNAL OF REFUGEE STUDIES 2021; 35:feab044. [PMCID: PMC8083604 DOI: 10.1093/jrs/feab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns and restrictions have had uneven impacts on populations and have deepened many pre-existing inequalities along lines of race, ethnicity, class, gender. Refugees have been shown to be particularly negatively impacted in many countries, with existing structures of violence and insecurity worsened by the immediate consequences of the pandemic through policy responses which largely ignore their needs whether by excluding them from targeted COVID-19 mitigation measures, or by imposing restrictions which directly impact on their well-being. Our research with refugee women in Durban, South Africa, illustrates the ways in which COVID-19 has exacerbated their insecurities and intensified structural violence which renders them vulnerable. More importantly, it seems that the impacts of COVID-19 are not just short term but will deepen the violence and insecurities experienced by these women in the longer term if these are not addressed by government and relevant NGOs and civil society organizations.
Collapse
|
38
|
Gu X, Mukherjee B, Das S, Datta J. COVID-19 PREDICTION IN SOUTH AFRICA: ESTIMATING THE UNASCERTAINED CASES- THE HIDDEN PART OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ICEBERG. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.12.10.20247361. [PMID: 33330881 PMCID: PMC7743090 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.10.20247361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions as well as accounting for the unascertained cases remain critical challenges for epidemiological models for understanding the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 spread. In this paper, we propose a new epidemiological model (eSEIRD) that extends the widely used epidemiological models such as extended Susceptible-Infected-Removed model (eSIR) and SAPHIRE (initially developed and used for analyzing data from Wuhan). We fit these models to the daily ascertained infected (and removed) cases from March 15, 2020 to Dec 31, 2020 in South Africa that reported the largest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths from the WHO African region. Using the eSEIRD model, the COVID-19 transmission dynamics in South Africa was characterized by the estimated basic reproduction number (R 0) starting at 3.22 (95%CrI: [3.19, 3.23]) then dropping below 2 following a mandatory lockdown implementation and subsequently increasing to 3.27 (95%CrI: [3.27, 3.27]) by the end of 2020. The initial decrease of effective reproduction number followed by an increase suggest the effectiveness of early interventions and the combined effect of relaxing strict interventions and emergence of a new coronavirus variant in South Africa. The low estimated ascertainment rate was found to vary from 1.65% to 9.17% across models and time periods. The overall infection fatality ratio (IFR) was estimated as 0.06% (95%CrI: [0.04%, 0.22%]) accounting for unascertained cases and deaths while the reported case fatality ratio was 2.88% (95% CrI: [2.45%, 6.01%]). The models predict that from December 31, 2020, to April 1, 2021, the predicted cumulative number of infected would reach roughly 70% of total population in South Africa. Besides providing insights on the COVID-19 dynamics in South Africa, we develop powerful forecasting tools that enable estimation of ascertainment rates and IFR while quantifying the effect of intervention measures on COVID-19 spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Sonali Das
- Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jyotishka Datta
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
South Africa is the sub-Saharan African country most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals, particularly nurses, are strongly mobilised to fight the epidemic and care for the sick. In addition to their conditions and overwork, many health care workers are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes illness and death. With the threat of a second epidemic wave, this complicated health situation could deteriorate further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Stiegler
- Statistic and population studies department, faculty of natural sciences, university of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe road, 7535 Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schmidt T, Cloete A, Davids A, Makola L, Zondi N, Jantjies M. Myths, misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to Covid-19 in South Africa: A rapid qualitative assessment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244420. [PMID: 33351852 PMCID: PMC7755184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of virus in the Coronavirus family that has not been previously identified. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus, everyone is at risk of catching the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). No one has immunity to the virus. Despite this, misconceptions about specific groups of people who are immune to Covid-19 emerged with the onset of the pandemic. This paper explores South African communities' misconceptions about who is most vulnerable to Covid-19. A rapid qualitative assessment was conducted remotely in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Recruitment of study participants took place through established relationships with civil society organizations and contacts made by researchers. In total, 60 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion was conducted. Atlas.ti.8 Windows was used to facilitate qualitative data analysis. The qualitative data was coded, and thematic analysis used to identify themes. The results show a high level of awareness and knowledge of the transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Qualitative data revealed that there is awareness of elderly people and those with immunocompromised conditions being more vulnerable to catching Covid-19. However, misconceptions of being protected against the virus or having low or no risk were also evident in the data. We found that false information circulated on social media not only instigated confusion, fear and panic, but also contributed to the construction of misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to Covid-19. The study findings bring attention to the importance of developing communication materials adapted to specific communities to help reduce misconceptions, othering and stigmatization around Covid-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenielle Schmidt
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Allanise Cloete
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adlai Davids
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Lehlogonolo Makola
- Children’s Institute of the University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nokubonga Zondi
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Monalisa Jantjies
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mbunge E. Effects of COVID-19 in South African health system and society: An explanatory study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1809-1814. [PMID: 32956925 PMCID: PMC7485444 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The underestimation of the severity of COVID-19 by the South African government resulted in delayed action against the pandemic. Ever since WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic preventive action was comprehensively upgraded worldwide. This prompted South African authorities to implement physical distancing, self-isolation, closure of non-essential services, schools, travelling restrictions and recursive national lockdowns to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. This explanatory study sought to review the effects of COVID-19 in the South African health system and society. METHODS The study applied literature research of COVID-19 reports, policies from the National Department of Health, WHO, Africa CDC, and articles from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. RESULTS The South African health system is affected by the lack of PPEs, increased mortality rates, mental health problems, substance abuse, resurgent of NCDs. The closure of international borders, global demand meltdown, supply disruptions, dramatic scaling down of human and industrial activities during lockdown cause socio-economic problems. The prolonged effects of lockdown on psychosocial support services resulted in the outbursts of uncertainties, acute panic, fear, depression, obsessive behaviours, social unrests, stigmatization, anxiety, increased gender-based violence cases and discrimination in the distribution of relief food aid. CONCLUSION To slow down the spread of COVID-19, massive testing must be adopted, contact tracing, isolation, and home quarantine guidelines for asymptomatic cases which promote behavioural change and reviewing of policy on food relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mbunge
- Department of Information Technology Faculty of Accounting and Informatics Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fernández VÁ, Bouchard JP. [COVID-19 in Spain: the psychological impact of the pandemic on nurses]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIERE 2020; 69:33-35. [PMID: 33129475 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spain is one of the European countries most affected by COVID-19. The pandemic has had significant psychological consequences in the general population. Nurses involved in the management of this sudden and major health crisis were particularly impacted on a psychological level. In this article, a global overview is presented including negative and positive factors of the nurses' experiences in the two main cities of Spain affected by the virus: Madrid and Barcelona.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Álvarez Fernández
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité pour malades difficiles, pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Al Joboory S, Monello F, Bouchard JP. [PSYCOVID-19, psychological support device in the fields of mental health, somatic and medico-social]. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2020; 178:747-753. [PMID: 32836306 PMCID: PMC7315978 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019 the World Health Organization (WHO) recorded the first cases of an infectious disease that appeared in China in November of the same year. Generated by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV2, it is quickly named COVID-19 for COronaVirus Infectious Disease 2019. The spread of this unknown disease will soon have worldwide consequences: the contagiousness of the virus is extremely high and potentially lethal. In France, the population initially reacted with disbelief until the disease reached Europe and the first cases appeared on French territory, at the end of January. A few weeks later, on 16 March 2020, President Macron declared the country "at war" against COVID-19. The next day the population was placed in lockdown. At the present time, the country's activity is at a standstill. Schools, businesses and shops are closed. The French citizens are astounded. They suddenly have to face fear: fear of falling ill or that a close relative may fall ill, fear of being locked up and experiencing restrictions of liberties, fear of economic precariousness. And, above all, fear of uncertainty. In order to prevent the mental consequences of this crisis, psychological support units have been created with urgency at national scale. These units are intended to support the healthcare professionals as well as the patients and more broadly, the general population. The unit responsible for the department of Gironde has been set up quickly, over the weekend of March 21, 2020. The COVIDPSY33 listening unit has thus been created in Bordeaux by the Charles Perrens Hospital with support from the Agence Régionale de Santé Nouvelle-Aquitaine (ARS). Simultaneously, the PSYCOVID-19 unit was created. This additional unit works in collaboration with the COVIDPSY33 platform and offers psychological assistance to the general population and caregivers in the sectors of Bordeaux Rive Droite, Bordeaux Gare, Rives de Garonne, Rives d'Arcins and Sud Gironde. It thus covers an area equivalent to approximately half of Gironde, the largest department in metropolitan France. In the present interview, Samantha Al Joboory and Florence Monello, psychiatrist and psychologist coordinating PSYCOD-19, present this psychological support unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Al Joboory
- Centre d'Accueil SPÉcialisé dans le Repérage et le Traitement des Traumatismes psychiques (Caspertt), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31 rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), institute of forensic psychology and psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
- Centre de recherche inserm/U1219, université de Bordeaux, ISPED, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
- Maison d'Ella, 381, boulevard du Président-Wilson, 33200 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Monello
- Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), institute of forensic psychology and psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Covid-19: psychological support programmes. The spread of Covid-19 in France, the confinement of the population and the changes to our way of life as a result of the health crisis have caused psychological distress to many people of all ages and conditions. In response to these problems, numerous remote psychological support programmes have been set up through teleconsultations. PsyCovid-19, created at Cadillac psychiatric hospital, is one such example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Al Joboory
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; PsyCovid-19, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Florence Monello
- PsyCovid-19, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Xavier Soulan
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; PsyCovid-19, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Victor Alvarez Fernândez
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- PsyCovid-19, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité pour malades difficiles, pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.
| |
Collapse
|