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Wang X, Qin Y, Li J, Huang P, Li Y, Huang J, Wang Q, Yang H. Vitamin B5 supplementation enhances intestinal development and alters microbes in weaned piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2335340. [PMID: 38587818 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2335340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of different vitamin B5 (VB5) levels on intestinal growth and function of weaned piglets. Twenty-one piglets (7.20 ± 1.11 kg) were included in a 28-day feeding trial with three treatments, including 0 mg/kg (L-VB5), 10 mg/kg (Control) and 50 mg/kg (H-VB5) of VB5 supplement. The results showed that: Large intestine weight/body weight was the highest in H-VB5 group, Control and H-VB5 groups had significantly higher villus height and villus height/crypt depth than the L-VB5 in the ileum (p < .05). Goblet cells (ileal crypt) and endocrine cells (ileal villus) significantly increased in Control and H-VB5 (p < .05). The H-VB5 group exhibited significantly higher levels of ki67 and crypt depth in the cecum and colon, colonic goblet cells and endocrine cells were both rising considerably (p < .05). Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid were significantly reduced in the H-VB5 group (p < .05), and there was a decreasing trend in butyric acid (p = .073). At the genus level, the relative abundance of harmful bacteria such as Clostridium_Sensu_Structo_1 Strecto_1, Terrisporbacter and Streptococcus decreased significantly and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Turicibacter increased significantly in H-VB5 group (p < .05). Overall, the addition of 50 mg/kg VB5 primarily enhanced the morphological structure, cell proliferation and differentiation of the ileum, cecum and colon. It also had a significant impact on the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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de Paula YH, Resende M, Chaves RF, Barbosa JA, Garbossa CAP, Costa MDO, Rigo F, Barducci RS, Santos AAD, Pacheco LG, Putarov TC, Cantarelli VDS. A new approach: preventive protocols with yeast products and essential oils can reduce the in-feed use of antibiotics in growing-finishing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae104. [PMID: 39185353 PMCID: PMC11344245 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of yeast products (YP) and essential oils (EO) in total or partial replacement to in-feed antibiotic protocols (growth promoter and prophylactic), both in recommended doses and in overdose of prophylactic antibiotics (PA), on growth performance, and diarrhea incidence in the growing-finishing pigs; and fecal microbiota in market hogs. Four hundred pigs (20.36 ± 2.64 kg) were assigned to five treatments in a randomized block design: diets with prophylactic and growth promoter antibiotics (ANT); ANT with 30% more PA (ANT+30); diets with less PA and YP (ANT+Y); diets with less PA, YP and EO (ANT+Y+EO); and antibiotics-free diets with YP and EO (Y+EO). The content of the active components of the YP was 60% purified β-1,3/1,6-glucans extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (Macrogard), 20% functional water-soluble MOS (HyperGen), and 18% MOS, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (ActiveMOS). From 0 to 14 d, pigs of the ANT+30, ANT+Y, and ANT+Y+EO treatments showed a greater body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) compared to pigs from the Y+EO group. From 14 to 35 d, pigs of ANT+30 and ANT+Y+EO treatments were heavier than Y+EO group. At 105 d, ANT pigs had a higher BW than the Y+EO group. For the entire period, ADG of ANT pigs was greater, and feed conversion ratio better than Y+EO pigs. From 0 to 35 d, pigs of the Y+EO treatment showed a higher diarrhea incidence compared to pigs of the other groups. From 49 to 70 d, ANT+Y and ANT+Y+EO treatments showed a lower diarrhea incidence than Y+EO group, which remained the case during the overall period. At 105 d, the alpha diversity of fecal microbiota by Shannon Entropy was lower in ANT, ANT+30, and Y+EO groups than observed for ANT+Y+EO group. The abundance of Firmicutes phylum and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in ANT than in ANT+Y+EO pigs. Proteobacteria phylum abundance in ANT+Y+EO was higher than ANT, ANT+Y, and Y+EO. Peptostreptococcaceae family abundance was higher in ANT, ANT+30, and ANT+Y groups than in ANT+Y+EO and Y+EO groups. ANT+Y+EO and Y+EO groups show a lower abundance of SMB53 genus than ANT and ANT+30 groups. In conclusion, the use of YP and EO, in partial replacement to the in-feed antibiotic protocols, does not reduce the growth performance, can replace antibiotic growth promotors, and reduce the in-feed use of PA in growing-finishing pigs. The use of YP and EO, together with PA, increases the microbial diversity, despite having important genera for weight gain in less abundance. Overdose of PA does not improve growth performance and reduces microbial diversity, which does not characterize it as an efficient preventive protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maíra Resende
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Hagen C, Humphrey D, Wileman C, Haydon K, Greiner L. Impact of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine ratio from 0.85 to 1.15 and water-based arginine supplementation on growth performance and gut integrity of weaned pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae102. [PMID: 39036444 PMCID: PMC11258900 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to assess the influence of arginine (Arg) supplementation in water and/or feed on the growth performance and gastrointestinal health of newly weaned pigs. Two hundred and forty pigs (5.06 kg; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly allocated into 80 mixed-sex pens (3 pigs/pen) and subjected to a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two levels of Arg were supplemented in water (0% or 8% stock, dosed through a 1:128 proportioner) for the first phase (days 0 to 7), and four dietary arginine levels (0.85, 0.95, 1.05, and 1.15) standardized ileal digestible (SID) Arg to Lysine (Lys) ratios for the first two phases (days 0 to 7 and 7 to 21). All treatments were provided a common diet (0.96 SID Arg:Lys) for the last phase days 21 to 42. One pig per pen underwent a dual sugar absorption test of lactulose at 500 mg/kg and mannitol at 50 mg/kg of body weight (BW) via gastric tube on days 7 and 21 postweaning, with blood plasma collected 4 h later. The pig tested on day 7 was subsequently euthanized for intestinal tissue collection. Pen growth performance and feed disappearance were evaluated for 3 phases: days 0 to 7, 7 to 21, and 21 to 42 postweaning. The statistical analysis used linear models to examine the effects of SID Arg:Lys in the feed, Arg level in water, and their interactions, with pen as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the linear and quadratic effects of increasing SID Arg:Lys in the diet. Growth performance during the first period exhibited variability, reflected by negative gain-to-feed (G:F) ratios, caused by the enteric health challenge. Consequently, data were analyzed separately for each phase. Increasing dietary SID Arg:Lys caused a linear improvement (P = 0.04) in final BW (18.47 and 21.90 kg, for 0.85 and 1.15 SID Arg:Lys, respectively). A trend (P = 0.09) suggested a linear impact of dietary SID Arg:Lys on average daily gain during days 21 to 42. Arg supplementation, whether administered through water or diet, did not affect lactulose and mannitol absorption on both days 7 and 21, nor did it alter histological measurements in the collected ileum tissues on day 7 postweaning. In conclusion, increasing dietary SID Arg:Lys increased final BW but had no clear impacts on intestinal health within the parameters measured, potentially impacted by the rotavirus diagnosis in the first week post-wean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hagen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dalton Humphrey
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Caitlyn Wileman
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Keith Haydon
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- CJ America – Bio, Fort Dodge, IA 50501, USA
| | - Laura Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hulshof TG, Resink JW, Van Hees HMJ. Impact of particle size of cereals and soyabean meal on the intestinal development of weanling pigs and growth performance after an enteric challenge with F4-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38984780 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the interactive effect of particle size of soyabean meal (SBM) and whole wheat, barley and wheat bran (CER) on growth performance of weanling pigs after an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 challenge (Experiment 1) and on gastrointestinal (GIT) development immediately after weaning (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 consisted of 192 pigs (24 ± 3 days of age; 7.4 ± 1.1 kg weaning bodyweight [BW]) selected for Escherichia coli (E. coli) F4 susceptibility. Pigs were given an oral E. coli inoculum at postweaning day 7, to induce an enteric health challenge. Experiment 2 consisted of 40 pigs (24 ± 3 days of age; 7.2 ± 1.0 kg weaning BW) that were killed on postweaning day 8 or 9, to determine the effects of particle size on GIT development and functionality. Four experimental diets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) coarse CER and coarse SBM, (2) coarse CER and fine SBM (CERcSBMf), (3) fine CER and coarse SBM, or (4) fine CER and fine SBM (CERfSBMf). Results showed no interaction between SBM and CER coarseness on growth performance, GIT development and functionality. Diarrhoea incidence was higher (p < 0.05) for CERfSBMf during the 2 weeks following the E. coli challenge compared to the other diets. Daily gain and feed intake during this period were higher (p < 0.05) for pigs fed CERc compared to CERf. Empty stomach weight tended to be greater by 8% (p = 0.09) for CERc compared to CERf. Gastric protein (p = 0.05) and starch (p = 0.04) disappearances were greater for SBMf compared to SBMc. Thus, CERcSBMf resulted in the best growth performance and lowest diarrhoea incidence during the 2 weeks following the E. coli challenge, which may be explained by changes in stomach functionality but not by changes in other parts of the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetske G Hulshof
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Resink
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Hubèrt M J Van Hees
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Liu T, Ma W, Wang J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Guan W, Shao D, Chen F. Dietary Protease Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestion via Modulating Intestine Barrier, Immunological Response, and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:816. [PMID: 39061885 PMCID: PMC11273905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence for dietary protease benefits, the mechanisms beyond enhanced protein degradation are poorly understood. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of protease addition on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbial composition of weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to the following three experimental diets based on their initial body weight for a 28-day experiment: (1) control (CC), a basic diet with composite enzymes without protease; (2) negative control (NC), a diet with no enzymes; and (3) dietary protease (PR), a control diet with protease. The results show that dietary proteases significantly enhanced growth performance and boosted antioxidant capacity, increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05) while reducing malonaldehyde levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, protease addition reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the jejunum (p < 0.01), and inhibited MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, protease-supplemented diets improved intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, including zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 (p < 0.05). Microbiota compositions were also significantly altered by protease addition with increased abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) (p < 0.05) and reduced harmful Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis revealed a positive link between beneficial bacteria and growth performance and a negative association with inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. In summary, dietary protease addition enhanced growth performance in weaned piglets, beneficial effects which were associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, immunological response, and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yulong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Zheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wutai Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Ibragimov E, Eriksen EØ, Nielsen JP, Jørgensen CB, Fredholm M, Karlskov-Mortensen P. Towards identification of new genetic determinants for post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Anim Genet 2024; 55:387-395. [PMID: 38343028 DOI: 10.1111/age.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs is a considerable challenge in the pig farming industry due to its effect on animal welfare and production costs, as well as the large volume of antibiotics, which are used to treat diarrhea in pigs after weaning. Previous studies have revealed loci on SSC6 and SSC13 associated with susceptibility to specific diarrhea causing pathogens. This study aimed to identify new genetic loci for resistance to diarrhea based on phenotypic data. In depth clinical characterization of diarrhea was performed in 257 pigs belonging to two herds during the first 14 days post weaning. The daily diarrhea assessments were used for the classification of pigs into case and control groups. Pigs were assigned to case and control groups based only on the incidence of diarrhea in the second week of the study in order to differentiate between differences in etiology. Genome-wide association studies and metabolomics association analysis were performed in order to identify new biological determinants for diarrhea susceptibility. With the present work, we revealed a new locus for diarrhea resistance on SSC16. Furthermore, studies of metabolomics in the same pigs revealed one metabolite associated with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Ibragimov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Claus B Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Karlskov-Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Correia AM, Genova JL, Kim SW, Abranches FF, Rocha GC. Autolyzed yeast and sodium butyrate supplemented alone to diets promoted improvements in performance, intestinal health and nutrient transporter in weaned piglets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11885. [PMID: 38789563 PMCID: PMC11126410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplemental nucleotides, autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and sodium butyrate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood profile, intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, inflammatory markers, antioxidant profile, and tight junction proteins in the small intestine. One hundred eighty 21-day-old pigs (5.17 ± 0.57 kg) were assigned in a randomized block design to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: (1) CON: control, basal diet, (2) NUC: CON + nucleotides, (3) YSC: CON + lysed yeast S. cerevisiae, (4) ASB: CON + acidifier sodium butyrate. Pigs were fed for 24 days, phase 1 (21-32 days) and 2 (32-45 days). During phase 1, YSC and ASB improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) compared with CON. At the overall period, ASB improved ADG and YSC improved FC compared with CON. The NUC diet did not affect growth performance. The ASB increased ileal villus height compared to CON. The YSC and ASB reduced the number of Peyer's patches in the ileum compared with CON. The YSC increased mRNA expression of nutrient transporters (SMCT2, MCT1, and PepT1), tight junction proteins (OCL and ZO-1), antioxidants (GPX), and IL1-β in the jejunum compared with CON. The ASB increased mRNA expression of nutrient transporters (SGLT1 and MCT1), tight junction proteins (OCL and ZO-1), and antioxidants (GPX and SOD) compared with CON. In conclusion, autolyzed yeast and sodium butyrate promoted growth performance by improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier, the mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, and antioxidant enzymes in the jejunum of nursery pigs whereas supplementation of nucleotides did not show such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Medeiros Correia
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Fernanda Fialho Abranches
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Daly AC, Cambuli F, Äijö T, Lötstedt B, Marjanovic N, Kuksenko O, Smith-Erb M, Fernandez S, Domovic D, Van Wittenberghe N, Drokhlyansky E, Griffin GK, Phatnani H, Bonneau R, Regev A, Vickovic S. Tissue and cellular spatiotemporal dynamics in colon aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590125. [PMID: 38712088 PMCID: PMC11071407 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Tissue structure and molecular circuitry in the colon can be profoundly impacted by systemic age-related effects, but many of the underlying molecular cues remain unclear. Here, we built a cellular and spatial atlas of the colon across three anatomical regions and 11 age groups, encompassing ~1,500 mouse gut tissues profiled by spatial transcriptomics and ~400,000 single nucleus RNA-seq profiles. We developed a new computational framework, cSplotch, which learns a hierarchical Bayesian model of spatially resolved cellular expression associated with age, tissue region, and sex, by leveraging histological features to share information across tissue samples and data modalities. Using this model, we identified cellular and molecular gradients along the adult colonic tract and across the main crypt axis, and multicellular programs associated with aging in the large intestine. Our multi-modal framework for the investigation of cell and tissue organization can aid in the understanding of cellular roles in tissue-level pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan C. Daly
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tarmo Äijö
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Lötstedt
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nemanja Marjanovic
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olena Kuksenko
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel K Griffin
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sanja Vickovic
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Herbert Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer Laboratory for Gene and Neuro Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gaffield KN, Bromm JJ, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Berg KM, De Jong JA, Pohlen CL, Gebhardt JT. Evaluating the effects of benzoic acid on nursery and finishing pig growth performance. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae049. [PMID: 38623565 PMCID: PMC11017507 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Three studies were conducted evaluating the use of benzoic acid in swine diets. In experiment 1, 350 weanling barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 5.9 ± 0.04 kg) were allotted to one of the five dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in three phases: phase 1 from weaning to day 10, phase 2 from days 10 to 18, and phase 3 from days 18 to 38. Treatment 1 contained no benzoic acid throughout all three phases (weaning to day 42). Treatment 2 included 0.50% benzoic acid throughout all three phases. Treatment 3 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phases 1 and 2, and 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 4 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phases 1 and 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 5 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phase 1, 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. For the overall period, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain (average daily gain) than pigs fed no benzoic acid through all three phases, or pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the final phase, with pigs fed the other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had improved (P < 0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid throughout all three phases, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the third phase, or pigs fed 0.50%, 0.25%, and no benzoic acid, respectively. For experiment 2, a 101-d trial was conducted using two groups of 1,053 finishing pigs (2,106 total pigs; PIC 337 × 1,050; initially 33.3 ± 1.9 kg). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based with the addition of none, 0.25%, or 0.50% benzoic acid. Overall, pigs fed increasing benzoic acid had a tendency for increased average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.083) but decreased G:F (linear, P < 0.05). In experiment 3, 2,162 finishing pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 31.4 ± 2.2 kg) were used in a 109-d trial. Dietary treatments were formulated with or without 0.25% benzoic acid. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.05) G:F. In summary, feeding benzoic acid elicits improved growth performance when fed throughout the entire nursery period while improved G:F in growing-finishing pigs was observed in one experiment, but not in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Gaffield
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jenna J Bromm
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Kiah M Berg
- Pipestone Nutrition, Pipestone, MN56164, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Tao S, Fan J, Li J, Wu Z, Yao Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Liu X, Xiao Y, Wei H. Extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus johnsonii promote gut barrier homeostasis by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00111-5. [PMID: 38508446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrheic disease is a common intestinal health problem worldwide, causing great suffering to humans and animals. Precise manipulation strategies based on probiotics to combat diarrheic diseases have not been fully developed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which probiotics manipulate macrophage against diarrheic disease. METHODS Metagenome reveals gut microbiome profiles of healthy and diarrheic piglets. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) was employed to explore the causal relationship between gut microbes and diarrhea. The protective role of probiotics and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) was investigated in ETEC K88-infected mice. Macrophage depletion was performed to assess the role of macrophages in EVs against diarrhea. Execution of in vitro cell co-culture and transcriptome analyses elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which EVs modulate the macrophage and intestinal epithelial barrier. RESULTS Escherichia coli was enriched in weaned diarrheic piglets, while Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. john) showed a negative correlation with Escherichia coli. The transmission of diarrheic illness symptoms was achieved by transferring fecal microbiota, but not metabolites, from diarrheic pigs to germ-free (GF) mice. L. john's intervention prevented the transmission of disease phenotypes from diarrheic piglets to GF mice. L. john also reduces the gut inflammation induced by ETEC K88. The EVs secreted by L. john demonstrated enhanced efficacy in mitigating the adverse impacts induced by ETEC K88 through the modulation of macrophage phenotype. In vitro experiments have revealed that EVs activate M2 macrophages in a manner that shuts down ERK, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that intestinal microbiota drives the onset of diarrheic disease and that probiotic-derived EVs ameliorate diarrheic disease symptoms by modulating macrophage phenotypes. These findings can enhance the advancement of innovative therapeutic approaches for diarrheic conditions based on probiotic-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinping Fan
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Yao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Hong Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Liu M, Ma J, Xu J, Huangfu W, Zhang Y, Ali Q, Liu B, Li D, Cui Y, Wang Z, Sun H, Zhu X, Ma S, Shi Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates intestinal inflammatory diarrhea caused by oxidative stress and pyroptosis via reducing gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129696. [PMID: 38280701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Infancy is a critical period in the maturation of the gut microbiota and a phase of susceptibility to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Early disturbances in the gut microbiota can have long-lasting effects on host physiology, including intestinal injury and diarrhea. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can remodel gut microbiota and may be an effective way to treat infant diarrhea. However, limited research has been conducted on the mechanisms of infant diarrhea and the regulation of gut microbiota balance through FMT, primarily due to ethical challenges in testing on human infants. Our study demonstrated that elevated Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels in piglets with diarrhea were associated with colon microbiota dysbiosis induced by early weaning. Additionally, LPS upregulated NLRP3 levels by activating TLR4 and inducing ROS production, resulting in pyroptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier, bacterial translocation, and subsequent inflammation, ultimately leading to diarrhea in piglets. Through microbiota regulation, FMT modulated β-PBD-2 secretion in the colon by increasing butyric acid levels. This modulation alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis, reduced LPS levels, attenuated oxidative stress and pyroptosis, inhibited the inflammatory response, maintained the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and ultimately reduced diarrhea in piglets caused by colitis. These findings present a novel perspective on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of diarrhea diseases, underscoring the significance of the interaction between FMT and the gut microbiota as a critical strategy for treating diarrhea and intestinal diseases in infants and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jixiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junying Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weikang Huangfu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qasim Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Sen Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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13
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Ding S, Cheng Y, Azad MAK, Zhu Q, Huang P, Kong X. Development of small intestinal barrier function and underlying mechanism in Chinese indigenous and Duroc piglets during suckling and weaning periods. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:429-442. [PMID: 38406666 PMCID: PMC10885791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the developmental changes in small intestinal barrier function and the potential regulatory roles of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in different breeds of piglets during suckling and weaning periods. Taoyuan black (TB), Xiangcun black (XB), and Duroc (DR) piglets (10 litters per breed; half male and half female) were selected for sampling to evaluate the intestinal barrier-related indexes and intestinal microbiota and metabolites at 1, 10, 21 (weaned), and 24 (3 d after weaning) d old. The results showed that weaning led to severe shedding of small intestinal microvilli and sparse microvilli arrangement. D-lactate level in the ileum of TB and XB piglets during suckling and weaning periods was lower (P < 0.01) than that of DR piglets, as well as the ileal diamine oxidase level at 1 d old. The expression level of mucin 1 was higher (P < 0.05) in the ileum of TB and XB piglets than that of DR piglets, and it was the highest in the ileum of TB piglets at 21 d old. The expression levels of mucin 2 and mucin 13 were higher (P < 0.10) in TB and XB piglets than those of DR piglets at 21 d old, whereas mucin 2 and mucin 13 in the ileum of TB and XB piglets were higher (P < 0.05) than those of DR piglets at 24 d old. TB and XB piglets had a lower relative abundance of Escherichia_Shigella at 21 and 24 d old, but they had higher Streptococcus at 1 and 24 d old than DR piglets (P < 0.01). Differential metabolites between the three breeds of piglets were mainly related to oxidative phosphorylation, steroid biosynthesis, and bile acid synthesis. Collectively, these findings suggest that different pig breeds present differences in the development of the small intestinal barrier function. Compared with DR piglets, TB and XB piglets had higher intestinal permeability during the suckling period and a stronger intestinal mechanical barrier after weaning. Moreover, intestinal microbiota and metabolites are the key factors for developing small intestinal barrier functions in different breeds of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Wang X, Deng T, Zhou X, Chu L, Zeng X, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. A Mixture of Formic Acid, Benzoic Acid, and Essential Oils Enhanced Growth Performance via Modulating Nutrient Uptake, Mitochondrion Metabolism, and Immunomodulation in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:246. [PMID: 38397844 PMCID: PMC10886008 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a complex comprising formic acid, benzoic acid, and essential oils (AO3) on the growth performance of weaned piglets and explore the underlying mechanism. Dietary AO3 supplementation significantly enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), while decreasing the feed conversion rate (FCR) and diarrhea rate (p < 0.05). Additionally, AO3 addition altered the fecal microflora composition with increased abundance of f_Prevotellaceae. LPS challenges were further conducted to investigate the detailed mechanism underlying the benefits of AO3 supplementation. The piglets fed with AO3 exhibited a significant increase in villus height and decrease in crypt depth within the jejunum, along with upregulation of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 (p < 0.05) compared with those piglets subjected to LPS. Furthermore, AO3 supplementation significantly ameliorated redox disturbances (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) in both the serum and jejunum of piglets induced by LPS, accompanied by suppressed activation of the MAPK signaling pathway (ERK, JNK, P38) and NF-κB. The LPS challenge downregulated the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, mRNA levels of electron transport chain complexes, and key enzymes involved in ATP synthesis, which were significantly restored by the AO3 supplementation. Additionally, AO3 supplementation restored the reduced transport of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids induced by LPS back to the levels observed in the control group. In conclusion, dietary AO3 supplementation positively affected growth performance and gut microbiota composition, also enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, nutrient uptake, and energy metabolism, as well as alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation under LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tanyi Deng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Licui Chu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shihai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.D.); (X.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (W.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China
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15
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Barducci RS, Santos AAD, Pacheco LG, Putarov TC, Koch JFA, Callegari MA, Dias CP, de Carvalho RH, da Silva CA. Enhancing Weaned Piglet Health and Performance: The Role of Autolyzed Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and β-Glucans as a Blood Plasma Alternative in Diets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:631. [PMID: 38396599 PMCID: PMC10886371 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the autolyzed yeast (AY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without an immunomodulator (1,3/1,6 β-glucans) as a total/partial substitute for blood plasma (BP) in the diet of post-weaning piglets; zootechnical performance, intestinal health and microbiota, immune responses and energy metabolism were assessed. A total of 240 castrated male and female piglets, with a mean age of 22 days and mean initial weight of 5.24 ± 0.82 kg, were randomly divided into blocks of four treatments with 12 replicates. The dietary inclusions were blood plasma (BP), autolyzed yeast (AY), autolyzed yeast + immunomodulator (AYI) and 50% BP and 50% AY (BPAY). In pre-initial phase II (29-35 days), piglets fed AY showed better feed conversion (FCR = 1.358) than the piglets in the BP (1.484), AYI (1.379) and BPAY (1.442) groups, i.e., 8.49% (0.126), 1.52% (0.021) and 4.50% (0.084), respectively (p = 0.0293). In the total period (21-42 days), better FCR was observed in the AYI (1.458) group, i.e., 4.64% (0.071), 1.15% (0.017) and 4.58% (0.070), than in the BP (1.529), AY (1.475) and BPAY (1.528) groups, respectively (p = 0.0150). In piglets fed AY (n = 3) and BPAY (n = 2), there was a reduction in the number of medications, i.e., 82.35% (-14n) and 88.23% (-15n), respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with that in the BP group (n = 17). In the AY group (73.83 mg/dL), AYI group (69.92 mg/dL), and BPAY group (69.58 mg/dL), piglets exhibited increases in triglyceride levels of 79.32%, 69.83%, and 69.00%, respectively, in comparison to those in the BP group, which had triglyceride levels of 41.17 mg/dL (p = 0.0400). The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the AY group (79.96 ng/μL) was lower by 31.95%, 22.64%, and 5.89% compared to the BP group (117.50 ng/μL), AYI group (103.36 ng/μL), and BPAY group (84.67 ng/μL), respectively (p = 0.0072). In the AYI group, there was modulation of the microbiota, with an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Collinsella and Bulleidia. AY, associated or not associated with an immunomodulator, is a potential substitute for BP in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, with positive effects on immune, metabolic, and intestinal microbial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Sfaciotti Barducci
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | - Leticia Graziele Pacheco
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - Thaila Cristina Putarov
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - João Fernando Albers Koch
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | | | - Rafael Humberto de Carvalho
- Akei Animal Research, Fartura 18870-970, SP, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (C.P.D.); (R.H.d.C.)
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
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16
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Nuamah E, Poaty Ditengou JIC, Hirwa F, Cheon I, Chae B, Choi NJ. Dietary Supplementation of Tannins: Effect on Growth Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunoglobins of Weaned Piglets-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:236. [PMID: 38397834 PMCID: PMC10886058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the swine industry has witnessed the withdrawal of antibiotics and continuous regulation of zinc and copper oxides in the early-life nutrition of piglets. Due to this development, alternative additives from plant sources have been extensively explored. Therefore, this study's objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with tannins on weaned piglets' growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity, and serum immune status using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 studies with parameters of interest were deemed eligible after a two-step screening process following a comprehensive literature search in the scientific databases of Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were mainly (1) studies involving basal diet supplemented with tannins and (2) studies with the quantification of tannin doses, while the exclusion criteria were (1) studies with pre- and post-weaning pigs and (2) challenged studies. Applying the random-effects models, Hedges' g effect size of supplementation with tannins was calculated using R software to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression further explored heterogeneity (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%, n ≥ 10). Supplementation with tannins reduced the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) but increased the final body weight (p < 0.01) of weaned piglets. Chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannin sources yielded higher effects on growth performance. In addition, meta-regression models indicated that tannin dosage and supplementation duration were directly associated with tannins' effectiveness on productive performance. In the serum, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were elevated (p < 0.01) in response to tannin supplementation, whereas malondialdehydes was reduced (p < 0.01). Likewise, increased immunoglobin M and G levels (p < 0.01) were detected. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with tannins, particularly with chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidins, increases the productivity of weaned piglets. At the same time, it is a possible nutritional strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and stimulate gut health. Thus, supplementing chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannins in the early phase of swine production could be used to alleviate the incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nuamah
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
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17
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Garcias B, Martin M, Darwich L. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic and Healthy Weaned Pigs in Catalonia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:487. [PMID: 38338129 PMCID: PMC10854747 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a multifactorial concern in the swine industry that leads to high antibiotic consumption, usually without testing susceptibility, increasing the risk of the selection of Escherichia coli-resistant strains. In this study, 251 E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of diarrheic (n = 148) and apparently healthy piglets (n = 103) in farms in Catalonia were tested against their susceptibility to fourteen different antimicrobials. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing revealed high levels of AMR, with 41.4% of the isolates presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. More specifically, resistance to class D (prudence) antimicrobials such as erythromycin (99.6%), amoxicillin (95.2%), streptomycin (91.6%), tetracycline (88.8%), lincospectin (64.5%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%) was very high, as well as to class C (caution) antimicrobials such as florfenicol (45%). A special concern was observed for antimicrobial category B (restrict), like quinolones and colistin, that both presented a high rate of resistance. Colistin use was substantially reduced in Spain, but resistance is still present in weaned pigs, presenting a MIC90 of 4 μg/mL. This suggests that reducing antibiotic use is not enough to eliminate this AMR. Finally, it was found that piglets suffering diarrhea were more commonly carriers of MDR strains than the healthy ones (49.3% vs. 35%, p = 0.031). Therefore, given the high rates of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials, especially in diseased pigs, a new non-antibiotic-based approach should be implemented for the management of PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marga Martin
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain;
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain;
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Niu K, Wang H, Kim SK, Wassie T, Wu X. Stepwise co-fermented traditional Chinese medicine byproducts improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a piglet model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1166-1177. [PMID: 37740928 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lianhua Qingwen capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula having antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. During capsule production, a large amount of byproducts will be yielded and disposed of as waste by burying. Resourceful utilization of these kinds of TCM byproducts as feed additives through stage-based co-fermentation using enzyme and probiotics could reduce environmental stress and resource shortage. The in vitro characterization and the supplementary effects of fermented TCM byproducts (FTCM) for weaned piglets (initial body weight: 7.23 ± 0.33 kg; dose: basal diet + 300 mg kg-1 FTCM) were investigated. RESULTS Higher reducing sugar content, total flavonoid content, flavonoid compounds (e.g. tectoridin, tricetin, flavone, apigenin, naringenin) and total antioxidant activity were determined in the FTCM compared to spontaneously fermented and unfermented materials. Supplementation of the FTCM to piglets did not significantly affect the feed intake, body weight gain and feed/gain ratio, but significantly decreased a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-8, and increased intestinal total antioxidant activity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Moreover, FTCM supplementation increased α-diversity of the colonic microbiota accompanied with increased abundance of Prevotella genus and Treponema berlinense species. Correlation analysis indicates that T. berlinense is responsible for the decreased IL-8 level and enhanced intestinal TAC and SOD activities which might be mediated by a homoserine lactone molecule (3-oxo-C14). CONCLUSION Overall, the stepwise co-fermentation enriched bioactive compounds within the TCM byproducts and their dietary supplementation did not generate any side effect on growth performance but displayed beneficial effects on enrichment of potential probiotic T. berlinense and relevant functions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Niu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Teketay Wassie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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19
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Yu SJ, Morris A, Kayal A, Milošević I, Van TTH, Bajagai YS, Stanley D. Pioneering gut health improvements in piglets with phytogenic feed additives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:142. [PMID: 38231265 PMCID: PMC10794284 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) on the growth performance, gut microbial community, and microbial metabolic functions in weaned piglets via a combined 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomics approach. A controlled trial was conducted using 200 pigs to highlight the significant influence of PFAs on gut microbiota dynamics. Notably, the treatment group revealed an increased gut microbiota diversity, as measured with the Shannon and Simpson indices. The increase in diversity is accompanied by an increase in beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella, and a decline in potential pathogens like Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Campylobacter. Shotgun sequencing at the species level confirmed these findings. This modification in microbial profile was coupled with an altered profile of microbial metabolic pathways, suggesting a reconfiguration of microbial function under PFA influence. Significant shifts in overall microbial community structure by week 8 demonstrate PFA treatment's temporal impact. Histomorphological examination unveiled improved gut structure in PFA-treated piglets. The results of this study indicate that the use of PFAs as dietary supplements can be an effective strategy, augmenting gut microbiota diversity, reshaping microbial function, enhancing gut structure, and optimising intestinal health of weaned piglets providing valuable implications for swine production. KEY POINTS: • PFAs significantly diversify the gut microbiota in weaned piglets, aiding balance. • Changes in gut structure due to PFAs indicate improved resistance to weaning stress. • PFAs show potential to ease weaning stress, offering a substitute for antibiotics in piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Yu
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Andrew Morris
- Riverbend Pork Group, 487-489 Ruthven Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia
| | - Advait Kayal
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Ivan Milošević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11999, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yadav Sharma Bajagai
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia.
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20
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Hansen SV, Canibe N, Nielsen TS, Woyengo TA. Zinc status and indicators of intestinal health in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 challenged newly weaned pigs fed diets with different levels of zinc. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae018. [PMID: 38245836 PMCID: PMC10939430 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18 challenge on newly weaned pigs when fed one of three Zn levels (150, 1,400, or 2,500 ppm) on performance, Zn status, ETEC shedding, and diarrhea. The ETEC challenge was hypothesized to have a more pronounced negative impact on pigs fed a diet containing 150 ppm Zn compared to 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn for 14 d after weaning. The study included 72 ETEC F18 susceptible pigs weaned at ~28 d of age (d 0 of the study). The pigs were distributed according to initial weight and litter to one of the three dietary Zn levels. Half of the pigs were challenged with ETEC on d 1 and 2. The challenge reduced (P ≤ 0.03) feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) during d 3 to 5. Challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn had lower (P = 0.01) ADG during d 5 to 7 compared to those fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn, whereas control pigs' ADG were not affected by dietary Zn content. Challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn also showed lower (P < 0.01) fecal dry matter (DM) on d 5 compared to control pigs fed 150 ppm Zn and challenged pigs fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn. Challenge increased (P < 0.01) ETEC shedding in all groups, but challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn showed higher (P ≤ 0.05) fecal shedding of ETEC and toxins than when fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm. On d 3, C-reactive protein concentration in plasma was lower (P < 0.03) for pigs fed 1,400 and 2,500 compared to 150 ppm Zn. Plasma haptoglobin and pig major acute phase protein were unaffected by dietary Zn content. On d 0, the serum Zn concentration was 586 ± 36.6 µg/L, which pigs fed 150 ppm Zn maintained throughout the study. The serum Zn concentration increased (P ≤ 0.07) in pigs fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn. The challenge decreased (P < 0.01) the serum Zn concentration in pigs fed 2,500 ppm Zn. On d 5 and 7, serum Zn concentration was similar for challenged pigs fed 1,400 and 2,500 ppm Zn, while control pigs fed 2,500 ppm Zn had higher (P < 0.01) serum Zn concentration than 1,400 ppm Zn. On d 7, serum Zn concentration tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for pigs with diarrhea (fecal DM ≤ 18%). In summary, these results indicate that newly weaned pigs fed 150 ppm Zn are more susceptible to ETEC F18 colonization and its adverse consequences such as diarrhea and reduced growth, even though challenge did not increase acute phase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Veronika Hansen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina Skau Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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21
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Fabà L, Hulshof T, Venrooij KM, Van Hees HJ. Variability in feed intake the first days following weaning impacts gastrointestinal tract development, feeding patterns, and growth performance in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad419. [PMID: 38142125 PMCID: PMC10799316 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of voluntary feed intake (FI) the first days after weaning on gastrointestinal development and protein fermentation the first week after weaning and growth performance and feeding patterns during the nursery phase. A total of 144 mixed-sex weaned pigs (24 ± 2 d old; 7.2 ± 0.8 kg body weight [BW]) were allocated to 12 pens with 12 pigs/pen. Each pen was equipped with an electronic feeding station for monitoring individual FI during a 40-d study. Pigs were classified based on their cumulative FI over the initial 3 d after weaning (FId1-3) being above or below their pen median FId1-3 (high = 919 ± 244 g or low = 507 ± 222 g FId1-3). Similarly, weaning BW classes (BW0; high = 7.72 ± 0.59 kg or low = 6.62 ± 0.88 kg BW) were created to study interactions with FId1-3. Two female pigs with either a high or a low FId1-3 per pen (n = 24) were selected for sampling at d6 and were used to study gastrointestinal development and fermentation products in the small intestine. Feeding patterns per day, FI, and growth performance were measured individually. Low FId1-3 pigs had lower (P < 0.05) daily FI during d0 to d8, d8 to d15, and d22 to d28, BW on d15, d22, d29, and d40, and average daily gain during d0 to d8, d22 to d29, and d29 to d40 compared to high FId1-3. High FId1-3 pigs increased (P < 0.05) the number of visits to the feeder between d1 to d13 and d31 to d35, and the time spent per visit only for d1 to d4 (P < 0.05). The daily rate of FI (g/min) was higher (P < 0.05) for High FId1-3 pigs on d6, d8, d9, and d10, and again several days later (d20 to d39). In addition, the high FId1-3 × high BW0 interaction improved daily FI during d18 to d40 compared to low FId1-3 × low BW0 class (P < 0.05). For the sampling on d6, low FId1-3 pigs had a lighter small intestine, colon, and pancreas, and reduced villi length, smaller villi surface area, and a lower number of goblet cells size in jejunum (P < 0.05), while concentrations of lactic acid, histamine, and cadaverine in small intestinal content were increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, pigs with high FId1-3 became faster eaters with higher FI and growth rates toward the second half of the nursery, which was similar and additive for pigs with higher weaning BW. High FId1-3 was also associated with greater development of the gastrointestinal tract and a reduced protein fermentation 1-wk after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Fabà
- Trouw Nutrition, Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Tetske G Hulshof
- Trouw Nutrition, Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hubèrt M J Van Hees
- Trouw Nutrition, Research and Development, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Liu HY, Zhu C, Zhu M, Yuan L, Li S, Gu F, Hu P, Chen S, Cai D. Alternatives to antibiotics in pig production: looking through the lens of immunophysiology. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:1. [PMID: 38163818 PMCID: PMC10758383 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the livestock production system, the evolution of porcine gut microecology is consistent with the idea of "The Hygiene Hypothesis" in humans. I.e., improved hygiene conditions, reduced exposure to environmental microorganisms in early life, and frequent use of antimicrobial drugs drive immune dysregulation. Meanwhile, the overuse of antibiotics as feed additives for infectious disease prevention and animal growth induces antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogens and spreads related environmental pollutants. It justifies our attempt to review alternatives to antibiotics that can support optimal growth and improve the immunophysiological state of pigs. In the current review, we first described porcine mucosal immunity, followed by discussions of gut microbiota dynamics during the critical weaning period and the impacts brought by antibiotics usage. Evidence of in-feed additives with immuno-modulatory properties highlighting probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics and their cellular and molecular networking are summarized and reviewed. It may provide insights into the immune regulatory mechanisms of antibiotic alternatives and open new avenues for health management in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuyang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Miaonan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Long Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Shicheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fang Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Shihao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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23
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Schregel J, Schulze Holthausen J, Sciascia QL, Görs S, Li Z, Tuchscherer A, Albrecht E, Zentek J, Metges CC. Acute and persistent effects of oral glutamine supplementation on growth, cellular proliferation, and tight junction protein transcript abundance in jejunal tissue of low and normal birthweight pre-weaning piglets. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296427. [PMID: 38165864 PMCID: PMC10760696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breeding for higher fertility has resulted in a higher number of low birthweight (LBW) piglets. It has been shown that LBW piglets grow slower than normal birthweight (NBW) littermates. Differences in growth performance have been associated with impaired small intestinal development. In suckling and weaning piglets, glutamine (Gln) supplementation has been associated with improved growth and intestinal development. This study was designed to examine the effects of oral Gln supplementation on growth and small intestinal parameters in LBW and NBW suckling piglets. At birth (day 0), a total of 72 LBW (1.10 ± 0.06 kg) and 72 NBW (1.51 ± 0.06) male piglets were selected. At day 1, litters were standardized to 12 piglets, and experimental piglets supplemented daily with either Gln (1 g/kg BW) or isonitrogenous amounts of Alanine (Ala) as control (1.22 g/kg BW) until day 12. Creep feed was offered from day 14 onward. Subgroups of piglets were euthanized at days 5, 12, and 26 for the analyses of jejunal morphometry, cellular proliferation, glutathione concentration and transcript abundance of tight junction proteins. From age day 11 to 21, Gln supplemented LBW (LBW-Gln) piglets were heavier than Ala supplemented LBW (LBW-Ala) littermates (P = 0.034), while NBW piglets were heavier until age day 26 compared to LBW littermates. Villus height was higher in LBW-Gln compared to LBW-Ala on age day 12 (P = 0.031). Sporadic differences among supplementation and birthweight groups were detected for jejunal cellular proliferation, cellular population and glutathione concentration, whereas age was the most dominant factor. These results show that Gln supplementation improved the growth of LBW piglets compared to LBW-Ala beyond the termination of Gln supplementation, but this was not associated with consistent effects on selected parameters of jejunal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schregel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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24
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O’Doherty J, Dowley A, Conway E, Sweeney T. Nutritional Strategies to Mitigate Post-Weaning Challenges in Pigs: A Focus on Glucans, Vitamin D, and Selenium. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:13. [PMID: 38200743 PMCID: PMC10778565 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the challenges faced by the pig industry, with a specific focus on improving the health and growth of weaned pigs. It emphasizes the immediate necessity of investigating alternative approaches to managing pig nutrition and health due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics and the prohibition of zinc oxide in weaned pig diets. The weaning phase is identified as a critical stage in piglet development, characterized by stressors that affect their gastrointestinal health, immune responses, and overall physiology. The primary challenge during weaning arises from transitioning piglets from a digestible milk-based diet to a less digestible cereal-based feed, causing nutritional stress. This manifests as reduced feed intake, leading to gastrointestinal disturbances, intestinal inflammation, and adverse effects on intestinal structure and microbiota. To address these challenges and optimize piglet development, various nutritional strategies have been explored. Notably, glucans, particularly β-glucans from fungi, cereals, algae, and yeast, show promise in alleviating weaning-related issues. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the critical roles played by Vitamin D and selenium in piglet nutrition. These essential nutrients can be sourced naturally from enriched mushrooms that are specifically enriched with Vitamin D and selenium, providing a sustainable dietary option. In conclusion, effective nutritional strategies, including glucans, Vitamin D, selenium, and enriched mushrooms, are beneficial for addressing weaning-related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Alison Dowley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Eadaoin Conway
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
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25
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Dong W, Ricker N, Holman DB, Johnson TA. Meta-analysis reveals the predictable dynamic development of the gut microbiota in commercial pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0172223. [PMID: 37815394 PMCID: PMC10715009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The swine gut microbiome undergoes an age-dependent assembly pattern with a developmental phase at early ages and a stabilization phase at later ages. Shorter time intervals and a wider range of data sources provided a clearer understanding of the gut microbiota colonization and succession and their associations with pig growth and development. The rapidly changing microbiota of suckling and weaning pigs implies potential time targets for growth and health regulation through gut microbiota manipulation. Since swine gut microbiota development is predictable, swine microbiota age can be calculated and compared between animal treatment groups rather than relying only on static time-matched comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Dong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Abele N, Münz F, Zink F, Gröger M, Hoffmann A, Wolfschmitt EM, Hogg M, Calzia E, Waller C, Radermacher P, Merz T. Relation of Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations and Myocardial Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity in Anesthetized and Mechanically Ventilated, Cardiovascular Healthy Swine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17293. [PMID: 38139121 PMCID: PMC10743631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is associated with reduced myocardial β-adrenergic receptor expression and mitochondrial function. Since these data coincide with increased plasma catecholamine levels, we investigated the relation between myocardial β-receptor expression and mitochondrial respiratory activity under conditions of physiological catecholamine concentrations. This post hoc analysis used material of a prospective randomized, controlled study on 12 sexually mature (age 20-24 weeks) Early Life Stress or control pigs (weaning at day 21 and 28-35 after birth, respectively) of either sex. Measurements in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented animals comprised serum catecholamine (liquid-chromatography/tandem-mass-spectrometry) and 8-isoprostane levels, whole blood superoxide anion concentrations (electron spin resonance), oxidative DNA strand breaks (tail moment in the "comet assay"), post mortem cardiac tissue mitochondrial respiration, and immunohistochemistry (β2-adrenoreceptor, mitochondrial respiration complex, and nitrotyrosine expression). Catecholamine concentrations were inversely related to myocardial mitochondrial respiratory activity and β2-adrenoceptor expression, whereas there was no relation to mitochondrial respiratory complex expression. Except for a significant, direct, non-linear relation between DNA damage and noradrenaline levels, catecholamine concentrations were unrelated to markers of oxidative stress. The present study suggests that physiological variations of the plasma catecholamine concentrations, e.g., due to physical and/or psychological stress, may affect cardiac β2-adrenoceptor expression and mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Abele
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Franziska Münz
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Michael Gröger
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Eva-Maria Wolfschmitt
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Melanie Hogg
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Enrico Calzia
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Christiane Waller
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical Private University, 90402 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Tamara Merz
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany; (N.A.); (F.Z.); (M.G.); (A.H.); (E.-M.W.); (M.H.); (E.C.)
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Ulm University Medical Center, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Zhang C, Li C, Zhao P, Shao Q, Ma Y, Bai D, Liao C, He L, Huang S, Wang X. Effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide supplementation on growth performance, intestinal antioxidants, immunity and microbiota in weaned piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2273-2284. [PMID: 35714985 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2086878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal antioxidants, immunity and microbiota in weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned into five groups (four replicates per group) and fed a basal diet with GCP at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg for four weeks, respectively. Results showed that 1000 mg/kg GCP improved piglets' ADG and ADFI and reduced FCR (p < .05). Thus, the 0 and 1000 mg/kg GCP dose were selected for subsequent experiments. We found that 1000 mg/GCP increased SOD and T-AOC and decreased MDA in the jejunal mucosa (p < .05). Dietary 1000 mg/kg GCP also resulted in high levels of sIgA, IL-10 and TGF-β, whereas IL-2 dropped dramatically (p < .05). The relative expression levels of ZO-1, CLDN, OCLDN, TLR-4, IL-10, TGF-β, Nrf-2, SOD1 and CAT increased in the jejunal mucosa, whereas INF-γ decreased (p < .05). 1000 mg/kg GCP treatment altered the diversity and community composition of cecal microbiota in pigs, with increasing relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Lactobacillus at phylum and genus levels (p < .05), respectively. The results suggested that dietary 1000 mg/kg GCP could improve growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Chenxu Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Pengli Zhao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Dongying Bai
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei He
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
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Zhang F, Chen M, Liu X, Ji X, Li S, Jin E. New insights into the unfolded protein response (UPR)-anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) pathway in the regulation of intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:225-232. [PMID: 38033605 PMCID: PMC10685161 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustained dysfunction of the intestinal barrier caused by early weaning is a major factor that induces postweaning diarrhea in weaned piglets. In both healthy and diseased states, the intestinal barrier is regulated by goblet cells. Alterations in the characteristics of goblet cells are linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory conditions during pathogenic infections. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) in maintaining intestinal barrier function and how modifications to these systems affect mucus barrier characteristics and goblet cell dysregulation. We highlight a novel mechanism underlying the UPR-AGR2 pathway, which affects goblet cell differentiation and maturation and the synthesis and secretion of mucin by regulating epidermal growth factor receptor and mucin 2. This study provides a theoretical basis and new insights into the regulation of intestinal health in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
| | - Mengxian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xu Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
| | - Erhui Jin
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
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Qiao L, Dou X, Song X, Chang J, Zeng X, Zhu L, Yi H, Xu C. Replacing dietary sodium selenite with biogenic selenium nanoparticles improves the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:99-113. [PMID: 38023380 PMCID: PMC10665811 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are proposed as a safer and more effective selenium delivery system than sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Here, we investigated the effects of replacing dietary Na2SeO3 with SeNPs synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets. Seventy-two piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) weaned at 21 d of age were divided into the control group (basal diet containing 0.3 mg Se/kg from Na2SeO3) and SeNPs group (basal diet containing 0.3 mg Se/kg from SeNPs) during a 14-d feeding period. The results revealed that SeNPs supplementation increased the average daily gain (P = 0.022) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.033), reduced (P = 0.056) the diarrhea incidence, and improved (P = 0.013) the feed conversion ratio compared with Na2SeO3. Additionally, SeNPs increased jejunal microvilli height (P = 0.006) and alleviated the intestinal barrier dysfunction by upregulating (P < 0.05) the expression levels of mucin 2 and tight junction proteins, increasing (P < 0.05) Se availability, and maintaining mitochondrial structure and function, thereby improving antioxidant capacity and immunity. Furthermore, metabolomics showed that SeNPs can regulate lipid metabolism and participate in the synthesis, secretion and action of parathyroid hormone, proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Moreover, SeNPs increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Holdemanella and the levels of acetate and propionate. Correlation analysis suggested that Holdemanella was closely associated with the regulatory effects of SeNPs on early-weaned piglets through participating in lipid metabolism. Overall, replacing dietary Na2SeO3 with biogenic SeNPs could be a potential nutritional intervention strategy to prevent early-weaning syndrome in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xina Dou
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xiaofan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jiajing Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xiaonan Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lixu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Hongbo Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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Correia AM, Genova JL, Saraiva A, Rocha GC. Effects of crude protein and non-essential amino acids on growth performance, blood profile, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243357. [PMID: 38098993 PMCID: PMC10720428 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of crude protein (CP) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) supplementation on the growth performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, mRNA relative abundance of inflammatory and antioxidant markers, and tight junction proteins in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning. Ninety 21-day-old piglets (7.55 ± 0.72 kg) were assigned in a randomized block design to one of three dietary treatments: (1) high CP, a diet with 24% CP; (2) low CP, a diet with 18% CP; and (3) low CP + NEAA, a diet with 18% CP supplemented with 5 g/kg Arg (L-arginine; purity >99%) and 10 g/kg Glu + Gln (minimum 10% L-glutamine and minimum 10% L-glutamate). Piglets were fed with corn-soybean meal basal diets in a 14-day trial. There was an improvement (p < 0.05) in the feed conversion ratio of piglets fed the high-CP diet compared to treatments with low CP or low CP + NEAA. Serum urea nitrogen was higher (p < 0.05) in piglets fed high CP compared to other dietary treatments. In the duodenum, the villus height of animals fed the low-CP + NEAA diets was greater (p < 0.05) than those fed with the high- and low-CP diets. The goblet cell proportion of piglets fed low CP + NEAA or high CP was higher (p < 0.05) compared to low CP. In the jejunum, the crypt depth of the piglets with the high-CP dietary treatment was greater (p < 0.05) in comparison with low CP + NEAA. In the jejunum, IFN-γ mRNA expression was higher (p < 0.05) in animals fed the high-CP diets compared to other dietary treatments. However, superoxide dismutase and occludin mRNA expression were higher (p < 0.05) in animals fed low CP + NEAA than in piglets on the high-CP diets. In the ileum, the number of Peyer's patches in piglets fed high CP was higher (p < 0.05) compared to other dietary treatments. In conclusion, the high-CP diet (24% CP) improves the feed conversion of piglets in the first 2 weeks after weaning compared to the low-CP diet (18% CP) supplemented or not with NEAA. However, the low-CP diet supplemented with NEAA (Arg, Gln, and Glu) improves intestinal health in piglets by promoting greater villus height and proportion of goblet cells in the duodenum, reducing jejunal crypt depth, and reducing Peyer's number patches in the ileum. In addition, piglets that received the low-CP + NEAA diet showed an increase in superoxide dismutase and occludin and a lower expression of IFN-γ mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Li R, Shen M, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Bacillus coagulans prevents the decline in average daily feed intake in young piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by reducing intestinal injury and regulating the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284166. [PMID: 38035331 PMCID: PMC10686232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important intestinal pathogen, poses a significant threat to the intestinal health of piglets. Bacillus coagulans (BC), a potential feed additive, can improve the intestinal function of piglets. However, the effects of BC on growth performance and intestinal function in ETEC-infected piglets are still unclear. In this study, 24 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group (fed a basal diet), ETEC group (fed a basal diet and challenged with ETEC K88) and BC+ETEC group (fed a basal diet, orally administered BC, challenged with ETEC K88). During Days 1-6 of the trial, piglets in the BC+ETEC group were orally administered BC (1×108CFU/kg). On Day 5 of the trial, piglets in the ETEC and BC+ETEC groups were orally administered ETEC K88 (5×109CFU/piglet). Blood, intestinal tissue, and content samples were collected from the piglets on Day 7 of the trial. Results The average daily feed intake in the ETEC group was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. Further research revealed that ETEC infection significantly damaged the structure of the small intestine. Compared to the control group, the villus height and surface area of the jejunum, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, and the activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase in the jejunum were significantly reduced. Additionally, the levels of myeloperoxidase in the jejunum, malondialdehyde in the plasma and jejunum, and intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly increased in the ETEC group. However, BC supplementation had significantly mitigated these negative effects in the BC+ETEC group by Day 7 of the trial. Moreover, BC supplementation improved the gut microbiota imbalance by reversing the decreased numbers of Enterococcus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus in jejunum and Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon, as well as the increased number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum induced by ETEC K88. Conclusions Overall, BC supplementation reduced the decline in average daily feed intake in ETEC K88-infected piglets by attenuating intestinal epithelial apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. This suggests that BC may be used to prevent intestinal infections caused by ETEC in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Xu J, Jia Z, Xiao S, Long C, Wang L. Effects of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge on Jejunal Morphology and Microbial Community Profiles in Weaned Crossbred Piglets. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2646. [PMID: 38004658 PMCID: PMC10672776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea in weaning piglets, which are vulnerable to changes in environment and feed. This study aimed to determine the effects of the ETEC challenge on piglet growth performance, diarrhea rate, jejunal microbial profile, jejunal morphology and goblet cell distribution. A total of 13 piglets from one litter were selected on postnatal day 21 and assigned to treatments with or without ETEC challenge at 1 × 108 CFUs, as ETEC group or control group, respectively. On postnatal day 28, samples were collected, followed by the detection of serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory indicators, HE staining, PAS staining and 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the growth performance decreased, while the diarrhea rate increased for the ETEC group. The jejunum is the main segment of the injured intestine during the ETEC challenge. Compared with the control, the ETEC group displayed fewer goblet cells in the jejunum, where goblet cells are more distributed at the crypt and less distributed at the villus. In addition, ETEC piglets possessed higher abundances of the genus Desulfovibrio, genus Oxalobacter and genus Peptococus and lower abundances of the genus Prevotella 2, genus Flavonifractor and genus Blautra. In terms of alpha diversity, Chao 1 and observed features indexes were both increased for the ETEC group. Our study provides insights into jejunal histopathological impairment and microbial variation in response to ETEC infection for weaned piglets and is a valuable reference for researchers engaged in animal health research to select stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Shu Xiao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Cimin Long
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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McConn BR, Kpodo KR, Rivier JE, Behan DP, Richert BT, Radcliffe JS, Lay DC, Johnson JS. Interactions between corticotropin releasing factor signaling and prophylactic antibiotics on measures of intestinal function in weaned and transported pigs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1266409. [PMID: 37908333 PMCID: PMC10615255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1266409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the interaction between corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor signaling and prophylactic antibiotic administration on intestinal physiology in newly weaned and transported pigs. Pigs (n = 56; 5.70 ± 1.05 kg) were weaned (20.49 ± 0.64 d), a blood sample was taken, and then pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (SAL; n = 28 pigs) or a CRF receptor antagonist (CRFA; n = 28 pigs; 30 μg/kg body weight; Astressin B), and then were transported in a livestock trailer for 12 h and 49 min. A second and third intraperitoneal injection was given at 4 h 42 min and 11 h 36 min into the transport process, respectively. Following transport, 4 SAL and 4 CRFA pigs were blood sampled and euthanized. The remaining 48 pigs were individually housed and given dietary antibiotics [AB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs; chlortetracycline (441 ppm) + tiamulin (38.6 ppm)] or no dietary antibiotics (NAB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs) for 14 d post-transport. Blood was collected at 12 h and on d 3, 7, and 14, and then pigs were euthanized on d 7 (n = 24) and d 14 (n = 24) post-weaning and transport. Circulating cortisol was reduced (p = 0.05) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs post-weaning and transport. On d 7, jejunal villus height and crypt depth was greater overall (p < 0.05) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 14, ileal crypt depth was reduced (p = 0.02) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs. Jejunal CRF mRNA abundance tended to be reduced (p = 0.09) on d 7 in CRFA pigs versus SAL pigs. On d 14, jejunal tumor necrosis factor-alpha was reduced (p = 0.01) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 7, change in glucose short-circuit current tended to be increased (p = 0.07) in CRFA pigs fed the AB diet when compared to CRFA pigs fed the NAB diet. In conclusion, CRFA pigs and pigs fed AB had some similar biological intestinal function measures post-weaning and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R. McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Jean E. Rivier
- Sentia Medical Sciences Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Donald C. Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Li Y, Han L, Liu J, Kang L, Zhao L, Cui K. Yeast Peptides Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviate Weaning Stress by Changing the Intestinal Microflora Structure of Weaned Lambs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2472. [PMID: 37894129 PMCID: PMC10608930 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early weaning stress in lambs leads to decreased feed intake, damage to intestinal morphology, changes in the microbial flora structure, and subsequent complications. Yeast peptides are antimicrobial peptides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bacteriostasis effects. To study the effects of yeast peptides on relieving weaning stress in lambs, 54 lambs were randomly divided into three groups: ewe-reared (ER), yeast-peptide-treated (AP), and early-weaned (EW) lambs. The body weight and dry matter intake did not significantly differ among all groups. After weaning, the daily gain and feed conversion rate decreased significantly (p < 0.01), but AP showed an upward trend. In the EW group, immunoglobulin (Ig) levels changed significantly post-weaning (IgG decreased; IgA and IgM increased); the villi shortened, the crypt depth increased, and the villi height/crypt depth decreased (p < 0.001). The abundance and diversity of microflora among all groups were not significantly different. A column coordinate analysis showed significant differences in the intestinal microbial structure between the AP and EW groups. Lactobacillus, Aeriscardovia, Ruminosaceae_UCG-014, and Catenisphaera may play key roles in alleviating weaning stress in lambs. Our study provides new clues for alleviating weaning stress in lambs by describing the influence of yeast peptides on the intestinal microflora during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Lulu Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
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Bonetti A, Toschi A, Tugnoli B, Piva A, Grilli E. A blend of selected botanicals maintains intestinal epithelial integrity and reduces susceptibility to Escherichia coli F4 infection by modulating acute and chronic inflammation in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1275802. [PMID: 37841479 PMCID: PMC10570737 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1275802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pig production cycle, the most delicate phase is weaning, a sudden and early change that requires a quick adaptation, at the cost of developing inflammation and oxidation, especially at the intestinal level. In this period, pathogens like enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) contribute to the establishment of diarrhea, with long-lasting detrimental effects. Botanicals and their single bioactive components represent sustainable well-recognized tools in animal nutrition thanks to their wide-ranging beneficial functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro mechanism of action of a blend of botanicals (BOT), composed of thymol, grapeseed extract, and capsicum oleoresin, in supporting intestinal cell health during inflammatory challenges and ETEC infections. To reach this, we performed inflammatory and ETEC challenges on Caco-2 cells treated with BOT, measuring epithelial integrity, cellular oxidative stress, bacterial translocation and adhesion, gene expression levels, and examining tight junction distribution. BOT protected enterocytes against acute inflammation: while the challenge reduced epithelial tightness by 40%, BOT significantly limited its drop to 30%, also allowing faster recovery rates. In the case of chronic inflammation, BOT systematically improved by an average of 25% the integrity of challenged cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, when cells were infected with ETEC, BOT maintained epithelial integrity at the same level as an effective antibiotic and significantly reduced bacterial translocation by 1 log average. The mode of action of BOT was strictly related to the modulation of the inflammatory response, protecting tight junctions' expression and structure. In addition, BOT influenced ETEC adhesion to intestinal cells (-4%, p < 0.05), also thanks to the reduction of enterocytes' susceptibility to pathogens. Finally, BOT effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species generated by inflammatory and H2O2 challenges, thus alleviating oxidative stress by 40% compared to challenge (p < 0.05). These results support the employment of BOT in piglets at weaning to help manage bacterial infections and relieve transient or prolonged stressful states thanks to the modulation of host-pathogen interaction and the fine-tuning activity on the inflammatory tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Piva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
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Outlaw A, Gachman A, Kim H, Xu X, Tan Z, Qin Z, Peng X, Rudar M. Evaluation of protected benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health indices in starter pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad111. [PMID: 37841323 PMCID: PMC10576511 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoic acid is a common alternative for antibiotic and zinc oxide use in nursery diets. Free benzoic acid (BZA) is often supplied, but this form is absorbed before it can exert any effect on distal segments of the gut. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of protected benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, and gut health indices in starter pigs. A total of 192 pigs were weaned at 28 ± 1 d age (initial body weight, 8.72 ± 1.13 kg). Pens were assigned to one of four treatment diets (n = 8 pens per treatment): (1) no additive (NC), (2) free benzoic acid (BZA; 0.6%), (3) protected benzoic acid (BC50; 0.2%, supplied at a ratio of one to three equivalents of BZA), and (4) antibiotic growth promoter (AGP; Carbadox, 50 ppm). Diets were fed for three weeks over two periods (period 1, 7 d; period 2, 14 d). Body weight and feed intake were measured for each period. Feces were collected at the end of each period to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and crude protein (CP). One pig per pen was euthanized per period to determine plasma metabolites; jejunum and ileum morphology; jejunum, ileum, and colon cytokine abundance; and jejunum, ileum, and colon tight junction protein expression. The AGP group had increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to other groups in period 1 and overall (P < 0.05); however, ADG and ADFI of the BC50 group was intermediate between the NC and BZA groups and the AGP group in period 2. The ATTD of OM, GE, and CP were greater in the AGP group compared to the NC and BC50 groups (P < 0.05), whereas the BZA group was intermediate. Jejunum and ileum villus height and crypt depth increased from period 1 to period 2 (P < 0.01) but were similar across groups. Ileum and colon tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) abundances were greater, whereas colon interleukin (IL)-1β and colon and ileum IL-8 abundances were less, in the AGP group compared to the BZA group (P < 0.05); the NC and BC50 groups exhibited intermediate TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 abundance in the ileum and colon. Jejunum cytokine abundance did not vary among groups but declined from period 1 to period 2 (P < 0.05). Tight junction protein expression also did not vary among groups. In summary, protected BZA supported a slight increase in growth performance in starter pigs, suggesting its potential as an alternative feed additive in nursery diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Outlaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Alexandra Gachman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Haejin Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhigang Tan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhonghua Qin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510664, China
| | - Marko Rudar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Pastorelli G, Benamri R, Faustini M, De Bellis R, Serra V, Turin L, Haumont M, Durand P, Bianchessi L, Prost-Camus E, Pecqueur T, Prost M. Partial Replacement of Synthetic Vitamin E by Polyphenols in Post-Weaning Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1752. [PMID: 37760055 PMCID: PMC10525264 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential nutrient usually recommended in post-weaning piglets, when a decline in the serum vitamin E concentration is observed. Selected polyphenols have the potential to partially replace vitamin E in animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dietary inclusion of some commercial polyphenol products (PPs) on the growth performance, antioxidant status and immunity of post-weaning piglets. A total of 300 piglets (BW 7.18 kg ± 1.18) were randomly assigned to six dietary groups: CON- (40 mg/kg vitamin E); CON+(175.8 mg/kg vitamin E); and PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4, in which 50% vitamin E of CON+ was replaced with PP with equivalent vitamin E activity. The PP1 group exhibited lower performance (p < 0.05) than the other dietary groups, but a similar performance to that commonly registered in pig farms. Dietary polyphenols did not influence the IgG concentration or the IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine concentrations. A lower IL-8 level was found in the PP4 group than in the other groups. The diets that affected the vitamin A content showed the highest value (p < 0.05) in the PP1 group, and a trend was noted for vitamin E with a higher content in PP4 and CON+. The polyphenols-enriched diets, especially the PP3 diet, maintained an antioxidant capacity (whole blood KRL) similar to the CON+ diet. In conclusion, the replacement of vitamin E with all PPs enables partial vitamin E substitution in post-weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Rachida Benamri
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Cargill Incorporated, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA; (R.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberta De Bellis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Marc Haumont
- Laboratoire Lara-Spiral, 3 rue des Mardors, 21560 Couternon, France; (M.H.); (P.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Philippe Durand
- Laboratoire Lara-Spiral, 3 rue des Mardors, 21560 Couternon, France; (M.H.); (P.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Laura Bianchessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (V.S.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Thomas Pecqueur
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Cargill Incorporated, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA; (R.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Michel Prost
- Laboratoire Lara-Spiral, 3 rue des Mardors, 21560 Couternon, France; (M.H.); (P.D.); (M.P.)
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Eriksen EØ, Kudirkiene E, Barington K, Goecke NB, Blirup-Plum SA, Nielsen JP, Olsen JE, Jensen HE, Pankoke K, Larsen LE, Liu G, Pedersen KS. An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 37434248 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Danish herds that did not use medicinal zinc, specifically the prevalence of diarrhea and whether PWD was associated to clinical signs of dehydration or altered body temperature; (ii) which microorganism are associated to PWD; and iii) whether measurements of the fecal pH have a potential to be used diagnostically to differentiate between infectious etiologies in cases of PWD. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea varied considerably between the outbreaks in the nine studied herds (median = 0.58, range = 0.10; 0.94). In a cross-sectional design (n = 923), diarrhea was associated with reduced rectal temperature and alkaline feces. Diarrhea was also associated with observably reduced skin elasticity, possibly indicating dehydration. In both diarrheic case pigs (n = 87) and control pigs (n = 86), the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisopora suis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, porcine circovirus types 2 and 3, rotavirus A, B, C, and H, Samonella enterica spp. enterica, and Trichuris suis was described. PWD was associated with high levels of enterotoxigenic E. coli shedding (odds ratio versus no E. coli detection = 4.79 [CI 1.14; 12.62]). Diarrhea was associated with high levels of rotavirus A shedding (odds ratio versus no/low rotavirus A = 3.80 [CI 1.33; 7.97]). The association between microbiological findings in diarrheic pigs and fecal pH was negligible. CONCLUSIONS Enterotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed to be a cause of PWD; however, cases of PWD where enterotoxigenic E. coli was not detected in high levels occurred commonly, and this adds to the increasing evidence suggesting that PWD is not necessarily a result of enteric colibacillosis. Rotaviral enteritis might be a differential diagnosis of PWD. pH-measurements cannot be used to differentiate between differential diagnoses for PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristiane Barington
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Bakkegård Goecke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sophie Amalie Blirup-Plum
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen Pankoke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Ø-Vet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
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Choi H, Kim SW. Characterization of β-Glucans from Cereal and Microbial Sources and Their Roles in Feeds for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2236. [PMID: 37444033 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to investigate the quantitative, compositional, and structural differences of β-glucans and the functional effects of β-glucans on the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. Banning antibiotic feed supplementation increased the research demand for antibiotic alternatives to maintain the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. It has been proposed that β-glucans improve the growth efficiency of nursery pigs through positive impacts on their intestinal health. However, based on their structure and source, their impacts can be extensively different. β-glucans are non-starch polysaccharides found in the cell walls of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), bacteria, fungi (Basidiomycota), and cereal grains (mainly barley and oats). The total β-glucan content from cereal grains is much greater than that of microbial β-glucans. Cereal β-glucans may interfere with the positive effects of microbial β-glucans on the intestinal health of nursery pigs. Due to their structural differences, cereal β-glucans also cause digesta viscosity, decreasing feed digestion, and decreasing nutrient absorption in the GIT of nursery pigs. Specifically, cereal β-glucans are based on linear glucose molecules linked by β-(1,3)- and β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds with relatively high water-soluble properties, whereas microbial β-glucans are largely linked with β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds possessing insoluble properties. From the meta-analysis, the weight gain and feed intake of nursery pigs increased by 7.6% and 5.3%, respectively, through the use of yeast β-glucans (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and increased by 11.6% and 6.9%, respectively, through the use of bacterial β-glucans (from Agrobacterium sp.), whereas the use of cereal β-glucans did not show consistent responses. The optimal use of yeast β-glucans (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was 50 mg/kg in nursery pig diets based on a meta-analysis. Collectively, use of microbial β-glucans can improve the intestinal health of nursery pigs, enhancing immune conditions, whereas the benefits of cereal β-glucans on intestinal health were not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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St-Pierre B, Perez Palencia JY, Samuel RS. Impact of Early Weaning on Development of the Swine Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1753. [PMID: 37512925 PMCID: PMC10385335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that pigs are naturally weaned between 12 and 18 weeks of age, the common practice in the modern swine industry of weaning as early as between two and four weeks of age increases challenges during this transition period. Indeed, young pigs with an immature gut are suddenly separated from the sow, switched from milk to a diet consisting of only solid ingredients, and subjected to a new social hierarchy from mixing multiple litters. From the perspective of host gut development, weaning under these conditions causes a regression in histological structure as well as in digestive and barrier functions. While the gut is the main center of immunity in mature animals, the underdeveloped gut of early weaned pigs has yet to contribute to this function until seven weeks of age. The gut microbiota or microbiome, an essential contributor to the health and nutrition of their animal host, undergoes dramatic alterations during this transition, and this descriptive review aims to present a microbial ecology-based perspective on these events. Indeed, as gut microbial communities are dependent on cross-feeding relationships, the change in substrate availability triggers a cascade of succession events until a stable composition is reached. During this process, the gut microbiota is unstable and prone to dysbiosis, which can devolve into a diseased state. One potential strategy to accelerate maturation of the gut microbiome would be to identify microbial species that are critical to mature swine gut microbiomes, and develop strategies to facilitate their establishment in early post-weaning microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jorge Yair Perez Palencia
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ryan S Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Wu Z, Yan Y, Li W, Li Y, Yang H. Expression Profile of miR-199a and Its Role in the Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1979. [PMID: 37370489 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early weaning stress impairs intestinal health in piglets. miRNAs are crucial for maintaining host homeostasis, while their implication for animal health remains unclear. To identify weaning-associated miRNAs, piglets were sampled at day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 after weaning. The data indicated that the highest levels of miR-199a-5p in jejunal villus upper cells were observed on day 14 after weaning, while the lowest levels in crypt cells were noted on day 7 and 14. In contrast, miR-199a-3p was down-regulated in both of these two cells on day 7 after weaning compared with day 0. Both miR-199a-5p and -3p were differently expressed along the villus-crypt axis. To further clarify the function of miR-199a, mice deficient in miR-199a were exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis. Results revealed that silencing of miR-199a enhanced sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, the increased morbidity and mortality were correlated with enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, impaired barrier function, and a concomitant increase in permeability-related parameters. Bioinformatic analysis further demonstrated that lipid metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched and Ndrg1 was verified as a target of miR-199a-3p. These findings indicate that miR-199a may be important for animal health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yanyun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wenli Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China
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Rattigan R, Lawlor PG, Cormican P, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cullen J, Phelan JP, Ranjitkar S, Crispie F, Gardiner GE. Maternal and/or post-weaning supplementation with Bacillus altitudinis spores modulates the microbial composition of colostrum, digesta and faeces in pigs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8900. [PMID: 37264062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of maternal and/or post-weaning Bacillus altitudinis supplementation on the microbiota in sow colostrum and faeces, and offspring digesta and faeces. Sows (n = 12/group) were assigned to: (1) standard diet (CON), or (2) CON supplemented with probiotic B. altitudinis spores (PRO) from day (d)100 of gestation to weaning (d26 of lactation). At weaning, offspring were assigned to CON or PRO for 28d, resulting in: (1) CON/CON, (2) CON/PRO, (3) PRO/CON, and (4) PRO/PRO, after which all received CON. Samples were collected from sows and selected offspring (n = 10/group) for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Rothia was more abundant in PRO sow colostrum. Sow faeces were not impacted but differences were identified in offspring faeces and digesta. Most were in the ileal digesta between PRO/CON and CON/CON on d8 post-weaning; i.e. Bacteroidota, Alloprevotella, Prevotella, Prevotellaceae, Turicibacter, Catenibacterium and Blautia were more abundant in PRO/CON, with Firmicutes and Blautia more abundant in PRO/PRO compared with CON/CON. Lactobacillus was more abundant in PRO/CON faeces on d118 post-weaning. This increased abundance of polysaccharide-fermenters (Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae), butyrate-producers (Blautia) and Lactobacillus likely contributed to previously reported improvements in growth performance. Overall, maternal, rather than post-weaning, probiotic supplementation had the greatest impact on intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rattigan
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - James Cullen
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John P Phelan
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Samir Ranjitkar
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland.
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Choudhury R, Gu Y, Bolhuis JE, Kleerebezem M. Early feeding leads to molecular maturation of the gut mucosal immune system in suckling piglets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208891. [PMID: 37304274 PMCID: PMC10248722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diet-microbiota-host interactions are increasingly studied to comprehend their implications in host metabolism and overall health. Keeping in mind the importance of early life programming in shaping intestinal mucosal development, the pre-weaning period can be utilised to understand these interactions in suckling piglets. The objective of this study was to investigate the consequences of early life feeding on the time-resolved mucosal transcriptional program as well as mucosal morphology. Methods A customised fibrous feed was provided to piglets (early-fed or EF group; 7 litters) from five days of age until weaning (29 days of age) in addition to sow's milk, whereas control piglets (CON; 6 litters) suckled mother's milk only. Rectal swabs, intestinal content, and mucosal tissues (jejunum, colon) were obtained pre- and post-weaning for microbiota analysis (16S amplicon sequencing) and host transcriptome analysis (RNA sequencing). Results Early feeding accelerated both microbiota colonisation as well as host transcriptome, towards a more "mature state", with a more pronounced response in colon compared to jejunum. Early feeding elicited the largest impact on the colon transcriptome just before weaning (compared to post-weaning time-points), exemplified by the modulation of genes involved in cholesterol and energy metabolism and immune response. The transcriptional impact of early feeding persisted during the first days post-weaning and was highlighted by a stronger mucosal response to the weaning stress, via pronounced activation of barrier repair reactions, which is a combination of immune activation, epithelial migration and "wound-repair" like processes, compared to the CON piglets. Discussion Our study demonstrates the potential of early life nutrition in neonatal piglets as a means to support their intestinal development during the suckling period, and to improve adaptation during the weaning transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Choudhury
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuner Gu
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Zhao BC, Wang TH, Chen J, Qiu BH, Xu YR, Zhang Q, Li JJ, Wang CJ, Nie QF, Li JL. Effects of dietary supplementation with a carvacrol-cinnamaldehyde-thymol blend on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 37221604 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress, herd transfer, and food changes experienced by nursery and fattening pigs can lead to reduced performance, reduced digestion and absorption, and impaired intestinal health. Given the role of essential oils in relieving stress and improving animal welfare, we hypothesized that essential oils may improve pig performance via promoting gut health and gut homeostasis laid by EOs supplementation during nursery continuously impacts performance in fattening pigs. RESULTS A total of 100 piglets (Landrace × Large White; weighted 8.08 ± 0.34 kg, weaned at d 28) were randomly selected and divided into 2 treatments: (1) basal diet (Con); (2) basal diet supplement with 0.1% complex essential oils (CEO). The experiment period was 42 days. Then weaned piglets' growth performance and indications of intestinal health were assessed. Compared to the Con group, dietary supplemented CEO enhanced BW at 14 d (P < 0.05), and increased ADG during 1 ~ 14 d and 1 ~ 42 d (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CEO group had lower FCR during 1 ~ 42 d (P < 0.05). The CEO group also showed higher VH and VH:CD in duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05). Additionally, dietary CEO supplementation improved gut barrier function, as manifested by increased the mRNA expression of tight-junction protein and decreased serum DAO, ET and D-LA levels (P < 0.05). Finally, CEO supplementation alleviated gut inflammation, increased the activity of digestive enzymes. Importantly, piglets supplemented with CEOs during nursery also had better performance during fattening, suggesting that the establishment of intestinal health will also continuously affect subsequent digestion and absorption capacity. In short, dietary supplemented CEO improved performance and gut health via modulating increased intestine absorptive area, barrier integrity, digestive enzyme activity, and attenuating intestine inflammation. Meanwhile, essential oil supplementation during the nursery period also had a favorable effect on the performance of growing pigs. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the strategy of adding CEO to pig diets as a growth promoter and enhancing intestinal health is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Chen Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Hao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Hao Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Weiyuan Animal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiangzhuang, 052165, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jie Li
- Weiyuan Animal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiangzhuang, 052165, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Weiyuan Animal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiangzhuang, 052165, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Feng Nie
- Weiyuan Animal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiangzhuang, 052165, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
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45
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Van Kerschaver C, Turpin D, Michiels J, Pluske J. Reducing Weaning Stress in Piglets by Pre-Weaning Socialization and Gradual Separation from the Sow: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101644. [PMID: 37238074 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The weaning of pigs in most commercial pork production systems is an abrupt event performed at a fairly young age, i.e., mostly between 2.5 and 5 weeks of age. This practice induces a stress response, and its impact on behavior, performance and the gastrointestinal tract has been well described. Historically, there has been a focus on pre- and post-weaning nutritional strategies and post-weaning housing conditions and medication to improve production and reduce mortality after weaning. However, alternative pre-weaning housing and management systems that promote the development of natural social behaviors of piglets before weaning have recently received more attention. Co-mingling of non-littermates before weaning is a strategy that aims to initiate social interactions prior to weaning. The separation of the litter from the sow in the period leading up to weaning, termed intermittent suckling, aims to enhance the gradual separation from the sow. In addition, these practices encourage the young pig to learn explorative nutrient sourcing. Altogether, they may reduce weaning-associated stress. In this review, these strategies are defined, and their effects on behavior, performance, mortality, gastrointestinal function and immunocompetence are described. Though these strategies may be adapted to a commercial setting, it also becomes clear that many factors can contribute to the success of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Van Kerschaver
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diana Turpin
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth 6151, Australia
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Pluske
- Australasian Pork Research Institute Limited, Willaston 5118, Australia
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Qin W, Yu Z, Li Z, Liu H, Li W, Zhao J, Ren Y, Ma L. Dietary Berberine and Ellagic Acid Supplementation Improve Growth Performance and Intestinal Damage by Regulating the Structural Function of Gut Microbiota and SCFAs in Weaned Piglets. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1254. [PMID: 37317228 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Early weaning is an effective method for improving the utilization rate of sows in intensive pig farms. However, weaning stress induces diarrhea and intestinal damage in piglets. Berberine (BBR) is known for its anti-diarrhea properties and ellagic acid (EA) is known for its antioxidant properties, however, whether their combination improves diarrhea and intestinal damage in piglets has not been studied, and the mechanism remains unclear. To explore the combined effects in this experiment, a total of 63 weaned piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire) were divided into three groups at 21 days. Piglets in the Ctrl group were treated with a basal diet and 2 mL saline orally, while those in the BE group were treated with a basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg (BW) BBR, 10 mg/kg (BW) EA, and 2 mL saline orally. Piglets in the FBE group were treated with a basal diet and 2 mL fecal microbiota suspension from the BE group orally, respectively, for 14 days. Compared with the Ctrl group, dietary supplementation with BE improved growth performance by increasing the average daily gain and average daily food intake and reducing the fecal score in weaned piglets. Dietary supplementation with BE also improved intestinal morphology and cell apoptosis by increasing the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and decreasing the average optical density of apoptotic cells; meanwhile, improvements also involved attenuating oxidative stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction by increasing the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, and catalase, and upregulating the mRNA expressions of Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1. Interestingly, the oral administration of a fecal microbiota suspension to piglets fed BE had similar effects to those of the BE group. According to 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, dietary supplementation with BE altered the composition of the microbiota, including firmicutes, bacteroidetes, lactobacillus, phascolarctobacterium, and parabacteroides, and increased the metabolites of propionate and butyrate. In addition, Spearman analysis revealed that improvements in growth performance and intestinal damage were significantly correlated with differential bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In brief, dietary supplementation with BE improved the growth performance and intestinal damage by altering the gut microbiota composition and SCFAs in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Qin
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhendong Yu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhechang Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hengfeng Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yin Ren
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Libao Ma
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Duarte ME, Stahl CH, Kim SW. Intestinal Damages by F18 +Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051040. [PMID: 37237906 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated intestinal oxidative damage caused by F18+Escherichia coli and its amelioration with antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). Overall, PC reduced (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) ADG, and G:F. PC increased (p < 0.05) fecal score, F18+E. coli in feces, and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score and F18+E. coli in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (p < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea populations in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and reduced (p < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii populations in feces. Collectively, F18+E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress, and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced reduced F18+E. coli populations and the oxidative damages they cause, thereby improving intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Browne N, Daly D, Horgan K. Differential impact of yeast cell wall products in recovery of porcine intestinal epithelial cell barrier function following Lipopolysaccharide challenge. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:18. [PMID: 37069650 PMCID: PMC10111678 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In swine intestinal barrier deterioration can be caused by exposure to harmful bacteria, toxins or contaminants that can lead to a leaky gut and post weaning diarrhoea. A leaky gut leads to increased infection, inflammation and poor nutrient absorption that can impair piglet growth and ultimately survival. Application of yeast cell wall (YCW) products may offer an opportunity to reduce the intestinal barrier damage caused by microbial challenge. A Mannan rich fraction (MRF) and three YCW products were compared by examining their impact on intestinal barrier function using a Jejunal model of intestine in response to a bacterial challenge using Salmonella LPS. RESULTS Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) readings showed MRF had a significantly higher barrier function (P ≤ 0.05) over the positive control while YCW products A, B and C demonstrated no significant improvement to the positive control. Transcriptome analysis of the IPEC-J2 cells showed that differentially expressed genes associated with the gene ontology (GO) term for Structural molecule activity was significantly upregulated in the MRF treated cells over the positive control cells with 56 genes upregulated compared to product B (50 genes), Product C, (25 genes) and the negative control's 60 genes. Product A had no functional grouping under the structural molecule activity term. Both qPCR and western blotting analysis of tight junction associated genes showed that MRF treated cells demonstrated significantly higher Claudin 3 junctional gene expression (P ≤ 0.05) over the positive control and treatments A, B and C. Occludin expression was significantly higher in MRF treated cells (P ≤ 0.05) over the positive control and product B. A nonsignificant rise in TJP-1 gene expression was observed in the MRF treated cells when compared to the positive control. Protein abundances of Claudin 3, Occludin and TJP-1 were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher following MRF application to LPS challenged IPEC-J2 cells over the positive control. CONCLUSIONS The difference in each YCW products production and composition appeared to influence intestinal barrier integrity. The action of MRF demonstrates its potential ability to raise intestinal barrier integrity of IPEC-J2 intestinal cells on an in vitro level through significantly elevated intracellular connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Browne
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| | - Daniel Daly
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Karina Horgan
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
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Szabó C, Kachungwa Lugata J, Ortega ADSV. Gut Health and Influencing Factors in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081350. [PMID: 37106913 PMCID: PMC10135089 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a complex, dynamic, and critical part of the body, which plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of ingested nutrients and excreting waste products of digestion. In addition, GIT also plays a vital role in preventing the entry of harmful substances and potential pathogens into the bloodstream. The gastrointestinal tract hosts a significant number of microbes, which throughout their metabolites, directly interact with the hosts. In modern intensive animal farming, many factors can disrupt GIT functions. As dietary nutrients and biologically active substances play important roles in maintaining homeostasis and eubiosis in the GIT, this review aims to summarize the current status of our knowledge on the most important areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - James Kachungwa Lugata
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arth David Sol Valmoria Ortega
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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50
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Ren H, Li K, Min Y, Qiu B, Huang X, Luo J, Qi L, Kang M, Xia P, Qiao H, Chen J, Cui Y, Gan L, Wang P, Wang J. Rehmannia glutinosa Polysaccharides: Optimization of the Decolorization Process and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040914. [PMID: 37107289 PMCID: PMC10136223 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide decolorization has a major effect on polysaccharide function. In the present study, the decolorization of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides (RGP) is optimized using two methods-the AB-8 macroporous resin (RGP-1) method and the H2O2 (RGP-2) method. The optimal decolorization parameters for the AB-8 macroporous resin method were as follows: temperature, 50 °C; macroporous resin addition, 8.4%; decolorization duration, 64 min; and pH, 5. Under these conditions, the overall score was 65.29 ± 3.4%. The optimal decolorization conditions for the H2O2 method were as follows: temperature, 51 °C; H2O2 addition, 9.5%; decolorization duration, 2 h; and pH, 8.6. Under these conditions, the overall score was 79.29 ± 4.8%. Two pure polysaccharides (RGP-1-A and RGP-2-A) were isolated from RGP-1 and RGP-2. Subsequently, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms were evaluated. RGP treatment activated the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05). It also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB pathway (p < 0.05). RGP-1-A had a significantly better protective effect than RGP-2-A, likely owing to the sulfate and uronic groups it contains. Together, the findings indicate that RGP can act as a natural agent for the prevention of oxidation and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ren
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Kejie Li
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yan Min
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Binhang Qiu
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jingxin Luo
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Liwen Qi
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Maoli Kang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peng Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hanzhen Qiao
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yaoming Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Liping Gan
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Hi-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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