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Ma D, Wang X, Li M, Hu C, Tang L. Reconsideration of interferon treatment for viral diseases: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110485. [PMID: 37348227 PMCID: PMC10272952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodic pandemics of coronavirus (CoV)-related pneumonia have been a major challenging issue since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. The ongoing pandemic of CoV disease (COVID-19) poses a substantial threat to public health. As for the treatment options, only limited antiviral agents have been approved hitherto, and clinicians mainly focus on currently available drugs including the conventional antiviral interferons (IFNs). In clinical practice, IFNs, when used either alone or in combination with ribavirin and/or lopinavir/ritonavir, have shown promising outcomes, to some extent, in SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV treatment. Although the efficacy and safety of IFNs in COVID-19 treatment remain unclear, their possible use merits further evaluation. We present a review that summarizes current evidence of IFN treatment for COVID-19 and elaborates on other challenges in terms of the timing of IFN treatment initiation, treatment duration, and IFN type to be used. The review findings suggested that IFN acts by directly inhibiting viral replication and activating immune cell subsets. However, there is a lack of well-designed and controlled clinical trials providing firm evidence for the efficacy or safety of IFN therapy for CoVs. Additionally, critically ill patients with multiple immunosuppression-associated comorbidities may not benefit from IFN therapy, necessitating screening of those patients who would most benefit from IFN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China
| | - Ximin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chujiao Hu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China.
| | - Lei Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China.
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Smail SW, Babaei E, Amin K. Hematological, Inflammatory, Coagulation, and Oxidative/Antioxidant Biomarkers as Predictors for Severity and Mortality in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort-Study. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:565-580. [PMID: 36824986 PMCID: PMC9942608 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s402206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are pivotal points in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to use routine laboratory and oxidative stress/antioxidative biomarkers as predictors for the mortality of the disease. Patients and Methods This prospective cohort study, made up of 120 COVID-19 patients from emergency units in Erbil, Duhok, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah cities in Iraq, from May the 1st to May the 30th, 2021, and 60 healthy controls (HCs) (n = 60). The patients were re-categorized into mild (n = 54), severe (n = 40), and critical (n = 26) groups based on the clinical criteria. Following admission to the hospital, blood was directly collected for measuring routine laboratory biomarkers. Results Neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were higher in the critical group, while lymphocytes were lower in the severe and critical groups compared to the mild group. The CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer values were more elevated in severe and critical cases than in mild COVID-19 cases. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and copper were elevated, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level were lower. However, vitamin C, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activity levels were not changed in the COVID-19 groups compared to the HCs. NO and ferritin were predictors of ICU hospitalization; D-dimer, MDA, and NLR were predictors of mortality. NO, and NLR were predictors of SpO2 depression. Moreover, NO, and copper have both good diagnostic values, their cutoffs were 39.01 and 11.93, respectively. Conclusion There is an association between immune dysregulation and oxidative imbalance. The biomarkers, that could be considered as predictors for the severity and mortality of COVID-19, are the NLR, NO, ferritin, and D-dimer. The age equal to and older than 50 has a poor prognosis in the Kurdish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukur Wasman Smail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Esmaeil Babaei
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Kawa Amin
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Sheikh A, Huang H, Parvin S, Badruzzaman M, Ahamed T, Hossain E, Baran IS, Saud ZA. A multi-population-based genomic analysis uncovers unique haplotype variants and crucial mutant genes in SARS-CoV-2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:149. [PMID: 36318347 PMCID: PMC9626712 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rigorous detection and treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2 have become very challenging due to continuous evolutions to the viral genome. Therefore, careful genomic analysis is sorely needed to understand transmission, the cellular mechanism of pathogenicity, and the development of vaccines or drugs. Objective In this study, we intended to identify SARS-CoV-2 genome variants that may help understand the cellular and molecular foundation of coronavirus infections required to develop effective intervention strategies. Methods SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were downloaded from an open-source public database, processed, and analyzed for variants in target detection sites and genes. Results We have identified six unique variants, G---AAC, T---AAC---T, AAC---T, AAC--------T, C----------T, and C--------C, at the nucleocapsid region and eleven major hotspot mutant genes: nsp3, surface glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, ORF8, nsp6, nsp2, nsp4, helicase, membrane glycoprotein, 3′-5′ exonuclease, and 2′-O-ribose methyltransferases. In addition, we have identified eleven major mutant genes that may have a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Conclusion Studying haplotype variants and 11 major mutant genes to understand the mechanism of action of fatal pathogenicity and inter-individual variations in immune responses is inevitable for managing target patient groups with identified variants and developing effective anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Sheikh
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - He Huang
- Research and Development Department, Bioengineering Lab. Co., Ltd, 657 Nagatake Midori-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken 252-0154 Japan
| | - Sultana Parvin
- grid.263023.60000 0001 0703 3735Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Tofayel Ahamed
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Ekhtear Hossain
- grid.263880.70000 0004 0386 0655Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, 244 William James Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Iri Sato Baran
- Genesis Institute of Genetic Research, Genesis Healthcare Corporation, Yebisu Garden Place Tower 15F/26F 4-20-3 Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zahangir Alam Saud
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Rajendran R, Chathambath A, Al-Sehemi AG, Pannipara M, Unnikrishnan MK, Aleya L, Raghavan RP, Mathew B. Critical role of nitric oxide in impeding COVID-19 transmission and prevention: a promising possibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38657-38672. [PMID: 35258738 PMCID: PMC8902850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a serious respiratory infection caused by a beta-coronavirus that is closely linked to SARS. Hypoxemia is a symptom of infection, which is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Augmenting supplementary oxygen may not always improve oxygen saturation; reversing hypoxemia in COVID-19 necessitates sophisticated means to promote oxygen transfer from alveoli to blood. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of the respiratory coronavirus, a property that distinguishes it from other vasodilators. These findings imply that NO may have a crucial role in the therapy of COVID-19, indicating research into optimal methods to restore pulmonary physiology. According to clinical and experimental data, NO is a selective vasodilator proven to restore oxygenation by helping to normalize shunts and ventilation/perfusion mismatches. This study examines the role of NO in COVID-19 in terms of its specific physiological and biochemical properties, as well as the possibility of using inhaled NO as a standard therapy. We have also discussed how NO could be used to prevent and cure COVID-19, in addition to the limitations of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anjana Chathambath
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, CNRS6249, Besancon, France
| | - Roshni Pushpa Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
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5
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Deek SA. BPC 157 as Potential Treatment for COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2021; 158:110736. [PMID: 34798584 PMCID: PMC8575535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak. COVID-19 is largely seen as a thrombotic and vascular disease targeting endothelial cells (ECs) throughout the body that can provoke the breakdown of central vascular functions. This explains the complications and multi-organ failure seen in COVID-19 patients including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular complications, liver damage, and neurological damage. Acknowledging the comorbidities and potential organ injuries throughout the course of COVID-19 is therefore crucial in the clinical management of patients. Here we discuss BPC 157, based primarily on animal model data, as a novel agent that can improve the clinical management of COVID-19. BPC 157 is a peptide that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and endothelial-protective effects in different organ systems in different species. BPC 157 activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is associated with nitric oxide (NO) release, tissue repair and angiomodulatory properties which can lead to improved vascular integrity and immune response, reduced proinflammatory profile, and reduced critical levels of the disease. As a result, discussion of its use as a potential prophylactic and complementary treatment is critical. All examined treatments, although potentiality effective against COVID-19, need either appropriate drug development or clinical trials in humans to be suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Deek
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712 Austin, TX, USA.
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6
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Fang W, Jiang J, Su L, Shu T, Liu H, Lai S, Ghiladi RA, Wang J. The role of NO in COVID-19 and potential therapeutic strategies. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:153-162. [PMID: 33347987 PMCID: PMC7754882 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical playing an important pathophysiological role in cardiovascular and immune systems. Recent studies reported that NO levels were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19, which was suggested to be closely related to vascular dysfunction and immune inflammation among them. In this review, we examine the potential role of NO during SARS-CoV-2 infection from the perspective of the unique physical, chemical and biological properties and potential mechanisms of NO in COVID-19, as well as possible therapeutic strategies using inhaled NO. We also discuss the limits of NO treatment, and the future application of this approach in prevention and therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fang
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Biomedicine and Biopharmacology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingrui Jiang
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Su
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Biomedicine and Biopharmacology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Biomedicine and Biopharmacology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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7
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Deeks HM, Walters RK, Barnoud J, Glowacki DR, Mulholland AJ. Interactive Molecular Dynamics in Virtual Reality Is an Effective Tool for Flexible Substrate and Inhibitor Docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5803-5814. [PMID: 33174415 PMCID: PMC7671099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is one focus of drug development efforts for COVID-19. Here, we show that interactive molecular dynamics in virtual reality (iMD-VR) is a useful and effective tool for creating Mpro complexes. We make these tools and models freely available. iMD-VR provides an immersive environment in which users can interact with MD simulations and so build protein complexes in a physically rigorous and flexible way. Recently, we have demonstrated that iMD-VR is an effective method for interactive, flexible docking of small molecule drugs into their protein targets (Deeks et al. PLoS One 2020, 15, e0228461). Here, we apply this approach to both an Mpro inhibitor and an oligopeptide substrate, using experimentally determined crystal structures. For the oligopeptide, we test against a crystallographic structure of the original SARS Mpro. Docking with iMD-VR gives models in agreement with experimentally observed (crystal) structures. The docked structures are also tested in MD simulations and found to be stable. Different protocols for iMD-VR docking are explored, e.g., with and without restraints on protein backbone, and we provide recommendations for its use. We find that it is important for the user to focus on forming binding interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, and not to rely on using simple metrics (such as RMSD), in order to create realistic, stable complexes. We also test the use of apo (uncomplexed) crystal structures for docking and find that they can give good results. This is because of the flexibility and dynamic response allowed by the physically rigorous, atomically detailed simulation approach of iMD-VR. We make our models (and interactive simulations) freely available. The software framework that we use, Narupa, is open source, and uses commodity VR hardware, so these tools are readily accessible to the wider research community working on Mpro (and other COVID-19 targets). These should be widely useful in drug development, in education applications, e.g., on viral enzyme structure and function, and in scientific communication more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Deeks
- Intangible Realities Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant
Venturers Building, University of Bristol,
Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K. Walters
- Intangible Realities Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant
Venturers Building, University of Bristol,
Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barnoud
- Intangible Realities Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
| | - David R. Glowacki
- Intangible Realities Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant
Venturers Building, University of Bristol,
Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United
Kingdom
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Ospanov M, León F, Jenis J, Khan IKA, Ibrahim MA. Challenges and future directions of potential natural products leads against 2019-nCoV outbreak. CURRENT PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 24:100180. [PMID: 33052305 PMCID: PMC7543902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Except for Remdesivir® no other drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the virus known as, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Remdesivir® an small molecule and nucleic acid analogue, it is used to treat adults and children with laboratory confirmed COVID-19, only administrated in hospital settings. Small molecules and particularly natural products count for almost fifty percent of the commercially available drugs, several of them are marketed antiviral agents and those can be a potential agent to treat COVID-19 infections. This short review rationalized different key natural products with known activity against coronaviruses as potential leads against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirambek Ospanov
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Janar Jenis
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - IKhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Tungadi R, Tuloli TS, Abdulkadir W, Thomas N, Madania M, Hasan AM, Sapiun Z. COVID-19: Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Levels of Candidate Compounds of Prospective Herbal and Modern Drugs in Indonesia. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tungadi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Teti Sutriyati Tuloli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Widysusanti Abdulkadir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Nurain Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Madania Madania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Ani Mustapa Hasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Zulfiayu Sapiun
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Polytechnic of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
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Sabarimurugan S, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S, Subramanian M, Swaminathan R. Comprehensive review on the prevailing COVID-19 therapeutics and the potential of repurposing SARS-CoV-1 candidate drugs to target SARS-CoV-2 as a fast-track treatment and prevention option. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1247. [PMID: 33178779 PMCID: PMC7607133 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent seemingly uncontrollable pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been able to spread quickly due to the non-availability of effective antivirals or vaccines. The virus has structural and non-structural proteins that are considered as possible targets. Receptor recognition is the critical determinant and preliminary phase of viral infection to enter the host cell and causes tissue tropism. We have conducted a comprehensive review of relevant publication on in vitro, in silico, in vivo and clinical evaluation of drug candidates ranging from broad-spectrum antivirals to natural molecules targeted towards viral spike protein in addition to evaluate their suitability as therapies based on an analysis of the similarities between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. In general, antiviral targets are based on two strategies, either targeting the host or the host’s immune cell. We have reviewed the available details on the SARS-CoV-2 strain’s host-viral binding sites entry mechanism, alongside recently tested effective antivirals. The hypothesis of this review may provide clear insight for researchers and physicians who are struggling to narrow down scientific options to control the current pandemic. Overall, we found that the promising efficacious drug candidates reported against SARS-CoV-1 could be considered for drug repurposing; this might help to identify a potential drug for therapeutic measures and development of vaccine for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Sabarimurugan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- CHIRI, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.,Department of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sudha Warrier
- CHIRI, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Maheswari Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Research and PG Studies, Indian Academy of Degree College (Aut), Bangalore, India
| | - Rajarajan Swaminathan
- Centre for Drug Design, Discovery and Development, SRM University, Sonipat, Haryana, New Delhi, India
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11
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Neurological Components in Coronavirus Induced Disease: A Review of the Literature Related to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Neurol Res Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6587875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. COVID-19 has been declared the pandemic of the 21st century, causing more than 45,000 deaths worldwide. The abrupt release of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated the potential infection, morbidity, and lethality of zoonotic viruses and human-to-human transmission. Fever, cough, and fatigue are reported as the most common symptoms of the disease, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, and also signs of severe illness, such as shock, acute cardiac injury, and renal lesions, are described. Considering the previous works related to human coronavirus and other zoonotic infections, it has been demonstrated that the neuroinvasive propensity is a common characteristic of coronaviruses, especially in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Objective. In the present review, we analyzed the potential neurological components involved in coronavirus infections and detailed the neurological syndromes related to COVID-19. We also examined the mechanism of transmission and CNS pathology related to other viruses with similar structures such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Methods. A comprehensive search of different original articles and clinical, experimental, and review studies was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We selected 92 articles that have been published in journals or preprints according to the search words and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. COVID-19 patients may experience neurological symptoms such as headache, impaired mental status, confusion, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, anosmia/hyposmia, and dysgeusia/hypogeusia as initial symptoms, with more severe manifestations such as seizures or coma later on. The neurological signs shown are clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Given that both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have similar structures, these viruses may share comparable neurological symptoms and similar progression. Coronaviruses are linked to central nervous system dysfunction, and they are also reported as the probable cause of multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, and meningitis.
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Brzoska J, von Eick H, Hündgen M. Interferons in the Therapy of Severe Coronavirus Infections: A Critical Analysis and Recollection of a Forgotten Therapeutic Regimen with Interferon Beta. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:291-297. [PMID: 32443163 PMCID: PMC7366041 DOI: 10.1055/a-1170-4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological and immunological properties of interferons, especially those of interferon beta, and the corresponding treatment strategies are described, and the results of studies with different interferons in coronavirus infections are analysed. Furthermore, the data obtained with high-dosed native interferon beta in life-threatening acute viral diseases as well as the results of clinical pilot studies with high-dosed recombinant interferon beta-1a are provided because they serve as the rationale for the proposed therapeutic regimen to be applied in acute viral infections. This regimen differs from those approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis and consists of interferon beta-1a administered as a 24 hour intravenous infusion at a daily dose of up to 90 µg for 3-5 consecutive days. Since under this regimen transient severe side effects can occur, it is analysed which patients are suitable for this kind of treatment in general and if patients with severe coronavirus infections could also be treated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brzoska
- Linical Europe GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
- Last affiliations prior to retirement
| | - Harald von Eick
- CTI Clinical Trial and Consulting Services Europe GmbH, Ulm,
Germany
- Last affiliations prior to retirement
| | - Manfred Hündgen
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Germany
- Last affiliations prior to retirement
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13
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Opatz T, Senn‐Bilfinger J, Richert C. Thoughts on What Chemists Can Contribute to Fighting SARS-CoV-2 - A Short Note on Hand Sanitizers, Drug Candidates and Outreach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9236-9240. [PMID: 32329159 PMCID: PMC7264767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak causing the respiratory disease COVID-19 has left many chemists in academia without an obvious option to contribute to fighting the pandemic. Some of our recent experiences indicate that there are ways to overcome this dilemma. A three-pronged approach is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz55128MainzGermany
| | | | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
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14
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Mahmoudjafari Z, Alexander M, Roddy J, Shaw R, Shigle TL, Timlin C, Culos K. American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Pharmacy Special Interest Group Position Statement on Pharmacy Practice Management and Clinical Management for COVID-19 in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Patients in the United States. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020; 26:1043-1049. [PMID: 32305359 PMCID: PMC7162779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a significant risk to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) or cellular therapy. The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Pharmacy Special Interest Group Steering Committee aims to provide pharmacy practice management recommendations for how to transition clinical HCT or cellular therapy pharmacy services using telemedicine capabilities in the inpatient and outpatient settings to maintain an equivalent level of clinical practice while minimizing viral spread in a high-risk, immunocompromised population. In addition, the Steering Committee offers clinical management recommendations for COVID-19 in HCT and cellular therapy recipients based on the rapidly developing literature. As the therapeutic and supportive care interventions for COVID-19 expand, collaboration with clinical pharmacy providers is critical to ensure safe administration in HCT recipients. Attention to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and toxicity, particularly QTc prolongation, warrants close cardiac monitoring and potential cessation of concomitant QTc-prolonging agents. Expanded indications for hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab have already caused stress on the usual supply chain. Detailed prescribing algorithms, decision pathways, and specific patient population stock may be necessary. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged all members of the healthcare team, and we must continue to remain vigilant in providing pharmacy clinical services to one of the most high-risk patient populations while also remaining committed to providing compassionate and safe care for patients undergoing HCT and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mahmoudjafari
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Health System, Lawrence, Kansas.
| | - Maurice Alexander
- Division of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Julianna Roddy
- Division of Pharmacy, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ryan Shaw
- Division of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Terri Lynn Shigle
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Colleen Timlin
- Division of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katie Culos
- Division of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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15
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Opatz T, Senn‐Bilfinger J, Richert C. Thoughts on What Chemists Can Contribute to Fighting SARS‐CoV‐2 – A Short Note on Hand Sanitizers, Drug Candidates and Outreach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Mo Y, Fisher D. A review of treatment modalities for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3340-3350. [PMID: 27585965 PMCID: PMC7109760 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been a focus of international attention since its identification in 2012. Epidemiologically it is characterized by sporadic community cases, which are amplified by hospital-based outbreaks. Healthcare facilities in 27 countries from most continents have experienced imported cases, with the most significant outbreak involving 186 cases in Korea. The mortality internationally is 36% and guidance for clinical management has yet to be developed. Most facilities and healthcare providers outside of the Middle East receiving patients have no or little experience in the clinical management of MERS. When a case does occur there is likely little time for a critical appraisal of the literature and putative pharmacological options. We identified published literature on the management of both MERS-CoV and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) through searches of PubMed and WHO and the US CDC websites up to 30 April 2016. A total of 101 publications were retrieved for critical appraisal. Most published literature on therapeutics for MERS are in vitro experiments, animal studies and case reports. Current treatment options for MERS can be categorized as: immunotherapy with virus-specific antibodies in convalescent plasma; polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies produced in vitro or in genetically modified animals; and antiviral agents. The use of any therapeutics in MERS-CoV remains investigational. The therapeutic agents with potential benefits and warranting further investigation include convalescent plasma, interferon-β/ribavirin combination therapy and lopinavir. Corticosteroids, ribavirin monotherapy and mycophenolic acid likely have toxicities that exceed potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Mo
- Ministry of Health Holdings, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Dale Fisher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Hayden FG. Advances in antivirals for non-influenza respiratory virus infections. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 3:36-43. [PMID: 24215380 PMCID: PMC6492651 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory viruses has been slow with the result that many unmet medical needs and few approved agents currently exist. This commentary selectively reviews examples of where specific agents have provided promising clinical benefits in selected target populations and also considers potential therapeutics for emerging threats like the SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Recent studies have provided encouraging results in treating respiratory syncytial virus infections in lung transplant recipients, serious parainfluenza virus and adenovirus infections in immunocompromised hosts, and rhinovirus colds in outpatient asthmatics. While additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the specific agents tested, these observations offer the opportunity to expand therapeutic studies to other patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Respiratory infections are the third highest cause of death worldwide and influenza has the highest mortality rate among lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Diagnosis of LRTIs relies mostly on clinical symptoms and is not fully satisfactory. Influenza laboratory diagnosis improves the efficiency of prophylaxis or treatment of influenza by antiviral molecules and has a strong impact on the cost-effectiveness of curative treatment. Inappropriate treatment of patients may result in spreading of resistant strains. Molecular diagnostics play a central role in the surveillance and response of pandemic influenza due to highly pathogenic strains. Real-time assays can be used for diagnosis or surveillance purposes in humans and animals, and microarrays can be used to identify and monitor the spread of dangerous variants. Molecular assays are also useful to identify and distinguish influenza, other respiratory viruses and bacteria, although their cost-effectiveness must be proven on a large scale. As new antiviral options will be available to clinicians, a better treatment choice will benefit the patient and community. Recent progress in molecular techniques will be reviewed. Examples of real-time assays for the detection of influenza viruses, including the highly pathogenic influenza A strains H5N1 and H7N7, will be discussed. Promising new techniques that allow detailed genotyping of viruses or multiplex detection of several respiratory pathogens from a unique specimen will also be discussed. These techniques will, in the near future, significantly improve the quality of diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Vernet
- BioMérieux, Emerging Pathogens R&D Department, Marcy-l'Etoile, 69280, France.
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19
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Peptides corresponding to the predicted heptad repeat 2 domain of the feline coronavirus spike protein are potent inhibitors of viral infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82081. [PMID: 24312629 PMCID: PMC3849439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal immune-mediated disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Currently, no therapy with proven efficacy is available. In searching for agents that may prove clinically effective against FCoV infection, five analogous overlapping peptides were designed and synthesized based on the putative heptad repeat 2 (HR2) sequence of the spike protein of FCoV, and the antiviral efficacy was evaluated. Methods Plaque reduction assay and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay were performed in this study. Peptides were selected using a plaque reduction assay to inhibit Feline coronavirus infection. Results The results demonstrated that peptide (FP5) at concentrations below 20 μM inhibited viral replication by up to 97%. The peptide (FP5) exhibiting the most effective antiviral effect was further combined with a known anti-viral agent, human interferon-α (IFN-α), and a significant synergistic antiviral effect was observed. Conclusion Our data suggest that the synthetic peptide FP5 could serve as a valuable addition to the current FIP prevention methods.
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20
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Kwon HJ, Ryu YB, Kim YM, Song N, Kim CY, Rho MC, Jeong JH, Cho KO, Lee WS, Park SJ. In vitro antiviral activity of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava against porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus infection and hemagglutination. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4706-13. [PMID: 23746631 PMCID: PMC7127107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prepdominat agent causing severe entero-pathogenic diarrhea in swine, there are no effective therapeutical treatment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of five phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava (E. cava) against PEDV. In vitro antiviral activity was tested using two different assay strategies: (1) blockage of the binding of virus to cells (simultaneous-treatment assay) and (2) inhibition of viral replication (post-treatment assay). In simultaneous-treatment assay, compounds 2-5 except compound 1 exhibited antiviral activities of a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) with the ranging from 10.8 ± 1.4 to 22.5 ± 2.2 μM against PEDV. Compounds 1-5 were completely blocked binding of viral spike protein to sialic acids at less than 36.6 μM concentrations by hemagglutination inhibition. Moreover, compounds 4 and 5 of five phlorotannins inhibited viral replication with IC₅₀ values of 12.2 ± 2.8 and 14.6 ± 1.3 μM in the post-treatment assay, respectively. During virus replication steps, compounds 4 and 5 exhibited stronger inhibition of viral RNA and viral protein synthesis in late stages (18 and 24 h) than in early stages (6 and 12 h). Interestingly, compounds 4 and 5 inhibited both viral entry by hemagglutination inhibition and viral replication by inhibition of viral RNA and viral protein synthesis, but not viral protease. These results suggest that compounds isolated from E. cava have strong antiviral activity against PEDV, inhibiting viral entry and/or viral replication, and may be developed into natural therapeutic drugs against coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Infection Control Material Research Center, AI Control Material Research Center and Bioindustrial Process Reasearch Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
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21
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Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202515 PMCID: PMC3509683 DOI: 10.3390/v4113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronaviridae family, an enveloped RNA virus family, and, more particularly, human coronaviruses (HCoV), were historically known to be responsible for a large portion of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections. HCoV are now known to be involved in more serious respiratory diseases, i.e. bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia, especially in young children and neonates, elderly people and immunosuppressed patients. They have also been involved in nosocomial viral infections. In 2002–2003, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), due to a newly discovered coronavirus, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV); led to a new awareness of the medical importance of the Coronaviridae family. This pathogen, responsible for an emerging disease in humans, with high risk of fatal outcome; underline the pressing need for new approaches to the management of the infection, and primarily to its prevention. Another interesting feature of coronaviruses is their potential environmental resistance, despite the accepted fragility of enveloped viruses. Indeed, several studies have described the ability of HCoVs (i.e. HCoV 229E, HCoV OC43 (also known as betacoronavirus 1), NL63, HKU1 or SARS-CoV) to survive in different environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity), on different supports found in hospital settings such as aluminum, sterile sponges or latex surgical gloves or in biological fluids. Finally, taking into account the persisting lack of specific antiviral treatments (there is, in fact, no specific treatment available to fight coronaviruses infections), the Coronaviridae specificities (i.e. pathogenicity, potential environmental resistance) make them a challenging model for the development of efficient means of prevention, as an adapted antisepsis-disinfection, to prevent the environmental spread of such infective agents. This review will summarize current knowledge on the capacity of human coronaviruses to survive in the environment and the efficacy of well-known antiseptic-disinfectants against them, with particular focus on the development of new methodologies to evaluate the activity of new antiseptic-disinfectants on viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Geller
- UMR 7565, SRSMC, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France.
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22
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Interaction between innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 12:149-67. [PMID: 22152291 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252311000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity provides frontline antiviral protection and bridges adaptive immunity against virus infections. However, viruses can evade innate immune surveillance potentially causing chronic infections that may lead to pandemic diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an example of an animal virus that has developed diverse mechanisms to evade porcine antiviral immune responses. Two decades after its discovery, PRRSV is still one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular composition of the mammalian innate antiviral immune system with emphasis on the porcine system. In particular, we focus on the interaction between PRRSV and porcine innate immunity at cellular and molecular levels. Strategies for targeting innate immune components and other host metabolic factors to induce ideal anti-PRRSV protection are also discussed.
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23
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Primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection limits replication but not lung inflammation upon homologous rechallenge. J Virol 2012; 86:4234-44. [PMID: 22345460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06791-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge regarding immune-protective and immunopathogenic events in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection is limited, and little is known about the dynamics of the immune response at the primary site of disease. Here, an African green monkey (AGM) model was used to elucidate immune mechanisms that facilitate viral clearance but may also contribute to persistent lung inflammation following SARS-CoV infection. During primary infection, SARS-CoV replicated in the AGM lung for up to 10 days. Interestingly, lung inflammation was more prevalent following viral clearance, as leukocyte numbers peaked at 14 days postinfection (dpi) and remained elevated at 28 dpi compared to those of mock-infected controls. Lung macrophages but not dendritic cells were rapidly activated, and both cell types had high activation marker expression at late infection time points. Lung proinflammatory cytokines were induced at 1 to 14 dpi, but most returned to baseline by 28 dpi except interleukin 12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon. In SARS-CoV homologous rechallenge studies, 11 of the 12 animals were free of replicating virus at day 5 after rechallenge. However, incidence and severity of lung inflammation was not reduced despite the limited viral replication upon rechallenge. Evaluating the role of antibodies in immune protection or potentiation revealed a progressive increase in anti-SARS-CoV antibodies in lung and serum that did not correlate temporally or spatially with enhanced viral replication. This study represents one of the first comprehensive analyses of lung immunity, including changes in leukocyte populations, lung-specific cytokines, and antibody responses following SARS-CoV rechallenge in AGMs.
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24
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Kim HY, Eo EY, Park H, Kim YC, Park S, Shin HJ, Kim K. Medicinal herbal extracts of Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex, Sanguisorbae radix and Torilis fructus inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro. Antivir Ther 2010; 15:697-709. [PMID: 20710051 DOI: 10.3851/imp1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimicifuga rhizome, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizome and Phellodendron cortex have been previously shown to exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Here, an additional 19 traditional medicinal herbal extracts were evaluated for antiviral activities in vitro. METHODS A plaque assay was used to evaluate the effects of 19 extracts, and the concentration of extract required to inhibit 50% of the replication (EC(50)) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) A59 strain (MHV-A59) was determined. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) of each extract was also determined. Northern and western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate antiviral activity on viral entry, viral RNA and protein expression, and release in MHV-infected DBT cells. RESULTS Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex and Torilis fructus reduced intracellular viral RNA levels with comparable reductions in viral proteins and MHV-A59 production. The extracts also reduced the replication of the John Howard Mueller strain of MHV, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro. Sanguisorbae radix reduced coronavirus production, partly as a result of decreased protein synthesis, but without a significant reduction in intracellular viral RNA levels. The EC(50) values of the four extracts ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 microg/ml, whereas the CC(50) values ranged from 156.5 to 556.8 microg/ml. Acanthopanacis cortex and Torilis fructus might exert their antiviral activities in MHV-A59-infected cells by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 expression via the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 or ERK alone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex, Sanguisorbae radix and Torilis fructus might be considered as promising novel anti-coronavirus drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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25
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Jackwood MW, Rosenbloom R, Petteruti M, Hilt DA, McCall AW, Williams SM. Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus susceptibility to botanical oleoresins and essential oils in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2010; 149:86-94. [PMID: 20096315 PMCID: PMC7114412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-coronaviral activity of a mixture of oleoresins and essential oils from botanicals, designated QR448(a), was examined in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with QR448(a) reduced the virus titer as measured in two laboratory host systems, Vero E6 cells and embryonating eggs. The effect of QR448(a) on IBV in chickens was also investigated. Administering QR448(a) to chickens at a 1:20 dilution by spray, 2h before challenge with IBV was determined to be the most effective treatment. Treatment decreased the severity of clinical signs and lesions in the birds, and lowered the amount of viral RNA in the trachea. Treatment with QR448(a) protected chickens for up to 4 days post-treatment from clinical signs of disease (but not from infection) and decreased transmission of IBV over a 14-day period. Anti-IBV activity of QR448(a) was greater prior to virus attachment and entry indicating that the effect is virucidal. In addition, QR448(a) had activity against both Massachusetts and Arkansas type IB viruses, indicating that it can be expected to be effective against IBV regardless of serotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vivo use of a virucidal mixture of compounds effective against the coronavirus IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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26
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Fricke WF, Rasko DA, Ravel J. The role of genomics in the identification, prediction, and prevention of biological threats. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000217. [PMID: 19855827 PMCID: PMC2757898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In all likelihood, it is only a matter of time before our public health system will face a major biological threat, whether intentionally dispersed or originating from a known or newly emerging infectious disease. It is necessary not only to increase our reactive “biodefense,” but also to be proactive and increase our preparedness. To achieve this goal, it is essential that the scientific and public health communities fully embrace the genomic revolution, and that novel bioinformatic and computing tools necessary to make great strides in our understanding of these novel and emerging threats be developed. Genomics has graduated from a specialized field of science to a research tool that soon will be routine in research laboratories and clinical settings. Because the technology is becoming more affordable, genomics can and should be used proactively to build our preparedness and responsiveness to biological threats. All pieces, including major continued funding, advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, bioinformatics infrastructures, and open access to data and metadata, are being set in place for genomics to play a central role in our public health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Florian Fricke
- Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Rhesus theta-defensin prevents death in a mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pulmonary disease. J Virol 2009; 83:11385-90. [PMID: 19710146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01363-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of rhesus theta-defensin 1 (RTD-1), a novel cyclic antimicrobial peptide, as a prophylactic antiviral in a mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) lung disease. BALB/c mice exposed to a mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV demonstrated 100% survival and modest reductions in lung pathology without reductions in virus titer when treated with two intranasal doses of RTD-1, while mortality in untreated mice was approximately 75%. RTD-1-treated, SARS-CoV-infected mice displayed altered lung tissue cytokine responses 2 and 4 days postinfection compared to those of untreated animals, suggesting that one possible mechanism of action for RTD-1 is immunomodulatory.
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28
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Tong TR. Therapies for coronaviruses. Part 2: Inhibitors of intracellular life cycle. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:415-31. [PMID: 19441924 DOI: 10.1517/13543770802600698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus emerged from an animal reservoir in 2002 and has the potential to reemerge, as shown by the occurrence of non-laboratory-associated new cases in the winter of 2003. In the absence of a vaccine, broad spectrum anticoronaviral medications are needed. OBJECTIVE Anticoronavirals targeting viral entry were reviewed in part I. Here we review anticoronaviral therapies directed against the intracellular life cycle, with an emphasis on allowed patents and pending patents. METHOD The published literature, in particular, patent publications is searched for relevant documents. The information is organized and critiqued. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Many promising anticoronaviral strategies are identified. Monoclonal antibodies, protease inhibitors, interferon-based drugs and nucleic-acid based antivirals are most advanced, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. A multi-pronged approach, keeping all venues open, is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Tong
- Jack D Weiler Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 1825 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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29
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Fukushima A, Fukuda N, Lai Y, Ueno T, Moriyama M, Taguchi F, Iguchi A, Shimizu K, Kuroda K. Development of a chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme targeting SARS virus. Intervirology 2009; 52:92-9. [PMID: 19420961 PMCID: PMC7179559 DOI: 10.1159/000215946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a severe pulmonary infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. To develop an effective and specific medicine targeting the SARS-coronavirus (CoV), a chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme was designed and synthesized using a sequence homologous with the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). METHOD Chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme targeting MHV and SARS-CoV were designed and synthesized.To confirm its activity, in vitro cleavage reactions were performed with the synthesized ribozyme. Effects of the chimeric ribozyme were evaluated on multiplication of MHV. Effects of the chimeric ribozyme on expression of SARS-CoV were evaluated in cultured 3T3 cells. RESULT The synthetic ribozyme cleaved the synthetic target MHV and SARS-CoV RNA into fragments of predicted length. The chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme targeting SARS-CoV significantly inhibited multiplication of MHV in DBT cells by about 60%. The chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme targeting SARS-CoV significantly inhibited the expression of SARS-CoV RNA in 3T3 cells transfected with the recombinant plasmid. The chimeric DNA-RNA ribozyme targeting SARS-CoV significantly inhibited MHV viral activity and expression of recombinant SARS RNA in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the synthetic chimeric DNA-RNA ribozyme could provide a feasible treatment for SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fukushima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Motlekar N, Diamond SL, Napper AD. Evaluation of an orthogonal pooling strategy for rapid high-throughput screening of proteases. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2008; 6:395-405. [PMID: 18593377 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthogonal pooling was evaluated as a strategy for the rapid screening of multiple cysteine and serine proteases against large compound libraries. To validate the method the human cysteine protease cathepsin B was screened against a library of 64,000 individual compounds and also against the same library mixed 10 compounds per well. The orthogonal pooling method used resulted in each compound being present in two wells, mixed with a different set of nine other compounds in each location. Thus hits were identified based on activity in both locations, avoiding the need for retesting of each component of active mixtures. Hits were tested in dose-response both in the dithiothreitol (DTT)-containing buffer used in the primary HTS and in buffer containing cysteine in place of DTT to rule out artifacts due to oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. Comparison of the confirmed actives from single-compound and mixture screening showed that mixture screening identified all of the actives from single-compound HTS. Based on these results the orthogonal pooling strategy has been used successfully to rapidly screen several cysteine and serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Motlekar
- Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wong SSY, Yuen KY. The management of coronavirus infections with particular reference to SARS. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:437-41. [PMID: 18565970 PMCID: PMC7109825 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human coronaviruses (HCoV) OC43 and 229E are common causes of upper respiratory tract infections. Severe diseases were rare, however, until the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV in 2003. Since then, other novel CoV (NL63 and HKU1) have been described, and they have caused respiratory infections worldwide. Potentially exposed laboratory workers or animal handlers with rapidly progressive pneumonia not responding to standard antibacterial coverage must be isolated with contact and droplet, and for specific situations, airborne precautions, till rapid tests of respiratory and faecal samples are negative for SARS-CoV. Generally, the viral loads collected at different anatomical sites correlate with the severity of symptoms and mortality. Shedding of SARS-CoV peaks at day 10 after the onset of symptoms, which theoretically allows ample time for antiviral treatment. The disease is characterized by uncontrolled replication of the virus and a prominent pro-inflammatory response. No randomized controlled trials with a specific anti-coronavirus agent have been conducted with respect to therapy or prophylaxis. Reports using historical matched controls have suggested that treatment with interferon alfacon-1 (a synthetic interferon) combined with steroid, protease inhibitors together with ribavirin, or convalescent plasma containing neutralizing antibody, could be useful. Prophylaxis with interferon or hyperimmune globulin may be considered for unprotected exposure. The role of immunomodulators to decrease excessive inflammation remains elusive. Other non-SARS-CoV infections are generally milder in immunocompetent hosts, and scientific data on antiviral treatment of these viruses are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson S Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Kim HY, Shin HS, Park H, Kim YC, Yun YG, Park S, Shin HJ, Kim K. In vitro inhibition of coronavirus replications by the traditionally used medicinal herbal extracts, Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizoma, and Phellodendron cortex. J Clin Virol 2008; 41:122-8. [PMID: 18036887 PMCID: PMC7108295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A search for new anti-coronaviral drugs to treat coronaviral infections was motivated by an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). OBJECTIVES In order to find drugs that treat coronavirus infections, including SARS, we screened traditional medicinal herbal extracts and evaluated their antiviral activities on coronavirus replication. STUDY DESIGN We employed a plaque assay to evaluate the effect of 22 medicinal herbal extracts on virus replication. We determined the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of each extract that was necessary to inhibit the replication of mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59); we also determined 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) for each extract. Northern and Western blot analyzes were performed to investigate antiviral activity in MHV-infected DBT cells, including virus entry, viral RNA and protein expression, and virus release. Coronavirus specific inhibition was also demonstrated using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). RESULTS Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex and Sophora subprostrata radix decreased the MHV production and the intracellular viral RNA and protein expression with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 27.5 microg/ml. These extracts also significantly decreased PEDV production and less dramatically decreased vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) production in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The extracts selected strongly inhibited MHV replication and could be potential candidates for new anti-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong Gab Yun
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
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van der Meer FJUM, de Haan CAM, Schuurman NMP, Haijema BJ, Verheije MH, Bosch BJ, Balzarini J, Egberink HF. The carbohydrate-binding plant lectins and the non-peptidic antibiotic pradimicin A target the glycans of the coronavirus envelope glycoproteins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:741-9. [PMID: 17704516 PMCID: PMC7110056 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many enveloped viruses carry carbohydrate-containing proteins on their surface. These glycoproteins are key to the infection process as they are mediators of the receptor binding and membrane fusion of the virion with the host cell. Therefore, they are attractive therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies. Recently, carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) were shown to possess antiviral activity towards coronaviruses. The current study further elucidates the inhibitory mode of action of CBA. Methods Different strains of two coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, were exposed to CBA: the plant lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) and the non-peptidic mannose-binding antibiotic pradimicin A. Results and conclusions Our results indicate that CBA target the two glycosylated envelope glycoproteins, the spike (S) and membrane (M) protein, of mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus. Furthermore, CBA did not inhibit virus–cell attachment, but rather affected virus entry at a post-binding stage. The sensitivity of coronaviruses towards CBA was shown to be dependent on the processing of the N-linked carbohydrates. Inhibition of mannosidases in host cells rendered the progeny viruses more sensitive to the mannose-binding agents and even to the N-acetylglucosamine-binding UDA. In addition, inhibition of coronaviruses was shown to be dependent on the cell-type used to grow the virus stocks. All together, these results show that CBA exhibit promising capabilities to inhibit coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. U. M. van der Meer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. M. de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. M. P. Schuurman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Haijema
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. Verheije
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x—bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. F. Egberink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel: +31-30-2532487; Fax: +31-30-2536723; E-mail:
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Kuhn JH, Li W, Radoshitzky SR, Choe H, Farzan M. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry as a Target of Antiviral Therapies. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200s05.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification in 2003 of a coronavirus as the aetiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) intensified efforts to understand the biology of corona-viruses in general and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in particular. Rapid progress was made in describing the SARS-CoV genome, evolution and lifecycle. Identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an obligate cellular receptor for SARS-CoV contributed to understanding of the SARS-CoV entry process, and helped to characterize two targets of antiviral therapeutics: the SARS-CoV spike protein and ACE2. Here we describe the role of these proteins in SARS-CoV replication and potential therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing entry of SARS-CoV into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
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