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Chauhan N, Gaur KK, Asuru TR, Guchhait P. Dengue virus: pathogenesis and potential for small molecule inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240134. [PMID: 39051974 PMCID: PMC11327219 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue, caused by dengue virus (DENV), is now endemic in nearly 100 countries and infection incidence is reported in another 30 countries. Yearly an estimated 400 million cases and 2200 deaths are reported. Effective vaccines against DENV are limited and there has been significant focus on the development of effective antiviral against the disease. The World Health Organization has initiated research programs to prioritize the development and optimization of antiviral agents against several viruses including Flaviviridae. A significant effort has been taken by the researchers to develop effective antivirals against DENV. Several potential small-molecule inhibitors like efavirenz, tipranavir and dasabuvir have been tested against envelope and non-structural proteins of DENV, and are in clinical trials around the world. We recently developed one small molecule, namely 7D, targeting the host PF4-CXCR3 axis. 7D inhibited all 4 serotypes of DENV in vitro and specifically DENV2 infection in two different mice models. Although the development of dengue vaccines remains a high priority, antibody cross reactivity among the serotypes and resulting antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection are major concerns that have limited the development of effective vaccine against DENV. Therefore, there has been a significant emphasis on the development of antiviral drugs against dengue. This review article describes the rescue effects of some of the small molecule inhibitors to viral/host factors associated with DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Chauhan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Gaur
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Tejeswara Rao Asuru
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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Zhao C, Li X, Guo L, Gao C, Song W, Wei W, Wu J, Liu L, Chen X. Reprogramming Metabolic Flux in Escherichia Coli to Enhance Chondroitin Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307351. [PMID: 38145357 PMCID: PMC10933623 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming metabolic flux is a promising approach for constructing efficient microbial cell factories (MCFs) to produce chemicals. However, how to boost the transmission efficiency of metabolic flux is still challenging in complex metabolic pathways. In this study, metabolic flux is systematically reprogrammed by regulating flux size, flux direction, and flux rate to build an efficient MCF for chondroitin production. The ammoniation pool for UDP-GalNAc synthesis and the carbonization pool for UDP-GlcA synthesis are first enlarged to increase flux size for providing enough precursors for chondroitin biosynthesis. Then, the ammoniation pool and the carbonization pool are rematched using molecular valves to shift flux direction from cell growth to chondroitin biosynthesis. Next, the adaptability of polymerization pool with the ammoniation and carbonization pools is fine-tuned by dynamic and static valve-based adapters to accelerate flux rate for polymerizing UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcA to produce chondroitin. Finally, the engineered strain E. coli F51 is able to produce 9.2 g L-1 chondroitin in a 5-L bioreactor. This strategy shown here provides a systematical approach for regulating metabolic flux in complex metabolic pathways for efficient biosynthesis of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and ResourcesJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food SafetyJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
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Bhattacharyya S, Tobacman JK. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 interaction increases carbohydrate sulfotransferases and reduces N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase by p38 MAPK. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:39. [PMID: 38355690 PMCID: PMC10866996 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunostaining in lungs of patients who died with COVID-19 infection showed increased intensity and distribution of chondroitin sulfate and decline in N-acetylgalactostamine-4-sulfatase (Arylsulfatase B; ARSB). To explain these findings, human small airway epithelial cells were exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (SPRBD) and transcriptional mechanisms were investigated. Phospho-p38 MAPK and phospho-SMAD3 increased following exposure to the SPRBD, and their inhibition suppressed the promoter activation of the carbohydrate sulfotransferases CHST15 and CHST11, which contributed to chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Decline in ARSB was mediated by phospho-38 MAPK-induced N-terminal Rb phosphorylation and an associated increase in Rb-E2F1 binding and decline in E2F1 binding to the ARSB promoter. The increases in chondroitin sulfotransferases were inhibited when treated with phospho-p38-MAPK inhibitors, SMAD3 (SIS3) inhibitors, as well as antihistamine desloratadine and antibiotic monensin. In the mouse model of carrageenan-induced systemic inflammation, increases in phospho-p38 MAPK and expression of CHST15 and CHST11 and declines in DNA-E2F binding and ARSB expression occurred in the lung, similar to the observed effects in this SPRBD model of COVID-19 infection. Since accumulation of chondroitin sulfates is associated with fibrotic lung conditions and diffuse alveolar damage, increased attention to p38-MAPK inhibition may be beneficial in ameliorating Covid-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center and University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joanne K Tobacman
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center and University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Nath S, Malakar P, Biswas B, Das S, Sabnam N, Nandi S, Samadder A. Exploring the Targets of Dengue Virus and Designs of Potential Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:2485-2524. [PMID: 37962048 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073247689231030153054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease spread by the dengue virus (DENV), has become one of the most alarming health issues in the global scenario in recent days. The risk of infection by DENV is mostly high in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The mortality rate of patients affected with DENV is ever-increasing, mainly due to a lack of anti-dengue viral-specific synthetic drug components. INTRODUCTION Repurposing synthetic drugs has been an effective tool in combating several pathogens, including DENV. However, only the Dengvaxia vaccine has been developed so far to fight against the deadly disease despite the grave situation, mainly because of the limitations of understanding the actual pathogenicity of the disease. METHODS To address this particular issue and explore the actual disease pathobiology, several potential targets, like three structural proteins and seven non-structural (NS) proteins, along with their inhibitors of synthetic and natural origin, have been screened using docking simulation. RESULTS Exploration of these targets, along with their inhibitors, has been extensively studied in culmination with molecular docking-based screening to potentiate the treatment. CONCLUSION These screened inhibitors could possibly be helpful for the designing of new congeneric potential compounds to combat dengue fever and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Nath
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Piyali Malakar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Baisakhi Biswas
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Suryatapa Das
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Nahid Sabnam
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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Ramírez-López P, Martínez C, Merchán A, Perona A, Hernaiz MJ. Expanding the synthesis of a library of potent glucuronic acid glycodendrons for Dengue virus inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106913. [PMID: 37852115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent glycodendrons are valuable tools to mimic many structural and functional features of cell-surface glycoconjugates and its focal position scaffolds represent important components to increase specificity and affinity. Previous work in our group described the preparation of a tetravalent glucuronic acid dendron that binds with good affinity to Dengue virus envelope protein (KD = 22 μM). Herein, the chemical synthesis and binding analysis of a new library of potent glucuronic acid dendrons bearing different functional group at the focal position and different level of multivalency are described. Their chemical synthesis was performed sequentially in three stages and with good yields. Namely a) the chemical synthesis of the oligo and polyalkynyl scaffolds, b) assembling with fully protected glucuronic acid-based azide units by using a microwave assisted copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and c) sequential deprotection of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. Surface Plasmon Resonance studies have demonstrated that the valency and the focal position functional group exert influence on the interaction with Dengue virus envelope protein. Molecular modelling studies were carried out in order to understand the binding observed. This work reports an efficient glycodendrons chemical synthesis that provides appropriate focal position functional group and multivalence, that offer an easy and versatile strategy to find new active compounds against Dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ramírez-López
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plz. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid C.P. 28040, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plz. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid C.P. 28040, Spain
| | - Alejandro Merchán
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plz. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid C.P. 28040, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plz. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid C.P. 28040, Spain
| | - María J Hernaiz
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plz. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid C.P. 28040, Spain.
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Duman H, Karav S. Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214514. [PMID: 37908368 PMCID: PMC10613682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
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Lee MF, Wu YS, Poh CL. Molecular Mechanisms of Antiviral Agents against Dengue Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030705. [PMID: 36992414 PMCID: PMC10056858 DOI: 10.3390/v15030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major global health threat causing 390 million dengue infections and 25,000 deaths annually. The lack of efficacy of the licensed Dengvaxia vaccine and the absence of a clinically approved antiviral against dengue virus (DENV) drive the urgent demand for the development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics. Various antiviral agents have been developed and investigated for their anti-DENV activities. This review discusses the mechanisms of action employed by various antiviral agents against DENV. The development of host-directed antivirals targeting host receptors and direct-acting antivirals targeting DENV structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed. In addition, the development of antivirals that target different stages during post-infection such as viral replication, viral maturation, and viral assembly are reviewed. Antiviral agents designed based on these molecular mechanisms of action could lead to the discovery and development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics for the treatment of dengue infections. Evaluations of combinations of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action could also lead to the development of synergistic drug combinations for the treatment of dengue at any stage of the infection.
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Shill DK, Jahan S, Alam MM, Limon MBH, Alam M, Rahman MZ, Rahman M. S-Adenosyl-l-Homocysteine Exhibits Potential Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus Serotype-3 (DENV-3) in Bangladesh: A Viroinformatics-Based Approach. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231158249. [PMID: 36873305 PMCID: PMC9974618 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231158249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue outbreak is one of the concerning issues in Bangladesh due to the annual outbreak with the alarming number of death and infection. However, there is no effective antiviral drug available to treat dengue-infected patients. This study evaluated and screened antiviral drug candidates against dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV-3) through viroinformatics-based analyses. Since 2017, DENV-3 has been the predominant serotype in Bangladesh. We selected 3 non-structural proteins of DENV-3, named NS3, NS4A, and NS5, as antiviral targets. Protein modeling and validation were performed with VERIFY-3D, Ramachandran plotting, MolProbity, and PROCHECK. We found 4 drug-like compounds from DRUGBANK that can interact with these non-structural proteins of DENV-3. Then, the ADMET profile of these compounds was determined by admetSAR2, and molecular docking was performed with AutoDock, SWISSDOCK, PatchDock, and FireDock. Furthermore, they were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study using the DESMOND module of MAESTRO academic version 2021-4 (force field OPLS_2005) to determine their solution's stability in a predefined body environment. Two drug-like compounds named Guanosine-5'-Triphosphate (DB04137) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (DB01752) were found to have an effective binding with these 3 proteins (binding energy > 33.47 KJ/mole). We found NS5 protein was stable and equilibrated in a 100 ns simulation run along with a negligible (<3Å) root-mean-square fluctuation value. The root-mean-square deviation value of the S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine-NS5 complex was less than 3Å, indicating stable binding between them. The global binding energy of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine with NS5 was -40.52 KJ/mole as ∆G. Moreover, these 2 compounds mentioned above are non-carcinogenic according to their ADMET (chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profile (in silico). These outcomes suggest the suitability of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine as a potential drug candidate for dengue drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipok Kumer Shill
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafina Jahan
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Belayet Hasan Limon
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muntasir Alam
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Antiviral Activity of Crude Polysaccharide Derived from Seaweed against IHNV and IPNV In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092080. [PMID: 36146887 PMCID: PMC9501831 DOI: 10.3390/v14092080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are the causative agents of acute and highly contagious diseases of juvenile salmonids, resulting in severe economic losses to these cold-water fish globally. There is an urgent need to explore antiviral agents against IHNV and IPNV due to the lack of commercially available vaccines and antiviral drugs. More importantly, the co-infection of IHNV and IPNV is prevalent in nature, which not only aggravates extensive damage to the salmonids but also poses challenges to its prevention and control. The antiviral effects of a crude polysaccharide derived from seaweed (CSP) on IHNV and IPNV were evaluated in this study separately. Furthermore, the underlying antiviral mechanisms of CSP to IHNV and IPNV were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that CSP possessed excellent safety and good ability to inhibit IHNV, IPNV, and their co-infection. CSP preferred to act at the early stage of viral infection. The antiviral mechanism of CSP on IHNV is possibly involved in preventing viral attachment and release, while in IPNV, it is involved in suppressing viral attachment, entry, and release. Taken together, the results of this study shed new light on developing novel agents against viral infection in salmonid fish.
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Urbi Z, Azmi NS, Ming LC, Hossain MS. A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3905-3922. [PMID: 36135180 PMCID: PMC9497668 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is one of the most predominant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) available in the extracellular matrix of tissues. It has many health benefits, including relief from osteoarthritis, antiviral properties, tissue engineering applications, and use in skin care, which have increased its commercial demand in recent years. The quest for CS sources exponentially increased due to several shortcomings of porcine, bovine, and other animal sources. Fish and fish wastes (i.e., fins, scales, skeleton, bone, and cartilage) are suitable sources of CS as they are low cost, easy to handle, and readily available. However, the lack of a standard isolation and characterization technique makes CS production challenging, particularly concerning the yield of pure GAGs. Many studies imply that enzyme-based extraction is more effective than chemical extraction. Critical evaluation of the existing extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques is crucial for establishing an optimized protocol of CS production from fish sources. The current techniques depend on tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification. Therefore, this study critically evaluated and discussed the extraction, isolation, and characterization methods of CS from fish or fish wastes. Biosynthesis and pharmacological applications of CS were also critically reviewed and discussed. Our assessment suggests that CS could be a potential drug candidate; however, clinical studies should be conducted to warrant its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zannat Urbi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - Nina Suhaity Azmi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Md. Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Sristy College of Tangail, Tangail 1900, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
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Abd Wahab NZ, Ibrahim N. Styrylpyrone Derivative (SPD) Extracted from Goniothalamus umbrosus Binds to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 Envelope Protein and Inhibits Early Stage of Virus Replication. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144566. [PMID: 35889438 PMCID: PMC9316064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the anti-viral effect of a styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) called goniothalamin and the effects on the dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) replication cycle. The SPD was prepared from the root of Goniothalamus umbrosus after purification with petroleum ether. The isolated SPD was then subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses for structure validation. The cytotoxicity of the SPD was evaluated using a cell viability assay, while the anti-viral activity of the SPD towards DENV-2 was confirmed by conducting a foci reduction assay which involved virus yield reduction, time-of-addition, and time removal assays. Transcriptomic analysis via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the DENV-2 E gene was conducted to investigate the level of gene transcript. Immunocytochemistry analysis was used to investigate the effects of SPD treatment on protein E expression. Finally, software molecular docking of the SPD and E protein was also performed. The cytotoxicity assay confirmed that the SPD was not toxic to Vero cells, even at the highest concentration tested. In the time-of-addition assay, more than 80% foci reduction was observed when SPDs were administered at 2 h post-infection (hpi), and the reduction percentage then dropped with the delay of the treatment time, suggesting the inhibition of the early replication cycle. However, the time removal assay showed that more than 80% reduction could only be observed after 96 h post-treatment with the SPD. Treatment with the SPD reduced the progeny infectivity when treated for 24 h and was dose-dependent. The result showed that transcript level of the E gene in infected cells treated with the SPD was reduced compared to infected cells without treatment. In immunocytochemistry analysis, the DENV-2 E protein exhibited similar expression trends, shown by the gene transcription level. Molecular docking showed that the SPD can interact with E protein through hydrogen bonds and other interactions. Overall, this study showed that SPDs have the potential to be anti-DENV-2 via a reduction in viral progeny infectivity and a reduction in the expression of the DENV-2 E gene and protein at different phases of viral replication. SPDs should be further researched to be developed into an effective anti-viral treatment, particularly for early-phase dengue viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zarina Abd Wahab
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-096688574
| | - Nazlina Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
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14
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Dong FK, Quan XG, Wang QB, Liu ZM, Cui T, Wang WJ, Tang DM, Zhang RM, Zhang C, Wang HY, Ren Q. Purification, structural characterization, and anticoagulant activity evaluation of chondroitin sulfate from codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:759-767. [PMID: 35526771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CCS) was purified from discarded codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones, and its chemical structure and anticoagulant activity were assessed. CCS was obtained via enzymatic lysis and ion-exchange column chromatography, with a yield of approximately 0.15%. High-performance gel performance chromatography revealed CCS to be a largely homogeneous polysaccharide with a relatively low molecular weight of 12.3 kDa. FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and SAX-HPLC indicated that CCS was composed of monosulfated disaccharides (ΔDi4S 73.85% and ΔDi6S 19.06%) and nonsulfated disaccharides (ΔDi0S 7.09%). In vitro anticoagulation analyses revealed that CCS was able to significantly prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) (p < 0.05). At a CCS concentration of 5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, APTT and TT were approximately 1.08 and 1.12 times higher, respectively, compared to the negative control group. The results indicated that CCS might offer value as a dietary fiber supplement with the potential to prevent the incidence of coagulation-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Kun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Gao Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Bing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Dao-Min Tang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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15
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Unique Mode of Antiviral Action of a Marine Alkaloid against Ebola Virus and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040816. [PMID: 35458549 PMCID: PMC9028129 DOI: 10.3390/v14040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellarin α 20-sulfate is a cell-impenetrable marine alkaloid that can suppress infection that is mediated by the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We explored the antiviral action and mechanisms of this alkaloid against emerging enveloped RNA viruses that use endocytosis for infection. The alkaloid inhibited the infection of retroviral vectors that had been pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein of Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2. The antiviral effects of lamellarin were independent of the retrovirus Gag-Pol proteins. Interestingly, although heparin and dextran sulfate suppressed the cell attachment of vector particles, lamellarin did not. In silico structural analyses of the trimeric glycoprotein of the Ebola virus disclosed that the principal lamellarin-binding site is confined to a previously unappreciated cavity near the NPC1-binding site and fusion loop, whereas those for heparin and dextran sulfate were dispersed across the attachment and fusion subunits of the glycoproteins. Notably, lamellarin binding to this cavity was augmented under conditions where the pH was 5.0. These results suggest that the final action of the alkaloid against Ebola virus is specific to events following endocytosis, possibly during conformational glycoprotein changes in the acidic environment of endosomes. Our findings highlight the unique biological and physicochemical features of lamellarin α 20-sulfate and should lead to the further use of broadly reactive antivirals to explore the structural mechanisms of virus replication.
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16
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Yu Y, Si L, Meng Y. Flavivirus Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:171-197. [PMID: 35412141 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, including Dengue virus, Zika virus, Yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, cause thousands of deaths and millions of illnesses each year. The large outbreak of ZIKV in 2016 reminds us that flaviviruses can pose a serious threat to human safety and public health as emerging and re-emerging viruses. However, there are no specific drugs approved for the treatment of flavivirus infections. Due to no need to enter the cells, viral entry inhibitors have the unique advantage in suppressing viral infections. Flaviviruses bind to receptors and attach to the cell surface, then enter the endosome in a clathrin-dependent manner and finalizes the viral entry process after fusion with the cell membrane in a low pH environment. Small molecules, antibodies or peptides can inhibit flavivirus entry by targeting the above processes. Here, we focus on flavivirus entry inhibitors with well-defined target and antiviral activity. We hope that our review will provide a theoretical basis for flavivirus treatment and drug research and help to accelerate the clinical application of flavivirus entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lulu Si
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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17
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A review on structural genomics approach applied for drug discovery against three vector-borne viral diseases: Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Virus Genes 2022; 58:151-171. [PMID: 35394596 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics involves the advent of three-dimensional structures of the genome encoded proteins through various techniques available. Numerous structural genomics research groups have been developed across the globe and they contribute enormously to the identification of three-dimensional structures of various proteins. In this review, we have discussed the applications of the structural genomics approach towards the discovery of potential lead-like molecules against the genomic drug targets of three vector-borne diseases, namely, Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Currently, all these three diseases are associated with the most important global public health problems and significant economic burden in tropical countries. Structural genomics has accelerated the identification of novel drug targets and inhibitors for the treatment of these diseases. We start with the current development status of the drug targets and antiviral drugs against these three diseases and conclude by describing challenges that need to be addressed to overcome the shortcomings in the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Tanaka A, Suzuki Y. Genome-Wide Approaches to Unravel the Host Factors Involved in Chikungunya Virus Replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866271. [PMID: 35401487 PMCID: PMC8988064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the causative agent of Chikungunya fever (CHIKVF) that is often characterized by fever, headache, rash, and arthralgia, is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquito bites. Although the mortality rate associated with CHIKV infection is not very high, CHIKVF has been confirmed in more than 40 countries, not only in tropical but also in temperate areas. Therefore, CHIKV is a growing major threat to the public health of the world. However, a specific drug is not available for CHIKV infection. As demonstrated by many studies, the processes completing the replication of CHIKV are assisted by many host factors, whereas it has become clear that the host cell possesses some factors limiting the virus replication. This evidence will provide us with an important clue for the development of pharmacological treatment against CHIKVF. In this review, we briefly summarize cellular molecules participating in the CHIKV infection, particularly focusing on introducing recent genome-wide screen studies that enabled illuminating the virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Division of Research Animal Laboratory and Translational Medicine, Research and Development Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsushi Tanaka,
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
- Youichi Suzuki,
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19
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Couto MR, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Heterologous production of chondroitin. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 33:e00710. [PMID: 35242620 PMCID: PMC8858990 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a growing variety of applications. CS can be produced from microbial fermentation of native or engineered strains. Synthetic biology tools are being used to improve CS yields in different hosts. Integrated polymerization and sulfation can generate cost-effective CS.
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a broad range of applications being a popular dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. Usually, CS is extracted from animal sources. However, the known risks of animal products use have been driving the search for alternative methods and sources to obtain this compound. Several pathogenic bacteria naturally produce chondroitin-like polysaccharides through well-known pathways and, therefore, have been the basis for numerous studies that aim to produce chondroitin using non-pathogenic hosts. However, the yields obtained are not enough to meet the high demand for this glycosaminoglycan. Metabolic engineering strategies have been used to construct improved heterologous hosts. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks and regulation points, and the screening for efficient enzymes are key points for constructing microbial cell factories with improved chondroitin yields to achieve industrial CS production. The recent advances on enzymatic and microbial strategies to produce non-animal chondroitin are herein reviewed. Challenges and prospects for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia R. Couto
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana L. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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20
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Ling J, Li J, Khan A, Lundkvist Å, Li JP. Is heparan sulfate a target for inhibition of RNA virus infection? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C605-C613. [PMID: 35196165 PMCID: PMC8977144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus, regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a co-factor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS-mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Claus-Desbonnet H, Nikly E, Nalbantova V, Karcheva-Bahchevanska D, Ivanova S, Pierre G, Benbassat N, Katsarov P, Michaud P, Lukova P, Delattre C. Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Molecules. Viruses 2022; 14:426. [PMID: 35216019 PMCID: PMC8879384 DOI: 10.3390/v14020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that our scientific resources and the medical community are not sufficiently developed to combat rapid viral spread all over the world. A number of viruses causing epidemics have already disseminated across the world in the last few years, such as the dengue or chinkungunya virus, the Ebola virus, and other coronavirus families such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The outbreaks of these infectious diseases have demonstrated the difficulty of treating an epidemic before the creation of vaccine. Different antiviral drugs already exist. However, several of them cause side effects or have lost their efficiency because of virus mutations. It is essential to develop new antiviral strategies, but ones that rely on more natural compounds to decrease the secondary effects. Polysaccharides, which have come to be known in recent years for their medicinal properties, including antiviral activities, are an excellent alternative. They are essential for the metabolism of plants, microorganisms, and animals, and are directly extractible. Polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their therapeutic properties, low toxicity, and availability, and seem to be attractive candidates as antiviral drugs of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Claus-Desbonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (H.C.-D.); (E.N.); (G.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Elsa Nikly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (H.C.-D.); (E.N.); (G.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Vanya Nalbantova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (D.K.-B.); (N.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Diana Karcheva-Bahchevanska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (D.K.-B.); (N.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Stanislava Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (D.K.-B.); (N.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (H.C.-D.); (E.N.); (G.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Niko Benbassat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (D.K.-B.); (N.B.); (P.L.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Katsarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (H.C.-D.); (E.N.); (G.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolina Lukova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (D.K.-B.); (N.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (H.C.-D.); (E.N.); (G.P.); (P.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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22
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Möller S, Theiß J, Deinert TIL, Golat K, Heinze J, Niemeyer D, Wyrwa R, Schnabelrauch M, Bogner E. High-Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Prevent Coronavirus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020413. [PMID: 35216006 PMCID: PMC8877876 DOI: 10.3390/v14020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are common among humans and many animals, causing respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, only a few antiviral drugs against CoVs are available. Especially for SARS-CoV-2, new compounds for treatment of COVID-19 are urgently needed. In this study, we characterize the antiviral effects of two high-sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 and bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are both members of the Betacoronavirus genus. The investigated compounds are based on hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) and exhibit a strong inhibitory effect against both CoVs. Yield assays were performed using BCoV-infected PT cells in the presence and absence of the compounds. While the high-sulfated HA (sHA3) led to an inhibition of viral growth early after infection, high-sulfated CS (sCS3) had a slightly smaller effect. Time of addition assays, where sHA3 and sCS3 were added to PT cells before, during or after infection, demonstrated an inhibitory effect during all phases of infection, whereas sHA3 showed a stronger effect even after virus absorbance. Furthermore, attachment analyses with prechilled PT cells revealed that virus attachment is not blocked. In addition, sHA3 and sCS3 inactivated BCoV by stable binding. Analysis by quantitative real-time RT PCR underlines the high potency of the inhibitors against BCoV, as well as B.1-lineage, Alpha and Beta SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the two high-sulfated GAG derivatives exhibit low cytotoxicity and represent promising candidates for an anti-CoV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Möller
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterial Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.M.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Janine Theiß
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
| | - Thaira I. L. Deinert
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
| | - Karoline Golat
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
| | - Julian Heinze
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterial Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.M.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Elke Bogner
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.T.); (T.I.L.D.); (K.G.); (J.H.); (D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-525121
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Ray B, Ali I, Jana S, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Ray S, Schütz M, Marschall M. Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 35062238 PMCID: PMC8781365 DOI: 10.3390/v14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure-activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Fakhri S, Mohammadi Pour P, Piri S, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Modulating Neurological Complications of Emerging Infectious Diseases: Mechanistic Approaches to Candidate Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:742146. [PMID: 34764869 PMCID: PMC8576094 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.742146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing studies are revealing the critical manifestations of influenza, dengue virus (DENV) infection, Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, and Ebola virus disease (EVD) as emerging infectious diseases. However, their corresponding mechanisms of major complications headed for neuronal dysfunction are not entirely understood. From the mechanistic point of view, inflammatory/oxidative mediators are activated during emerging infectious diseases towards less cell migration, neurogenesis impairment, and neuronal death. Accordingly, the virus life cycle and associated enzymes, as well as host receptors, cytokine storm, and multiple signaling mediators, are the leading players of emerging infectious diseases. Consequently, chemokines, interleukins, interferons, carbohydrate molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and tyrosine kinases are leading orchestrates of peripheral and central complications which are in near interconnections. Some of the resulting neuronal manifestations have attracted much attention, including inflammatory polyneuropathy, encephalopathy, meningitis, myelitis, stroke, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), radiculomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, memory loss, headaches, cranial nerve abnormalities, tremor, and seizure. The complex pathophysiological mechanism behind the aforementioned complications urges the need for finding multi-target agents with higher efficacy and lower side effects. In recent decades, the natural kingdom has been highlighted as promising neuroprotective natural products in modulating several dysregulated signaling pathways/mediators. The present study provides neuronal manifestations of some emerging infectious diseases and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Besides, a mechanistic-based strategy is developed to introduce candidate natural products as promising multi-target agents in combating major dysregulated pathways towards neuroprotection in influenza, DENV infection, ZIKV disease, and EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sana Piri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Douma M, Boualy B, Manaut N, Hammal R, Byadi S, Lahlali M, Eddaoudi FE, Mallouk S. Sulphated polysaccharides from seaweeds as potential entry inhibitors and vaccine adjuvants against SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein: a computational approach. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1999068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mountasser Douma
- Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Brahim Boualy
- Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials Research Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Najat Manaut
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Redouan Hammal
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry Natural Substances and Reactivity (URAC 16), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Said Byadi
- Extraction, Spectroscopy and Valorization Team, Organic synthesis, Extraction, and Valorization Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Ain Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lahlali
- Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Eddaoudi
- Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials Research Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Siham Mallouk
- Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials Research Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Khouribga, Morocco
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Mertinková P, Mochnáčová E, Bhide K, Kulkarni A, Tkáčová Z, Hruškovicová J, Bhide M. Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20131. [PMID: 34635758 PMCID: PMC8505397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), re-emerging neurotropic flavivirus, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause fatal encephalitis and meningitis. Infection of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), building blocks of the BBB, represents the pivotal step in neuroinvasion. Domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein is a key receptor-binding domain, thus, it is an attractive target for anti-flavivirus strategies. Here, two combinatorial phage display peptide libraries, Ph.D.-C7C and Ph.D.-12, were panned against receptor-binding site (RBS) on DIII to isolate peptides that could block DIII. From series of pannings, nine peptides (seven 7-mer cyclic and two 12-mer linear) were selected and overexpressed in E. coli SHuffle T5. Presence of disulfide bond in 7-mer peptides was confirmed with thiol-reactive maleimide labeling. Except for linear peptide 19 (HYSWSWIAYSPG), all peptides proved to be DIII binders. Among all peptides, 4 cyclic peptides (CTKTDVHFC, CIHSSTRAC, CTYENHRTC, and CLAQSHPLC) showed significant blocking of the interaction between DIII and hBMECs, and ability to neutralize infection in cultured cells. None of these peptides showed toxic or hemolytic activity. Peptides identified in this study may serve as potential candidates for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Mertinková
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Salih AEM, Thissera B, Yaseen M, Hassane ASI, El-Seedi HR, Sayed AM, Rateb ME. Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Report and Modeling Study Focusing on SARS CoV-2. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:406. [PMID: 34436245 PMCID: PMC8401819 DOI: 10.3390/md19080406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) is a novel coronavirus strain that emerged at the end of 2019, causing millions of deaths so far. Despite enormous efforts being made through various drug discovery campaigns, there is still a desperate need for treatments with high efficacy and selectivity. Recently, marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs) have earned significant attention and are widely examined against many viral infections. This article attempted to produce a comprehensive report about MSPs from different marine sources alongside their antiviral effects against various viral species covering the last 25 years of research articles. Additionally, these reported MSPs were subjected to molecular docking and dynamic simulation experiments to ascertain potential interactions with both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2's spike protein (S-protein) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). The possible binding sites on both S-protein's RBD and ACE2 were determined based on how they bind to heparin, which has been reported to exhibit significant antiviral activity against SARS CoV-2 through binding to RBD, preventing the virus from affecting ACE2. Moreover, our modeling results illustrate that heparin can also bind to and block ACE2, acting as a competitor and protective agent against SARS CoV-2 infection. Nine of the investigated MSPs candidates exhibited promising results, taking into consideration the newly emerged SARS CoV-2 variants, of which five were not previously reported to exert antiviral activity against SARS CoV-2, including sulfated galactofucan (1), sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) (2), sulfated mannan (3), sulfated heterorhamnan (8), and chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) (9). These results shed light on the importance of sulfated polysaccharides as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E. M. Salih
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.E.M.S.); (B.T.); (M.Y.); (A.S.I.H.)
| | - Bathini Thissera
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.E.M.S.); (B.T.); (M.Y.); (A.S.I.H.)
| | - Mohammed Yaseen
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.E.M.S.); (B.T.); (M.Y.); (A.S.I.H.)
| | - Ahmed S. I. Hassane
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.E.M.S.); (B.T.); (M.Y.); (A.S.I.H.)
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.E.M.S.); (B.T.); (M.Y.); (A.S.I.H.)
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Peng C, Wang Q, Jiao R, Xu Y, Han N, Wang W, Zhu C, Li F. A novel chondroitin sulfate E from Dosidicus gigas cartilage and its antitumor metastatic activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117971. [PMID: 33838835 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains containing GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S,6S) (E unit) have been shown to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes. However, commercial E unit-rich CS (CS-E) is difficult to produce on a large scale due to expensive and limited squid cartilage resources. In this study, a novel CS-E (CS-nE) was isolated from the cheap and abundant cartilage of the giant squid Dosidicus gigas. The CS-nE has a surprisingly large molecular mass of 696 kDa and a relatively high E unit proportion (44.5 %). It can interact with various growth factors, including HGF, bFGF, pleiotrophin, and HB-EGF, with high affinity, and exhibits dose-dependent anti-metastatic activity. Furthermore, the E unit-rich decasaccharide selectively prepared from CS-nE has been shown to be the minimal functional domain with the strongest antitumor metastatic activity. Taken together, CS-nE will be a very promising candidate for the development of CS-E-based pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chune Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Runmiao Jiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Naihan Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China; Shandong Police College, Jinan, 250200, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. Drug Repurposing: A Strategy for Discovering Inhibitors against Emerging Viral Infections. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2887-2942. [PMID: 32787752 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200812215852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases are responsible for several deaths around the world. Over the past few years, the world has seen several outbreaks caused by viral diseases that, for a long time, seemed to possess no risk. These are diseases that have been forgotten for a long time and, until nowadays, there are no approved drugs or vaccines, leading the pharmaceutical industry and several research groups to run out of time in the search for new pharmacological treatments or prevention methods. In this context, drug repurposing proves to be a fast and economically viable technique, considering the fact that it uses drugs that have a well-established safety profile. Thus, in this review, we present the main advances in drug repurposing and their benefit for searching new treatments against emerging viral diseases. METHODS We conducted a search in the bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Bentham Science, PubMed, Springer, ACS Publisher, Wiley, and NIH's COVID-19 Portfolio) using the keywords "drug repurposing", "emerging viral infections" and each of the diseases reported here (CoV; ZIKV; DENV; CHIKV; EBOV and MARV) as an inclusion/exclusion criterion. A subjective analysis was performed regarding the quality of the works for inclusion in this manuscript. Thus, the selected works were those that presented drugs repositioned against the emerging viral diseases presented here by means of computational, high-throughput screening or phenotype-based strategies, with no time limit and of relevant scientific value. RESULTS 291 papers were selected, 24 of which were CHIKV; 52 for ZIKV; 43 for DENV; 35 for EBOV; 10 for MARV; and 56 for CoV and the rest (72 papers) related to the drugs repurposing and emerging viral diseases. Among CoV-related articles, most were published in 2020 (31 papers), updating the current topic. Besides, between the years 2003 - 2005, 10 articles were created, and from 2011 - 2015, there were 7 articles, portraying the outbreaks that occurred at that time. For ZIKV, similar to CoV, most publications were during the period of outbreaks between the years 2016 - 2017 (23 articles). Similarly, most CHIKV (13 papers) and DENV (14 papers) publications occur at the same time interval. For EBOV (13 papers) and MARV (4 papers), they were between the years 2015 - 2016. Through this review, several drugs were highlighted that can be evolved in vivo and clinical trials as possible used against these pathogens showed that remdesivir represent potential treatments against CoV. Furthermore, ribavirin may also be a potential treatment against CHIKV; sofosbuvir against ZIKV; celgosivir against DENV, and favipiravir against EBOV and MARV, representing new hopes against these pathogens. CONCLUSION The conclusions of this review manuscript show the potential of the drug repurposing strategy in the discovery of new pharmaceutical products, as from this approach, drugs could be used against emerging viral diseases. Thus, this strategy deserves more attention among research groups and is a promising approach to the discovery of new drugs against emerging viral diseases and also other diseases.
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30
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Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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31
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S AH, Pujar GV, Sethu AK, Bhagyalalitha M, Singh M. Dengue structural proteins as antiviral drug targets: Current status in the drug discovery & development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113527. [PMID: 34020338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus belongs to the class of RNA viruses and subclass of enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. It causes dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), where DHF and DSS are life-threatening. Even though dengue is an age-old disease, it is still a mystery and continues to be a global threat. Numerous attempts have been carried out in the past few decades to eradicate the virus through vaccine and antiviral drugs, but still battle continues. In this review, the possible drug targets for discovery and development of potential antiviral drugs against structural proteins of dengue virus, the current development status of the antiviral drugs against dengue around the world, and challenges that need to be addressed to overcome the shortcomings in the process of drug discovery have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha H S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Gurubasavaraj V Pujar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru, 570015, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Sethu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Meduri Bhagyalalitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru, 570015, India
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Shi D, Sheng A, Chi L. Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions and Their Roles in Human Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:639666. [PMID: 33768117 PMCID: PMC7985165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.639666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of linear and negatively charged polysaccharides that exist ubiquitously on the human cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. GAGs interact with a wide range of proteins, including proteases, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, enabling them to mediate many physiological processes, such as protein function, cellular adhesion and signaling. GAG-protein interactions participate in and intervene in a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. The breakthrough in analytical tools and approaches during the last two decades has facilitated a greater understanding of the importance of GAG-protein interactions and their roles in human diseases. This review focuses on aspects of the molecular basis and mechanisms of GAG-protein interactions involved in human disease. The most recent advances in analytical tools, especially mass spectrometry-based GAG sequencing and binding motif characterization methods, are introduced. An update of selected families of GAG binding proteins is presented. Perspectives on development of novel therapeutics targeting specific GAG-protein interactions are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anran Sheng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Connor AJ, Zha RH, Koffas M. Bioproduction of biomacromolecules for antiviral applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:263-272. [PMID: 33667798 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The societal damage brought on by viral epidemics indicates that next-generation antiviral treatments must be developed and deployed. Biomacromolecules are a diverse class of compounds that can potentially exhibit potent antiviral activity. Their efficacy and mechanisms of action are dependent upon multiple structural factors, including molecular weight, degree and position of sulfation, and backbone stereochemistry. Extracting biomacromolecules from animals and plants for healthcare applications is undesirable, as these methods are unable to yield products with well-defined chemical structures. Modern advances utilizing recombinant microbes and metabolic pathway engineering can be a key step towards large-scale bioproduction of tailored biomacromolecules for targeted antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Runye H Zha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Wang W, Shi L, Qin Y, Li F. Research and Application of Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Degrading Enzymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:560442. [PMID: 33425887 PMCID: PMC7793863 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.560442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are widely distributed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix in the form of proteoglycan, where they participate in various biological processes. The diverse functions of CS/DS can be mainly attributed to their high structural variability. However, their structural complexity creates a big challenge for structural and functional studies of CS/DS. CS/DS-degrading enzymes with different specific activities are irreplaceable tools that could be used to solve this problem. Depending on the site of action, CS/DS-degrading enzymes can be classified as glycosidic bond-cleaving enzymes and sulfatases from animals and microorganisms. As discussed in this review, a few of the identified enzymes, particularly those from bacteria, have wildly applied to the basic studies and applications of CS/DS, such as disaccharide composition analysis, the preparation of bioactive oligosaccharides, oligosaccharide sequencing, and potential medical application, but these do not fulfill all of the needs in terms of the structural complexity of CS/DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liran Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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35
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Song S, Peng H, Wang Q, Liu Z, Dong X, Wen C, Ai C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhu B. Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2. Food Funct 2020; 11:7415-7420. [PMID: 32966484 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the world at an unprecedented rate. In the present study, 4 marine sulfated polysaccharides were screened for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2, including sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide (SCSP), fucoidan from brown algae, iota-carrageenan from red algae, and chondroitin sulfate C from sharks (CS). Of them, SCSP, fucoidan, and carrageenan showed significant antiviral activities at concentrations of 3.90-500 μg mL-1. SCSP exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity with IC50 of 9.10 μg mL-1. Furthermore, a test using pseudotype virus with S glycoprotein confirmed that SCSP could bind to the S glycoprotein to prevent SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry. The three antiviral polysaccharides could be employed to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Biomedical Defense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhengqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
| | - Chengrong Wen
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
| | - Chunqing Ai
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
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36
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Wei M, Huang L, Liu Y, Jin W, Yao X, Rong J, Bai F, Song X, Wang Z. Strategy for Isolation, Preparation, and Structural Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides from Natural Sources. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11644-11653. [PMID: 32709191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides (CSOs), especially their sulfation pattern, has been found to be closely related with many biological pathways and diseases. However, detailed functional analysis such as their interaction with glycan binding proteins (GBPs) has been lagging, presumably due to the unavailability of well-defined, diverse structures. Besides challenging chemical and enzymatic synthesis, this is also due to the challenges in their purification at the isomer level and structural analysis owing to their instability, structural complexity, and low mass spectrometry detection sensitivity. Herein, we first used recycling preparative HPLC to separate and purify shark CS tetrasaccharide component labeled by a bifunctional fluorescent linker 2-amino-N-(2-aminoethyl)benzamide (AEAB) at the isomer level. Then, each isomer was derivatized through a multistage procedure including N-acetylation, carboxyl amidation, permethylation, and desulfation with silylating reagent. Structural analysis of each derivatized isomer was performed with ESI-MSn in positive ion mode. A total of 16 isomers of CSO-AEAB were isolated, with a minimum mass component of 0.007 mg and a maximum mass component of 17.53 mg, of which 10 isomers (>90 μg) were structurally analyzed. This preparation and structure analysis of CSOs lay the foundation for further study of the structure-activity relationship of CSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinbo Yao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinqiao Rong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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37
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Troost B, Smit JM. Recent advances in antiviral drug development towards dengue virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:9-21. [PMID: 32795907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high disease burden of dengue virus, there is no approved antiviral treatment or broadly applicable vaccine to treat or prevent dengue virus infection. In the last decade, many antiviral compounds have been identified but only few have been further evaluated in pre-clinical or clinical trials. This review will give an overview of the direct-acting and host-directed antivirals identified to date. Furthermore, important parameters for further development that is, drug properties including efficacy, specificity and stability, pre-clinical animal testing, and combinational drug therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Shanmugam A, Ramakrishnan C, Velmurugan D, Gromiha MM. Identification of Potential Inhibitors for Targets Involved in Dengue Fever. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1742-1760. [PMID: 32552652 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lethality due to dengue infection is a global threat. Nearly 400 million people are affected every year, which approximately costs 500 million dollars for surveillance and vector control itself. Many investigations on the structure-function relationship of proteins expressed by the dengue virus are being made for more than a decade and had come up with many reports on small molecule drug discovery. In this review, we present a detailed note on viral proteins and their functions as well as the inhibitors discovered/designed so far using experimental and computational methods. Further, the phytoconstituents from medicinal plants, specifically the extract of the papaya leaves, neem and bael, which combat dengue infection via dengue protease, helicase, methyl transferase and polymerase are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem - 636308, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai - 600036, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600025, India
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai - 600036, India
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39
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García‐Oliva C, Cabanillas AH, Perona A, Hoyos P, Rumbero Á, Hernáiz MJ. Efficient Synthesis of Muramic and Glucuronic Acid Glycodendrimers as Dengue Virus Antagonists. Chemistry 2020; 26:1588-1596. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García‐Oliva
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Hoyos
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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40
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Kim CH. Viral Protein Interaction with Host Cells GSLs. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS SIGNALING 2020:53-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-5807-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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41
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Ahammad F, Tengku Abd Rashid TR, Mohamed M, Tanbin S, Ahmad Fuad FA. Contemporary Strategies and Current Trends in Designing Antiviral Drugs against Dengue Fever via Targeting Host-Based Approaches. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E296. [PMID: 31466307 PMCID: PMC6780377 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arboviral human pathogen transmitted through mosquito bite that infects an estimated ~400 million humans (~5% of the global population) annually. To date, no specific therapeutics have been developed that can prevent or treat infections resulting from this pathogen. DENV utilizes numerous host molecules and factors for transcribing the single-stranded ~11 kb positive-sense RNA genome. For example, the glycosylation machinery of the host is required for viral particles to assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum. Since a variety of host factors seem to be utilized by the pathogens, targeting these factors may result in DENV inhibitors, and will play an important role in attenuating the rapid emergence of other flaviviruses. Many experimental studies have yielded findings indicating that host factors facilitate infection, indicating that the focus should be given to targeting the processes contributing to pathogenesis along with many other immune responses. Here, we provide an extensive literature review in order to elucidate the progress made in the development of host-based approaches for DENV viral infections, focusing on host cellular mechanisms and factors responsible for viral replication, aiming to aid the potential development of host-dependent antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foysal Ahammad
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
| | | | - Maizan Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suriyea Tanbin
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
| | - Fazia Adyani Ahmad Fuad
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia.
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42
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Pomin VH, Vignovich WP, Gonzales AV, Vasconcelos AA, Mulloy B. Galactosaminoglycans: Medical Applications and Drawbacks. Molecules 2019; 24:E2803. [PMID: 31374852 PMCID: PMC6696379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) are sulfated glycans composed of alternating N-acetylgalactosamine and uronic acid units. Uronic acid epimerization, sulfation patterns and fucosylation are modifications observed on these molecules. GalAGs have been extensively studied and exploited because of their multiple biomedical functions. Chondroitin sulfates (CSs), the main representative family of GalAGs, have been used in alternative therapy of joint pain/inflammation and osteoarthritis. The relatively novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), commonly found in sea cucumbers, has been screened in multiple systems in addition to its widely studied anticoagulant action. Biomedical properties of GalAGs are directly dependent on the sugar composition, presence or lack of fucose branches, as well as sulfation patterns. Although research interest in GalAGs has increased considerably over the three last decades, perhaps motivated by the parallel progress of glycomics, serious questions concerning the effectiveness and potential side effects of GalAGs have recently been raised. Doubts have centered particularly on the beneficial functions of CS-based therapeutic supplements and the potential harmful effects of FCS as similarly observed for oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, as a contaminant of heparin. Unexpected components were also detected in CS-based pharmaceutical preparations. This review therefore aims to offer a discussion on (1) the current and potential therapeutic applications of GalAGs, including those of unique features extracted from marine sources, and (2) the potential drawbacks of this class of molecules when applied to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - William P Vignovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alysia V Gonzales
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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43
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Vora J, Patel S, Athar M, Sinha S, Chhabria MT, Jha PC, Shrivastava N. Pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation for screening and identifying anti-dengue phytocompounds. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1726-1740. [PMID: 31057055 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1615002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a fast spreading mosquito borne viral disease that poses a serious threat to human health. Lack of therapeutic drugs and vaccines signify that more resources need to be explored. Accumulated evidence has suggested that plants offer a vast reservoir for antiviral drug discovery which are safe for human consumption. Plant-based drug discovery is a complex and time-consuming process as plants possess rich repository of chemically diverse compounds. Various in silico methods can make this process simple and economic. We, therefore, performed pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) prediction to screen potential candidates against dengue. In particular, combined pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking were used to prioritize the potentially active ligands from a ligand library. Biological activities of plant based ligands were predicted using 3D-QSAR pharmacophore modeling. Interaction between proteins, namely, envelope G protein, NS2B/NS3 protease, NS5 methyltransferase, NS1, NS5 polymerase and active plant-based ligands (pIC50 > 5.1) were analyzed using molecular docking. Best docked complex, namely, envelope G protein-mulberroside C, NS2B-NS3 protease-curcumin, NS5 methyltransferase-chebulic acid, NS1-mulberroside A, NS5 methyltransferase-punigluconin and NS5 methyltransferase-chebulic acid were further subjected to MD simulations study to assess the fluctuation and conformational changes during protein-ligand interaction. ADME studies were performed to assess their drug-likeness properties. Collectively, these in silico results helped to identify the potential plant-based hits against the various receptors of dengue virus which can be further validated by bioactivity-based experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykant Vora
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India.,Department of Life science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mohd Athar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sonam Sinha
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India.,Department of Life science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mahesh T Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Prakash C Jha
- Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India
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44
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Kastana P, Choleva E, Poimenidi E, Karamanos N, Sugahara K, Papadimitriou E. Insight into the role of chondroitin sulfate E in angiogenesis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2921-2936. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Kastana
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Effrosyni Choleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Evangelia Poimenidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Nikos Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group Laboratory of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry University of Patras Greece
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pathobiochemistry Meijo University Nagoya Japan
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45
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Laureti M, Narayanan D, Rodriguez-Andres J, Fazakerley JK, Kedzierski L. Flavivirus Receptors: Diversity, Identity, and Cell Entry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2180. [PMID: 30319635 PMCID: PMC6168832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than seventy small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, which are responsible for a spectrum of human and animal diseases ranging in symptoms from mild, influenza-like infection to fatal encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Despite genomic and structural similarities across the genus, infections by different flaviviruses result in disparate clinical presentations. This review focusses on two haemorrhagic flaviviruses, dengue virus and yellow fever virus, and two neurotropic flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus. We review current knowledge on host-pathogen interactions, virus entry strategies and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Divya Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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46
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Marine glycosaminoglycan-like carbohydrates as potential drug candidates for infectious disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:919-929. [PMID: 30026370 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), present in the extracellular matrix, are exploited by numerous, distinct microbes for cellular attachment, adhesion, invasion and evasion of the host immune system. Glycosaminoglycans, including the widely used, clinical anticoagulant heparin and semi-synthetic analogues thereof, have been reported to inhibit and disrupt interactions between microbial proteins and carbohydrates present on the surface of host cells. However, the anticoagulant properties of unmodified, pharmaceutical heparin preparations preclude their capabilities as therapeutics for infectious disease states. Here, unique Glycosaminoglycan-like saccharides from various, distinct marine species are reported for their potential use as therapeutics against infectious diseases; many of which possess highly attenuated anticoagulant activities, while retaining significant antimicrobial properties.
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47
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Yang S, Liu Q, Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Lei P. An Approach to Synthesize Chondroitin Sulfate-E (CS-E) Oligosaccharide Precursors. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5897-5908. [PMID: 29756448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An approach was developed to synthesize chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) oligosaccharides by adopting a postglycosylation-transformation strategy: different from all of the traditional approaches, the characteristic groups of CS-E were introduced following the assembly of the oligosaccharides. The adjusted strategy rendered an easy chain elongation strategy. All of the elongation steps generated high yields with excellent glycosylation outcomes. An orthogonally protected disaccharide was used as the building block to provide flexibility for the group transformation and derivatization at the N-2 position of the GalNAc residue and the O-1,5 positions of the GlcA residue, thereby providing ready access for the further examination of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CS-E molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
| | - Zhehui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
| | - Pingsheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , 100050 , P. R. China
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Peng C, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang W, Jiao R, Han W, Li F. A chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid lyase with poor activity to glucuronyl 4,6- O-disulfated N-acetylgalactosamine (E-type)-containing structures. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4230-4243. [PMID: 29414785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S,6S) (E unit)-rich domains have been shown to play key roles in various biological functions of chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, an enzyme that can specifically isolate such domains through the selective digestion of other domains in polysaccharides has not yet been reported. Here, we identified a glycosaminoglycan lyase from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. FC509. This enzyme efficiently degraded hyaluronic acid (HA) and CS variants, but not E unit-rich CS-E, into unsaturated disaccharides; therefore, we designated this enzyme a CS-E-resisted HA/CS lyase (HCLase Er). We isolated a series of resistant oligosaccharides from the final product of a low-sulfated CS-E exhaustively digested by HCLase Er and found that the E units were dramatically accumulate in these resistant oligosaccharides. By determining the structures of several resistant tetrasaccharides, we observed that all of them possessed a Δ4,5HexUAα1-3GalNAc(4S,6S) at their non-reducing ends, indicating that the disulfation of GalNAc abrogates HCLase Er activity on the β1-4 linkage between the E unit and the following disaccharide. Δ4,5HexUAα1-3GalNAc(4S,6S)β1-4GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S,6S) was most strongly resistant to HCLase Er. To our knowledge, this study is the first reporting a glycosaminoglycan lyase specifically inhibited by both 4-O- and 6-O-sulfation of GalNAc. Site-directed and truncation mutagenesis experiments indicated that HCLase Er may use a general acid-base catalysis mechanism and that an extra domain (Gly739-Gln796) is critical for its activity. This enzyme will be a useful tool for structural analyses and for preparing bioactive oligosaccharides of HA and CS variants, particularly from E unit-rich CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chune Peng
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Runmiao Jiao
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenjun Han
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
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Abstract
There remains today a critical need for new antiviral agents, particularly in view of the alarming increase in drug resistance and associated issues. The marine environment has been a prolific contributor towards the identification of novel therapeutic agents in the recent few decades. Added to this, glycans (or carbohydrate- or sugar-based compounds) have in very recent decades made outstanding contributions to the development of novel therapeutics. This review brings together these significant facets of modern drug discovery by presenting the reported literature on glycans derived from marine organisms that possess antiviral activity.The glycans have been grouped together based on the marine organism they were isolated from, namely, (1) bacteria, (2) chromists, (3) plants and (4) animals. For chromists, glycans are further subsectioned into Ochrophyta (brown algae), Miozoa (according to www.algaebase.org ; also called Myzozoa according to WoRMS, www.marinespecies.org ) (dinoflagellates) and Bacillariophyta (diatoms). For plants, glycans are further subsectioned into Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Tracheophyta. Glycans isolated to date are reported as alginates, chitosan, extracellular polysaccharides, fucans (e.g. fucoidans), galactans (e.g. carrageenans), glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, glycosides, glycosylated haemocyanin, laminarans, mannans, polysaccharides (not defined), rhamnans and xylomannans. Interestingly, many of the glycans displaying antiviral properties are sulfated.Reports indicate that marine-sourced glycans have exhibited antiviral activity against African swine fever virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, Epstein-Barr virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, human papilloma virus, human rhino virus, influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, murine leukaemia virus, murine sarcoma virus, Newcastle disease virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Semliki Forest virus, tobacco mosaic virus, vaccinia virus, varicella zoster virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Selected representative glycan structures are presented in Fig. 20.1.
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Advanced Prodrug Strategies in Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Antiviral Agents: A Review of the Recent Five Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101736. [PMID: 29035325 PMCID: PMC6151663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Poor pharmacokinetic profiles and resistance are the main two drawbacks from which currently used antiviral agents suffer, thus make them excellent targets for research, especially in the presence of viral pandemics such as HIV and hepatitis C. Methods: The strategies employed in the studies covered in this review were sorted by the type of drug synthesized into ester prodrugs, targeted delivery prodrugs, macromolecular prodrugs, other nucleoside conjugates, and non-nucleoside drugs. Results: Utilizing the ester prodrug approach a novel isopropyl ester prodrug was found to be potent HIV integrase inhibitor. Further, employing the targeted delivery prodrug zanamivir and valine ester prodrug was made and shown a sole delivery of zanamivir. Additionally, VivaGel, a dendrimer macromolecular prodrug, was found to be very efficient and is now undergoing clinical trials. Conclusions: Of all the strategies employed (ester, targeted delivery, macromolecular, protides and nucleoside analogues, and non-nucleoside analogues prodrugs), the most promising are nucleoside analogues and macromolecular prodrugs. The macromolecular prodrug VivaGel works by two mechanisms: envelope mediated and receptor mediated disruption. Nucleotide analogues have witnessed productive era in the recent past few years. The era of non-interferon based treatment of hepatitis (through direct inhibitors of NS5A) has dawned.
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