1
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Chen N, Wang R, Zhu W, Hao X, Wang J, Chen G, Qiao C, Li X, Liu C, Shen B, Feng J, Chai L, Yu Z, Xiao H. Development and characterization of an antibody that recognizes influenza virus N1 neuraminidases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302865. [PMID: 38723016 PMCID: PMC11081314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to pose a huge threat to public health, and their prevention and treatment remain major international issues. Neuraminidase (NA) is the second most abundant surface glycoprotein on influenza viruses, and antibodies to NA have been shown to be effective against influenza infection. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb), named FNA1, directed toward N1 NAs. FNA1 reacted with H1N1 and H5N1 NA, but failed to react with the NA proteins of H3N2 and H7N9. In vitro, FNA1 displayed potent antiviral activity that mediated both NA inhibition (NI) and blocking of pseudovirus release. Moreover, residues 219, 254, 358, and 388 in the NA protein were critical for FNA1 binding to H1N1 NA. However, further validation is necessary to confirm whether FNA1 mAb is indeed a good inhibitor against NA for application against H1N1 and H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wanlu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiangjun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - ChunXia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zuyin Yu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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2
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Mosmann TR, McMichael AJ, LeVert A, McCauley JW, Almond JW. Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8. [PMID: 38698082 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Almond
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Sia ZR, Roy J, Huang WC, Song Y, Zhou S, Luo Y, Li Q, Arpin D, Kutscher HL, Ortega J, Davidson BA, Lovell JF. Adjuvanted nanoliposomes displaying six hemagglutinins and neuraminidases as an influenza virus vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101433. [PMID: 38401547 PMCID: PMC10982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inclusion of defined quantities of the two major surface proteins of influenza virus, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), could benefit seasonal influenza vaccines. Recombinant HA and NA multimeric proteins derived from three influenza serotypes, H1N1, H3N2, and type B, are surface displayed on nanoliposomes co-loaded with immunostimulatory adjuvants, generating "hexaplex" particles that are used to immunize mice. Protective immune responses to hexaplex liposomes involve functional antibody elicitation against each included antigen, comparable to vaccination with monovalent antigen particles. When compared to contemporary recombinant or adjuvanted influenza virus vaccines, hexaplex liposomes perform favorably in many areas, including antibody production, T cell activation, protection from lethal virus challenge, and protection following passive sera transfer. Based on these results, hexaplex liposomes warrant further investigation as an adjuvanted recombinant influenza vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jayishnu Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qinzhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Bruce A Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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4
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Sun X, Ma H, Wang X, Bao Z, Tang S, Yi C, Sun B. Broadly neutralizing antibodies to combat influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105785. [PMID: 38145757 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The diversified classification and continuous alteration of influenza viruses underscore for antivirals and vaccines that can counter a broad range of influenza subtypes. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two principle viral surface targets for broadly neutralizing antibodies. A series of monoclonal antibodies, targeting HA and NA, have been discovered and characterized with a wide range of neutralizing activity against influenza viruses. Clinical studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of some HA stem-targeting antibodies against influenza viruses. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can serve as both prophylactic and therapeutic agents, as well as play a critical role in identifying antigens and epitopes for the development of universal vaccines. In this review, we described and summarized the latest discoveries and advancements of bnAbs against influenza viruses in both pre- and clinical development. Additionally, we assess whether bnAbs can serve as a viable alternative to vaccination against influenza. Finally, we discussed the rationale behind reverse vaccinology, a structure-guided universal vaccine design strategy that efficiently identifies candidate antigens and conserved epitopes that can be targeted by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hanwen Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuanjia Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiheng Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shubing Tang
- Department of Investigational New Drug, Shanghai Reinovax Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Chunyan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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5
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Lei R, Kim W, Lv H, Mou Z, Scherm MJ, Schmitz AJ, Turner JS, Tan TJC, Wang Y, Ouyang WO, Liang W, Rivera-Cardona J, Teo C, Graham CS, Brooke CB, Presti RM, Mok CKP, Krammer F, Dai X, Ellebedy AH, Wu NC. Leveraging vaccination-induced protective antibodies to define conserved epitopes on influenza N2 neuraminidase. Immunity 2023; 56:2621-2634.e6. [PMID: 37967533 PMCID: PMC10655865 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation for neuraminidase (NA) as an influenza vaccine target; however, its antigenicity remains poorly characterized. In this study, we isolated three broadly reactive N2 antibodies from the plasmablasts of a single vaccinee, including one that cross-reacts with NAs from seasonal H3N2 strains spanning five decades. Although these three antibodies have diverse germline usages, they recognize similar epitopes that are distant from the NA active site and instead involve the highly conserved underside of NA head domain. We also showed that all three antibodies confer prophylactic and therapeutic protection in vivo, due to both Fc effector functions and NA inhibition through steric hindrance. Additionally, the contribution of Fc effector functions to protection in vivo inversely correlates with viral growth inhibition activity in vitro. Overall, our findings advance the understanding of NA antibody response and provide important insights into the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Huibin Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongjun Mou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael J Scherm
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenhao O Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joel Rivera-Cardona
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chuyun Teo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Claire S Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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6
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Tapia R, Mena J, García V, Culhane M, Medina RA, Neira V. Cross-protection of commercial vaccines against Chilean swine influenza A virus using the guinea pig model as a surrogate. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245278. [PMID: 37799404 PMCID: PMC10548122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus poses a significant threat to public health and the swine industry. Vaccination is the primary measure for controlling the disease, but the effectiveness of vaccines can vary depending on the antigenic match between vaccine strains and circulating strains. In Chile, H1N1pdm09 and other lineages H1N2 and H3N2 have been detected in pigs, which are genetically distinct from the strains included in commercial vaccines. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-protection by commercial vaccines against strains circulating in Chile using the guinea pig model. For this study, four circulating strains [A/swine/Chile/H1A-7/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1B-2/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1P-12/2015(H1N1), and A/swine/Chile/H3-2/2015(H3N2)] were selected. Guinea pigs were divided into vaccinated and control groups. The vaccinated animals received either a multivalent antigenically heterologous or monovalent homologous vaccine, while the control animals remained unvaccinated. Following vaccination, all animals were intranasally challenged, and nasal wash samples were collected at different time points post-infection. The results showed that the homologous monovalent vaccine-induced hemagglutinin-specific antibodies against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain. However, the commercial heterologous multivalent vaccine failed to induce hemagglutinin-specific antibody titers against the H1N2 and H3N2 challenge strains. Furthermore, the homologous monovalent vaccine significantly reduced the duration of viral shedding and viral titers specifically against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain and heterologous multivalent vaccine only partial. These findings highlight the importance of regularly updating vaccine strains to match the circulating field strains for effective control of swine influenza. Further research is needed to develop vaccines that confer broader protection against diverse strains of swine influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tapia
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Mena
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria García
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Neira
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Tingstedt JL, Stephen C, Risinger C, Blixt O, Gunalan V, Johansen IS, Fomsgaard A, Polacek C, Lassaunière R. Differential recognition of influenza A virus H1N1 neuraminidase by DNA vaccine-induced antibodies in pigs and ferrets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200718. [PMID: 37313410 PMCID: PMC10258320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) accounts for approximately 10-20% of the total glycoproteins on the surface of influenza viruses. It cleaves sialic acids on glycoproteins, which facilitates virus entry into the airways by cleaving heavily glycosylated mucins in mucus and the release of progeny virus from the surface of infected cells. These functions make NA an attractive vaccine target. To inform rational vaccine design, we define the functionality of influenza DNA vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies relative to antigenic sites in pigs and ferrets challenged with a vaccine-homologous A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm09 strain. Sera collected pre-vaccination, post-vaccination and post-challenge were analyzed for antibody-mediated inhibition of NA activity using a recombinant H7N1CA09 virus. Antigenic sites were further identified with linear and conformational peptide microarrays spanning the full NA of A/California/04/2009(H1N1)pdm09. Vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies inhibited the enzymatic function of NA in both animal models. The antibodies target critical sites of NA such as the enzymatic site, second sialic binding site and framework residues, shown here by high-resolution epitope mapping. New possible antigenic sites were identified that potentially block the catalytic activity of NA, including an epitope recognized solely in pigs and ferrets with neuraminidase inhibition, which could be a key antigenic site affecting NA function. These findings show that our influenza DNA vaccine candidate induces NA-specific antibodies that target known critical sites, and new potential antigenic sites of NA, inhibiting the catalytic activity of NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christian Risinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isik Somuncu Johansen
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Kumari R, Sharma SD, Kumar A, Ende Z, Mishina M, Wang Y, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pohl J, Knight PR, Sambhara S. Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0004022. [PMID: 36645300 PMCID: PMC10035319 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Abbadi N, Mousa JJ. Broadly Protective Neuraminidase-Based Influenza Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies: Target Epitopes and Mechanisms of Action. Viruses 2023; 15:200. [PMID: 36680239 PMCID: PMC9861061 DOI: 10.3390/v15010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an important surface protein on influenza virions, playing an essential role in the viral life cycle and being a key target of the immune system. Despite the importance of NA-based immunity, current vaccines are focused on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein as the target for protective antibodies, and the amount of NA is not standardized in virion-based vaccines. Antibodies targeting NA are predominantly protective, reducing infection severity and viral shedding. Recently, NA-specific monoclonal antibodies have been characterized, and their target epitopes have been identified. This review summarizes the characteristics of NA, NA-specific antibodies, the mechanism of NA inhibition, and the recent efforts towards developing NA-based and NA-incorporating influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abbadi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Wang Y, Dong C, Ma Y, Zhu W, Gill HS, Denning TL, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Monophosphoryl lipid A-adjuvanted nucleoprotein-neuraminidase nanoparticles improve immune protection against divergent influenza viruses. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 47:102614. [PMID: 36265560 PMCID: PMC9756393 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Universal influenza vaccines are urgently needed to prevent recurrent influenza epidemics and inevitable pandemics. We generated double-layered protein nanoparticles incorporating two conserved influenza antigens-nucleoprotein and neuraminidase-through a two-step desolvation-crosslinking method. These protein nanoparticles displayed immunostimulatory properties to antigen-presenting cells by promoting inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretion from JAWS II dendric cells. The nanoparticle immunization induced significant antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses, including antigen-binding and neutralizing antibodies, antibody- and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-4)-secreting cells, and NP147-155 tetramer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Co-administration of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist) with the protein nanoparticles further improved immune responses and conferred heterologous and heterosubtypic influenza protection. The MPLA-adjuvanted nanoparticles reduced lung inflammation post-infection. The results demonstrated that the combination of MPLA and conserved protein nanoparticles could be developed into an improved universal influenza vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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11
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Progress towards the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081684. [PMID: 36016306 PMCID: PMC9415875 DOI: 10.3390/v14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 years and some of the viruses have resulted in high mortality in humans, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of influenza viruses. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide strain-specific protection and are less effective against mismatched strains. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses resulted in time-consuming surveillance and uncertainty in the vaccine protection efficacy. Most recent universal influenza vaccine studies target the conserved antigen domains of the viral surface glycoproteins and internal proteins to provide broader protection. Following the development of advanced vaccine technologies, several innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being explored to generate robust cross-protective immunity. This review provides the latest progress in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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13
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Bernard MC, Waldock J, Commandeur S, Strauß L, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Zhou F, van de Witte S, van Amsterdam P, Ho S, Hoschler K, Lugovtsev V, Weir JP, Montomoli E, Cox RJ, Engelhardt OG, Friel D, Wagner R, Ollinger T, Germain S, Sediri-Schön H. Validation of a Harmonized Enzyme-Linked-Lectin-Assay (ELLA-NI) Based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Quantification of N1 Influenza Antibodies and the Use of a Calibrator to Improve the Reproducibility of the ELLA-NI With Reverse Genetics Viral and Recombinant Neuraminidase Antigens: A FLUCOP Collaborative Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909297. [PMID: 35784305 PMCID: PMC9248865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccination strategies against influenza focus on generating an antibody response against the viral haemagglutination surface protein, however there is increasing interest in neuraminidase (NA) as a target for vaccine development. A critical tool for development of vaccines that target NA or include an NA component is available validated serology assays for quantifying anti-NA antibodies. Additionally serology assays have a critical role in defining correlates of protection in vaccine development and licensure. Standardisation of these assays is important for consistent and accurate results. In this study we first validated a harmonized enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA)- Neuraminidase Inhibition (NI) SOP for N1 influenza antigen and demonstrated the assay was precise, linear, specific and robust within classical acceptance criteria for neutralization assays for vaccine testing. Secondly we tested this SOP with NA from influenza B viruses and showed the assay performed consistently with both influenza A and B antigens. Third, we demonstrated that recombinant NA (rNA) could be used as a source of antigen in ELLA-NI. In addition to validating a harmonized SOP we finally demonstrated a clear improvement in inter-laboratory agreement across several studies by using a calibrator. Importantly we showed that the use of a calibrator significantly improved agreement when using different sources of antigen in ELLA-NI, namely reverse genetics viruses and recombinant NA. We provide a freely available and detailed harmonized SOP for ELLA-NI. Our results add to the growing body of evidence in support of developing biological standards for influenza serology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Waldock
- Influenza Resource Centre, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Commandeur
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Lea Strauß
- Section viral vaccines, Virology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Sammy Ho
- UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir Lugovtsev
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca J. Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Influenza Resource Centre, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralf Wagner
- Section viral vaccines, Virology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanna Sediri-Schön
- Section viral vaccines, Virology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hanna Sediri-Schön,
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14
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Sun X, Ling Z, Yang Z, Sun B. Broad neutralizing antibody-based strategies to tackle influenza. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Multiple Neuraminidase Containing Influenza Virus-Like Particle Vaccines Protect Mice from Avian and Human Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020429. [PMID: 35216022 PMCID: PMC8875606 DOI: 10.3390/v14020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus remains a threat for humans, and vaccines preventing both avian and human influenza virus infections are needed. Since virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing single neuraminidase (NA) subtype elicited limited heterosubtypic protection, VLPs expressing multiple NA subtypes would enhance the extent of heterosubtypic immunity. Here, we generated avian influenza VLP vaccines displaying H5 hemagglutinin (HA) antigen with or without avian NA subtypes (N1, N6, N8) in different combinations. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with the VLPs to evaluate the resulting homologous and heterosubtypic immunity upon challenge infections with the avian and human influenza viruses (A/H5N1, A/H3N2, A/H1N1). VLPs expressing H5 alone conferred homologous protection but not heterosubtypic protection, whereas VLPs co-expressing H5 and NA subtypes elicited both homologous and heterosubtypic protection against human influenza viruses in mice. We observed that VLP induced neuraminidase inhibitory activities (NAI), virus-neutralizing activity, and virus-specific antibody (IgG, IgA) responses were strongly correlated with the number of different NA subtype expressions on the VLPs. VLPs expressing all 3 NA subtypes resulted in the highest protection, indicated by the lowest lung titer, negligible body weight changes, and survival in immunized mice. These results suggest that expressing multiple neuraminidases in avian HA VLPs is a promising approach for developing a universal influenza A vaccine against avian and human influenza virus infections.
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Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses plays a distinct role in viral replication and has a highly conserved catalytic site. Numerous sialic (neuraminic) acid analogs that competitively bind to the NA active site and potently inhibit enzyme activity have been synthesized and tested. Four NA inhibitors are now licensed in various parts of the world (zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir) to treat influenza A and B infections. NA changes, naturally occurring or acquired under selective pressure, have been shown to reduce drug binding, thereby affecting the effectiveness of NA inhibitors. Drug resistance and other drawbacks have prompted the search for the next-generation NA-targeting therapeutics. One of the promising approaches is the identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the conserved NA epitopes. Anti-NA mAbs demonstrate Fab-based antiviral activity supplemented with Fc-mediated immune effector functions. Antiviral Fc-conjugates offer another cutting-edge strategy that is based on a multimodal mechanism of action. These novel antiviral agents are composed of a small-molecule NA inhibitor and an Fc-region that simultaneously engages the immune system. The significant advancements made in recent years further support the value of NA as an attractive target for the antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-4027, USA
| | - Teena Mohan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-4027, USA
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17
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Universal influenza vaccine technologies and recombinant virosome production. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Developing a Live Probiotic Vaccine Based on the Enterococcus faecium L3 Strain Expressing Influenza Neuraminidase. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122446. [PMID: 34946050 PMCID: PMC8707194 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms are currently considered as a promising platform for the development of recombinant vaccines expressing foreign antigens. In this study, we generated and evaluated the live mucosal recombinant vaccine by integrating genes encoding influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) of the N2 subtype into the DNA of the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L3 (L3). We confirmed NA expression in the pili of L3 using immune electron microscopy. Mice were fed with a probiotic vaccine containing the NA gene (L3-NA) or pure L3. Oral administration of L3-NA caused detectable increase in virus-specific serum IgG and local IgA after the third feeding. Immunization with L3-NA increased the survival rate by 34% when the mice were infected using A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus after the third feeding. After S. pneumoniae post-influenza infection, the L3-NA-immunized mice were 50% more protected from lethality in comparison with L3-fed mice. Thus, a live probiotic vaccine candidate based on L3 induced the formation of systemic and local immunity and provide partial protection against complicated influenza.
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19
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Creytens S, Pascha MN, Ballegeer M, Saelens X, de Haan CAM. Influenza Neuraminidase Characteristics and Potential as a Vaccine Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786617. [PMID: 34868073 PMCID: PMC8635103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses plays a critical role in the virus life cycle and is an important target of the host immune system. Here, we highlight the current understanding of influenza neuraminidase structure, function, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and immune protective potential. Neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies have been recognized as correlates of protection against disease caused by natural or experimental influenza A virus infection in humans. In the past years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the use of influenza neuraminidase to improve the protective potential of currently used influenza vaccines. A number of well-characterized influenza neuraminidase-specific monoclonal antibodies have been described recently, most of which can protect in experimental challenge models by inhibiting the neuraminidase activity or by Fc receptor-dependent mechanisms. The relative instability of the neuraminidase poses a challenge for protein-based antigen design. We critically review the different solutions that have been proposed to solve this problem, ranging from the inclusion of stabilizing heterologous tetramerizing zippers to the introduction of inter-protomer stabilizing mutations. Computationally engineered neuraminidase antigens have been generated that offer broad, within subtype protection in animal challenge models. We also provide an overview of modern vaccine technology platforms that are compatible with the induction of robust neuraminidase-specific immune responses. In the near future, we will likely see the implementation of influenza vaccines that confront the influenza virus with a double punch: targeting both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Drift and Shift
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/ultrastructure
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Alphainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Betainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Betainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Betainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Mutation
- Nanoparticles
- Neuraminidase/administration & dosage
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neuraminidase/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/ultrastructure
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Creytens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirte N. Pascha
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Wang F, Wan Z, Wu J, Wang Y, Fu H, Shao H, Qian K, Gao W, Ye J, Qin A. A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730449. [PMID: 34646249 PMCID: PMC8503672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. However, there are few reports on epitopes shared by these two NAs. We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. In this study, 1G8 was shown to cross-react with and inhibit the NA of H3N2 HSIV. In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Review of Influenza Virus Vaccines: The Qualitative Nature of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination Is a Critical Consideration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090979. [PMID: 34579216 PMCID: PMC8471734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics. Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; however, these viruses are still a global issue and take many lives. In this paper, we review influenza viruses, associated immunological mechanisms, current influenza vaccine platforms, and influenza infection, in the context of immunocompromised populations. This review focuses on the qualitative nature of immune responses against influenza viruses, with an emphasis on trained immunity and an assessment of the characteristics of the host–pathogen that compromise the effectiveness of immunization. We also highlight innovative immunological concepts that are important considerations for the development of the next generation of vaccines against influenza viruses.
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22
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Isakova-Sivak I, Stepanova E, Mezhenskaya D, Matyushenko V, Prokopenko P, Sychev I, Wong PF, Rudenko L. Influenza vaccine: progress in a vaccine that elicits a broad immune response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1097-1112. [PMID: 34348561 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1964961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The licensed seasonal influenza vaccines predominantly induce neutralizing antibodies against immunodominant hypervariable epitopes of viral surface proteins, with limited protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses. Strategies have been developed to improve vaccines' performance in terms of broadly reactive and long-lasting immune response induction. AREAS COVERED We have summarized the advancements in the development of cross-protective influenza vaccines and discussed the challenges in evaluating them in preclinical and clinical trials. Here, the literature regarding the current stage of development of universal influenza vaccine candidates was reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Although various strategies aim to redirect adaptive immune responses from variable immunodominant to immunosubdominant antigens, more conserved epitopes are being investigated. Approaches that improve antibody responses to conserved B cell epitopes have increased the protective efficacy of vaccines within a subtype or phylogenetic group of influenza viruses. Vaccines that elicit significant levels of T cells recognizing highly conserved viral epitopes possess a high cross-protective potential and may cover most circulating influenza viruses. However, the development of T cell-based universal influenza vaccines is challenging owing to the diversity of MHCs in the population, unpredictable degree of immunodominance, lack of adequate animal models, and difficulty in establishing T cell immunity in humans. ABBREVIATIONS cHA: chimeric HA; HBc: hepatitis B virus core protein; HA: hemagglutinin; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; IIV: inactivated influenza vaccine; KLH: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; LAH: long alpha helix; LAIV: live attenuated influenza vaccine; M2e: extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; NA: neuraminidase; NS1: non-structural protein 1; qNIV: quadrivalent nanoparticle influenza vaccine; TRM: tissue-resident memory T cells; VE: vaccine effectiveness; VLP: virus-like particles; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Sychev
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pei-Fong Wong
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Menne Z, Pliasas VC, Compans RW, Glover S, Kyriakis CS, Skountzou I. Bivalent vaccination with NA1 and NA2 neuraminidase virus-like particles is protective against challenge with H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses in a murine model. Virology 2021; 562:197-208. [PMID: 34375782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is the second most abundant glycoprotein on the surface of influenza A viruses (IAV). Neuraminidase type 1 (NA1) based virus-like particles (VLPs) have previously been shown to protect against challenge with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV. In this study, we produced neuraminidase type 2 (NA2) VLPs derived from the sequence of the seasonal IAV A/Perth/16/2009. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with NA2 VLPs induced high anti-NA serum IgG levels capable of inhibiting NA activity. NA2 VLP vaccination protected against mortality in a lethal A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) virus challenge model, but not against lethal challenge with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) virus. However, bivalent vaccination with NA1 and NA2 VLPs demonstrated no antigenic competition in anti-NA IgG responses and protected against lethal challenge with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Here we demonstrate that vaccination with NA VLPs is protective against influenza challenge and supports focusing on anti-NA responses in the development of future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vasilis C Pliasas
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sheniqua Glover
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Constantinos S Kyriakis
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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24
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An Antigenic Thrift-Based Approach to Influenza Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060657. [PMID: 34208489 PMCID: PMC8235769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic drift theory states that influenza evolves via the gradual accumulation of mutations, decreasing a host’s immune protection against previous strains. Influenza vaccines are designed accordingly, under the premise of antigenic drift. However, a paradox exists at the centre of influenza research. If influenza evolved primarily through mutation in multiple epitopes, multiple influenza strains should co-circulate. Such a multitude of strains would render influenza vaccines quickly inefficacious. Instead, a single or limited number of strains dominate circulation each influenza season. Unless additional constraints are placed on the evolution of influenza, antigenic drift does not adequately explain these observations. Here, we explore the constraints placed on antigenic drift and a competing theory of influenza evolution – antigenic thrift. In contrast to antigenic drift, antigenic thrift states that immune selection targets epitopes of limited variability, which constrain the variability of the virus. We explain the implications of antigenic drift and antigenic thrift and explore their current and potential uses in the context of influenza vaccine design.
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25
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Zeigler DF, Gage E, Clegg CH. Epitope-targeting platform for broadly protective influenza vaccines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252170. [PMID: 34043704 PMCID: PMC8158873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines are often ineffective because they elicit strain-specific antibody responses to mutation-prone sites on the hemagglutinin (HA) head. Vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity to conserved epitopes are needed. Recently, we reported a nanoparticle-based vaccine platform produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) for targeting linear and helical protein-based epitopes. Here, we illustrate its potential for building broadly protective influenza vaccines. Targeting known epitopes in the HA stem, neuraminidase (NA) active site, and M2 ectodomain (M2e) conferred 50-75% survival against 5LD50 influenza B and H1N1 challenge; combining stem and M2e antigens increased survival to 90%. Additionally, protein sequence and structural information were employed in tandem to identify alternative epitopes that stimulate greater protection; we report three novel HA and NA sites that are highly conserved in type B viruses. One new target in the HA stem stimulated 100% survival, highlighting the value of this simple epitope discovery strategy. A candidate influenza B vaccine targeting two adjacent HA stem sites led to >104-fold reduction in pulmonary viral load. These studies describe a compelling platform for building vaccines that target conserved influenza epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Zeigler
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily Gage
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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26
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Targeting Antigens for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060973. [PMID: 34073996 PMCID: PMC8225176 DOI: 10.3390/v13060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses. Herein, we review current strategies and perspectives regarding the use of antigens, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and internal proteins, for universal influenza vaccine development.
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27
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Guthmiller JJ, Utset HA, Wilson PC. B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat. Viruses 2021; 13:965. [PMID: 34067435 PMCID: PMC8224597 DOI: 10.3390/v13060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Importantly, people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their life and tend to reuse memory B cells from prior exposure to generate antibodies against new variants. Despite this, people tend to recall memory B cells against constantly evolving variable epitopes or non-protective antigens, as opposed to recalling them against broadly neutralizing epitopes of hemagglutinin. In this review, we discuss the factors that impact the generation and recall of memory B cells against distinct viral antigens, as well as the immunological limitations preventing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Lastly, we discuss how next-generation vaccine platforms can potentially overcome these obstacles to generate robust and long-lived protection against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Henry A. Utset
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Sangesland M, Lingwood D. Antibody Focusing to Conserved Sites of Vulnerability: The Immunological Pathways for 'Universal' Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020125. [PMID: 33562627 PMCID: PMC7914524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus remains a serious public health burden due to ongoing viral evolution. Vaccination remains the best measure of prophylaxis, yet current seasonal vaccines elicit strain-specific neutralizing responses that favor the hypervariable epitopes on the virus. This necessitates yearly reformulations of seasonal vaccines, which can be limited in efficacy and also shortchange pandemic preparedness. Universal vaccine development aims to overcome these deficits by redirecting antibody responses to functionally conserved sites of viral vulnerability to enable broad coverage. However, this is challenging as such antibodies are largely immunologically silent, both following vaccination and infection. Defining and then overcoming the immunological basis for such subdominant or ‘immuno-recessive’ antibody targeting has thus become an important aspect of universal vaccine development. This, coupled with structure-guided immunogen design, has led to proof-of-concept that it is possible to rationally refocus humoral immunity upon normally ‘unseen’ broadly neutralizing antibody targets on influenza virus.
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30
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Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and represent a pandemic risk. With current vaccine methods struggling to protect populations against emerging strains, there is a demand for a next-generation flu vaccine capable of providing broad protection. Recombinant biotechnology, combined with nanomedicine techniques, could address this demand by increasing immunogenicity and directing immune responses toward conserved antigenic targets on the virus. Various nanoparticle candidates have been tested for use in vaccines, including virus-like particles, protein and carbohydrate nanoconstructs, antigen-carrying lipid particles, and synthetic and inorganic particles modified for antigen presentation. These methods have yielded some promising results, including protection in animal models against antigenically distinct influenza strains, production of antibodies with broad reactivity, and activation of potent T cell responses. Based on the evidence of current research, it is feasible that the next generation of influenza vaccines will combine recombinant antigens with nanoparticle carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Protein Engineering
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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31
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McMillan CL, Young PR, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010026. [PMID: 33430278 PMCID: PMC7825669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30–50%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L.D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
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32
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Shultz PK, Crofts KF, Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Neuraminidase-specific antibody responses are generated in naive and vaccinated newborn nonhuman primates following virus infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141655. [PMID: 33264104 PMCID: PMC7819742 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals younger than 6 months of age are at significant risk from influenza virus infection; however, there is currently no vaccine approved for this age group. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) has emerged as a potential additional target for vaccine strategies. In this study, we sought to understand the ability of newborns to mount an antibody response to NA. Here we employed a nonhuman primate model, given the similarities to humans in immune system and development. We measured antibody to NA following infection with an H1N1 virus or following vaccination and challenge. Administration of an inactivated virus vaccine was not capable of eliciting detectable NA-specific antibody, even in the presence of adjuvants previously shown to increase total virus-specific IgG. However, both naive and vaccinated newborns generated a NA-specific antibody response following virus infection. Interestingly, the presence of the vaccine-induced response did not prevent generation of systemic antibody to NA following challenge, although the respiratory response was reduced in a significant portion of newborns. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate the newborn response to the influenza NA protein as well as the impact of previous vaccination on generation of these antibodies following virus infection.
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33
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Tang S, Zhu W, Wang BZ. Influenza Vaccines toward Universality through Nanoplatforms and Given by Microneedle Patches. Viruses 2020; 12:E1212. [PMID: 33114336 PMCID: PMC7690886 DOI: 10.3390/v12111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the top threats to public health. The best strategy to prevent influenza is vaccination. Because of the antigenic changes in the major surface antigens of influenza viruses, current seasonal influenza vaccines need to be updated every year to match the circulating strains and are suboptimal for protection. Furthermore, seasonal vaccines do not protect against potential influenza pandemics. A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the threat of both influenza epidemics and pandemics. Due to the massive challenge in realizing influenza vaccine universality, a single vaccine strategy cannot meet the need. A comprehensive approach that integrates advances in immunogen designs, vaccine and adjuvant nanoplatforms, and vaccine delivery and controlled release has the potential to achieve an effective universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the advances in the research and development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.T.); (W.Z.)
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34
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Structure-Based Modification of an Anti-neuraminidase Human Antibody Restores Protection Efficacy against the Drifted Influenza Virus. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02315-20. [PMID: 33024040 PMCID: PMC7542365 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02315-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system produces antibodies to protect the human body from harmful invaders. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) is one kind of effective antivirals. In this study, we isolated an antibody (Z2B3) from an H7N9 influenza virus-infected child. It shows cross-reactivity to both group 1 (N1) and group 2 (N9) neuraminidases (NAs) but is sensitive to N1 NA with a K432E substitution. Structural analysis of the NA-antibody fragment antigen-binding (Fab) complex provides a clue for antibody modification, and the modified antibody restored binding and inhibition to recently drifted N1 NA and regained protection against the variant influenza strain. This finding suggests that antibodies to NA may be a useful therapy and can be in principle edited to defeat drifted influenza virus. Here, we investigate a monoclonal antibody, Z2B3, isolated from an H7N9-infected patient, that exhibited cross-reactivity to both N9 (group 2) and a broad range of seasonal and avian N1 (group 1) proteins but lost activity to the N1 with the substitution K432E. This substitution exists in 99.25% of seasonal influenza strains after 2013. The NA-Z2B3 complex structures indicated that Z2B3 binds within the conserved active site of the neuraminidase (NA) protein. A salt bridge between D102 in Z2B3 and K432 in NA plays an important role in binding. Structure-based modification of Z2B3 with D102R in heavy chain reversed the salt bridge and restored the binding and inhibition of N1 with E432. Furthermore, Z2B3-D102R can protect mice from A/Serbia/NS-601/2014 H1N1 virus (NA contains E432) infection while the wild-type Z2B3 antibody shows no protection. This study demonstrates that a broadly reactive and protective antibody to NA can be in principle edited to restore binding and inhibition to recently drifted N1 NA and regain protection against the variant influenza strain.
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35
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Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines are based on predicting the circulating viruses year by year, conferring limited effectiveness since the antigenicity of vaccine strains does not always match the circulating viruses. This necessitates development of universal influenza vaccines that provide broader and lasting protection against pan-influenza viruses. The discovery of the highly conserved immunogens (epitopes) of influenza viruses provides attractive targets for universal vaccine design. Here we review the current understanding with broadly protective immunogens (epitopes) and discuss several important considerations to achieve the goal of universal influenza vaccines.
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36
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Kim KH, Jung YJ, Lee Y, Park BR, Oh J, Lee YN, Kim MC, Jeeva S, Kang SM. Cross protection by inactivated recombinant influenza viruses containing chimeric hemagglutinin conjugates with a conserved neuraminidase or M2 ectodomain epitope. Virology 2020; 550:51-60. [PMID: 32882637 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) contains a universally conserved epitope (NAe, NA222-230). However, no studies have reported vaccines targeting this NA conserved epitope and inducing antibodies recognizing NAe. The extracellular domain of M2 (M2e) is considered as an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. We generated recombinant influenza H1N1 viruses expressing conserved epitopes in hemagglutinin (HA) molecules: NAe (NAe-HA) or M2e (M2e-HA) within the HA head domain. Inactivated recombinant NAe-HA and M2e-HA viruses were more effective in inducing IgG antibodies specific for an inserted conserved epitope than live recombinant virus. Recombinant inactivated M2e-HA virus vaccination induced cross protection against H3N2 virus with less weight loss compared to NAe-HA and was more effective in inducing humoral and cellular M2e immune responses. This study provides insight into developing recombinant influenza virus vaccines compatible with current platforms to induce antibody responses to conserved poorly immunogenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; CARESIDE Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Subbiah Jeeva
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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37
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Wang F, Wang Y, Wan Z, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Qin A. Generation of a recombinant chickenized monoclonal antibody against the neuraminidase of H9N2 avian influenza virus. AMB Express 2020; 10:151. [PMID: 32816156 PMCID: PMC7441100 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1G8, against the neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) with significant NA inhibitory activity. To generate a recombinant chickenized mAb (RCmAb) against the NA of H9N2 AIV for passive immunization in poultry, the gene of the fragment of antigen binding (Fab) of mAb 1G8 was cloned and fused with the fragment crystallizable (Fc) gene of chicken IgY. The RCmAb 1G8 was expressed in COS-1 cells and could be detected in cell culture supernatant. The results of NA inhibitory activity tests of the RCmAb 1G8 in an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) and a microneutralization (MN) assay showed that the RCmAb 1G8 maintained significant NA inhibitory activity and neutralizing ability. This is the first chickenized antibody against AIV, which would be a good candidate for passive immunization in poultry.
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38
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Giurgea LT, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030409. [PMID: 32718039 PMCID: PMC7564061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca T. Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Eichelberger MC, Monto AS. Neuraminidase, the Forgotten Surface Antigen, Emerges as an Influenza Vaccine Target for Broadened Protection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S75-S80. [PMID: 30715357 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For 50 years it has been known that antibodies to neuraminidase (NA) protect against infection during seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. However, NA is largely ignored in the formulation and standardization of our current influenza vaccines. There are a number of factors that contributed to this antigen being forgotten, including the lack of an easily performed test to measure NA antibody. With the availability of that test, it has been possible to show its independent contribution to protection in various situations. The challenge now is to make it possible to include known amounts of NA in investigational vaccines or to routinely measure NA content in licensed vaccines. Vaccines containing optimal amounts of NA may be particularly useful when there are antigenic changes, either drift or shift, in the hemagglutinin because NA immunity offers broad protection. It is now time to remember the NA as we work toward improved influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna C Eichelberger
- Office of Compliance and Biologics Quality, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
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Rijal P, Wang BB, Tan TK, Schimanski L, Janesch P, Dong T, McCauley JW, Daniels RS, Townsend AR, Huang KYA. Broadly Inhibiting Antineuraminidase Monoclonal Antibodies Induced by Trivalent Influenza Vaccine and H7N9 Infection in Humans. J Virol 2020; 94:e01182-19. [PMID: 31748388 PMCID: PMC6997757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01182-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of antibodies induced by influenza neuraminidase (NA), like those against hemagglutinin (HA), are relatively specific to viruses isolated within a limited time window, as seen in serological studies and the analysis of many murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We report three broadly reactive human MAbs targeting N1 NA. Two were isolated from a young adult vaccinated with trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), which inhibited N1 NA from viruses isolated from humans over a period of a hundred years. The third antibody, isolated from a child with acute mild H7N9 infection, inhibited both group 1 N1 and group 2 N9 NAs. In addition, the antibodies cross-inhibited the N1 NAs of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses. These antibodies are protective in prophylaxis against seasonal H1N1 viruses in mice. This study demonstrates that human antibodies to N1 NA with exceptional cross-reactivity can be recalled by vaccination and highlights the importance of standardizing the NA antigen in seasonal vaccines to offer optimal protection.IMPORTANCE Antibodies to the influenza virus NA can provide protection against influenza disease. Analysis of human antibodies to NA lags behind that of antibodies to HA. We show that human monoclonal antibodies against NA induced by vaccination and infection can be very broadly reactive, with the ability to inhibit a wide spectrum of N1 NAs on viruses isolated between 1918 and 2018. This suggests that antibodies to NA may be a useful therapy and that the efficacy of influenza vaccines could be enhanced by ensuring the appropriate content of NA antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bei Bei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Janesch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain R Townsend
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Lipničanová S, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M, Frecer V, Miertuš S. Diversity of sialidases found in the human body - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:857-868. [PMID: 31945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are enzymes essential for numerous organisms including humans. Hydrolytic sialidases (EC 3.2.1.18), trans-sialidases and anhydrosialidases (intramolecular trans-sialidases, EC 4.2.2.15) are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkage and release sialic acid residues from sialyl substrates. The paper summarizes diverse sialidases present in the human body and their potential impact on development of antiviral compounds - inhibitors of viral neuraminidases. It includes a brief overview of catalytic mechanisms of action of sialidases and describes the origin of sialidases in the human body. This is followed by description of the structure and function of sialidase families with a special focus on the GH33 and GH34 families. Various effects of sialidases on human body are also briefly described. Modulation of sialidase activity may be considered a useful tool for effective treatment of various diseases. In some cases, it is desired to completely suppress the activity of sialidases by suitable inhibitors. Specific sialidase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of influenza, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, different types of cancer, or heart defects. Challenges and future directions are shortly depicted in the final part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lipničanová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Frecer
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Wang Y, Deng L, Gonzalez GX, Luthra L, Dong C, Ma Y, Zou J, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Double-Layered M2e-NA Protein Nanoparticle Immunization Induces Broad Cross-Protection against Different Influenza Viruses in Mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901176. [PMID: 31840437 PMCID: PMC6980908 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine is an ideal strategy to eliminate public health threats from influenza epidemics and pandemics. This ultimate goal is restricted by the low immunogenicity of conserved influenza epitopes. Layered protein nanoparticles composed of well-designed conserved influenza structures have shown improved immunogenicity with new physical and biochemical features. Herein, structure-stabilized influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and M2e-neuraminidase fusion (M2e-NA) recombinant proteins are generated and M2e protein nanoparticles and double-layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticles are produced by ethanol desolvation and chemical crosslinking. Immunizations with these protein nanoparticles induce immune protection against different viruses of homologous and heterosubtypic NA in mice. Double-layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticles induce higher levels of humoral and cellular responses compared with their comprising protein mixture or M2e nanoparticles. Strong cytotoxic T cell responses are induced in the layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticle groups. Antibody responses contribute to the heterosubtypic NA immune protection. The protective immunity is long lasting. These results demonstrate that double-layered protein nanoparticles containing structure-stabilized M2e and NA can be developed into a universal influenza vaccine or a synergistic component of such vaccines. Layered protein nanoparticles can be a general vaccine platform for different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | | | - Gilbert X. Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Latika Luthra
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
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43
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Stadlbauer D, Zhu X, McMahon M, Turner JS, Wohlbold TJ, Schmitz AJ, Strohmeier S, Yu W, Nachbagauer R, Mudd PA, Wilson IA, Ellebedy AH, Krammer F. Broadly protective human antibodies that target the active site of influenza virus neuraminidase. Science 2019; 366:499-504. [PMID: 31649200 PMCID: PMC7105897 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Better vaccines against influenza virus are urgently needed to provide broader protection against diverse strains, subtypes, and types. Such efforts are assisted by the identification of novel broadly neutralizing epitopes targeted by protective antibodies. Influenza vaccine development has largely focused on the hemagglutinin, but the other major surface antigen, the neuraminidase, has reemerged as a potential target for universal vaccines. We describe three human monoclonal antibodies isolated from an H3N2-infected donor that bind with exceptional breadth to multiple different influenza A and B virus neuraminidases. These antibodies neutralize the virus, mediate effector functions, are broadly protective in vivo, and inhibit neuraminidase activity by directly binding to the active site. Structural and functional characterization of these antibodies will inform the development of neuraminidase-based universal vaccines against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Teddy J Wohlbold
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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45
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Kim KH, Lee YT, Park S, Jung YJ, Lee Y, Ko EJ, Kim YJ, Li X, Kang SM. Neuraminidase expressing virus-like particle vaccine provides effective cross protection against influenza virus. Virology 2019; 535:179-188. [PMID: 31310875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase is the second major surface antigen on influenza virus. We investigated the immunogenicity and cross protective efficacy of virus-like particle containing neuraminidase derived from 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (N1 VLP) in comparison with inactivated split influenza vaccine. Immunization of mice with N1 VLP induced antibody responses specific for virus and cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition activity whereas an inactivated split vaccine induced strain-specific hemagglutination inhibition activity. N1 VLP-immunized mice developed cross protective immunity against antigenically different influenza viruses, as determined by body weight changes, lung viral titers, infiltrating innate immune cells, and cytokines, and antibody secreting cells, and germinal center B cells. Also, N1 VLP-immune sera provided cross-protection in naïve mice. Immunity by N1 VLP vaccination was not compromised in Fc receptor γ-chain deficient mice. These results suggest that neuraminidase-presenting VLP can be developed as an effective cross-protective vaccine candidate along with current influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xuguang Li
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFP, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA.
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Fox A, Quinn KM, Subbarao K. Extending the Breadth of Influenza Vaccines: Status and Prospects for a Universal Vaccine. Drugs 2019; 78:1297-1308. [PMID: 30088204 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of seasonal influenza vaccines, there is urgent need for a universal influenza vaccine to provide broad, long-term protection. A number of factors underpin this urgency, including threats posed by zoonotic and pandemic influenza A viruses, suboptimal effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines, and concerns surrounding the effects of annual vaccination. In this article, we discuss approaches that are being investigated to increase influenza vaccine breadth, which are near-term, readily achievable approaches to increase the range of strains recognized within a subtype, or longer-term more challenging approaches to produce a truly universal influenza vaccine. Adjuvanted and neuraminidase-optimized vaccines are emerging as the most feasible and promising approaches to extend protection to cover a broader range of strains within a subtype. The goal of developing a universal vaccine has also been advanced with the design of immunogenic influenza HA-stem constructs that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, these constructs are not yet sufficiently immunogenic to induce lasting universal immunity in humans. Advances in understanding how T cells mediate protection, and how viruses are packaged, have facilitated the rationale design and delivery of replication-incompetent virus vaccines that induce broad protection mediated by lung-resident memory T cells. While the lack of clear mechanistic correlates of protection, other than haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies, remains an impediment to further advancing novel influenza vaccines, the pressing need for such a vaccine is supporting development of highly innovative and effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Barrett S, McKenzie-Kludas C, McAuley J, Streltsov VA, Withers SG. Passaging of an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in a difluoro sialic acid inhibitor selects for a novel, but unfit I106M neuraminidase mutant. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104542. [PMID: 31233807 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and an influenza B virus were passaged in 3-fluoro(eq)-4-guanidino difluoro sialic acid (3Feq4Gu DFSA), an inhibitor of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) to determine whether resistant variants could be selected. 3Feq4Gu DFSA is a mechanism-based inhibitor, forming a covalent link to Y406 in the NA active site. Given its similarity to the natural substrate, sialic acid, we predicted resistant variants would be difficult to select. Yields of both viruses decreased with passaging, so that after 12 passages both viruses were only growing to low titers. Drug concentrations were decreased for another three passages. There was no difference in NA sensitivity in the MUNANA fluorescence-based assay, nor in plaque assays for the passaged virus stocks. All influenza B plaques were still wild type in all assays. There were isolated small diffuse plaques in the P15 pdm09 stock, which after purification had barely detectable NA or hemagglutinin (HA) activity. These had a novel non-active site I106M substitution in the NA gene, but unexpectedly no HA changes. The I106M may impact NA function through steric effects on the movement of the 150 and 430-loops. The I106M viruses had similar replication kinetics in MDCK cells as wild type viruses, but their ability to bind to and infect CHO-K1 cells expressing high levels of cell-bound mucin was compromised. The I106M substitution was unstable, with progeny rapidly reverting to wild type by three different mechanisms. Some had reverted to I106, some had V106, both with wild type NA and HA properties. A third group retained the I106M, but had a compensating R363K substitution, which regained almost wild type NA properties. These viruses now agglutinated chicken red blood cells (CRBCs) but unlike the I/V106, they rebound after elution at 37 °C. There were no mutations in the HA, but each phenotype correlated with the NA sequence. We propose that the activity in the I106M mutant is insufficient to remove carbohydrates from the virion HA and NA, sterically limiting HA access to CRBC receptors, thus resulting in poor HA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McKimm-Breschkin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Susan Barrett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Charley McKenzie-Kludas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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48
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Trucchi C, Paganino C, Amicizia D, Orsi A, Tisa V, Piazza MF, Icardi G, Ansaldi F. Universal influenza virus vaccines: what needs to happen next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:671-683. [PMID: 30957589 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1604671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza occurs worldwide and causes significant disease burden in terms of morbidity, associated complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Vaccination constitutes the primary approach for controlling influenza. Current influenza vaccines elicit a strain-specific response yet occasionally exhibit suboptimal effectiveness. This review describes the limits of available immunization tools and the future prospects and potentiality of universal influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED New 'universal' vaccines, which are presently under development, are expected to overcome the problems related to the high variability of influenza viruses, such as the need for seasonal vaccine updates and re-vaccination. Here, we explore vaccines based on the highly conserved epitopes of the HA, NA, or extracellular domain of the influenza M2 protein, along with those based on the internal proteins such as NP and M1. EXPERT OPINION The development of a universal influenza vaccine that confers protection against homologous, drifted, and shifted influenza virus strains could obviate the need for annual reformulation and mitigate disease burden. The scientific community has long been awaiting the advent of universal influenza vaccines; these are currently under development in laboratories worldwide. If such vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious, and able to confer long-lasting immunity, they might be integrated with or supplant traditional influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Trucchi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Valentino Tisa
- c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Piazza
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
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Elbahesh H, Saletti G, Gerlach T, Rimmelzwaan GF. Broadly protective influenza vaccines: design and production platforms. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Current and future influenza vaccines. Nat Med 2019; 25:212-220. [PMID: 30692696 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiviral drugs and vaccines have reduced the economic and healthcare burdens of influenza, influenza epidemics continue to take a toll. Over the past decade, research on influenza viruses has revealed a potential path to improvement. The clues have come from accumulated discoveries from basic and clinical studies. Now, virus surveillance allows researchers to monitor influenza virus epidemic trends and to accumulate virus sequences in public databases, which leads to better selection of candidate viruses for vaccines and early detection of drug-resistant viruses. Here we provide an overview of current vaccine options and describe efforts directed toward the development of next-generation vaccines. Finally, we propose a plan for the development of an optimal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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