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Kumar N, Thorat ST, Pradhan A, Rane J, Reddy KS. Significance of dietary quinoa husk (Chenopodium quinoa) in gene regulation for stress mitigation in fish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7647. [PMID: 38561426 PMCID: PMC10985092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent challenges posed by pollution and climate change are significant factors disrupting ecosystems, particularly aquatic environments. Numerous contaminants found in aquatic systems, such as ammonia and metal toxicity, play a crucial role in adversely affecting aquaculture production. Against this backdrop, fish feed was developed using quinoa husk (the byproduct of quinoa) as a substitute for fish meal. Six isonitrogenous diets (30%) and isocaloric diets were formulated by replacing fish meal with quinoa husk at varying percentages: 0% quinoa (control), 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%. An experiment was conducted to explore the potential of quinoa husk in replacing fish meal and assess its ability to mitigate ammonia and arsenic toxicity as well as high-temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The formulated feed was also examined for gene regulation related to antioxidative status, immunity, stress proteins, growth regulation, and stress markers. The gene regulation of sod, cat, and gpx in the liver was notably upregulated under concurrent exposure to ammonia, arsenic, and high-temperature (NH3 + As + T) stress. However, quinoa husk at 25% downregulated sod, cat, and gpx expression compared to the control group. Furthermore, genes associated with stress proteins HSP70 and DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP) were significantly upregulated in response to stressors (NH3 + As + T), but quinoa husk at 25% considerably downregulated HSP70 and DDIP to mitigate the impact of stressors. Growth-responsive genes such as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) were remarkably downregulated, whereas growth hormone receptor (GHR1 and GHRβ), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1X, IGF2X), and growth hormone gene were significantly upregulated with quinoa husk at 25%. The gene expression of apoptosis (Caspase 3a and Caspase 3b) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also noticeably downregulated with quinoa husk (25%) reared under stressful conditions. Immune-related gene expression, including immunoglobulin (Ig), toll-like receptor (TLR), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and interleukin (IL), strengthened fish immunity with quinoa husk feed. The results revealed that replacing 25% of fish meal with quinoa husk could improve the gene regulation of P. hypophthalmus involved in mitigating ammonia, arsenic, and high-temperature stress in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India.
| | - Supriya Tukaram Thorat
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Aliza Pradhan
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Jagadish Rane
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Kotha Sammi Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
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Mohamad S, Rahmah S, Zainuddin RA, A Thallib Y, Razali RS, Jalilah M, Abd Ghaffar M, Lim LS, Chang YM, Qun Liang L, Das SK, Chen YM, Liew HJ. Hoven's carp Leptobarbus hoevenii strategized metabolism needs to cope with changing environment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25559. [PMID: 38404778 PMCID: PMC10884815 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Current water warming and freshwater acidification undoubtedly affect the life of aquatic animals especially ammonotelic teleost by altering their physiological responses. The effect of temperature (28 °C vs 32 °C) and pH (7 vs. 5) on the metabolic compromising strategies of Hoven's carp (Leptobarbus hoevenii) was investigated in this study. Fishes were conditioned to (i) 28 °C + pH 7 (N28°C); (ii) 32 °C + pH 7 (N32°C); (iii) 28 °C + pH 5 (L28°C) and (iv) 32 °C + pH 5 (L32°C) for 20 days followed by osmorespiration assay. Results showed that feeding performance of Hoven's carp was significantly depressed when exposed to low pH conditions (L28°C and L32°C). However, by exposed Hoven's carp to L32°C induced high metabolic oxygen intake and ammonia excretion to about 2x-folds higher compared to the control group. As for energy mobilization, Hoven's carp mobilized liver and muscle protein under L28°C condition. Whereas under high temperature in both pH, Hoven's carp had the tendency to reserve energy in both of liver and muscle. The findings of this study revealed that Hoven's carp is sensitive to lower water pH and high temperature, thereby they remodeled their physiological needs to cope with the environmental changes condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaini Mohamad
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Rabiatul Adawiyyah Zainuddin
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Yusnita A Thallib
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Ros Suhaida Razali
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Jalilah
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Leong-Seng Lim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yu Mei Chang
- Heilongjiang Province's Key Laboratory of Fish Stress Resistance Breeding and Germplasm Characteristics on Special Habitats, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Harbin, China
| | - Li Qun Liang
- Heilongjiang Province's Key Laboratory of Fish Stress Resistance Breeding and Germplasm Characteristics on Special Habitats, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Harbin, China
| | - Simon Kumar Das
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Heilongjiang Province's Key Laboratory of Fish Stress Resistance Breeding and Germplasm Characteristics on Special Habitats, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Harbin, China
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Kumar N, Thorat ST, Chavhan SR, Reddy KS. Understanding the molecular mechanism of arsenic and ammonia toxicity and high-temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15821-15836. [PMID: 38305968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The current investigation explores the mechanisms of ammonia and arsenic toxicity, along with high-temperature stress, which other researchers rarely addressed. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was exposed to low doses of ammonia and arsenic (1/10th of LC50, 2.0 and 2.68 mg L-1, respectively) and high temperature (34 °C) for 105 days. The following treatments were applied: control (unexposed), arsenic (As), ammonia (NH3), ammonia + arsenic (NH3 + As), ammonia + temperature (NH3 + T), and NH3 + As + T. Cortisol levels significantly increased with exposure to ammonia (NH3), arsenic (As), and high temperature (34 °C) compared to the unexposed group. Heat shock protein (HSP 70), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and metallothionein (MT) gene expressions were notably upregulated by 122-210%, 98-122%, and 64-238%, respectively, compared to the control. Neurotransmitter enzymes (acetylcholine esterase, AChE) were significantly inhibited by NH3 + As + T, followed by other stressor groups. The apoptotic (caspase, Cas 3a and 3b) and detoxifying (cytochrome P450, CYP P450) pathways were substantially affected by the NH3 + As + T group. Immune (total immunoglobulin, Ig; tumor necrosis factor TNFα; and interleukin IL) and growth-related genes (growth hormone, GH; growth hormone regulator, GHR1 and GHRβ; myostatin, MYST and somatostatin, SMT) were noticeably upregulated by NH3 + As + T, followed by other stress groups, compared to the control group. Weight gain %, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, and other growth attributes were significantly affected by low doses of ammonia, arsenic, and high-temperature stress. Albumin, total protein, globulin, A:G ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were highly affected by the As + NH3 + T group. Blood profiling, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood count (WBC), and hemoglobin (Hb), were also impacted by stressor groups compared to the control group. Genotoxicity, as DNA damage, was significantly higher in groups exposed to NH3 + As + T (89%), NH3 + T (78%), NH3 (73), NH3 + As (71), and As (68%). The bioaccumulation of arsenic was substantially higher in liver and kidney tissues. The present study contributes to understanding the toxicity mechanisms of ammonia and arsenic, as well as high-temperature stress, through different gene expressions, biochemical attributes, genotoxicity, immunological status, and growth performance of P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India.
| | - Supriya Tukaram Thorat
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Samiksha R Chavhan
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Kotha Sammi Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
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Ramírez JFP, Amanajás RD, Val AL. Ammonia Increases the Stress of the Amazonian Giant Arapaima gigas in a Climate Change Scenario. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1977. [PMID: 37370487 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is toxic to fish, and when associated with global warming, it can cause losses in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the physiological and zootechnical responses of Arapaima gigas to the current scenarios and to RCP8.5, a scenario predicted by the IPCC for the year 2100 which is associated with high concentrations of environmental ammonia (HEA). Forty-eight chipped juvenile A. gigas were distributed in two experimental rooms (current scenario and RCP8.5) in aquariums with and without the addition of ammonia (0.0 mM and 2.44 mM) for a period of 30 days. The HEA, the RCP8.5 scenario, and the association of these factors affects the zootechnical performance, the ionic regulation pattern, and the levels of ammonia, glucose, triglycerides, sodium, and potassium in pirarucu plasma. The branchial activity of H+-ATPase was reduced and AChE activity increased, indicating that the species uses available biological resources to prevent ammonia intoxication. Thus, measures such as monitoring water quality in regard to production, densities, and the feed supplied need to be more rigorous and frequent in daily management in order to avoid the accumulation of ammonia in water, which, in itself, proved harmful and more stressful to the animals subjected to a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Paz Ramírez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Nilton Lins, Avenida Professor Nilton Lins, 3259, Parques das Laranjeiras, Manaus CEP 69058-030, Brazil
| | - Renan Diego Amanajás
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
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Zou Y, Chen W, Xia B, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Han Y, Xue S. Ammonia Toxicity in the Bighead Carp ( Aristichthys nobilis): Hematology, Antioxidation, Immunity, Inflammation and Stress. TOXICS 2023; 11:243. [PMID: 36977008 PMCID: PMC10058388 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the main environmental pollutants that affect the survival and growth of fish. The toxic effects on blood biochemistry, oxidative stress, immunity, and stress response of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) under ammonia exposure were studied. Bighead carp were exposed to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of 0 mg/L, 3.955 mg/L, 7.91 mg/L, 11.865 mg/L, and 15.82 mg/L for 96 h. The results showed that ammonia exposure significantly reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, white blood cell count, and platelet count and significantly increased the plasma calcium level of carp. Serum total protein, albumin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase changed significantly after ammonia exposure. Ammonia exposure can induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Mn-SOD, CAT, and GPx) increases at the initial stage of ammonia exposure, while MDA accumulates and antioxidant enzyme activity decreases after ammonia stress. Ammonia poisoning changes the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines; promotes the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β; and inhibits IL-10. Furthermore, ammonia exposure led to increases in stress indexes such as cortisol, blood glucose, adrenaline, and T3, and increases in heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 content and gene expression. Ammonia exposure caused oxidative stress, immunosuppression, inflammation, and a stress reaction in bighead carp.
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Jung EH, Nguyen J, Nelson C, Brauner CJ, Wood CM. Ammonia transport is independent of PNH 3 gradients across the gastrointestinal epithelia of the rainbow trout: A role for the stomach. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:180-192. [PMID: 36369634 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an important site for nitrogen metabolism in teleosts, the mechanisms of ammonia absorption and transport remain to be elucidated. Both protein catabolism in the lumen and the metabolism of the GIT tissues produce ammonia which, in part, enters the portal blood through the anterior region of the GIT. The present study examined the possible roles of different GIT sections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in transporting ammonia in its unionized gas form-NH3 -by changing the PNH3 gradient across GIT epithelia using in vitro gut sac preparations. We also surveyed messenger RNA expression patterns of three of the identified Rh proteins (Rhbg, Rhcg1, and Rhcg2) as potential NH3 transporters and NKCC as a potential ammonium ion (NH4 + ) transporter along the GIT of rainbow trout. We found that ammonia absorption is not dependent on the PNH3 gradient despite expression of Rhbg and Rhcg2 in the intestinal tissues, and Rhcg2 in the stomach. We detected no expression of Rhbg in the stomach and no expression of Rhcg1 in any GIT tissues. There was also a lack of correlation between ammonia transport and [NH4 + ] gradient despite NKCC expression in all GIT tissues. Regardless of PNH3 gradients, the stomach showed the greatest absorption and net tissue consumption of ammonia. Overall, our findings suggest nitrogen metabolism zonation of GIT, with stomach serving as an important site for the absorption, handling and transport of ammonia that is independent of the PNH3 gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H Jung
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica Nguyen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Metabolic Hepatic Disorders Caused by Ciguatoxins in Goldfish ( Carassius auratus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243500. [PMID: 36552420 PMCID: PMC9774503 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease known for centuries; however, little research has been conducted on the effects of ciguatoxins (CTXs) on fish metabolism. The main objective of this study was to assess different hepatic compounds observed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed C-CTX1 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Thirteen goldfish were treated with C-CTX1-enriched flesh and sampled on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, and 43. On day 43, two individuals, referred to as 'Detox', were isolated until days 102 and 121 to evaluate the possible recovery after returning to a commercial feed. At each sampling, hepatic tissue was weighed to calculate the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and analyzed for the metabolomics study; animals fed toxic flesh showed a higher HSI, even greater in the 'Detox' individuals. Furthermore, altered concentrations of alanine, lactate, taurine, glucose, and glycogen were observed in animals with the toxic diet. These disturbances could be related to an increase in ammonium ion (NH4+) production. An increase in ammonia (NH3) concentration in water was observed in the aquarium where the fish ingested toxic meat compared to the non-toxic aquarium. All these changes may be rationalized by the relationship between CTXs and the glucose-alanine cycle.
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Lin LY, Horng JL, Cheng CA, Chang CY, Cherng BW, Liu ST, Chou MY. Sublethal ammonia induces alterations of emotions, cognition, and social behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114058. [PMID: 36108432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia pollutants were usually found in aquatic environments is due to urban sewage, industrial wastewater discharge, and agricultural runoff and concentrations as high as 180 mg/L (NH4+) have been reported in rivers. High ammonia levels are known to impair multiple tissue and cell functions and cause fish death. Although ammonia is a potent neurotoxin, how sublethal concentrations of ammonia influence the central nervous system (CNS) and the complex behaviors of fish is still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that acute sublethal ammonia exposure can change social behavior of adult zebrafish. The exposure to 90 mg /L of (NH4+) for 4 h induced a strong fear response and lower shoaling cohesion; exposure to 180 mg /L of (NH4+) for 4 h reduced the aggressiveness, and social recognition, while the anxiety, social preference, learning, and short-term memory were not affected. Messenger RNA expressions of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase in the brain were induced, suggesting that ammonia exposure altered glutamate neurotransmitters in the CNS. Our findings in zebrafish provided delicate information of ammonia neurotoxicity in complex higher-order social behaviors, which has not been revealed previously. In conclusion, sublethal and acute ammonia exposure can change specific behaviors of fish, which might lead to reductions in individual and population fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-An Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Wei Cherng
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Sian-Tai Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Farag AM, Harper DD, Cozzarelli IM, Kent DB, Mumford AC, Akob DM, Schaeffer T, Iwanowicz LR. Using Biological Responses to Monitor Freshwater Post-Spill Conditions over 3 years in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, USA. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:253-271. [PMID: 36129489 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A pipeline carrying unconventional oil and gas (OG) wastewater spilled approximately 11 million liters of wastewater into Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, USA. Flow of the mix of stream water and wastewater down the channel resulted in storage of contaminants in the hyporheic zone and along the banks, providing a long-term source of wastewater constituents to the stream. A multi-level investigation was used to assess the potential effects of oil and brine spills on aquatic life. In this study, we used a combination of experiments using a native fish species, Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), field sampling of the microbial community structure, and measures of estrogenicity. The fish investigation included in situ experiments and experiments with collected site water. Estrogenicity was measured in collected site water samples, and microbial community analyses were conducted on collected sediments. During the initial post-spill investigation, February 2015, performing in situ fish bioassays was impossible because of ice conditions. However, microbial community (e.g., the presence of members of the Halomonadaceae, a family that is indicative of elevated salinity) and estrogenicity differences were compared to reference sites and point to early biological effects of the spill. We noted water column effects on in situ fish survival 6 months post-spill during June 2015. At that time, total dissolved ammonium (sum of ammonium and ammonia, TAN) was 4.41 mg NH4/L with an associated NH3 of 1.09 mg/L, a concentration greater than the water quality criteria established to protect aquatic life. Biological measurements in the sediment defined early and long-lasting effects of the spill on aquatic resources. The microbial community structure was affected during all sampling events. Therefore, sediment may act as a sink for constituents spilled and as such provide an indication of continued and cumulative effects post-spill. However, lack of later water column effects may reflect pulse hyporheic flow of ammonia from shallow ground water. Combining fish toxicological, microbial community structure and estrogenicity information provides a complete ecological investigation that defines potential influences of contaminants at organismal, population, and community levels. In general, in situ bioassays have implications for the individual survival and changes at the population level, microbial community structure defines potential changes at the community level, and estrogenicity measurements define changes at the individual and molecular level. By understanding effects at these various levels of biological organization, natural resource managers can interpret how a course of action, especially for remediation/restoration, might affect a larger group of organisms in the system. The current work also reviews potential effects of additional constituents defined during chemistry investigations on aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aїda M Farag
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Jackson Field Research Station, Jackson, WY, USA.
| | - David D Harper
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Jackson Field Research Station, Jackson, WY, USA
| | | | - Douglas B Kent
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Systems Processes Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Adam C Mumford
- U.S. Geological Survey, Laboratory Analytical Services Division, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Denise M Akob
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Travis Schaeffer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Yankton Field Research Station, Yankton, SD, USA
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA
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Xu Z, Cao J, Qin X, Qiu W, Mei J, Xie J. Toxic Effects on Bioaccumulation, Hematological Parameters, Oxidative Stress, Immune Responses and Tissue Structure in Fish Exposed to Ammonia Nitrogen: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113304. [PMID: 34828036 PMCID: PMC8614401 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ammonia nitrogen is a common environmental limiting factor in aquaculture, which can accumulate rapidly in water and reach toxic concentrations. In most aquatic environments, fish are vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. It has been found that the toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish are multi-mechanistic. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, tissue damage and immune response. Abstract Ammonia nitrogen is the major oxygen-consuming pollutant in aquatic environments. Exposure to ammonia nitrogen in the aquatic environment can lead to bioaccumulation in fish, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is the main determinant of accumulation. In most aquatic environments, fish are at the top of the food chain and are most vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. In fish exposed to toxicants, ammonia-induced toxicity is mainly caused by bioaccumulation in certain tissues. Ammonia nitrogen absorbed in the fish enters the circulatory system and affects hematological properties. Ammonia nitrogen also breaks balance in antioxidant capacity and causes oxidative damage. In addition, ammonia nitrogen affects the immune response and causes neurotoxicity because of the physical and chemical toxicity. Thence, the purpose of this review was to investigate various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Weiqiang Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
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11
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Marina G, Glover CN, Goss GG, Zimmer AM. The skin of adult rainbow trout is not a significant site of ammonia clearance from the blood. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1529-1534. [PMID: 34159596 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the skin acts as an extrabranchial route for ammonia excretion in adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following high environmental ammonia (HEA) exposure. Trunks of control or HEA-exposed trout were perfused with saline containing 0 or 1 mmol l-1 NH4 + . Cutaneous ammonia excretion rates increased 2.5-fold following HEA exposure, however there was no difference in rates between trunks perfused with 0 or 1 mmol l-1 NH4 + . The skin is therefore capable of excreting its own ammonia load, but it does not clear circulating ammonia from the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomin Marina
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Lencha SM, Tränckner J, Dananto M. Assessing the Water Quality of Lake Hawassa Ethiopia-Trophic State and Suitability for Anthropogenic Uses-Applying Common Water Quality Indices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178904. [PMID: 34501493 PMCID: PMC8430541 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of urbanization, industrialization and poor wastewater management practices have led to an intense water quality impediment in Lake Hawassa Watershed. This study has intended to engage the different water quality indices to categorize the suitability of the water quality of Lake Hawassa Watershed for anthropogenic uses and identify the trophic state of Lake Hawassa. Analysis of physicochemical water quality parameters at selected sites and periods was conducted throughout May 2020 to January 2021 to assess the present status of the Lake Watershed. In total, 19 monitoring sites and 21 physicochemical parameters were selected and analyzed in a laboratory. The Canadian council of ministries of the environment (CCME WQI) and weighted arithmetic (WA WQI) water quality indices have been used to cluster the water quality of Lake Hawassa Watershed and the Carlson trophic state index (TSI) has been employed to identify the trophic state of Lake Hawassa. The water quality is generally categorized as unsuitable for drinking, aquatic life and recreational purposes and it is excellent to unsuitable for irrigation depending on the sampling location and the applied indices. Specifically, in WA WQI, rivers were excellent for agricultural uses and Lake Hawassa was good for agricultural uses. However, the CCME WQI findings showed rivers were good for irrigation but lake Hawassa was marginal for agricultural use. Point sources were impaired for all envisioned purposes. The overall category of Lake Hawassa falls under a eutrophic state since the average TSI was 65.4 and the lake is phosphorous-deficient, having TN:TP of 31.1. The monitored point sources indicate that the city of Hawassa and its numerous industrial discharges are key polluters, requiring a fast and consequent set-up of an efficient wastewater infrastructure, accompanied by a rigorous monitoring of large point sources (e.g., industry, hospitals and hotels). In spite of the various efforts, the recovery of Lake Hawassa may take a long time as it is hydrologically closed. Therefore, to ensure safe drinking water supply, a central supply system according to World Health organization (WHO) standards also for the fringe inhabitants still using lake water is imperative. Introducing riparian buffer zones of vegetation and grasses can support the direct pollution alleviation measures and is helpful to reduce the dispersed pollution coming from the population using latrines. Additionally, integrating aeration systems like pumping atmospheric air into the bottom of the lake using solar energy panels or diffusers are effective mitigation measures that will improve the water quality of the lake. In parallel, the implementation and efficiency control of measures requires coordinated environmental monitoring with dedicated development targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semaria Moga Lencha
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
- Faculty of Biosystems and Water Resource Engineering, Institute of Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa P.O. Box 05, Ethiopia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +491-521-121-2094
| | - Jens Tränckner
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Mihret Dananto
- Faculty of Biosystems and Water Resource Engineering, Institute of Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa P.O. Box 05, Ethiopia;
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13
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Thalib YA, Razali RS, Mohamad S, Zainuddin R'A, Rahmah S, Ghaffar MA, Nhan HT, Liew HJ. Environmental changes affecting physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper - The interactive impact of low pH and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116375. [PMID: 33422747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising of temperature in conjunction with acidification due to the anthropogenic climates has tremendously affected all aquatic life. Small changes in the surrounding environment could lead to physiological constraint in the individual. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of warm water temperature (32 °C) and low pH (pH 6) on physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles for 25 days. Growth performance was significantly affected under warm water temperature and low-pH conditions. Surprisingly, the positive effect on growth was observed under the interactive effects of warm water and low pH exposure. Hybrid grouper exposed to the interactive stressor of warm temperature and low pH exhibited higher living cost, where HSI content was greatly depleted to about 2.3-folds than in normal circumstances. Overall, challenge to warm temperature and low pH induced protein mobilization as an energy source followed by glycogen and lipid to support basal metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusnita A Thalib
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ros Suhaida Razali
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Suhaini Mohamad
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rabi'atul 'Adawiyyah Zainuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hua Thai Nhan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 232 Hesong St, Daoli District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150070, China.
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14
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Li H, Lai Q, Yao Z, Liu Y, Gao P, Zhou K, Sun Z. Ammonia excretion and blood gas variation in naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) exposed to acute hypoxia and high alkalinity. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1981-1990. [PMID: 32676986 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii), endemic to the saline-alkaline Lake Qinghai, have the capacity to tolerate combined hypoxia and high alkalinity. This study evaluated the effect of the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and hypoxia on ammonia excretion and blood gas variation in naked carp. Naked carp were subjected to normoxic, hypoxic and reoxygenation phases at two different carbonate alkalinity levels (CA0 = 0 mmol/L; CA32 = 32 mmol/L) for 4 days. The ammonia excretion rate (JAmm) of the CA0 group rapidly decreased under hypoxia and recovered under normoxia for four consecutive days. The JAmm under CA32 also decreased under hypoxia and recovered to its previous level in the first 2 days. However, the JAmm under CA32 was lower than that under CA0. The blood pO2, sO2 of CA0 and CA32 group was significantly reduced under hypoxia, after which both groups recovered. Blood pCO2 of the CA32 group was lower than CA0 throughout the experiment. There were no changes in haematocrit of the naked carp exposed to carbonate alkalinity and hypoxia. The alkaline water increased the pH of the blood and contributed to increased haemoglobin O2 affinity. Overall, the present findings reveal that naked carp is a tolerant species that can maintain main ionic homeostasis under severe alkalinity and hypoxia. The high alkaline water is beneficial for naked carp to adapt to hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifang Lai
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongli Yao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- , Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Liang L, Huang Z, Li N, Wang D, Ding L, Shi H, Hong M. Effects of ammonia exposure on antioxidant function, immune response and NF-κB pathway in Chinese Strip-necked Turtle (Mauremys sinensis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105621. [PMID: 33129562 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main toxic substances in aquaculture water, ammonia causes seriously physiological harm to aquatic animals. In order to investigate the effects of ammonia exposure on the antioxidant defense, immune response, and NF-κB signaling pathway in Chinese Strip-necked Turtle (Mauremys sinensis), we designed two experimental groups (control and 6.45 mM ammonia), and sampled at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, re 24 h (recover 24 h), and re 48 h. The results showed that the blood ammonia (BA) content was significantly increased when the turtles were subjected to ammonia, and the activities of cholinesterase (CHE) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum also showed a significant upward trend. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content continuously increased during ammonia exposure, and more than doubled at 48 h compared with the control group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT) and their corresponding relative mRNA expression levels in the liver during ammonia exposure were obviously increased when compared to the control group, but most decreased to the normal levels at re 48 h. In addition, the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) showed similar up-regulation patterns to antioxidase during ammonia exposed periods; whereas kelch-like ECH-binding protein 1 (Keap1), as Nrf2 negative regulator, showed opposite patterns. Moreover, the relative mRNA expression levels of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90) significantly elevated upon the exposure of ammonia. Furthermore, ammonia increased the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of p50 and p65 at different exposed times. The reative mRNA expression levels of immune cytokines (BAFF and IL-6) were upregulated during ammonia exposured time, while there was a decline but did not return to normal levels, in the recovery periods. Taken together, these results indicated that antioxidation, immunity, and NF-κB signaling played a certain protective role for Mauremys sinensis under ammonia exposure. Our results will be helpful to understand the mechanism of aquatic toxicology induced by ammonia in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zubin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Na Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Tropical Biological Technology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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16
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Lim LS, Tan SY, Tuzan AD, Kawamura G, Mustafa S, Rahmah S, Liew HJ. Diel osmorespiration rhythms of juvenile marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1621-1629. [PMID: 32430644 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxyeleotris marmorata is an ambush predator. It is known for slow growth rate and high market demand. Farming of O. marmorata still remains a challenge. In order to establish a proper feeding practice to stimulate growth, knowledge of its metabolic processes and cost should be examined. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the diel osmorespiration rhythms of O. marmorata in response to feeding challenge by using an osmorespirometry assay. The results have shown that oxygen consumption rate of the fed fish was approximately 3 times higher than that of the unfed fish in early evening to support specific dynamic action. Digestion and ingestion processes were likely to be completed within 18-20 h in parallel with the ammonia excretion noticeable in early morning. Under resting metabolism, metabolic oxygen consumption was influenced by diel phase, but no effect was noted in ammonia excretion. As a nocturnal species, O. marmorata exhibited standard aerobic metabolic mode under dark phase followed by light phase, with high oxygen consumption rate found in either fed or unfed fish. It can be confirmed that both the diel phase and feeding have a significant interactive impact on oxygen consumption rate, whereas ammonia metabolism is impacted by feeding state. High metabolic rate of O. marmorata supports the nocturnal foraging activity in this fish. This finding suggested that feeding of O. marmorata should be performed during nighttime and water renewal should be conducted during daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong-Seng Lim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Ying Tan
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Audrey Daning Tuzan
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Gunzo Kawamura
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saleem Mustafa
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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17
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Zhou L, Wang J, Xu D, Li Y, Yao B, Howard A. Responses of nitrogen transformation and dissolved oxygen in constructed wetland to biochar and earthworm amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29475-29484. [PMID: 32445145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many constructed wetland systems are facing the problem of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and reduced nitrogen removal efficiency. In this study, an experimental constructed wetland system is designed and used to investigate the effect of biochar (rice husk biochar (RHB), coconut shell biochar (CSB), and wood biochar (WB) and earthworm on DO concentration, nitrogen transformation, and ammonia nitrogen removal. Specifically, effects of different biochar and earthworm on NH4+-N in wastewater, N content of Phragmites australis, NH4+-N and NO3--N content in substrates, microbial nitrification and denitrification potentials, and the DO concentration were investigated. Results show that the addition of biochar and earthworm increased the removal efficiency of NH4+-N from wastewater. The addition of RHB and WB significantly increased the concentration of DO by 21.4% and 25.7% (P < 0.05) respectively in the constructed wetland. The addition of earthworm significantly increased the DO concentration in the constructed wetland system by an average of 30.35% (P < 0.05).The N content of P. australis increased when biochar and earthworm were introduced into the constructed wetland system, with higher relative N content observed in the above-ground biomass. NO3--N content increased, but NH4+-N decreased in the substrate. Addition of both biochar and earthworm increased nitrification and denitrification potentials. However, no significant increase in denitrification potential was observed when only biochar was added. The removal efficiency of NH4+-N from wastewater is significantly positively correlated with the DO, nitrification, and denitrification potential, and nitrogen content of above-ground part of P. australis (P < 0.05). Results suggest that the DO concentration in constructed wetland systems could be improved by the addition of biochar and earthworm. These findings imply that both biochar and earthworm could be added into constructed wetlands to solve the low DO concentration and improve the removal efficiency of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Defu Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yingxue Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Institue of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Alan Howard
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
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18
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Fehsenfeld S, Wood CM. A potential role for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated sodium/potassium channels (HCNs) in teleost acid-base and ammonia regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 248-249:110469. [PMID: 32653509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated sodium/potassium channels (HCNs) not only in cardiac and neural function, but also in more general physiological processes including acid-base and ammonia regulation. We have identified four different HCN paralogs/isoforms in the goldfish Carassius auratus (CaHCN1, CaHCN2b, CaHCN4a and CaHCN4b) as likely candidates to contribute to renal, branchial and intestinal acid-base and ammonia regulation in this teleost. Quantitative real-time PCR showed not only high mRNA abundance of all isoforms in heart and brain, but also detectable levels (particularly of CaHCN2b and CaHCN4b) in non-excitable tissues, including gills and kidneys. In response to an internal or external acid-base and/or ammonia disturbance caused by feeding or high environmental ammonia, respectively, we observed differential and tissue-specific changes in mRNA abundance of all isoforms except CaHCN4b. Furthermore, our data suggest that the functions of specific HCN channels are supplemented by certain Rhesus glycoprotein functions to help in the protection of tissues from elevated ammonia levels, or as potential direct routes for ammonia transport in gills, kidney, and gut. The present results indicate important individual roles for each HCN isoform in response to acid-base and ammonia disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fehsenfeld
- Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, 4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, 4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Burdick SM, Hewitt DA, Martin BA, Schenk L, Rounds SA. Effects of harmful algal blooms and associated water-quality on endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101847. [PMID: 32732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic eutrophication contributes to harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, massive blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and smaller blooms of other cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, hypoxia, high pH, high concentrations of ammonia, and potentially hypercapnia. Recovery of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake is obstructed by low survival in the juvenile life stage. Water quality associated with the harmful algal blooms and their decomposition (crashes) is often singled out as the primary cause of juvenile sucker mortality. We investigated this general hypothesis with a review of relevant literature and data from decades of monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake. Microcystins, hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacteria, are unlikely to be directly lethal to suckers; potential effects of other cyanotoxins that are present in the lake warrant investigation. Dissolved-oxygen saturation declined following bloom crashes, but was infrequently low enough for long enough in Upper Klamath Lake to cause direct sucker mortality. Hypercapnia could potentially reach lethal concentrations in the fall and winter, but did not appear to be associated with the summer algal blooms. pH was highest during peaks in cyanobacteria growth, but infrequently reached directly lethal levels (> 10.3). However, pH frequently reached an observed sub-lethal effect level for juvenile suckers (10.0). Un-ionized ammonia rarely exceeded even the lowest effect level measured for suckers. Rather than act as a direct cause of large-scale mortality, the available evidence suggests that water quality associated with massive blooms of cyanobacteria in Upper Klamath Lake contributes to chronic stress for juvenile suckers and may increase mortality due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer M Burdick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - David A Hewitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Barbara A Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Liam Schenk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 63095 Deschutes Market Rd., Bend, OR 97701 USA.
| | - Stewart A Rounds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2130 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
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Acute Exposure to key Aquaculture Environmental Stressors Impaired the Aerobic Metabolism of Carassius auratus gibelio. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020027. [PMID: 32050708 PMCID: PMC7168137 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carassius auratus gibelio is an omnivore favored for its flavor and is commonly used as a benthic species in traditional pond polyculture. This study investigated the effects of common aquaculture stressors, such as high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia on the aerobic metabolism of C. auratus gibelio. The results showed that the standard metabolic rate (SMR) was positively correlated with ammonia, nitrite, and pH, while the maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was negatively correlated with all four stressors. Thus, aerobic scope (AS) was reduced when C. auratus gibelio was exposed to high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia. The peak of post-prandial O2 consumption was positively correlated with nitrite, pH, and the occurrence of the peak metabolic rate post-prandial was delayed in high ammonia, high nitrite, hypoxia, and high pH conditions. These findings indicated that, in experimental conditions, exposure to these environmental stressors can influence aerobic metabolism in C. auratus gibelio. With more energy required to maintain standard metabolic rates, less will be available for growth. While the C. auratus gibelio is one of the most hypoxia tolerance species, the reduction we observed in AS caused by stressors that commonly occur in ponds and in nature will likely affect growth in ponds and fitness in nature. These data have provided insight into the optimal, fitness-maximizing thresholds for these common stressors in this species of interest.
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21
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Development of analytical methods for ammonium determination in seawater over the last two decades. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Li LH, Qi HX. Effect of acute ammonia exposure on the glutathione redox system in FFRC strain common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27023-27031. [PMID: 31313232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most common aquatic pollutants. To analyze the effect of ammonia exposure on the glutathione redox system, we investigated the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione, and transcription and activities of glutathione-related enzymes in liver and gills of FFRC strain common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L of ammonia. The results showed that H2O2 content reached a maximum level at 48 h of exposure in the liver of fish. In gills, H2O2 increased rapidly at 6 h and reached to maximum levels at 24 h of exposure, indicating that gills experienced oxidative stress earlier than the liver of fish exposed to ammonia. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio increased significantly within 24 h of exposure. Meanwhile, the transcription and activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased significantly in the liver, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and GST increased in the gills of fish exposed to ammonia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content kept at a low level after exposure to low concentration of ammonia, but increased significantly after exposure to 30 mg/L ammonia for 48 h along with a decrease in GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio. These data showed that the glutathione redox system played an important role in protection against ammonia-induced oxidative stress in the liver and gills of FFRC strain common carp, though the defense capacity was not able to completely prevent oxidative damage occurring after exposure to higher concentration of ammonia. This research systematically studied the response of the glutathione redox system to ammonia stress and would provide novel information for a better understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of fish to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, No.199 Wenhua Road, Yuci, Shanxi, 030619, China.
| | - Hong-Xue Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, No.199 Wenhua Road, Yuci, Shanxi, 030619, China
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23
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Syandri H. Effects of Salinity on Survival and Growth of Gurami Sago (<I>Osphronemus goramy</I>, Lacepède, 1801) Juveniles. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:171-178. [PMID: 30311473 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.171.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gurami Sago Osphronemus goramy (O. goramy) are an herbivorous freshwater finfish species native in Indonesia. This species has not yet been cultured commercially in brackish water. A 60-days study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity on survival and growth of O. goramy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two independent experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinity on survival and growth of juvenile O. goramy, first one was to determine the median lethal salinity (MLS-5096 h) and second one was to assess the survival and growth at different sub-lethal salinities. In MLS-5096 h study 0.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0 ppt salinities were used to initially find out the salinity tolerance range. Accordingly, a definitive salinity tolerance test was done in next phase to find out exact median lethal salinity by directly transferring the test species to 13.0, 14.0, 15.0 and 16.0 ppt salinity for 96 h. The median lethal salinity of O. goramy was estimated at 14.0 ppt. In the second experiment, survival and growth of the O. goramy were recorded at salinities 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0 ppt along with 0.0 ppt as control during 60 days. RESULTS Osigni goramy exhibited lowest final average weight at 12.0 ppt salinity and significantly highest at 4.0 ppt salinity. Highest SGR and weight gain were obtained at 4.0 ppt followed by 0 ppt, 8 ppt and 12 ppt salinity. All treatments were significantly (p<0.05). Survival rate of O. goramy varied between 76.45% (at 0.0 ppt) and 66.66% (at 12.0 ppt). CONCLUSION The O. goramy grew and survived satisfactorily at 0.0 to12.0 ppt salinities, implying that the species can be cultured commercially in brackish water, in view of in Indonesia, there are many abandoned shrimp ponds.
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Egnew N, Renukdas N, Ramena Y, Yadav AK, Kelly AM, Lochmann RT, Sinha AK. Physiological insights into largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) survival during long-term exposure to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:72-82. [PMID: 30530206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. However, ammonia induced toxicity as well as compensatory mechanisms to defend against high environmental ammonia (HEA) are not well documented at present for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a high value fish for culture and sport fisheries in the United States. To provide primary information on the sensitivity of this species to ammonia toxicity, a 96 h-LC50 test was conducted. Thereafter, responses at physiological, ion-regulatory and transcript levels were determined to get insights into the underlying adaptive strategies to ammonia toxicity. For this purpose, fish were progressively exposed to HEA (8.31 mg/L representing 25% of 96 h-LC50) for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Temporal effects of HEA on oxygen consumption rate (MO2), ammonia and urea dynamics, plasma ions (Na+, Cl- and K+), branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and H+-ATPase activity, muscle water content (MWC), energy store (glycogen, lipid and protein) as well as branchial mRNA expression of Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins were assessed. Probit analysis showed that 96 h-LC50 of (total) ammonia (as NH4HCO3) at 25 °C and pH 7.8 was 33.24 mg/L. Results from sub-lethal end-points shows that ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) was strongly inhibited after 7 days of HEA, but was unaffected at 3, 14 and 21 days. At 28 days fish were able to increase Jamm efficiently and concurrently, plasma ammonia re-established to the basal level. Urea production was increased as evidenced by a considerable elevation of plasma urea, but urea excretion rate remained unaltered. Expression of Rhcg isoform (Rhcg2) mRNA was up-regulated in parallel with restored or increased Jamm, suggesting its ammonia excreting role in largemouth bass. Exposure to HEA also displayed pronounced augmentations in NKA activity, exemplified by a rise in plasma [Na+]. Furthermore, [K+], [Cl-] and MWC homeostasis were disrupted followed by recovery to the control levels. H+-ATPase activity was elevated but NKA did not appear to function preferentially as a Na+/NH4+-ATPase. From 14 days onwards MO2 was depressed, potentially an attempt towards minimizing catabolism. Glycogen content in liver and muscle were temporarily depleted, whereas a remarkable increment in protein was evident at the last exposure period. Overall, these data suggest that ammonia induced toxicity can disturb several biological processes in largemouth bass, however, it can adapt to the long-term sub-lethal ammonia concentrations by activating various components of ammonia excretory, ion-regulatory and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Egnew
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA.
| | - Nilima Renukdas
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Yathish Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA; Great Salt Lake Brine Shrimp Cooperative, Inc., 1750 W 2450 S, Ogden, 84401, UT, USA
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844, ID, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca T Lochmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA.
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25
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Wang W, Yang S, Wang C, Shi L, Guo H, Chan S. Gill transcriptomes reveal involvement of cytoskeleton remodeling and immune defense in ammonia stress response in the banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:319-328. [PMID: 29050987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, is an important fishery species in the Indo-West Pacific region. As the shrimp is very sensitive to stressors such as ammonia stress in water, understanding the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in F. merguiensis is of pivotal importance for improving its farming performance. In the current study, by using the RNA sequencing platform and comparative transcriptomic analysis, we conducted a comprehensive study on the transcriptomic changes of F. merguiensis in response to ammonia stress. A total of 106,996 unique transcripts (or unigenes) with an average length of 672 bp and a N50 value of 1164 bp were recovered, and a large number of potential SSR loci in the transcriptome were identified. Totally, 55,529 transcripts can find significant hits when compared to known sequences in major databases including the nr, nt, SWISSPROT, GO, COG, and KEGG databases. Analysis of differential gene expression between the ammonia-challenged group and the control group revealed that 9190 annotated transcripts were differentially expressed upon ammonia exposure. Among them, 3712 were significantly induced while 5478 of them were repressed. Functional enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes further showed that 22 Gene Ontology terms and 62 KEGG pathways were significantly over-represented. Remarkably, many of the genes showing the largest magnitude of expression changes were related to cytoskeleton remodeling and immune response, highlighting the involvement of these biological processes in the ammonia stress response of F. merguiensis. Our study is the first comprehensive investigation on the transcriptomic response to ammonia stress in F. merguiensis. The genes and pathways identified here not only represent valuable genetic resources for development of molecular markers and genetic breeding studies, but open new avenues for studies on the molecular mechanisms of ammonia stress tolerance in penaeid shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shiping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Siuming Chan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China.
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Gao N, Zhu L, Guo Z, Yi M, Zhang L. Effects of chronic ammonia exposure on ammonia metabolism and excretion in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:226-234. [PMID: 28428060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, but whether ammonia excretion or ammonia metabolism to less toxic compounds is the major strategy for detoxification in marine fish against chronic ammonia exposure is unclear to date. In this study, we investigated the metabolism and excretion of ammonia in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma during chronic ammonia exposure. The fish were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl spiked seawater for 8 weeks. Exposure of 0.3-1.1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl had deleterious effects on the fish, including significant reductions in growth, feed intake, and total protein content. However, the fish could take strategies to detoxify ammonia. The tissue ammonia (TAmm) in the 0.3-1.1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl treatments was significantly higher than those in the 0 and 0.1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl treatments after 2 weeks of exposure, but it recovered with prolonged exposure time, ultimately reaching the control level after 8 weeks. The amino acid catabolic rate decreased to reduce the gross ammonia production with the increasing ambient ammonia concentration. The concentrations of most metabolites remained constant in the 0-0.6 mmol l-1 NH4Cl treatments, whereas 5 amino acids and 3 energy metabolism-related metabolites decreased in the 1.1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl treatment. JAmm steadily increased in ambient ammonia from 0 to 0.6 mmol l-1 and slightly decreased when the ambient ammonia concentration increased to 1.1 mmol l-1. Overall, marine medaka cope with sublethal ammonia environment by regulating the tissue TAmm via reducing the ammonia production and increasing ammonia excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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27
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Paulino MG, Rossi PA, Venturini FP, Tavares D, Elisabete da Silva Souza N, Sakuragui MM, Moraes G, Terezan AP, Fernandes JB, Giani A, Fernandes MN. Hepatotoxicity and metabolic effects of cellular extract of cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi containing microcystins RR and YR on neotropical fish (Hoplias malabaricus). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:431-439. [PMID: 28242458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effect of cellular extract of cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi strain R28 containing RR and YR microcystins was analyzed in the fish Hoplias malabaricus with emphasis on the liver structure and energetic metabolism, after short-term exposure. Fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 100 μg of equivalent MC-LR kg-1 body mass containing in the cellular extract of R. fernandoi strain R28. Twelve and 96 h post-injection, the plasma, liver and white muscle were sampled for biochemical analyses and liver was also sampled for morphological analyses. After i.p. injection, the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and direct bilirubin increased in the plasma, while ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased in the liver. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate increased while protein decreased in the plasma; glycogen, pyruvate and lactate decreased in the liver; and glycogen and glucose increased in the muscle. Ammonia increased in the plasma, liver and muscle. The hepatocyte cell shape changed from polyhedral to round after cellular extract injection; there was loss of biliary canaliculus organization, but the biliary duct morphology was conserved in the liver parenchyma. In conclusion, microcystins present in the cellular extract of R. fernandoi strain R28 affect the liver structure of H. malabaricus, but the liver was able to continuously produce energy by adjusting its intermediate metabolism; glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis maintained glucose homeostasis and energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Adriana Rossi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilberto Moraes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Giani
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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28
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Gonzalez RJ, Jones SL, Nguyen TV. Ionoregulatory Characteristics of Non–Rio Negro Characiforms and Cichlids. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:407-414. [DOI: 10.1086/690306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Glover CN, Wood CM, Goss GG. Drinking and water permeability in the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1127-1135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Jin J, Wang Y, Wu Z, Hergazy A, Lan J, Zhao L, Liu X, Chen N, Lin L. Transcriptomic analysis of liver from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) exposed to high environmental ammonia reveals the activation of antioxidant and apoptosis pathways. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:444-451. [PMID: 28235639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of ammonia in aquatic system leads to detrimental effects on the health of aquatic animals. However, the mechanism underlying ammonia-induced toxicity is still not clear. To better understand the mechanism of ammonia toxicity effects on fish, juvenile grass carp was employed in the present study. RNA high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to analyze the total RNAs extracted from the liver of fish after 8 h post exposure to the water containing 2 mM NH4HCO3 which experimentally mimicked the high environmental ammonia (HEA). A total of 49,971,114 and 53,826,986 clean reads were obtained in control and 2 mM HEA group, respectively, in which there were 911 differently expressed genes (DEGs) including 563 up-regulated and 348 down-regulated genes. In addition, 10 DEGs were validated by quantitative PCR. These DEGs were involved in several pathways related with oxidative stress or apoptosis. Further analysis on oxidative stress, histopathology and cellular apoptosis in grass carp liver after HEA exposure revealed interesting findings. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity together with the decreased catalase (CAT) activity were detected, which may be effected by DEGs and related pathways such as FOXO signaling pathway. The histopathology and TUNEL assays results confirmed that apoptosis was induced in liver when fish had suffered HEA. Combined with the results of transcriptomic experiments, c-Myc-Bax-Caspase9 apoptosis pathway could be involved in grass carp liver apoptosis induced by ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Jin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Abeer Hergazy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Shrivastava J, Sinha AK, Datta SN, Blust R, De Boeck G. Pre-acclimation to low ammonia improves ammonia handling in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) when exposed subsequently to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:334-344. [PMID: 27788451 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether exposing fish to low ammonia concentrations induced acclimation processes and helped fish to tolerate subsequent (sub)lethal ammonia exposure by activating ammonia excretory pathways. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were pre-exposed to 0.27mM ammonia (∼10% 96h LC50) for 3, 7 and 14days. Thereafter, each of these pre-exposed and parallel naïve groups were exposed to 1.35mM high environmental ammonia (HEA, ∼50% 96h LC50) for 12h and 48h to assess the occurrence of ammonia acclimation based on sub-lethal end-points, and to lethal ammonia concentrations (2.7mM, 96h LC50) in order to assess improved survival time. Results show that fish pre-exposed to ammonia for 3 and 7days had a longer survival time than the ammonia naïve fish. However, this effect disappeared after prolonged (14days) pre-exposure. Ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) was strongly inhibited (or even reversed) in the unacclimated groups during HEA. On the contrary, after 3days the pre-exposure fish maintained Jamm while after 7days these pre-acclimated fish were able to increase Jamm efficiently. Again, this effect disappeared after 14days of pre-acclimation. The efficient ammonia efflux in pre-acclimated fish was associated with the up-regulation of branchial mRNA expression of ammonia transporters and exchangers. Pre-exposure with ammonia for 3-7days stimulated an increment in the transcript level of gill Rhcg-a and Rhcg-b mRNA relative to the naïve control group and the up-regulation of these two Rhcg homologs was reinforced during subsequent HEA exposure. No effect of pre-exposure was noted for Rhbg. Relative to unacclimated fish, the transcript level of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE-3) was raised in 3-7days pre-acclimated fish and remained higher during the subsequent HEA exposure while gill H+-ATPase activities and mRNA levels were not affected by pre-acclimation episodes. Likewise, ammonia pre-acclimated fish with or without HEA exposure displayed pronounced up-regulation in Na+/K+-ATPase activity and mRNA expression relative to the corresponding ammonia naïve groups. Overall, these data suggest that ammonia acclimation was evident for both lethal and the sub-lethal endpoints through priming mechanisms in ammonia excretory transcriptional processes, but these acclimation effects were transient and disappeared after prolonged pre-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Shrivastava
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff - 71601, AR, USA.
| | - Surjya Narayan Datta
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141004, India
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Nitrogen metabolism in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a neotropical model teleost: hypoxia, temperature, exercise, feeding, fasting, and high environmental ammonia. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:135-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bucking C. A broader look at ammonia production, excretion, and transport in fish: a review of impacts of feeding and the environment. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:1-18. [PMID: 27522221 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a century, researchers have studied ammonia production and excretion in teleost fish. Stemming from past investigations a body of knowledge now exists on various aspects including biochemical mechanisms of ammonia formation and specific routes and tissues used for ammonia transport, culminating in a current detailed theoretical model of branchial transport, including the molecular identities of the moieties involved. However, typical studies examining ammonia balance use routine laboratory conditions and fasted fish. While avoiding additional variables that influence nitrogen balance, these studies are arguably idealistic and do not reflect the natural variety of conditions that fish encounter. Further studies have revealed the impacts of extrinsic factors (e.g. salinity, pH, temperature) on ammonia handling in fasted fish whereas others have explored intrinsic factors, such as life history and developmental impacts. One routine challenge for ammonia balance that fish encounter is feeding and digestion. Fortunately, many new studies have revealed the impact of feeding and digestion on several aspects of ammonia balance; from production to excretion and to transport, and several have done so incorporating supplemental extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors. Together, these complex studies reveal realistic responses to multifactorial challenges encountered by animals in the wild and begin to provide a holistic view of ammonia balance in freshwater teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bucking
- Department of Biology, Farquharson Life Science Building, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Boyle D, Blair SD, Chamot D, Goss GG. Characterization of developmental Na(+) uptake in rainbow trout larvae supports a significant role for Nhe3b. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:30-36. [PMID: 27350321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developing freshwater fish must compensate for the loss of ions, including sodium (Na(+)), to the environment. In this study, we used a radiotracer flux approach and pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the role of sodium/hydrogen exchange proteins (Nhe) in Na(+) uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared from fertilization in soft water (0.1mM Na(+)). For comparison, a second group of embryos/larvae reared in hard water (2.2mM Na(+), higher pH and [Ca(2+)]) were also included in the experiment but were fluxed in soft water, only. Unidirectional rates of Na(+) uptake increased throughout development and were significantly higher in embryos/larvae reared in soft water. However, the mechanisms of Na(+) uptake in both groups of larvae were not significantly different, either in larvae immediately post-hatch or later in development: the broad spectrum Na(+) channel blocker amiloride inhibited 85-90% of uptake and the Nhe-inhibitor EIPA also caused near maximal inhibitions of Na(+) uptake. These data indicated Na(+) uptake was Nhe-mediated in soft water. A role of Nhe3b (but not Nhe2 or Nhe3a) in Na(+) uptake in soft water was also supported through gene expression analyses: expression of nhe3b increased throughout development in whole embryos/larvae in both groups and was significantly higher in those reared in soft water. This pattern of expression correlated well with measurements of Na(+) uptake. Together these data indicate that in part, rainbow trout embryos/larvae reared in low Na(+) soft water maintained Na(+) homeostasis by an EIPA sensitive component of Na(+) uptake, and support a primary role for Nhe3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Salvatore D Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Danuta Chamot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Zimmer AM, Wilson JM, Wright PA, Hiroi J, Wood CM. Different mechanisms of Na+ uptake and ammonia excretion by the gill and yolk sac epithelium of early life stage rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 2016; 220:775-786. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In rainbow trout, the dominant site of Na+ uptake (JNain) and ammonia excretion (Jamm) shifts from the skin to the gills over development. Post-hatch (PH; 7 days post-hatch) larvae utilize the yolk sac skin for physiological exchange, whereas by complete yolk sac absorption (CYA; 30 days post-hatch), the gill is the dominant site. At the gills, JNain and Jamm occur via loose Na+/NH4+ exchange, but this exchange has not been examined in the skin of larval trout. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that, contrary to the gill model, JNain by the yolk sac skin of PH trout occurs independently of Jamm. Following a 12-h exposure to high environmental ammonia (HEA; 0.5 mmol l−1 NH4HCO3; [Na+]=600 µmol l−1; pH=8), Jamm by the gills of CYA trout and the yolk sac skin of PH larvae, which were isolated using divided chambers, increased significantly. However, this was coupled to an increase in JNain across the gills only, supporting our hypothesis. Moreover, gene expression of proteins involved in JNain (Na+/H+-exchanger-2 (NHE2) and H+-ATPase) increased in response to HEA only in the CYA gills. We further identified expression of the apical Rhesus (Rh) proteins Rhcg2 in putative pavement cells and Rhcg1 (co-localized with apical NHE2 and NHE3b and Na+/K+-ATPase) in putative peanut lectin agglutinin-positive (PNA+) ionocytes in gill sections. Similar Na+/K+-ATPase-positive cells expressing Rhcg1 and NHE3b, but not NHE2, were identified in the yolk sac epithelium. Overall, our findings suggest that the mechanisms of JNain and Jamm by the dominant exchange epithelium at two distinct stages of early development are fundamentally different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N57
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, ON, Canada N2L 3C5
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Junya Hiroi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Chris M. Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Nawata CM, Walsh PJ, Wood CM. Physiological and molecular responses of the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) to high environmental ammonia: scavenging for nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:238-48. [PMID: 25609784 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In teleosts, a branchial metabolon links ammonia excretion to Na(+) uptake via Rh glycoproteins and other transporters. Ureotelic elasmobranchs are thought to have low branchial ammonia permeability, and little is known about Rh function in this ancient group. We cloned Rh cDNAs (Rhag, Rhbg and Rhp2) and evaluated gill ammonia handling in Squalus acanthias. Control ammonia excretion was <5% of urea-N excretion. Sharks exposed to high environmental ammonia (HEA; 1 mmol(-1) NH4HCO3) for 48 h exhibited active ammonia uptake against partial pressure and electrochemical gradients for 36 h before net excretion was re-established. Plasma total ammonia rose to seawater levels by 2 h, but dropped significantly below them by 24-48 h. Control ΔP(NH3) (the partial pressure gradient of NH3) across the gills became even more negative (outwardly directed) during HEA. Transepithelial potential increased by 30 mV, negating a parallel rise in the Nernst potential, such that the outwardly directed NH4(+) electrochemical gradient remained unchanged. Urea-N excretion was enhanced by 90% from 12 to 48 h, more than compensating for ammonia-N uptake. Expression of Rhp2 (gills, kidney) and Rhbg (kidney) did not change, but branchial Rhbg and erythrocytic Rhag declined during HEA. mRNA expression of branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) increased at 24 h and that of H(+)-ATPase decreased at 48 h, while expression of the potential metabolon components Na(+)/H(+) exchanger2 (NHE2) and carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV) remained unchanged. We propose that the gill of this nitrogen-limited predator is poised not only to minimize nitrogen loss by low efflux permeability to urea and ammonia but also to scavenge ammonia-N from the environment during HEA to enhance urea-N synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michele Nawata
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0 Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1 Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0 Department of Biology and Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Chris M Wood
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0 Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4321-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Lim MYT, Zimmer AM, Wood CM. Acute exposure to waterborne copper inhibits both the excretion and uptake of ammonia in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 168:48-54. [PMID: 25500421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater fish, exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of waterborne copper (Cu) results in inhibitions of ammonia excretion (Jamm) and Na(+) uptake (J(Na)in), yet the mechanisms by which these occur are not fully understood. In the present study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry exposed to 50μg/l Cu for 24h displayed a sustained 40% decrease in Jamm and a transient 60% decrease in J(Na)in. Previously, these effects have been attributed to inhibitions of gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and/or carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities by Cu. Trout fry did not display significant reductions in the branchial activities of these enzymes or H(+)-ATPase over 24h Cu exposure. Recently, Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins, bi-directional NH3 gas channels, have been implicated in the mechanism of Cu toxicity. Juvenile trout were exposed to nominal 0, 50, and 200μg/l Cu for 3-6h under control conditions (ammonia-free water) followed by 6h exposure to high environmental ammonia (HEA; 1.5mmol/l NH4HCO3). HEA led to significant ammonia uptake in control fish (0μg/l Cu), and exposure to 50 and 200μg/l Cu resulted in significant reductions of ammonia uptake during HEA exposure. This is the first evidence that Cu inhibits both the excretion and uptake of ammonia, implicating bi-directional Rh glycoproteins as a target for Cu toxicity. We propose a model whereby Rh blockade by Cu causes the sustained inhibition of Jamm and transient inhibition of J(Na)in, with H(+)-ATPase potentially aiding in J(Na)in recovery. More work is needed to elucidate the role of Rh proteins in sub-lethal Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada.
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Sinha AK, Matey V, Giblen T, Blust R, De Boeck G. Gill remodeling in three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:166-180. [PMID: 25033244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether gill macro- and microstructure show compensatory responses in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (HEA). The highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) were used as test species and were exposed for 0 h (control), 3h, 12h, 24h, 48 h, 84 h and 180 h to 1mM ammonia (as NH4HCO3; pH 7.9). In cyprinids, dramatic alterations were initiated quickly evident by thickening of filaments and lamellae, retraction of lamellae, enlargement of interlamellar cell mass (ILCM), and increase in the water-blood diffusion distance; while in trout, these modifications were absent or developed very slowly. These reorganizations may attempt to reduce the surface area presumably protecting against the water borne ammonia; and were more pronounced in goldfish marked by momentous enlargement of ILCM volume and the presence of rudimental and almost fused lamellae. Extensive mucus production in the gills of goldfish and carp and to a limited extent in trout may have been part of general stress response and/or may have played a protective role. While goldfish and carp showed shrinkage of apical crypts of mitochondrion rich cells (MRCs), probably aiding to regulate ion status, trout showed enlarged apical crypts of MRCs. All species displayed changes in the pattern of the microridges on the surface of pavement cells (PVCs). Overall, the present results connote that the goldfish with its minimal respiratory surface area and a large population of the MRCs with small apical crypts located on the edge of ILCM is better prepared for survival in ammonia polluted water compared to carp which maintain larger lamellae and especially the trout that did not show gill remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Victoria Matey
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Terri Giblen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Wood CM, Robertson LM, Johannsson OE, Val AL. Mechanisms of Na+ uptake, ammonia excretion, and their potential linkage in native Rio Negro tetras (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, and Moenkhausia diktyota). J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:877-90. [PMID: 25106686 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of Na(+) uptake, ammonia excretion, and their potential linkage were investigated in three characids (cardinal, hemigrammus, moenkhausia tetras), using radiotracer flux techniques to study the unidirectional influx (J in), efflux (J out), and net flux rates (J net) of Na(+) and Cl(-), and the net excretion rate of ammonia (J Amm). The fish were collected directly from the Rio Negro, and studied in their native "blackwater" which is acidic (pH 4.5), ion-poor (Na(+), Cl(-) ~20 µM), and rich in dissolved organic matter (DOM 11.5 mg C l(-1)). J in (Na) , J in (Cl) , and J Amm were higher than in previous reports on tetras obtained from the North America aquarium trade and/or studied in low DOM water. In all three species, J in (Na) was unaffected by amiloride (10(-4) M, NHE and Na(+) channel blocker), but both J in (Na) and J in (Cl) were virtually eliminated (85-99 % blockade) by AgNO3 (10(-7) M). A time course study on cardinal tetras demonstrated that J in (Na) blockade by AgNO3 was very rapid (<5 min), suggesting inhibition of branchial carbonic anhydrase (CA), and exposure to the CA-blocker acetazolamide (10(-4) M) caused a 50 % reduction in J in (Na) .. Additionally, J in (Na) was unaffected by phenamil (10(-5) M, Na(+) channel blocker), bumetanide (10(-4) M, NKCC blocker), hydrochlorothiazide (5 × 10(-3) M, NCC blocker), and exposure to an acute 3 unit increase in water pH. None of these treatments, including partial or complete elimination of J in (Na) (by acetazolamide and AgNO3 respectively), had any inhibitory effect on J Amm. Therefore, Na(+) uptake in Rio Negro tetras depends on an internal supply of H(+) from CA, but does not fit any of the currently accepted H(+)-dependent models (NHE, Na(+) channel/V-type H(+)-ATPase), or co-transport schemes (NCC, NKCC), and ammonia excretion does not fit the current "Na(+)/NH4 (+) exchange metabolon" paradigm. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and V-type H(+)-ATPase activities were present at similar levels in gill homogenates, Acute exposure to high environmental ammonia (NH4Cl, 10(-3) M) significantly increased J in (Na) , and NH4 (+) was equally or more effective than K(+) in activating branchial Na(+),(K(+)) ATPase activity in vitro. We propose that ammonia excretion does not depend on Na(+) uptake, but that Na(+) uptake (by an as yet unknown H(+)-dependent apical mechanism) depends on ammonia excretion, driven by active NH4 (+) entry via basolateral Na(+),(K(+))-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada,
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Baldisserotto B, Martos-Sitcha JA, Menezes CC, Toni C, Prati RL, Garcia LDO, Salbego J, Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G. The effects of ammonia and water hardness on the hormonal, osmoregulatory and metabolic responses of the freshwater silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:341-352. [PMID: 24813267 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of ammonia and water hardness on endocrine, osmoregulatory and metabolic parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The specimens (60-120g) were subjected to six treatments in triplicate, combining three levels of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) (0.020±0.008mg/L [1.17±0.47μM], 0.180±0.020mg/L [10.57±1.17μM] and 0.500±0.007mg/L [29.36±0.41μM]) and two levels of water hardness (normal: 25mgCaCO3/L and high: 120mgCaCO3/L), and sampled after two exposure times (1 and 5 days post-transfer). Plasma cortisol, metabolites, osmolality and ionic values were determined concomitantly with the mRNA expression levels of different adenohypophyseal hormones (growth hormone, GH; prolactin, PRL; and somatolactin, SL). Previously, full-length PRL and SL as well as β-actin cDNAs from R. quelen were cloned. Exposure to high NH3 levels enhanced plasma cortisol levels in fish held under normal water hardness conditions but not in those kept at the high hardness value. The increase in water hardness did not alter plasma metabolites, whereas it modulated the osmolality and ion changes induced by high NH3 levels. However, this hardness increase did not lead to the decreased GH expression that was observed 5 days after exposure to 0.18mg/L NH3 in fish held at the normal water hardness level, whereas PRL expression was enhanced after one day of exposure under the increased hardness conditions. Additionally, SL expression decreased in specimens exposed for 5 days to 0.18mg/L NH3 and maintained at the high water hardness level. The results showed that increasing water hardness attenuated the hormonal parameters evaluated in R. quelen specimens exposed to high NH3 levels, although plasma metabolism do not appear to suffer major changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Departamento de Biología Marina y Acuicultura, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Charlene C Menezes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cândida Toni
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L Prati
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano de O Garcia
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseânia Salbego
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Marina y Acuicultura, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Diricx M, Sinha AK, Liew HJ, Mauro N, Blust R, De Boeck G. Compensatory responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under ammonia exposure: additional effects of feeding and exercise. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 142-143:123-137. [PMID: 24001429 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. The toxic effects of ammonia can be modulated by other physiological processes such as feeding and swimming. In this study, we wanted to examine these modulating effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were either fed (2% body weight) or starved (unfed for seven days prior to the sampling), and swimming at a sustainable, routine swimming speed or swum to exhaustion, while being exposed chronically (up to 28 days) to high environmental ammonia (HEA, 1 mg/L ~58.8 μmol/L as NH4Cl at pH 7.9). Swimming performance (critical swimming speed, Ucrit) and metabolic responses such as oxygen consumption rate (MO2), ammonia excretion rate (Jamm), ammonia quotient, liver and muscle energy budget (glycogen, lipid and protein), plasma ammonia and lactate, as well as plasma ion concentrations (Na(+), Cl(-), K(+) and Ca(2+)) were investigated in order to understand metabolic and iono-regulatory consequences of the experimental conditions. Cortisol plays an important role in stress and in both the regulation of energy and the ion homeostasis; therefore plasma cortisol was measured. Results show that during HEA, Jamm was elevated to a larger extent in fed fish and they were able to excrete much more efficiently than the starved fish. Consequently, the build-up of ammonia in plasma of HEA exposed fed fish was much slower. MO2 increased considerably in fed fish after exposure to HEA and was further intensified during exercise. During exposure to HEA, the level of cortisol in plasma augmented in both the feeding regimes, but the effect of HEA was more pronounced in starved fish. Energy stores dropped for both fed and the starved fish with the progression of the exposure period and further declined when swimming to exhaustion. Overall, fed fish were less affected by HEA than starved fish, and although exercise exacerbated the toxic effect in both feeding treatments, this was more pronounced in starved fish. This suggests that fish become more vulnerable to external ammonia during exercise, and feeding protects the fish against the adverse effects of high ammonia and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Diricx
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Zimmer AM, Brauner CJ, Wood CM. Ammonia transport across the skin of adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high environmental ammonia (HEA). J Comp Physiol B 2013; 184:77-90. [PMID: 24114656 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular evidence points towards a capacity for ammonia transport across the skin of adult rainbow trout. A series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to understand the role of cutaneous ammonia excretion (J amm) under control conditions and after 12-h pre-exposure to high environmental ammonia (HEA; 2 mmol/l NH4HCO3). Divided chamber experiments with bladder-catheterized, rectally ligated fish under light anesthesia were performed to separate cutaneous J amm from branchial, renal, and intestinal J amm. Under control conditions, cutaneous J amm accounted for 4.5 % of total J amm in vivo. In fish pre-exposed to HEA, plasma total ammonia concentration increased 20-fold to approximately 1,000 μmol/l, branchial J amm increased 1.5- to 2.7-fold, and urinary J amm increased about 7-fold. Urinary J amm still accounted for less than 2 % of total J amm. Cutaneous J amm increased 4-fold yet amounted to only 5.7 % of total J amm in these fish. Genes (Rhcg1, Rhcg2, Rhbg, NHE-2, v-type H(+)-ATPase) known to be involved in ammonia excretion at the gills of trout were all expressed at the mRNA level in the skin, but their expression did not increase with HEA pre-exposure. In vitro analyses using [(14)C] methylamine (MA), an ammonia analog which is transported by Rh proteins, demonstrated that MA permeability in isolated skin sections was higher in HEA pre-exposed fish than in control fish. The addition of basolateral ammonia (1,000 μmol/l) to this system abolished this increase in permeability, suggesting ammonia competition with MA for Rh-mediated transport across the skin of HEA pre-exposed trout; this did not occur in skin sections from control trout. Moreover, in vitro J amm by the skin of fish which had been pre-exposed to HEA was also higher than in control fish in the absence of basolateral ammonia, pointing towards a possible cutaneous ammonia loading in response to HEA. In vitro MA permeability was reduced upon the addition of amiloride (10(-4) mol/l), but not phenamil (10(-5) mol/l) suggesting a role for a Na/H-exchanger (NHE) in cutaneous ammonia transport, as has been previously described in the skin of larval fish. Overall, it appears that under control conditions and in response to HEA pre-exposure, the skin makes only a very minor contribution to total J amm, but the observed increases in cutaneous J amm in vivo and in cutaneous J amm and MA permeability in vitro demonstrate the capacity for ammonia transport in the skin of adult trout. It remains unclear if this capacity may become significant under certain environmental challenges or if it is merely a remnant of cutaneous transport capacity from early life stages in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada,
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Alsop D, Wood CM. Metal and pharmaceutical mixtures: is ion loss the mechanism underlying acute toxicity and widespread additive toxicity in zebrafish? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:257-267. [PMID: 23831971 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicities and mechanisms of action of a variety of environmental contaminants were examined using zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio; 4-8 days post fertilization). Toxic interactions were observed between metals. For example, the addition of a sublethal level of nickel (15% of the LC50, one third of the LC01) to all copper treatments decreased the copper 96 h LC50 by 58%, while sublethal copper exposure (6% of the copper LC50, 13% of the LC01) decreased the cadmium 96 h LC50 by 47%. Two predictive models were assessed, the concentration addition (CA) model, which assumes similar mechanisms of action, and the independent action (IA) model, which assumes different mechanisms of action. Quantitative comparisons indicated the CA model performed better than the IA model; the latter tended to underestimate combined toxicity to a greater extent. The effects of mixtures with nickel or ammonia were typically additive, while mixtures with copper or cadmium were typically greater than additive. Larvae exposed to cadmium, copper or nickel experienced whole body ion loss. Decreases were greatest for Na(+) followed by K(+) (as high as 19% and 9%, respectively, in 24h). Additive toxicity between copper and other pharmaceutical compounds such as fluoxetine (Prozac™), β-naphthoflavone, estrogen and 17α-ethinylestradiol were also observed. Similar to metals, acutely toxic concentrations of fluoxetine, β-naphthoflavone and ammonia all decreased whole body Na(+) and K(+). Overall, whole body Na(+) loss showed the greatest correlation with mortality across a variety of toxicants. We theorize that a disruption of ion homeostasis may be a common mechanism underlying the acute additive toxicity of many contaminants in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Alsop
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Sinha AK, Liew HJ, Nawata CM, Blust R, Wood CM, De Boeck G. Modulation of Rh glycoproteins, ammonia excretion and Na+ fluxes in three freshwater teleosts when exposed chronically to high environmental ammonia. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2917-30. [PMID: 23661781 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.084574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated relationships among branchial unidirectional Na(+) fluxes, ammonia excretion, urea excretion, plasma ammonia, plasma cortisol, and gill transporter expression and function in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (HEA). The highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) were exposed chronically (12-168 h) to 1 mmol l(-1) ammonia (as NH4HCO3; pH 7.9). During HEA exposure, carp and goldfish elevated ammonia excretion (JAmm) and Na(+) influx rates ( ) while trout experienced higher plasma ammonia (TAmm) and were only able to restore control rates of JAmm and . All three species exhibited increases in Na(+) efflux rate ( ). At the molecular level, there was evidence for activation of a 'Na(+)/NH4(+) exchange metabolon' probably in response to elevated plasma cortisol and TAmm, though surprisingly, some compensatory responses preceded molecular responses in all three species. Expression of Rhbg, Rhcg (Rhcg-a and Rhcg-b), H(+)-ATPase (V-type, B-subunit) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) mRNA was upregulated in goldfish, Rhcg-a and NKA in carp, and Rhcg2, NHE-2 (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger) and H(+)-ATPase in trout. Branchial H(+)-ATPase activity was elevated in goldfish and trout, and NKA activity in goldfish and carp, but NKA did not appear to function preferentially as a Na(+)/NH4(+)-ATPase in any species. Goldfish alone increased urea excretion rate during HEA, in concert with elevated urea transporter mRNA expression in gills. Overall, goldfish showed more effective compensatory responses towards HEA than carp, while trout were least effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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