Factors associated with happiness in the elderly persons living in the community

Deciphering temporal perspectives: A key to happiness and optimism for healthy aging in nursing practices"

BACKGROUND

With the global population of older individuals increasing rapidly, it is important to understand the factors contributing to their well-being. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between older adults' time perspective and their experiences of happiness and optimism.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a substantial sample size of 300 older adults from January to March 2023. The study utilized reliable and validated measures, including the Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Arabic Scales of Happiness, Optimism, and Pessimism.

RESULTS

The study found that older adults with a negative view of the past (PN perspective) had lower levels of happiness (r=-0.374, p<0.01), while those with a hedonistic view of the present (PH perspective) had higher levels of happiness (r=0.266, p<0.01). Additionally, a fatalistic view of the present (PF perspective) was associated with lower levels of happiness (r=-0.178, p<0.05) and optimism (r=-0.168, p<0.05). Negative views of the future (FN perspective) were correlated with lower happiness levels (r=-0.546, p<0.01), while positive views of the future (FP perspective) were associated with higher levels of optimism (r=0.432, p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Older adults with a balanced time perspective, marked by positive and negative views of the past and an optimistic outlook on the future, reported moderate happiness and optimism. Older adults with a negative view of the past and a fatalistic view of the present tend to have lower levels of happiness and optimism. On the other hand, those who have a hedonistic view of the present and a positive view of the future tend to have higher levels of happiness and optimism. Older adults with a pessimistic outlook toward past experiences or the future may require additional emotional support and targeted interventions to foster a more positive mindset.

V. Confirmatory factor analysis of the effect of daily-living on the happiness of community-dwelling older adults in Chile

This study examined the effect of the human-functioning dimension on happiness among community-dwelling older adults (OAs) in Chile. Questionnaires were used for data collection from a sample of 785 OAs of both sexes attending healthcare institutions. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using parallel analysis and oblique rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted using the maximum likelihood and unweighted least squares methods. Goodness-of-fit analyses were performed by considering absolute and respective incremental fit indices. The relationships between the functioning and happiness factors were all significant at the 1% level, indicating that functioning impacts happiness. The ratios of the variances between both constructs were identical to those of the covariances, indicating consistency between the models, with similarities and equalities in the estimation of their parameters. The modeling confirms a direct relationship between activities of daily living functioning and happiness. Given that a lack of functioning significantly affects OAs' happiness and quality of life, this relationship is consistent with the available theory. These findings may contribute to the formulation of social and health policies regarding OAs in Chile and other Latin American countries.

Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To identify factors associated with self-reported happiness among community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases for relevant articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese using the following search strategy and Boolean operators: (happiness*) AND (elder* OR (old adult*)). No restriction was imposed with regards to year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018107302).

RESULTS

Forty-six articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Economic, social and health-related factors were associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of older adults, such as the female sex, being married, an older age, a higher level of schooling and having a religion, were also associated with happiness.

CONCLUSIONS

The articles included in the present systematic review demonstrate that social, economic and health-related aspects have an association with happiness in community-dwelling older adults.

Sleep and Happiness in Urban-Dwelling Older Adults in Ghana: A Serial Multiple Mediation Model of Generalized Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms

OBJECTIVE

Sleep problems (SP) are highly prevalent and seriously affect health and well-being in old age. The aim of this study was to examine the association between SP and happiness in an urban-dwelling older sample. The authors further explore the effects of generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms in the SP-happiness link using serial mediating modeling.

METHODS

Data came from the 2016 to 2018 Aging, Health, Psychological Well-being, and Health-seeking Behavior Study in Ghana (n = 661). The authors measured happiness with the cross-culturally validated item on a five-point scale. The GAD-7 and the CESD-8, respectively, assessed generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants reported nighttime and daytime SP in the last 30 days. The SPSS-based Hayes' PROCESS macro program (Model 6) was constructed to quantify the hypothesized mediation effect.

RESULTS

The analysis included 661 adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years (mean age = 65.53 [SD] = 11.89 years; 65.20% women). After full adjustment, path models showed that SP was negatively associated with happiness (β = -0.1277, 95%CI = -0.15950 to -0.096). Bootstrapping estimates revealed that the SP-happiness link was serially mediated via generalized anxiety representing 8.77%, depressive symptoms yielding 18.95%, and anxiety symptoms→depressive symptoms accounting for 26.70% of the total effect.

CONCLUSION

Generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms may explain the negative association between SP and happiness in urban-dwelling older adults in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) context. Interventions, social and clinical, to improve happiness through sleep quality should include ways to improve mental health. Longitudinal and cross-cultural data are warranted to assess the bi-directionality of this relationship.

Ageing Happily in Ghana: How Does Social Inclusion Contribute?

BACKGROUND

Promoting happiness has become increasingly important in old age for a wide range of reasons. In this study, we aim to examine the association between social inclusion (SI) and happiness among older adults in Ghana and identify the mediating factors.

METHODS

The study included 1201 community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 (mean age = 66.4 ± SD 11.9 years; 63.3% female) from the 2016-2018 Ageing, Health, Psychological Well-being, and Health-seeking Behaviour Study. We assessed happiness with a self-rated and cross-culturally validated item on a five-point scale. SI was operationalised using the modified Berkman-Syme Social Network Index. The hypothesised associations were evaluated by hierarchical regressions and bootstrapping techniques from Hayes' PROCESS macro programme.

RESULTS

The prevalence of happiness was 24.3% (all of the time), 43.6% (most of the time), 28.3% (little of the time), and 3.7% (none of the time). After controlling for potential confounders, higher SI was associated with increased levels of happiness (odds ratio (OR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16-2.51). Aside from family/friends contacts, all other SI domains positively influenced happiness (OR = 1.45-1.81). The link between SI and happiness was mediated by depressive symptoms (65.2%), generalised anxiety (30.1%), and sleep problems (9.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that psychological factors may largely explain the positive SI-happiness link. Efforts should target these factors to promote happiness in old age. Longitudinal analysis may confirm our findings.

The relationship between social support and happiness in older adults referred to health centers in Zarrin Shahr, Iran

BACKGROUND

Creasing the older adult population has become a major public health challenge. Social support plays an important role in people's health. Social support helps improve the living conditions of the elderly and brings happiness into the lives of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and happiness status in 60-75-year-olds referred to health centers of Zarrin Shahr, Iran in 2019.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 584 samples (female: 62.2%, men: 37.8%) participated in this study. To collect data for this study, Oxford Happiness, and Social Support questionnaires were used. The older adults of the target group were selected through simple multistage random sampling from the health centers of Zarrin Shahr. The collected data were entered into SPSS software version 22. They were described and analyzed by inferential statistics and regressions at a 95% confidence level.

RESULTS

Sex, marital status, and level of education influenced total social support (P < 0.05). Moreover, age, marital status, and level of education affected happiness (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between total social support and components of social support with happiness (P < 0.05). Also, the multi-stage regression test showed emotional social support and education level were highly correlated with happiness (R2 = 0.265).

CONCLUSION

The results highlight the need to increase social support for older adults because it can increase the level of happiness in this age group. In interventions to improve the social support and happiness of older adults, low-educated, unmarried, divorced, or deceased spouses should be prioritized.

Happiness of Older Adults in Haemodialysis: Findings from a Comparative Study

Happiness is related to longevity and better health; nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge about the construct, understood as subjective well-being (SWB), of older adults undergoing hemodialysis. This cross-sectional study investigated the extent to which hemodialysis treatment affects the SWB of older adults, compared to non-dialysis older adults. Regarding this, a total of 126 participants have interviewed: all the older adults in the hemodialysis service, 42 patients, from a city in Brazil, and 84 older adults from the Community, age- and gender-matched, predominantly men (64.3%), aged between 60 and 81 years. Participants respond to pattern questionnaires about SWB (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect), depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics, and physical health status. Analysis of variance presented in hemodialysis had no effect on SWB and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, participants in the hemodialysis had fewer years of schooling, and those in the community presented more diseases. The high number of illnesses and low educational level demonstrate effects on SWB, as well the length of hemodialysis is negatively associated with SWB. Therefore, hemodialysis by itself does not make older adults unhappier and depressive, but some variables depending on the socioeconomical status and length of treatment are associated with depression and worst SWB.

The Impact of Living Arrangements and Social Capital on the Well-Being of the Elderly

This study examines the impact of living arrangements and social capital on the subjective well-being of the elderly, as well as the mutual effects and relationships between the well-being and self-rated health status of the elderly. A total of 369 questionnaires were administered, and the effective recovery rate was 98.10%. The results indicate three key findings: (1) the current location for aging in place, social support, social activities, house ownership, and self-rated health status are indispensable factors affecting the well-being of the elderly. The best location for aging in place was the community, where the elderly's sense of well-being was highest-the next best options were aging at home and institutional care. (2) Elderly people with sole ownership of their homes were more likely to have higher levels of well-being than those owning jointly or who were tenants. (3) There was significant interaction between subjective well-being and self-rated health status.

The subjective perception of the happiness of older adult residents in Colombia

Introduction

Happiness is understood as the perception of subjective well-being, it can be a quality, a result, or a state characterized by well-being or satisfaction that every person wants to achieve. In older adults, this satisfaction is a sum of lifelong achievements and triumphs; However, some factors influence this ideal.

Objective

Analyze demographic, family, social, personal, and health factors associated with the subjective perception of happiness in older adults, using data from a study conducted in five cities in Colombia, in order to make a theoretical contribution in the search for improvement of their physical, mental and social health.

Materials and methods

A quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out, using primary source information, obtained with 2,506 surveys from voluntary participants aged 60 and over, who had no cognitive impairment, and who reside in urban areas but not in long-term centers. The variable happiness (classified as high or moderate/low) was used for: (1) A univariate explorative characterization of older adult, (2) a bivariate estimation of the relationships with the factors studied, and (3) a multivariate construction of profiles through multiple correspondences.

Results

67.2% reported high happiness levels, with differences by city: Bucaramanga (81.6%), Pereira (74.7%), Santa Marta (67.4), Medellín (64%), and Pereira (48.7%). Happiness was explained by the absence of risk of depression and little hopelessness, strengthened psychological well-being, a perception of high quality of life, and living in a functional family.

Conclusion

This study provided an overview of possible factors that can be enhanced and strengthened with public policies (structural determinant), community empowerment, family strengthening (intermediate determinant), and educational programs (proximal determinant). These aspects are included in the essential functions of public health, in favor of mental and social health in older adults.

Effect of Types of Dementia Care on Quality of Life and Mental Health Factors in Caregivers of Patients with Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study

In Eastern cultures, particularly in South Korea, caregiving for dementia patients at home is common, yet even after facility placement, families may experience ongoing burden due to cultural factors. The aim of this study was to examine the burden experienced by caregivers of dementia patients, considering cultural factors influencing in-home care and facility-based care. Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared the quality of life, depression, subjective happiness, and subjective health of family caregivers providing in-home care (FCHC) and informal family caregivers (IFCGs). Data from the 2019 Community Health Survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) that met the study criteria were selected and statistically analyzed. The results showed that psychological/emotional and economic burdens were the primary burden factors for both FCHC and IFCGs. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of quality of life, depression, subjective happiness, and subjective health. Specifically, FCHC demonstrated a lower quality of life, and both groups experienced moderate to severe depression, indicating the need for mental health management for caregivers of individuals with dementia. As not all FCHC can be transitioned to IFCGs, interventions tailored to specific caregiving types should be developed to improve the quality of life, depression, subjective happiness, and subjective health of caregivers of individuals with dementia.

Children's internal migration and subjective wellbeing of older parents left behind: Spiritual or financial support?

Introduction

Against the background of population aging and large-scale internal migration, this study uses an ordered logit with two-way fixed effects to examine the effect of children's internal migration on the subjective wellbeing of parents left behind. The study is based on the China Family Panel Studies database.

Methods

Data were obtained from CFPS (China Family Panel Studies), and ordered logit with two-way fixed effects was used to test the total effect of children's internal migration on subjective wellbeing of parents left behind, and KHB test was used to separate intergenerational spiritual support and intergenerational financial support to examine the intergenerational support preferences of parents left behind.

Results

The results show that children's internal migration has a significant negative effect on the subjective wellbeing of parents left behind, mainly through the reduction of intergenerational spiritual support. Furthermore, intergenerational financial support significantly mitigates this negative effect. There is heterogeneity in the direction of the total wellbeing effect across parents' preferences, as well as in the masking effect of financial support. However, the effect of financial support never fully offsets the effect of spiritual support.

Discussion

To cope with the negative effects of children's internal migration on parents, positive measures should be taken to change parental preferences.

An exploration of happiness, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms among older adults during the coronavirus pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. Because of the challenges associated with the pandemic, universal levels of happiness have likely depleted. We know little about how those with prior existing mental health concerns have responded to the pandemic. Using cross-sectional (study 1; N = 1,366) and longitudinal (study 2; N = 262) data, we utilized a stress and resilience perspective to explore mental health symptoms and happiness among older adults before and after the declaration of the pandemic. Results for both studies indicated higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms predicted lower levels of happiness; however, for those who indicated higher levels of mental health symptoms, post-pandemic declaration happiness levels were higher than pre-pandemic happiness levels. Findings suggest that resilience may be learned throughout a lifetime, and that experiences from prior stressors may show benefits in responding to future ones, even among vulnerable populations.

Effects of types and levels of social capital on emotional well-being for older people in Indonesia: A longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different types and levels of social capital and emotional well-being in older adults in Indonesia by a longitudinal data.

METHODS

The fourth and the fifth waves of Indonesian Family Life Survey data were used for this study. The participants aged 60 years or older who participated in both waves were included for analysis (n = 1374). Depressive symptoms and happiness were used to assess emotional well-being. Cognitive social capital (neighborhood trust) and structural social capital (participating in arisan, community meetings, volunteers, village improvement programs, and religious activities) were the main independent variables. The generalized estimating equations model was used for analysis.

RESULTS

Participation in arisan (B = -0.534) and attending religious activities (B = -0.591) were related to lower depressive symptoms, but the effect of religious activities would offset over time. Both a low or high social participation showed protective effects on depressive symptoms at the intercept and the time slope. Having higher neighborhood trust was related to more chance of feeling very happy (OR = 1.518).

CONCLUSION

Structural social capital is protective from depressive symptoms, while cognitive social capital contributes to happiness. Facilitating social participation and improving neighborhood trust through policies and programs is suggested to promote emotional well-being for older people.

Does less working time improve life satisfaction? Evidence from European Social Survey

BACKGROUND

Worktime is one of the main drivers of life satisfaction, and a balanced distribution of working hours and leisure hours directly impacts feelings of well-being. Based on previous studies, we seek to confirm this relationship in the European context and explore other potential driving forces of life satisfaction. Health condition as the mediating variable is also examined.

METHODS

This article uses an ordered probit model to analyze the impact of working time on life satisfaction using data extracted from the most recent round (wave 10) of the European Social Survey (ESS). Hypotheses are proposed to test the impact of working time on life satisfaction, the mediating effect of health in the worktime-satisfaction nexus, and the effects of social inclusion, social trust, feelings of safety, and digitalization on life satisfaction.

RESULTS

The results reveal a negative and significant correlation between hours of work and life satisfaction, thus implying that a shorter working week can improve Europeans' life satisfaction. Health is found to be an important intermediate variable that plays an essential role in the dynamic through which working times influence life satisfaction. Further, we find that those in the middle class prefer to work shorter hours to achieve a higher feeling of satisfaction and that high earners to a lesser extent, while low earners generally show no preference. Employees of private firms are more satisfied with shorter working hours, while satisfaction for those working in public institutions is not affected by changes in hours worked. Finally, we verify the robustness of our estimations by replacing life satisfaction with happiness.

CONCLUSIONS

Working fewer hours contributes to higher life satisfaction in Europe, and health plays an essential mediating role in this relationship. Social inclusion, social trust, feelings of safety and digitalization all play a factor in improving life satisfaction. Compared to other job categories, private sector employees can achieve greater life satisfaction from reducing their total working time.

Long-Term Trend in the Association Between Disaster Damage and Happiness Before and After the Great East Japan Earthquake

Objectives: Disasters change survivors’ living circumstances, which can affect their happiness. We examined the trends in the association between disaster damage and happiness before and after a disaster.

Methods: We analyzed 4,044 participants aged ≥65 years who had experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The baseline survey was conducted 7 months before the disaster. Follow-up surveys have been conducted every 3 years. Using a mixed model for repeated measures, we compared the prevalence ratios (PRs) for unhappiness according to the survivors’ level of housing damage, which is a proxy for disaster damage.

Results: The unhappiness in participants who suffered severe damage appeared to be higher than in those with no damage in 2010 (multivariate-adjusted PR: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.93–1.48). A higher PR was observed after the earthquake in 2013 (1.34, 0.79–2.28), while there was no difference in 2016 (1.02, 0.53–1.97) and 2019 (1.03, 0.50–2.12).

Conclusion: The prevalence of unhappiness in survivors with severe housing damage was higher before the disaster. However, the unhappiness gap between people with and without housing damage converged during the follow-up.

The effects of the instrumental reminiscence therapy based on Roy's adaptation model on adaptation, life satisfaction and happiness in older people: A randomized controlled trial

AIM

This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of instrumental reminiscence therapy based on Roy's adaptation model on adaptation, life satisfaction and happiness in older people.

BACKGROUND

Reminiscence therapy is one of the nursing interventions that facilitates the adaptation of older people to the process of ageing.

DESIGN

The study utilized a pretest-posttest randomized controlled trial design.

METHODS

This study was conducted at two nursing homes in Northern Cyprus between April and June 2021. The trial comprised 34 participants. A descriptive information form, the Assessment Scale of Adaptation Difficulty for the Elderly, Life Satisfaction Index A and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form were used for data collection.

RESULTS

Mean posttest scores obtained by the intervention group from the Assessment Scale of Adaptation Difficulty for the Elderly, Life Satisfaction Index A and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form were significantly higher than their pretest scores (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the intervention and control groups from the Assessment Scale of Adaptation Difficulty for the Elderly, Life Satisfaction Index A and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Instrumental reminiscence therapy based on Roy's adaptation model increased the levels of adaptation, life satisfaction and happiness in older people. Therefore, instrumental reminiscence therapy might be applied, integrated with the Roy's adaptation model.

Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: the mediating role of reminiscence styles

BACKGROUND

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and happiness through the mediating role of reminiscence styles in the elderly.

METHODS

This was a correlational study of structural equations modelling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all the elderly aged at least 60 years living in Kermanshah province, Iran in 2021, among whom 380 (182 men and 198 women) were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants filled out the questionnaires of Adult Attachment Styles, Oxford Happiness, and Amani et al.'s Reminiscence Styles.

RESULTS

The results indicated that secure attachment style has a positive and negative relationship with positive reminiscence (PR) and negative reminiscence (NR), respectively. However, the opposite held true for both avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles. It was also found that secure attachment style has a positive relationship, and avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles have a negative relationship with happiness. Moreover, participants' gender and age had no moderating effect on the mentioned relationships. The results of SEM indicated that secure and ambivalent attachment styles were associated with happiness through both PR and NR, and avoidant attachment style was associated with happiness only through NR.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings emphasize the significance of the development of internal working models based on the kind of parent-child's reminiscences and narratives, and the lifelong effects of these models.

The relationship between happiness and self-rated health: A population-based study of 19499 Iranian adults

Background

Health is one of the most important factors that affect happiness. This study aimed to assess the association between happiness and self-rated health among the Iranian adult population.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of adults aged 18–65 In Iran in 2020. Demographic information, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and a single item on self-rated health were used to collect the data. The relationship between happiness with demographic variables and self-rated health was examined by performing logistic regression analyses.

Results

In all, 19499 were studied (9845 males and 9654 females). The mean age of participants was 36.38± 8.17 years. The mean happiness score was 4.1± 0.57 (out of 6) and this for self-rated health was 3.66±1.2 (out of 5). The results obtained from logistic regression analysis showed that very poor health status (OR: 5.114, 95% CI, P = 4.490–5.824, p <0.001), poor or very poor income status (OR: 1.553, 95% CI, P = 1.406–1.716, p <0.001), unemployment (OR: 1.704, 95% CI, P = 1.432–2.029, p <0.001), being aged 25–34 years (OR: 1.190, 95% CI, P = 1.088–1.302, p <0.001), and years of education (OR for 10–12 years of education: 1.271, 95% CI = 1.174–1.377, p< 0.001) were significant contributing factors to a lower happiness.

Conclusion

The results showed that self-rated health was the most significant factor that affected happiness even after adjustment for socioeconomic variables, including age, income, employment, and education. Indeed, improving population health might be an effective measure to improve happiness among Iranians.

Self-determination and Physical Functioning as Mediators of the Association between Self-reported Sensory Impairments and Happiness among Older Adults

Introduction: The prevalence of vision and hearing impairments increases through age. This development is individually associated with physical functioning difficulties, self-determination issues, and lower levels of happiness. Method: This study examined how self-reported sensory impairments relate to happiness with physical autonomy and social engagement as mediators using structural equation modelling. Using the nationally representative 2017 Survey of Older Persons in Thailand, the analytic sample size was 34,195 with an age range of 60-103 years and a mean age of 69.6 years. Results: A negative association between subjective vision impairment and happiness was observed through the mediation of limitations in physical functioning and community activity. Subjective hearing impairment was observed to lack association with happiness taking into account all the mediating factors. Conclusion: The care needs of older adults in Thailand where the ageing of the population progresses could then differ depending on their health and well-being status.

Assessing Resilience in Older Adulthood: Development and Validation of the Resilience Scale for Older Adults

This study presents on the initial development and validation of the Resilience Scale for Older Adults (RSOA). This new measure is based on a theoretical model of resilience grounded in qualitative research conducted with older adults. The scale consists of four resilience protective factors with 11 underlying facets. The Intrapersonal factor consists of Perseverance and Determination, Self-Efficacy and Independence, Purpose and Meaning, and Positive Perspective. The Interpersonal factor consists of Sense of Community, Family Support, and Friend/Neighbour Support. The Spiritual factor consists of Faith and Prayer, and the Experiential factor consists of Previous Adversity and Proactivity. The findings of three independent studies using older adult samples support the four-factor, 11-facet structure of the RSOA. Results also provide promising initial reliability and validity information, and analysis of gender invariance suggests that the factor structure is comparable across men and women. Implications for the applicability of the RSOA in research and clinical settings are discussed.

Relationship between emotional intelligence and job well-being in Chinese clinical nurses: multiple mediating effects of empathy and communication satisfaction

BACKGROUND

Nursing work is associated with great pressure, and nurses are often overwhelmed. Therefore, correct emotional regulation is essential to improve nurses' job well-being and promote better engagement in nursing work. The purpose of this study was to establish a structural model to estimate the impact of Chinese clinical nurses' emotional intelligence on job well-being, using multiple intermediaries to explain the internal mechanisms underlying the relationship.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study of 1475 registered nurses from a Chinese hospital who provided responses to emotional intelligence, empathy, communication satisfaction, and job well-being scales. Path analysis using a multiple mediation model was performed using AMOS 23.0.

RESULTS

Among all clinical nurses who participated in the survey, 1475 (98.33 %) completed the questionnaire. The nurses' job well-being score was 83.61 ± 12.63. There was a significant positive correlation between job well-being and communication satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and empathy ability (r = 0.346-0.570, P < 0.001). Empathy and communication satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and job well-being, with effect sizes of 0.047 and 0.227, respectively. The chain mediating effect of empathy and communication satisfaction had a value of 0.045.

CONCLUSIONS

It is recommended that hospital managers take actions to improve nurses' emotional intelligence level, and conduct professional psychological training to improve nurses' empathy and communication satisfaction, and ultimately improve their job well-being.

Duration of night sleep and cognitive performance of community older adults

OBJECTIVE

to analyze the relationship between the duration of self-reported night sleep and the cognitive performance of older adults.

METHOD

the sample consisted of 156 older adults registered in Family Health Units (FHUs) in a city of São Paulo, divided into quartiles according to the duration of night sleep. Data collection was performed using a characterization questionnaire, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Exam - Revised (ACE-R) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Descriptive, comparative and correlational statistical analyses were performed.

RESULTS

the older adults obtained a mean of 61.94 points in ACE-R and 55.1% presented good sleep quality. Comparative analyses showed differences between the groups only in the cognitive domain of verbal fluency (p=0.018). The post-hoc analyses showed that older adults who slept more hours, a mean of 8.85 hours (Q1), had lower scores when compared to those who slept a mean of 6.11 hours (Q3) (p=0.004) and of 4.52 hours (Q4) (p=0.045). The adjusted model with application of the stepwise method showed a relationship between the independent variables of schooling and sleep duration and the domain verbal fluency.

CONCLUSION

it is concluded that sleep duration is related to the verbal fluency cognitive domain.

Factors Associated with Happiness among Malaysian Elderly

Happiness is an essential component to experience healthy ageing. Hence, understanding the factors that contribute to happiness is important. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with happiness among the elderly population in Malaysia. In this study, 1204 respondents were recruited from urban and rural areas in Selangor. A face-to-face interview was conducted using the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study questionnaire. The inclusion criteria include Malaysians who are 60-years old and above and can converse in the Malaysian language. Those who encounter less than seven scores for the Abbreviated Mental Test were excluded from the study. Among the 1204 respondents, 953 (79.2%) were happy. Sociodemographic characteristics showed that being a men, age of 60 to 74 years, and living in urban areas were significantly associated with happiness. A logistic regression model showed that locality (aOR 1.61), income category (Bottom 40% aOR 0.49; Middle-class group 40% aOR 1.40), social engagement (active aOR 1.77; less active aOR 1.25), receiving emotional support (aOR 2.11) and handgrip strength (aOR 1.02) were significantly associated with happiness. Thus, ensuring the elderly population in receiving emotional support and active social engagement among them can enhance their happiness level.

The Integration and Development of Piano Art and Media Education and Its Influence on the Long-Term Care and Happiness of the Elderly People

To analyze the influence of the integration of piano art and media on long-term care of the elderly in the aging society, and to improve the living standard and happiness of the elderly, based on educational psychology, several scales of self-compiled personal information, the Ackerson personality inventory, and the memorial university of Newfoundland happiness scale were introduced for statement, and questionnaire method was adopted for information collection. Then, the mechanism of the integration of piano art and media on the happiness of the elderly was summarized. The results showed that there were significant differences in the happiness of the elderly in terms of monthly average income, economic pressure, health status, and living conditions. The happiness of the elderly with a monthly income of more than 5,000 yuan was significantly higher than that of the elderly with a monthly income of <3,000 yuan (p < 0.05). The happiness of the elderly with low economic pressure was significantly higher than that of the elderly with high economic pressure (p < 0.05). The happiness of the elderly with good living conditions was significantly higher than that of the elderly with ordinary living conditions (p < 0.05). The happiness score and positive experience (PE) of the elderly with learning over 5 years were significantly higher than those with learning <5 years and the non-piano learning group (p < 0.05). The total score of happiness in the piano learning group was significantly positively correlated with positive affection (PA) and PE, and negatively correlated with neuroticism and psychosis (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the piano art learning process based on educational psychology can improve the subjective well-being of the elderly. In addition, the elderly who have been exposed to piano art for a long time are more active in life. Piano art edification is an important factor affecting the psychological well-being of the elderly. The research has a good guiding significance for improving the happiness of the elderly.

Optimism and social support moderate the indirect relationship between self-efficacy and happiness through mental health in the elderly

We examined the role of self-efficacy, social support, optimism, and mental health in the prediction of happiness in the elderly. Moderated mediation analyses confirmed a full mediation in which self-efficacy, through perceived mental health and moderated by social support, predicts happiness moderated, in turn, by optimism. When an elder is self-efficacious, his or her mental well-being seems more likely to be improved and translated into enhanced happiness when social support and optimism are moderate to high. We provide preliminary results on the interplay of these psychosocial resources in improving subjective well-being that may help in designing tailored interventions for promoting happiness in late adulthood.

Psychosocial Resources for Hedonic Balance, Life Satisfaction and Happiness in the Elderly: A Path Analysis

We explored possible paths from physical and mental health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support to happiness in older adults, considering hedonic balance and life satisfaction as mediators. A total of 154 Spanish male and female (50%) older adults (65–96 years old, M = 77.44, SD = 8.03; 64% noninstitutionalized elderly) voluntarily participated in this correlational, cross-sectional study. The participants completed self-reports on their perceived health status, self-efficacy, social support, optimism, and global subjective well-being (SWB) as well as its dimensions. Path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect relationships. The final model had an excellent fit with the data (χ2(10) = 11.837, p = 0.296, χ2/df = 1.184; SRMR = 0.050, CFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.035), revealing the unique causal effects of all the included predictors on happiness. With the exception of self-efficacy, the psychosocial resources predicted older adults’ current happiness, and this relationship was fully mediated by hedonic balance and life satisfaction, which were found to be putative intermediary factors for SWB. Self-efficacy in turn predicted the remaining psychosocial resources. Our findings extend the existing evidence on the influences of health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support on SWB. Furthermore, they support the proposal of hedonic balance and life satisfaction as dimensions of SWB, thus supporting the tripartite hierarchical model of happiness. These results may inform future interventions seeking to improve happiness in late adulthood.

The effect of Pilates exercise on the happiness and depression of elderly women: a clinical trial study

BACKGROUND

The available approaches for reducing mental problems, particularly for elderlies, include physical activities and exercise. Pilates is a sport that has received much attention during the past few years. The present study was conducted to explore the influence of Pilates on depression and happiness levels of elderly women.

METHODS

This randomized trial work was conducted on 60 elderly women referred to the health center of Rafsanjan city, southern Iran. The participants were randomly assigned into two intervention (Pilates) and control groups, each with 30 members. In the intervention group, participants did Pilates three sessions each week for 8 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention similar to the intervention group. The happiness level of the participants was measured using the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) and their depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) before, one month after, and two months after the intervention. A mixed ANOVA was applied for data analysis.

RESULTS

The majority of the participants were married housewives with primary education and age range of above 62 years. Based on the findings of this study, the mean happiness and depression scores of the participants at the end of months one and two in the intervention groups increased significantly compared to those of the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Doing Pilates for 8 weeks may positively affect the depression and happiness levels of the elderly. Thus, it is recommended as a healthy exercise for elderlies.

Racial Difference in the Relationship Between Health and Happiness in the United States

Background

Although health is a prerequisite for happiness, the salience of health for maintaining happiness may be diminished for Blacks when compared to Whites, a phenomenon which can be explained by the Black-White mental health paradox and minorities’ diminished returns.

Aim

To understand if Black and White adult Americans differ in the effects of self-rated health (SRH) on happiness.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used data from the General Social Survey (GSS; 1972–2018), a nationally representative survey in the US. Our analytical sample included 42,201 Black and White adults. The independent variable was SRH. Happiness was the dependent variable. Sociodemographic factors were covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data without and with interaction terms between race and SRH.

Results

Overall, good SRH was positively associated with happiness, however, there was a significant interaction between race/ethnicity and good SRH on the outcome (i.e. happiness) . This finding suggested that the boosting effect of good SRH on happiness is weaker for Black than White people.

Conclusion

In the United States, due to a weaker concordance between good health and happiness, Blacks who have poor SRH are more likely to report happiness. At the same time, Whites who are healthy report happiness, however, Blacks who are healthy do not necessarily report happiness. Disjointed link between health and happiness may be due to different racial, ethnic, and cultural perceptions of physical health and happiness as well as salience of physical health as a component of happiness. This may be an adaptive response of Blacks to sociopolitical as well as health-related adversities over centuries as a result of the combination of oppression, injustice, and poverty.

Associations of combinations of housing tenure status and household structure with subjective happiness among community-dwelling elderly people: A cross-sectional study with stratified random sampling

AIM

Subjective happiness is an important marker of successful aging, and is associated with housing tenure status and household structure. However, the associations between subjective happiness and combinations of housing tenure status and household structure have not yet been clarified. Therefore, we examined which combinations of housing tenure status and household structure are associated with high or low subjective happiness among community-dwelling elderly people.

METHODS

Subjects were enrolled by stratified random sampling, and comprised of 1602 elderly persons aged ≥65 years as of January 2017 in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The subjects' data were collected via a self-completed questionnaire (effective response rate: 53.4%), and the associations between subjective happiness and combinations of housing tenure status and household structure were analyzed by chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis, controlling the confounding variables such as care support needs, subjective economic status and health status.

RESULTS

The subjects reported significantly decreased subjective happiness when they were a renter living alone (odds ratio [OR] = 0.427 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.249, 0.732) and with others (OR = 0.420 and 95% CI = 0.256, 0.687) after adjustment for confounding variables, compared with owner-occupier living with others (referent).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study revealed significantly decreased subjective happiness when the subjects were renters regardless of household structure. Therefore, housing tenure status may be a stronger determinant of subjective happiness among community-dwelling elderly people than household structure. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••-••.