1
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Vitureira N, Rafael A, Abudara V. P2X7 receptors and pannexin1 hemichannels shape presynaptic transmission. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:223-236. [PMID: 37713157 PMCID: PMC11189373 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, since the discovery of ATP as a transmitter, accumulating evidence has been reported about the role of this nucleotide and purinergic receptors, in particular P2X7 receptors, in the modulation of synaptic strength and plasticity. Purinergic signaling has emerged as a crucial player in orchestrating the molecular interaction between the components of the tripartite synapse, and much progress has been made in how this neuron-glia interaction impacts neuronal physiology under basal and pathological conditions. On the other hand, pannexin1 hemichannels, which are functionally linked to P2X7 receptors, have appeared more recently as important modulators of excitatory synaptic function and plasticity under diverse contexts. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of ATP, P2X7 receptors, and pannexin hemichannels to the modulation of presynaptic strength and its impact on motor function, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, and neuroglial communication, with special focus on the P2X7 receptor/pannexin hemichannel interplay. We also address major hypotheses about the role of this interaction in physiological and pathological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Vitureira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alberto Rafael
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Abudara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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2
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Huang Q, Ying J, Yu W, Dong Y, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang X, Hua F. P2X7 Receptor: an Emerging Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2866-2880. [PMID: 37940779 PMCID: PMC11043177 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of age-related dementia, which is becoming a global health crisis. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of AD are still not fully understood. And there are no valid treatment methods or precise diagnostic tools for AD. There is increasing evidence that P2X7R expression is upregulated in AD and is involved in multiple related pathological processes such as Aβ plaques, neurogenic fiber tangles, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation. This suggests that P2X7R may be a key player in the development of AD. P2X7R is a member of the ligand-gated purinergic receptor (P2X) family. It has received attention in neuroscience due to its role in a wide range of aging and age-related neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize current information on the roles of P2X7R in AD and suggest potential pharmacological interventions to slow down AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17# Yongwai Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zheng H, Liu Q, Zhou S, Luo H, Zhang W. Role and therapeutic targets of P2X7 receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345625. [PMID: 38370420 PMCID: PMC10869479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a non-selective cation channel modulated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), localizes to microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons in the central nervous system, with the most incredible abundance in microglia. P2X7R partake in various signaling pathways, engaging in the immune response, the release of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, cell division, and programmed cell death. When neurodegenerative diseases result in neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, ATP activates the P2X7R. This activation induces the release of biologically active molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxic glutamate/ATP. Subsequently, this leads to neuroinflammation, which exacerbates neuronal involvement. The P2X7R is essential in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This implies that it has potential as a drug target and could be treated using P2X7R antagonists that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review will comprehensively and objectively discuss recent research breakthroughs on P2X7R genes, their structural features, functional properties, signaling pathways, and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Siwei Zhou
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
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5
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Kalita M, Park JH, Kuo RC, Hayee S, Marsango S, Straniero V, Alam IS, Rivera-Rodriguez A, Pandrala M, Carlson ML, Reyes ST, Jackson IM, Suigo L, Luo A, Nagy SC, Valoti E, Milligan G, Habte F, Shen B, James ML. PET Imaging of Innate Immune Activation Using 11C Radiotracers Targeting GPR84. JACS AU 2023; 3:3297-3310. [PMID: 38155640 PMCID: PMC10751761 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic innate immune activation is a key hallmark of many neurological diseases and is known to result in the upregulation of GPR84 in myeloid cells (macrophages, microglia, and monocytes). As such, GPR84 can potentially serve as a sensor of proinflammatory innate immune responses. To assess the utility of GPR84 as an imaging biomarker, we synthesized 11C-MGX-10S and 11C-MGX-11Svia carbon-11 alkylation for use as positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting this receptor. In vitro experiments demonstrated significantly higher binding of both radiotracers to hGPR84-HEK293 cells than that of parental control HEK293 cells. Co-incubation with the GPR84 antagonist GLPG1205 reduced the binding of both radiotracers by >90%, demonstrating their high specificity for GPR84 in vitro. In vivo assessment of each radiotracer via PET imaging of healthy mice illustrated the superior brain uptake and pharmacokinetics of 11C-MGX-10S compared to 11C-MGX-11S. Subsequent use of 11C-MGX-10S to image a well-established mouse model of systemic and neuro-inflammation revealed a high PET signal in affected tissues, including the brain, liver, lung, and spleen. In vivo specificity of 11C-MGX-10S for GPR84 was confirmed by the administration of GLPG1205 followed by radiotracer injection. When compared with 11C-DPA-713-an existing radiotracer used to image innate immune activation in clinical research studies-11C-MGX-10S has multiple advantages, including its higher binding signal in inflamed tissues in the CNS and periphery and low background signal in healthy saline-treated subjects. The pronounced uptake of 11C-MGX-10S during inflammation, its high specificity for GPR84, and suitable pharmacokinetics strongly support further investigation of 11C-MGX-10S for imaging GPR84-positive myeloid cells associated with innate immune activation in animal models of inflammatory diseases and human neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Kalita
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Renesmee Chenting Kuo
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samira Hayee
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland,
U.K.
| | - Valentina Straniero
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, via Luigi Mangiagalli
25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Israt S. Alam
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Mallesh Pandrala
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mackenzie L. Carlson
- Department
of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samantha T. Reyes
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Isaac M. Jackson
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lorenzo Suigo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, via Luigi Mangiagalli
25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Audrey Luo
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sydney C. Nagy
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, via Luigi Mangiagalli
25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland,
U.K.
| | - Frezghi Habte
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bin Shen
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michelle L. James
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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6
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Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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7
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Jackson I, Carlson ML, Beinat C, Malik N, Kalita M, Reyes S, Azevedo EC, Nagy SC, Alam IS, Sharma R, La Rosa SA, Moradi F, Cleland J, Shen B, James ML. Clinical Radiosynthesis and Translation of [ 18F]OP-801: A Novel Radiotracer for Imaging Reactive Microglia and Macrophages. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2416-2424. [PMID: 37310119 PMCID: PMC10326869 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool for studying neuroinflammatory diseases; however, current PET biomarkers of neuroinflammation possess significant limitations. We recently reported a promising dendrimer PET tracer ([18F]OP-801), which is selectively taken up by reactive microglia and macrophages. Here, we describe further important characterization of [18F]OP-801 in addition to optimization and validation of a two-step clinical radiosynthesis. [18F]OP-801 was found to be stable in human plasma for 90 min post incubation, and human dose estimates were calculated for 24 organs of interest; kidneys and urinary bladder wall without bladder voiding were identified as receiving the highest absorbed dose. Following optimization detailed herein, automated radiosynthesis and quality control (QC) analyses of [18F]OP-801 were performed in triplicate in suitable radiochemical yield (6.89 ± 2.23% decay corrected), specific activity (37.49 ± 15.49 GBq/mg), and radiochemical purity for clinical imaging. Importantly, imaging mice with tracer (prepared using optimized methods) 24 h following the intraperitoneal injection of liposaccharide resulted in the robust brain PET signal. Cumulatively, these data enable clinical translation of [18F]OP-801 for imaging reactive microglia and macrophages in humans. Data from three validation runs of the clinical manufacturing and QC were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as part of a Drug Master File (DMF). Subsequent FDA approval to proceed was obtained, and a phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05395624) for first-in-human imaging in healthy controls and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac
M. Jackson
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mackenzie L. Carlson
- Stanford
University Department of Bioengeneering, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Noeen Malik
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mausam Kalita
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samantha Reyes
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - E. Carmen Azevedo
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sydney C. Nagy
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Israt S. Alam
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Ashvattha
Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, California 94065, United States
| | | | - Farshad Moradi
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jeffrey Cleland
- Ashvattha
Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, California 94065, United States
| | - Bin Shen
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michelle L. James
- Stanford
University Department of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
University Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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He Z, Wang C, Wang J, Zheng K, Ding N, Yu M, Li W, Tang Y, Li Y, Xiao J, Liang M, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating P2X7 receptor expression. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151571. [PMID: 36511277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2022.151571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) survives and multiplies in human neutrophils by activating P2X7, a nonselective cationic channel receptor expressed constitutively on the surface of these cells. Findings illustrated that P2X7 receptor expression was enhanced in C. psittaci-infected neutrophils. C. psittaci was able to inhibite spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils through mitochondrial-induced ATP release and IL-8 production. Importantly, inhibiting ATP activation of the P2X7 receptor with AZ10606120 promotes apoptosis, while stimulating P2X7 receptor expression with BzATP delayed spontaneous apoptosis of human neutrophils, suggesting that C. psittaci inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating P2X7 receptor. This study reveals new insights into the survival advantages of the latent persistent state of C. psittaci and the mechanism by which it evades the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangping He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Maoying Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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10
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Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Han T, Jin J, Li J, Tang Y, Liu C. L-Cysteine Alleviates Myenteric Neuron Injury Induced by Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion via Inhibitin the Macrophage NLRP3-IL-1β Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:899169. [PMID: 35754513 PMCID: PMC9213754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.899169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological process in the clinic. It causes various injuries, multiple organ dysfunction, and even death. There are several possible mechanisms about ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the influence on intestinal myenteric neurons and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. C57BL6/J mice were used to establish the ischemia/reperfusion model in vivo. Peritoneal macrophages were used for ATP depletion and hypoxia/reoxygenation experiment in vitro. L-cysteine, as the substrate of hydrogen sulfide, is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, metabolism, neuroprotection, and vasodilation. In the current study, we confirmed that intestinal ischemia/reperfusion led to the injury of myenteric neurons. From experiments in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that L-cysteine protected myenteric neurons from the injury. AOAA reversed the protective effect of L-cysteine. Also, L-cysteine played a protective role mainly by acting on intestinal macrophages via decreasing the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and mature IL-1β. L-cysteine increased cystathionine beta synthase and H2S produced by intestinal macrophages to protect myenteric mature neurons and enteric neural precursor cells from apoptosis. Moreover, the addition of IL-1β-neutralizing antibody alleviated the injury of myenteric neurons and enteric neural precursor cells caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Our study provided a new target for the protection of myenteric neurons in clinical intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Provincial Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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11
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The purinergic signalling and inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes: key factors and therapeutic targets. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:759-770. [PMID: 35648156 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important chronic disease around the world, and according to the World Health Organization, it is the 9th principal cause of global death. This pathology is characterized by high levels of circulating glucose as a result of insulin resistance, and it is well stated that inflammation related to obesity is directly associated with the development of the disease. The purinergic signalling is involved in both pancreatic destruction, which impairs insulin secretion, and the cytokine production that favors insulin resistance in T2DM. In this review, the purinergic signalling aspects will be discussed, showing the impact of the enzymes, nucleotides, nucleosides, and receptors of this system and the cytokines that result in inflammation, in the development and progression of T2DM, besides, pointing the purinergic receptors as a possible therapeutic approach.
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12
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Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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13
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Singal CMS, Jaiswal P, Mehta A, Saleem K, Seth P. Role of EphrinA3 in HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211044359. [PMID: 34618621 PMCID: PMC8504696 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211044359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells perform important supporting functions for neurons through a dynamic crosstalk. Neuron–glia communication is the major phenomenon to sustain homeostatic functioning of the brain. Several interactive pathways between neurons and astrocytes are critical for the optimal functioning of neurons, and one such pathway is the ephrinA3–ephA4 signaling. The role of this pathway is essential in maintaining the levels of extracellular glutamate by regulating the excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2 on astrocytes. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and its proteins cause glutamate excitotoxicity due to excess glutamate levels at sites of high synaptic activity. This study unravels the effects of HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) from clade B on ephrinA3 and its role in regulating glutamate levels in astrocyte–neuron co-cultures of human origin. It was observed that the expression of ephrinA3 increases in the presence of HIV-1 Tat B, while the expression of EAAT1 and EAAT2 was attenuated. This led to reduced glutamate uptake and therefore high neuronal death due to glutamate excitotoxicity. Knockdown of ephrinA3 using small interfering RNA, in the presence of HIV-1 Tat B reversed the neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 Tat B via increased expression of glutamate transporters that reduced the levels of extracellular glutamate. The in vitro findings were validated in autopsy brain sections from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients and we found ephrinA3 to be upregulated in the case of HIV-1-infected patients. This study offers valuable insights into astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paritosh Jaiswal
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Anuradha Mehta
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Kanza Saleem
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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14
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Hirata Y, Nada Y, Yamada Y, Toyama T, Fukunaga K, Hwang GW, Noguchi T, Matsuzawa A. Elaidic Acid Potentiates Extracellular ATP-Induced Apoptosis via the P2X 7-ROS-ASK1-p38 Axis in Microglial Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1562-1569. [PMID: 32999166 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon double bond in trans configuration. TFA consumption has been epidemiologically associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of TFA-related NDs remain unknown. Here, we show a novel microglial signaling pathway that induces inflammation and cell death, which is dramatically enhanced by elaidic acid (EA), the most abundant TFA derived from food. We found that extracellular ATP, one of the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) leaked from injured cells, induced activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-p38 pathway, which is one of the major stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways, and subsequent caspase-3 cleavage and DNA ladder formation (hallmarks of apoptosis) in mouse microglial cell lines including BV2 and MG6 cells. Furthermore, we found that in these microglial cell lines, EA, but not its cis isomer oleic acid, facilitated extracellular ATP-induced ASK1/p38 activation and apoptosis, which was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of either p38, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7), or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). These results demonstrate that in microglial cells, extracellular ATP induces activation of the ASK1-p38 MAP kinase pathway and ultimately apoptosis downstream of P2X7 receptor and ROS generation, and that EA promotes ATP-induced apoptosis through CaMKII-dependent hyperactivation of the ASK1-p38 pathway, in the same manner as in macrophages. Our study may provide an insight into the pathogenesis of NDs associated with TFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Nada
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuto Yamada
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takuya Noguchi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Atsushi Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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15
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Jiang Y, Ye F, Du Y, Zong Y, Tang Z. P2X7R in Mast Cells is a Potential Target for Salicylic Acid and Aspirin in Treatment of Inflammatory Pain. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2913-2931. [PMID: 34239315 PMCID: PMC8259951 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s313348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells are well known for their role in inflammatory pain. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has attracted much attention due to its prominent role in inflammatory diseases. Salicylates are commonly used anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Until now, little has been known about whether P2X7R in mast cells is involved in inflammatory pain and whether it is a potential target for salicylates. Methods First, the expression of P2X receptors in mouse peritoneal mast cells was detected by using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, calcium imaging and electrophysiological technique. In addition, the functions of P2X receptors, especially P2X7R, in mast cells were studied by using QPCR, ELISA and behavioral tests. Furthermore, P2X7R was used as a target to screen for some anti-inflammatory monomers that could inhibit its activity. At last, the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and aspirin (ASA) on the activity of P2X7R was studied by using calcium imaging, electrophysiological technique, ELISA, real-time PCR, behavioral tests, immunofluorescence and molecular docking. Results We found that P2X1, P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors were expressed in mouse peritoneal mast cells. The functions of different P2X receptors were various. Activation of P2X7R in mouse mast cells induced the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, IL-1β, and CCL3. In addition, inflammation pain induced by high concentrations of ATP could be alleviated by P2X7R blockers or mast cell defects. Interestingly, SA or ASA could reduce high concentrations of ATP-induced inward current, P2X7R upregulation, mediators release, and inflammatory pain. SA or ASA also inhibited the inward current evoked by P2X7R agonist, BZATP. Molecular docking showed that SA or ASA had affinity for the cytoplasmic GDP-binding region of P2X7R. Conclusion P2X7R in mast cells was involved in inflammation pain by releasing inflammatory mediators, and P2X7R might be a potential target for SA and ASA analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Jiang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Ye
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Du
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Zong
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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16
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Jiang LH, Caseley EA, Muench SP, Roger S. Structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:331-344. [PMID: 33987781 PMCID: PMC8410900 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor, originally known as the P2Z receptor due to its distinctive functional properties, has a structure characteristic of the ATP-gated ion channel P2X receptor family. The P2X7 receptor is an important mediator of ATP-induced purinergic signalling and is involved the pathogenesis of numerous conditions as well as in the regulation of diverse physiological functions. Functional characterisations, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, molecular modelling, and, recently, structural determination, have provided significant insights into the structure–function relationships of the P2X7 receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Emily A Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, Tours, France
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17
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Singha SP, Memon S, Kazi SAF, Nizamani GS. Gamma aminobutyric acid signaling disturbances and altered astrocytic morphology associated with Bisphenol A induced cognitive impairments in rat offspring. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:911-924. [PMID: 33655713 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-recognized endocrine disruptor and is globally used in the manufacture of many plastic items. Multiple studies suggest links between prenatal BPA exposure and alterations in neurodevelopment and behaviors in children, even at lower levels. This study was conducted to reveal the role of astrocyte morphology and Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in BPA induced cognitive defects in the offspring of Wistar albino rats when exposed during the prenatal and postnatal periods. METHODS Dams of Wistar albino rats were exposed to a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of BPA throughout the pregnancy and lactation period until the third postnatal day (PND). After delivery of pups, cognitive tests were carried out on the 21st, 24th, and 28th PNDs. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum GABA levels. On the same day as the blood collections, pups were sacrificed and their right frontal cortices were dissected out. Immunohistochemical analysis for glial fibrillar acidic protein + astrocytes was conducted. RESULTS Pre and postnatal BPA exposure led to anxiety like behavior in pups. This exposure also resulted in reduced serum GABA concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced astrocyte numbers as well as decreased numbers of dendritic spines in the BPA exposed pups. CONCLUSION BPA exposure during critical periods of development leads to cognitive impairments that correlate with the defects in the GABA signaling pathways and deteriorated morphology of the astrocytes in the offspring of the Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samreen Memon
- Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | | | - Ghulam Shah Nizamani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, In Charge, Clinical Laboratory and Blood Bank, Isra University Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
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18
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Martire A, Pepponi R, Liguori F, Volonté C, Popoli P. P2X7 Receptor Agonist 2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)ATP Differently Modulates Cell Viability and Corticostriatal Synaptic Transmission in Experimental Models of Huntington's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:633861. [PMID: 33679392 PMCID: PMC7933594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.633861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a life-threatening neurodegenerative disorder. Altered levels and functions of the purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) have been found in animal and cellular models of HD, suggesting their possible role in the pathogenesis of the disease; accordingly, the therapeutic potential of P2X7R antagonists in HD has been proposed. Here we further investigated the effects of P2X7R ligands in in vitro and ex vivo HD experimental models. In ST14A/Q120 rat striatal cells, we found a reduction of P2X7R expression; however, the P2X7R agonist 2′(3′)-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5′-triphosphate (BzATP) induced cellular death, and this effect was fully reversed by the antagonist periodate-oxidized adenosine 5′-triphosphate (OxATP). Moreover, in corticostriatal slices from symptomatic R6/2 mice, BzATP reduced the synaptic transmission to a larger extent than in wild-type (WT) mice. Such an effect was accompanied by a concomitant increase of the paired-pulse ratio, suggesting a presynaptic inhibitory action. This was confirmed to be the case, since while the effects of BzATP were unaffected by the P2X7R antagonist OxATP, they were blocked by the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), suggesting possible BzATP hydrolysis to 2′(3′)-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine (Bz-adenosine) and consequent activation of A1Rs as a mechanism. Taken together, these data point out that 1) P2X7R expression and activity are confirmed to be altered in the presence of HD mutation; 2) in some experimental settings, such an abnormal functioning can be ascribed to presynaptic A1Rs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martire
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Pepponi
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Volonté
- Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "A. Ruberti", National Research Council (IASI-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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19
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Solnes LB, Jacobs AH, Coughlin JM, Du Y, Goel R, Hammoud DA, Pomper MG. Central Nervous System Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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20
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Martínez-Cuesta MÁ, Blanch-Ruiz MA, Ortega-Luna R, Sánchez-López A, Álvarez Á. Structural and Functional Basis for Understanding the Biological Significance of P2X7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228454. [PMID: 33182829 PMCID: PMC7696479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) possesses a unique structure associated to an as yet not fully understood mechanism of action that facilitates cell permeability to large ionic molecules through the receptor itself and/or nearby membrane proteins. High extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels—inexistent in physiological conditions—are required for the receptor to be triggered and contribute to its role in cell damage signaling. The inconsistent data on its activation pathways and the few studies performed in natively expressed human P2X7R have led us to review the structure, activation pathways, and specific cellular location of P2X7R in order to analyze its biological relevance. The ATP-gated P2X7R is a homo-trimeric receptor channel that is occasionally hetero-trimeric and highly polymorphic, with at least nine human splice variants. It is localized predominantly in the cellular membrane and has a characteristic plasticity due to an extended C-termini, which confers it the capacity of interacting with membrane structural compounds and/or intracellular signaling messengers to mediate flexible transduction pathways. Diverse drugs and a few endogenous molecules have been highlighted as extracellular allosteric modulators of P2X7R. Therefore, studies in human cells that constitutively express P2X7R need to investigate the precise endogenous mediator located nearby the activation/modulation domains of the receptor. Such research could help us understand the possible physiological ATP-mediated P2X7R homeostasis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Martínez-Cuesta
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
| | - María Amparo Blanch-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Raquel Ortega-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ainhoa Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
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21
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Ruan Z, Delpech JC, Venkatesan Kalavai S, Van Enoo AA, Hu J, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. P2RX7 inhibitor suppresses exosome secretion and disease phenotype in P301S tau transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:47. [PMID: 32811520 PMCID: PMC7436984 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal accumulation of misfolded microtubule-associated protein tau is a hallmark of neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other tauopathies, and has been a therapeutic target. Microglia can spread tau pathology by secreting tau-containing exosomes, although the specific molecular target is yet to be identified for the therapeutic intervention. P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) is an ATP-gated cation channel, enriched in microglia and triggers exosome secretion. The purpose of the study is to examine the therapeutic effect of an orally applicable, CNS-penetrant P2RX7 specific inhibitor on the early disease stage of a tauopathy mouse model. Methods Three-months-old P301S tau mice were treated with P2RX7-specific inhibitor GSK1482160 or vehicle for 30 days, followed by behavioral, biochemical and immunohistochemical assessment. GSK1482160 was also tested for exosome secretion from primary cultured murine astrocytes, neurons and microglia in vitro. Results Oral administration of GSK1482160 significantly reduced accumulation of MC1+ and Alz50+ misfolded tau in hippocampal regions, which was accompanied with reduced accumulation of Tsg101, an exosome marker, in hippocampal neurons. Proximity ligation assay demonstrated complex formation of Alz50+ tau and Tsg101 in hippocampal neurons, which was reduced by GSK1482160. On the other hand, GSK1482160 had no effect on microglial ramification or CD68 expression, which was significantly enhanced in P301S mice, or pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Strikingly, GSK1482160-treated P301S mice show significantly improved working and contextual memory as determined by Y-maze and fear conditioning tests. GSK1482160 also significantly increased accumulation of Tsg101 and CD81 in microglia in vivo, suggesting its suppression of P2RX7-induced exosome secretion from microglia. This effect was confirmed in vitro, as ATP-induced secretion of tau-containing exosome was significantly suppressed by GSK1482160 treatment from primary murine microglia, but not from neurons or astrocytes. Discussion The oral administration of P2RX7 inhibition mitigates disease phenotypes in P301S mice, likely by suppressing release of microglial exosomes. P2RX7 could be a novel therapeutic target for the early stage tauopathy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ruan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Srinidhi Venkatesan Kalavai
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jianqiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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22
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Volonté C, Amadio S, Liguori F, Fabbrizio P. Duality of P2X7 Receptor in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1148. [PMID: 32792962 PMCID: PMC7394054 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Volonté
- CNR-Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Fabbrizio
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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23
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Jain P, Chaney AM, Carlson ML, Jackson IM, Rao A, James ML. Neuroinflammation PET Imaging: Current Opinion and Future Directions. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1107-1112. [PMID: 32620705 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key pathologic hallmark of numerous neurologic diseases, however, its exact role in vivo is yet to be fully understood. PET imaging enables investigation, quantification, and tracking of different neuroinflammation biomarkers in living subjects longitudinally. One such biomarker that has been imaged extensively using PET is translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Although imaging TSPO has yielded valuable clinical data linking neuroinflammation to various neurodegenerative diseases, considerable limitations of TSPO PET have prompted identification of other more cell-specific and functionally relevant biomarkers. This review analyzes the clinical potential of available and emerging PET biomarkers of innate and adaptive immune responses, with mention of exciting future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Jain
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Aisling M Chaney
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mackenzie L Carlson
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Isaac M Jackson
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anoushka Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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24
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Heterologous Expression and Patch-Clamp Recording of P2X Receptors in HEK293 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:261-273. [PMID: 31646495 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
P2X receptors (P2XRs) are ligand-gated ion channels gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and play a critical role in mediating ATP-induced purinergic signaling in physiological and pathological processes. Heterologous expression of P2XR in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and measurement of P2XR-mediated currents using patch-clamp recording technique have been widely used to study the biophysical and pharmacological properties of these receptors. Combination of electrophysiology with site-directed mutagenesis and structural information has shed light on the molecular basis for receptor activation and mechanisms of actions by receptor antagonists and modulators. It is anticipated that such methodologies will continue helping us to provide more mechanistic understanding of P2XRs and to test novel receptor antagonists and allosteric modulators for therapeutical purposes. In this chapter, we describe protocols of transiently or stably expressing the P2XR in HEK293 cells and measuring P2XR-mediated currents by using whole-cell recording.
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25
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Hirata Y. [Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling: Regulatory Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Roles]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 139:1235-1241. [PMID: 31582606 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules generated during mitochondrial respiration and under various environmental stresses, and cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, which is linked to a wide variety of pathologies. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological importance of ROS as signaling molecules, which play crucial roles in the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. According to the extent and duration of ROS generation, ROS-mediated oxidation-reduction (redox) signaling (ROS signaling) is tightly regulated by various molecules and post-translational modifications (PTMs), for inducing appropriate cellular responses. Dysregulation of ROS signaling causes cellular malfunctions, which are also linked to various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on a ROS-responsive protein kinase apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) that belongs to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, and activates the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase pathways, which consequently induces various cellular responses, including apoptosis and inflammation. Here, we introduce a novel regulatory mechanism and the pathophysiological significance of ASK1 activation. We found that an E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM48 orchestrates fine-tuning of ROS-induced ASK1 activation mediated by multiple types of PTMs, including ubiquitination, methylation, and phosphorylation. We also found that trans-fatty acids (TFAs) enhance ROS-dependent ASK1 activation induced by extracellular ATP, a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and thereby promotes apoptosis, which possibly contributes to the pathogenesis of TFA-related diseases including atherosclerosis. Thus, this review provides recent advances in the study of ROS signaling, especially ROS-ASK1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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26
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MiR-187-3p mimic alleviates ischemia-reperfusion-induced pain hypersensitivity through inhibiting spinal P2X7R and subsequent mature IL-1β release in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:91-101. [PMID: 31100367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced pain hypersensitivity shares features of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain, accompanied by overproduction of interleukin (IL)-1β. Multiple microRNAs (miRs) are dysregulated during IR; among these miRs, miR-187-3p was recently reported to drive IL-1β release in retinal disease by activating members of the purinergic receptor family. However, the roles of miR-187-3p in the spinal cord are unclear. Thus, we investigated whether miR-187-3p is involved in the pathogenesis of IR-induced pain hypersensitivity by regulating the P2X7R signal and subsequent IL-1β release. METHODS A mouse model was established by 5-min occlusion of the aortic arch. Pain hypersensitivity was assessed by the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL). MiR-187-3p, P2X7R, cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β expression levels were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The in vivo roles of miR-187-3p, P2X7R and IL-1β were explored by intrathecal treatment with synthetic miRs, selective agonists and antagonists in separate experiments. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to delineate the cellular distribution of P2X7R and IL-1β. RESULTS IR-induced progressively decreased PWT and PWL values were closely related to decreases in miR-187-3p and increases in P2X7R expression levels over time. The functional miR-187-3p/P2X7R pair was preliminarily predicted by a bioinformatic database and confirmed in vivo by quantitative analysis, as mimic-187 greatly increased miR-187-3p but decreased P2X7R expression levels, whereas inhibitor-187 reversed these changes. In contrast, downregulating P2X7R by mimic-187 or A-438079 treatment comparably increased PWT and PWL values in IR-injured mice, while upregulating P2X7R by inhibitor-187 or BzATP treatment decreased PWT and PWL values in sham-operated mice. Moreover, P2X7R and IL-1β immunoreactivities in each group were changed in the same patterns. This finding was further supported by results showing that downregulating IL-1β by A-438079 and IL-1β-neutralizing antibody similarly decreased P2X7R, cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β expression levels, whereas BzATP treatment increased these levels. Expectedly, mimic-187 treatment preserved PWT and PWL values, with decreased cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β expression levels, whereas inhibitor-187 reversed these effects. CONCLUSIONS The spinal miR-187-3p/P2X7R pair functioned in a mouse IR model. Increasing miR-187-3p protected against pain hypersensitivity and mature IL-1β overproduction, partially through inhibiting P2X7R activation.
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27
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Soare AY, Durham ND, Gopal R, Tweel B, Hoffman KW, Brown JA, O'Brien M, Bhardwaj N, Lim JK, Chen BK, Swartz TH. P2X Antagonists Inhibit HIV-1 Productive Infection and Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-1β in a Human Tonsil Explant Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01186-18. [PMID: 30305360 PMCID: PMC6288349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly understood. Emerging literature has implicated proinflammatory purinergic receptors and downstream signaling mediators in HIV-1 infection. This study probed whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. An ex vivo human tonsil histoculture infection model was developed to support HIV-1 productive infection and stimulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study tests whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. The purinergic P2X1 receptor antagonist NF449, the purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested in HIV-1-infected human tonsil explants to compare levels of inhibition of HIV-1 infection and HIV-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production. All drugs limited HIV-1 productive infection, but P2X-selective antagonists (NF449 and A438079) significantly lowered HIV-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β. We further observed that P2X1- and P2X7-selective antagonists can act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Our findings highlight the differential effects of HIV-1 on inflammation in peripheral blood compared to those in lymphoid tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that P2X-selective antagonists act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Drugs that block these pathways can have independent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 infection and HIV-induced inflammation.IMPORTANCE Patients who are chronically infected with HIV-1 experience sequelae related to chronic inflammation. The mechanisms of this inflammation have not been elucidated. Here, we describe a class of drugs that target the P2X proinflammatory signaling receptors in a human tonsil explant model. This model highlights differences in HIV-1 stimulation of lymphoid tissue inflammation and peripheral blood. These drugs serve to block both HIV-1 infection and production of IL-10 and IL-1β in lymphoid tissue, suggesting a novel approach to HIV-1 therapeutics in which both HIV-1 replication and inflammatory signaling are simultaneously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Tweel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin W Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Martin E, Amar M, Dalle C, Youssef I, Boucher C, Le Duigou C, Brückner M, Prigent A, Sazdovitch V, Halle A, Kanellopoulos JM, Fontaine B, Delatour B, Delarasse C. New role of P2X7 receptor in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:108-125. [PMID: 29934546 PMCID: PMC6756107 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), act as an essential trigger for glial cell activation and the release of ATP, leading to the stimulation of purinergic receptors, especially the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). However, the involvement of P2X7R in the development of AD is still ill-defined regarding the dual properties of this receptor. Particularly, P2X7R activates the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β; however, P2X7R also induces cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein generating Aβ peptides or the neuroprotective fragment sAPPα. We thus explored in detail the functions of P2X7R in AD transgenic mice. Here, we show that P2X7R deficiency reduced Aβ lesions, rescued cognitive deficits and improved synaptic plasticity in AD mice. However, the lack of P2X7R did not significantly affect the release of IL-1β or the levels of non-amyloidogenic fragment, sAPPα, in AD mice. Instead, our results show that P2X7R plays a critical role in Aβ peptide-mediated release of chemokines, particularly CCL3, which is associated with pathogenic CD8+ T cell recruitment. In conclusion, our study highlights a novel detrimental function of P2X7R in chemokine release and supports the notion that P2X7R may be a promising therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Martin
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Majid Amar
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Carine Dalle
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ihsen Youssef
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Céline Boucher
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Duigou
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Matthias Brückner
- 0000 0004 0550 9586grid.438114.bCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Max Planck research group Neuroimmunology, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annick Prigent
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Sazdovitch
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2150 9058grid.411439.aAP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Annett Halle
- 0000 0004 0550 9586grid.438114.bCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Max Planck research group Neuroimmunology, 53175 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3Present Address: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean M. Kanellopoulos
- 0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bInstitut de Biologie Intégrative, I2BC-CNRS 9198, Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Structural Biology, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2150 9058grid.411439.aAP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.
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29
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Chen Y, Su B, Shang M. [Diagnostic value of P2X7 receptor and its role in inflammatory reaction in rheumatoid arthritis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1453-1458. [PMID: 30613013 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the diagnostic value of P2X7 receptor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its role in the inflammatory response. METHODS With the synovial tissues from 25 patients with bone and joint replacement as the control,the synovial tissues of 25 RA patients were examined for the relative expression of P2X7 receptor mRNA using qRT-PCR.In an immortalized RA synovial cell line (MH7A),the effect of P2X7 receptor knockdown via a small interfering RNA were examined on the productions of the inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6,and IL-8 using ELISA. RESULTS The RA patients showed significantly higher levels of P2X7 receptor mRNA expression in the synovial tissue than the control patients.P2X7 receptor had a good diagnostic value for RA.The expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-8 were positively correlated with the levels of P2X7 receptor in the synovial tissues of RA patients (P<0.001).In MH7A cells,P2X7 receptor knockdown obviously reduced the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS RA patients show elevated P2X7 receptor level in the synovial tissue, which has a good diagnostic value for RA.Blocking P2X7 receptor can inhibit inflammatory factor secretion and suppress inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Chen
- Xintang Hospital of Zengcheng District, Guangzhou 511340, China
| | - Baochang Su
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Mengqiao Shang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
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30
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Regulation of P2X7 receptor expression and function in the brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:153-163. [PMID: 30593878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of its prominent role in driving inflammatory processes, the ATP-gated purinergic P2X7 receptor has attracted much attention over the past decade as a potential therapeutic target for numerous human conditions, particularly diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease), psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and depression) and the neurological disease, epilepsy. Evidence stems from studies using experimental models and patient tissue showing changes in P2X7 expression and function under pathological conditions and beneficial effects provided by P2X7 antagonism. Apart from promoting neuroinflammation, P2X7, however, also impacts on other pathological processes in the brain, including cell death, hyperexcitability, changes in neurotransmitter release and neurogenesis. Reports also suggest a role for P2X7 in the maintenance of blood-brain-barrier integrity. It therefore comes as no surprise that the regulation of P2X7 expression and function is complex, providing tight control on P2X7 activation. Much progress has been made in understanding how P2X7 is regulated during physiological and pathological conditions and what the consequences are of pathological P2X7 expression and function. Regulatory mechanisms altering P2X7 expression include transcriptional and post-translational regulation including nucleotide polymorphisms, promoter regulation via DNA methylation, transcription factors (e.g. Sp1 and HIF-1α), the generation of different splice variants and receptor phosphorylation, glycosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, more recently, reports have also shown P2X7-targeting by microRNAs, blocking P2X7 translation into functional proteins. The present review provides a broad overview of what is known to-date about the complex regulation of P2X7 expression with a particular emphasis on the brain and how each of these regulatory mechanisms impacts on receptor function and pathology.
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31
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Zhao H, Chen Y, Feng H. P2X7 Receptor-Associated Programmed Cell Death in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1282-1295. [PMID: 29766811 PMCID: PMC6251042 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180516094500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is a life-threatening disease characterized by a sudden rupture of cerebral blood vessels, and cell death is widely believed to occur after exposure to blood metabolites or subsequently damaged cells. Recently, programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of stroke. However, the detailed mechanisms of these novel kinds of cell death are still unclear. The P2X7 receptor, previously known for its cytotoxic activity, is an ATP-gated, nonselective cation channel that belongs to the family of ionotropic P2X receptors. Evolving evidence indicates that the P2X7 receptor plays a pivotal role in central nervous system pathology; genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of the P2X7 receptor provide neuroprotection in various neurological disorders, including intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The P2X7 receptor may regulate programmed cell death via (I) exocytosis of secretory lysosomes, (II) exocytosis of autophagosomes or autophagolysosomes during formation of the initial autophagic isolation membrane or omegasome, and (III) direct release of cytosolic IL-1β secondary to regulated cell death by pyroptosis or necroptosis. In this review, we present an overview of P2X7 receptor- associated programmed cell death for further understanding of hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology, as well as potential therapeutic targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Freire D, Reyes RE, Baghram A, Davies DL, Asatryan L. P2X7 Receptor Antagonist A804598 Inhibits Inflammation in Brain and Liver in C57BL/6J Mice Exposed to Chronic Ethanol and High Fat Diet. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:263-277. [PMID: 30353422 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade neuroinflammation is increasingly implicated in organ damage caused by alcohol abuse. Purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) play an important role in the generation of inflammatory responses during a number of CNS pathologies as evidenced from studies using pharmacological inhibition approach. P2X7Rs antagonism has not been tested during chronic alcohol abuse. In the present study, we tested the potential of P2X7R antagonist A804598 to reduce/abolish alcohol-induced neuroinflammation using chronic intragastric ethanol infusion and high-fat diet (Hybrid) in C57BL/6J mice. We have previously demonstrated an increase in neuroinflammatory response in 8 weeks of Hybrid paradigm. In the present study, we found neuroinflammatory response to 4 weeks of Hybrid exposure. A804598 treatment reversed the changes in microglia and astrocytes, reduced/abolished increases in mRNA levels of number of inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, iNOS, CXCR2, and components of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as TLR2, CASP1, NF-kB1 and CREB1, as well in the protein levels of pro-IL-1β and Nf-kB1. The P2X7R antagonist did not affect the increase in mRNA levels of fraktalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1, an interaction that plays a neuroprotective role in neuron-glia communication. P2X7R antagonism also resulted in reduction of the inflammatory markers but did not alter steatosis in the liver. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how P2X7R antagonism suppresses inflammatory response in brain and liver but does not alter the neuroprotective response caused by Hybrid exposure. Overall, these findings support an important role of P2X7Rs in inflammation in brain and liver caused by combined chronic alcohol and high-fat diet. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freire
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, HCT 1520 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rachel E Reyes
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ared Baghram
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Bagatini MD, dos Santos AA, Cardoso AM, Mânica A, Reschke CR, Carvalho FB. The Impact of Purinergic System Enzymes on Noncommunicable, Neurological, and Degenerative Diseases. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4892473. [PMID: 30159340 PMCID: PMC6109496 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4892473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences show that purinergic signaling is involved in processes associated with health and disease, including noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases. These diseases strike from children to elderly and are generally characterized by progressive deterioration of cells, eventually leading to tissue or organ degeneration. These pathological conditions can be associated with disturbance in the signaling mediated by nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine, in expression or activity of extracellular ectonucleotidases and in activation of P2X and P2Y receptors. Among the best known of these diseases are atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The currently available treatments present limited effectiveness and are mostly palliative. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signaling highlighting the ectonucleotidases E-NTPDase, E-NPP, E-5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases associated with the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and cancer. In conclusion, changes in the activity of ectonucleotidases were verified in all reviewed diseases. Although the role of ectonucleotidases still remains to be further investigated, evidences reviewed here can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of highly complex diseases, which majorly impact on patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Mânica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ruedell Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kovács G, Környei Z, Tóth K, Baranyi M, Brunner J, Neubrandt M, Dénes Á, Sperlágh B. Modulation of P2X7 purinergic receptor activity by extracellular Zn 2+ in cultured mouse hippocampal astroglia. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:1-13. [PMID: 30098501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7R protein, a P2 type purinergic receptor functioning as a non-selective cation channel, is expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system in several regions of the brain. The activation of the P2X7R protein by ATP modulates excitatory neurotransmission and contributes to microglial activation, apoptosis and neuron-glia communication. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is highly concentrated in the synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic hippocampal neurons where free zinc ions released into the synaptic cleft alter glutamatergic signal transmission. Changes in both P2X7R-mediated signaling and brain zinc homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular zinc regulates P2X7R activity in the hippocampus. We observed that P2X7R is expressed in both neurons and glial cells in primary mouse hippocampal neuron-glia culture. Propidium iodide (PI) uptake through large pores formed by pannexins and P2X7R was dose-dependently inhibited by extracellular zinc ions. Calcium influx mediated by P2X7R in glial cells was also reduced by free zinc ions. Interestingly, no calcium influx was detected in response to ATP or 3'-O-(4-Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) in neurons despite the expression of P2X7R at the plasma membrane. Our results show that free zinc ions can modulate hippocampal glial purinergic signaling, and changes in the activity of P2X7R may contribute to the development of depression-like behaviors associated with zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Neubrandt
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Tochitsky I, Kienzler MA, Isacoff E, Kramer RH. Restoring Vision to the Blind with Chemical Photoswitches. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10748-10773. [PMID: 29874052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affect millions of people around the world and lead to irreversible vision loss if left untreated. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed over the years to treat these diseases or restore vision to already blind patients. In this Review, we describe the development and translational application of light-sensitive chemical photoswitches to restore visual function to the blind retina and compare the translational potential of photoswitches with other vision-restoring therapies. This therapeutic strategy is enabled by an efficient fusion of chemical synthesis, chemical biology, and molecular biology and is broadly applicable to other biological systems. We hope this Review will be of interest to chemists as well as neuroscientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tochitsky
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Neurobiology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Maine , Orono , Maine 04469 , United States
| | - Ehud Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Bioscience Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Savio LEB, de Andrade Mello P, da Silva CG, Coutinho-Silva R. The P2X7 Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: Angel or Demon? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29467654 PMCID: PMC5808178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the cells, ATP and related nucleotides/nucleoside generated by ectonucleotidases mediate a high evolutionary conserved signaling system: the purinergic signaling, which is involved in a variety of pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases. Extracellular ATP has been considered an endogenous adjuvant that can initiate inflammation by acting as a danger signal through the activation of purinergic type 2 receptors-P2 receptors (P2Y G-protein coupled receptors and P2X ligand-gated ion channels). Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 receptor is the most extensively studied from an immunological perspective, being involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. P2X7 receptor activation induces large-scale ATP release via its intrinsic ability to form a membrane pore or in association with pannexin hemichannels, boosting purinergic signaling. ATP acting via P2X7 receptor is the second signal to the inflammasome activation, inducing both maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, and the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Furthermore, the P2X7 receptor is involved in caspases activation, as well as in apoptosis induction. During adaptive immune response, P2X7 receptor modulates the balance between the generation of T helper type 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Therefore, this receptor is involved in several inflammatory pathological conditions. In infectious diseases and cancer, P2X7 receptor can have different and contrasting effects, being an angel or a demon depending on its level of activation, cell studied, type of pathogen, and severity of infection. In neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, P2X7 upregulation and function appears to contribute to disease progression. In this review, we deeply discuss P2X7 receptor dual function and its pharmacological modulation in the context of different pathologies, and we also highlight the P2X7 receptor as a potential target to treat inflammatory related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E B Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cleide Gonçalves da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Involvement of P2X 7 Receptor in Proliferation and Migration of Human Glioma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8591397. [PMID: 29546069 PMCID: PMC5818963 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8591397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) results in the proliferation and migration of some types of tumor. Here, we asked whether and how the activated P2X7R contribute to proliferation and migration of human glioma cells. Results showed that the number of P2X7R positive cells was increasing with grade of tumor. In U87 and U251 human glioma cell lines, both expressed P2X7R and the expression was enhanced by 3′-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) ATP (BzATP), the agonist of P2X7R, and siRNA. Our results also showed that 10 μM BzATP was sufficient to induce the proliferation of glioma cell significantly, while the cell proliferation reached the peak with 100 μM BzATP. Also, the migration of U87 and U251 cells was significantly increased upon BzATP treatment. However, the number of apoptotic cells of U87 and U251 was not significantly changed by BzATP. In addition, the expression of ERK, p-ERK, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein was increased in BzATP-treated U87 and U251 glioma cells. PD98059, an inhibitor of the MEK/ERK pathway, blocked the increased proliferation and migration of glioma cells activated by BzATP. These results suggest that ERK pathway is involved in the proliferation and migration of glioma cells induced by P2X7R activation.
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Bezine M, Debbabi M, Nury T, Ben-Khalifa R, Samadi M, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Vejux A, Raas Q, de Sèze J, Moreau T, El-Ayeb M, Lizard G. Evidence of K+ homeostasis disruption in cellular dysfunction triggered by 7-ketocholesterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol, and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0) in 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:135-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhao H, Pan P, Yang Y, Ge H, Chen W, Qu J, Shi J, Cui G, Liu X, Feng H, Chen Y. Endogenous hydrogen sulphide attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation by suppressing the P2X7 receptor after intracerebral haemorrhage in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:163. [PMID: 28821266 PMCID: PMC5563049 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging studies have demonstrated the important physiological and pathophysiological roles of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) as a gasotransmitter for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. However, the effects of H2S on neuroinflammation after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), especially on the NLRP3 inflammasome, remain unknown. Methods We employed a Sprague–Dawley rat of collagenase-induced ICH in the present study. The time course of H2S content and the spatial expression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) after ICH, the effects of endogenous and exogenous H2S after ICH, the effects of endogenous and exogenous H2S on NLRP3 inflammasome activation under P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) overexpression after ICH, and the involvement of the P2X7R in the mechanism by which microglia-derived H2S prevented NLRP3 inflammasome activation were investigated. Results We found ICH induced significant downregulation of endogenous H2S production in the brain, which may be the result of decreasing in CBS, the predominant cerebral H2S-generating enzyme. Administration of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), a CBS-specific agonist, or sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a classical exogenous H2S donor, not only restored brain and plasma H2S content but also attenuated brain oedema, microglial accumulation and neurological deficits at 1 day post-ICH by inhibiting the P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome cascade. Endogenous H2S production, which was derived mainly by microglia and above treatments, was verified by adenovirus-overexpressed P2X7R and in vitro primary microglia studies. Conclusions These results indicated endogenous H2S synthesis was impaired after ICH, which plays a pivotal role in the P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome-associated neuroinflammatory response in the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury. Maintaining appropriate H2S concentrations in the central nervous system may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for managing post-ICH secondary brain injury and associated neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pengyu Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiantao Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gaoyu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Naik AA, Patro N, Seth P, Patro IK. Intra-generational protein malnutrition impairs temporal astrogenesis in rat brain. Biol Open 2017; 6:931-942. [PMID: 28546341 PMCID: PMC5550907 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of information on astrogenesis following stressor effect, notwithstanding the imperative roles of astroglia in normal physiology and pathophysiology, incited us to assess temporal astrogenesis and astrocyte density in an intra-generational protein malnutrition (PMN) rat model. Standard immunohistochemical procedures for glial lineage markers and their intensity measurements, and qRT-PCR studies, were performed to reveal the spatio-temporal origin and density of astrocytes. Reduced A2B5+ glia restricted precursor population in ventricles and caused poor dissemination to cortex at embryonic days (E)11-14, and low BLBP+ secondary radial glia in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of E16 low protein (LP) brains reflect compromised progenitor pooling. Contrary to large-sized BLBP+ gliospheres in high protein (HP) brains at E16, small gliospheres and discrete BLBP+ cells in LP brains evidence loss of colonization and low proliferative potential. Delayed emergence of GFAP expression, precocious astrocyte maturation and significantly reduced astrocyte number suggest impaired temporal and compromised astrogenesis within LP-F1 brains. Our findings of protein deprivation induced impairments in temporal astrogenesis, compromised density and astrocytic dysfunction, strengthen the hypothesis of astrocytes as possible drivers of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study may increase our understanding of stressor-associated brain development, opening up windows for effective therapeutic interventions against debilitating neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary: Maternal protein deprivation results in low progenitor pooling, and delayed and compromised astrogenesis, suggesting astrocyte impairment as a driver of neurological diseases owing to their imperative roles in normal and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad Naik
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India .,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
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Caglayan B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Yalcin E, Beker M, Kelestemur T, Sertel E, Ozturk G, Kilic U, Sahin F, Kilic E. Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:23-31. [PMID: 28669743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting data in the literature about the function of P2X7R in survival following ischemia necessitates the conductance of in-depth studies. To investigate the impacts of activation vs inhibition of the receptor on neuronal survival as well as the downstream signaling cascades, in addition to optic nerve transection (ONT), 30min and 90min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models were performed in mice. Intracellular calcium levels were assessed in primary cortical neuron cultures. Here, we show that P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) decreased DNA fragmentation, infarct volume, brain swelling, neurological deficit scores and activation of microglial cells after focal cerebral ischemia. BBG also significantly increased the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after ONT and the number of surviving neurons following MCAo. Importantly, receptor agonist BzATP resulted in increased activation of microglial cells and induced phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and JNK. These results indicated that inhibition of P2X7R with BBG promoted neuronal survival, not through the activation of survival kinase pathways, but possibly by improved intracellular Ca2+ overload and decreased the levels of Caspase 1, IL-1β and Bax proteins. On the other hand, BzATP-mediated increased number of activated microglia and increased survival kinase levels in addition to increased caspase-1 and IL-1β levels indicate the complex nature of the P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa C Beker
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Beker
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Dept. of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Sertel
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Ozturk
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Yeditepe University, Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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P2X7 receptor large pore signaling in avian Müller glial cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:215-229. [PMID: 28573491 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP is a pleiotropic molecule that promotes extra- and intracellular signaling to regulate numerous functions. This nucleotide activates purine and pyrimidine receptors at the plasma membrane, categorized as ionotropic P2X or G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) P2Y receptors. P2X are ligand-gated ion channel receptors, expressed in both retinal neurons and Müller cells leading to neuron-glia communication, calcium waves and neurovascular coupling. However, how P2X pore is formed upon ATP activation and how signaling pathways regulates the complex is still a matter of controversy. Here we studied the properties of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) using electrophysiology, single cell Ca2+ imaging, and dye uptake assay in purified avian Müller glia in culture. Our data show that ATP (or benzoyl-benzoyl ATP, BzATP) evoked large inward currents in patch-clamp studies while addition of P2X7R antagonist such as brilliant Blue G (BBG), abolished these currents. Ruthenium red (RU-2), a general transient receptor potential (TRP) inhibitor, reduced currents induced by ATP. Our data also point to the involvement of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CAMKII), microtubules or protein kinase C (PKC) modulating ATP-induced ionic current in Müller cells. We show that ATP induced Ca2+ influx, partially inhibited by P2X7R antagonists (oxidized ATP or BBG), and totally inhibited by blockers of other pores such as transient receptor potential (TRPs) or connexin hemichannel. Additionally, MAPK, PKC, PI3K or CAMKII inhibitors also are involved in the modulation of intracellular calcium signaling. Finally, ATP induced 80-90% of dye uptake in Muller glia cells, while oxidized ATP (oATP), BBG or A740003 inhibited this effect. We conclude that large conductance channel and other P2XRs are not involved in the ATP-induced dye uptake, but signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3-K, microtubules or PKC are involved in pore formation.
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TNF-α Mediates the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Propofol-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis Via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Rat Prefrontal Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:409-419. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ferrazoli EG, de Souza HDN, Nascimento IC, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Schwindt TT, Britto LR, Ulrich H. Brilliant Blue G, But Not Fenofibrate, Treatment Reverts Hemiparkinsonian Behavior and Restores Dopamine Levels in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:669-677. [PMID: 28403913 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x695227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and their projections to the striatum. Several processes have been described as potential inducers of the dopaminergic neuron death, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the death of dopaminergic neurons seems to be multifactorial, and its cause remains unclear. ATP-activating purinergic receptors influence various physiological functions in the CNS, including neurotransmission. Purinergic signaling is also involved in pathological scenarios, where ATP is extensively released and promotes sustained purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation and consequent induction of cell death. This effect occurs, among other factors, by oxidative stress and during the inflammatory response. On the other hand, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression and activity upregulation of this protein has been related with reduction of oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Therefore, P2X7R and PGC-1α are potential targets in the treatment of PD. Here hemiparkinsonism was induced by unilateral stereotactic injection of 6-OHDA in a rat model. After 7 days, the establishment of PD was confirmed and followed by treatment with the P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) or PGC-1α agonist fenofibrate. BBG, but not fenofibrate, reverted hemiparkinsonian behavior accompanied by an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra. Our results suggest that the P2X7R may be a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease.
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Hirata Y, Takahashi M, Kudoh Y, Kano K, Kawana H, Makide K, Shinoda Y, Yabuki Y, Fukunaga K, Aoki J, Noguchi T, Matsuzawa A. trans-Fatty acids promote proinflammatory signaling and cell death by stimulating the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-p38 pathway. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8174-8185. [PMID: 28360100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-borne trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are mainly produced as byproducts during food manufacture. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that TFA consumption is a major risk factor for various disorders, including atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms in this disease etiology are largely unknown. Here we have shown that TFAs potentiate activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) induced by extracellular ATP, a damage-associated molecular pattern leaked from injured cells. Major food-associated TFAs such as elaidic acid (EA), linoelaidic acid, and trans-vaccenic acid, but not their corresponding cis isomers, dramatically enhanced extracellular ATP-induced apoptosis, accompanied by elevated activation of the ASK1-p38 pathway in a macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7. Moreover, knocking out the ASK1-encoding gene abolished EA-mediated enhancement of apoptosis. We have reported previously that extracellular ATP induces apoptosis through the ASK1-p38 pathway activated by reactive oxygen species generated downstream of the P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7). However, here we show that EA did not increase ATP-induced reactive oxygen species generation but, rather, augmented the effects of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-dependent ASK1 activation. These results demonstrate that TFAs promote extracellular ATP-induced apoptosis by targeting ASK1 and indicate novel TFA-associated pathways leading to inflammatory signal transduction and cell death that underlie the pathogenesis and progression of TFA-induced atherosclerosis. Our study thus provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of and proposes potential therapeutic targets for these TFA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0004 Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0004 Tokyo, Japan
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Munoz A, Yazdi IK, Tang X, Rivera C, Taghipour N, Grossman RG, Boone TB, Tasciotti E. Localized inhibition of P2X7R at the spinal cord injury site improves neurogenic bladder dysfunction by decreasing urothelial P2X3R expression in rats. Life Sci 2017; 171:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Barniol-Xicota M, Kwak SH, Lee SD, Caseley E, Valverde E, Jiang LH, Kim YC, Vázquez S. Escape from adamantane: Scaffold optimization of novel P2X7 antagonists featuring complex polycycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:759-763. [PMID: 28126517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The adamantane scaffold, despite being widely used in medicinal chemistry, is not devoid of problems. In recent years we have developed new polycyclic scaffolds as surrogates of the adamantane group with encouraging results in multiple targets. As an adamantane scaffold is a common structural feature in several P2X7 receptor antagonists, herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of multiple replacement options of adamantane that maintain a good activity profile. Molecular modeling studies support the binding of the compounds to a site close to the central pore, rather than to the ATP-binding site and shed light on the structural requirements for novel P2X7 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barniol-Xicota
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Seung-Hwa Kwak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Emily Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Valverde
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types including stem, blood, glial, neural, ocular, bone, dental, exocrine, endothelial, muscle, renal and skin cells. The P2X7 receptor induces various downstream events in a cell-specific manner, including inflammatory molecule release, cell proliferation and death, metabolic events, and phagocytosis. As such this receptor plays important roles in heath and disease. Increasing knowledge about the P2X7 receptor has been gained from studies of, but not limited to, protein chemistry including cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, crystal structures and atomic modeling, as well as from studies of primary tissues and transgenic mice. This chapter focuses on the P2X7 receptor itself. This includes the P2RX7 gene and its products including splice and polymorphic variants. This chapter also reviews modulators of P2X7 receptor activation and inhibition, as well as the transcriptional regulation of the P2RX7 gene via its promoter and enhancer regions, and by microRNA and long-coding RNA. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the post-translational modification of the P2X7 receptor by N-linked glycosylation, adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, this chapter reviews interaction partners of the P2X7 receptor, and its cellular localisation and trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Georgel P. Innate immune receptors in solid organ transplantation. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1071-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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How Azobenzene Photoswitches Restore Visual Responses to the Blind Retina. Neuron 2016; 92:100-113. [PMID: 27667006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene photoswitches confer light sensitivity onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in blind mice, making these compounds promising candidates as vision-restoring drugs in humans with degenerative blindness. Remarkably, photosensitization manifests only in animals with photoreceptor degeneration and is absent from those with intact rods and cones. Here we show that P2X receptors mediate the entry of photoswitches into RGCs, where they associate with voltage-gated ion channels, enabling light to control action-potential firing. All charged photoswitch compounds require permeation through P2X receptors, whose gene expression is upregulated in the blind retina. Photoswitches and membrane-impermeant fluorescent dyes likewise penetrate through P2X receptors to label a subset of RGCs in the degenerated retina. Electrophysiological recordings and mapping of fluorescently labeled RGC dendritic projections together indicate that photosensitization is highly selective for OFF-RGCs. Hence, P2X receptors are a natural conduit allowing cell-type-selective and degeneration-specific delivery of photoswitches to restore visual function in blinding disease.
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