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Akbarzadeh M, Riahi P, Saeidian AH, Zarkesh M, Masjoudi S, Asgarian S, Guity K, Moheimani H, Masoudi H, Roudbar MA, Khalili D, Hosseinpanah F, Barzin M, Hogan CT, Hakonarson H, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS, Azizi F. The Tehran longitudinal family-based cardiometabolic cohort study sheds new light on dyslipidemia transmission patterns. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4739. [PMID: 38413617 PMCID: PMC10899171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, as a metabolic risk factor, with the strongest and most heritable independent cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. We investigated the familial transmission patterns of dyslipidemia through a longitudinal family-based cohort, the Tehran Cardiometabolic Genetic Study (TCGS) in Iran. We enrolled 18,729 individuals (45% were males) aged > 18 years (mean: 38.15 (15.82)) and observed them over five 3-year follow-up periods. We evaluated the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the first measurement among longitudinal measures and the average measurements (AM) of the five periods. Heritability analysis was conducted using a mixed-effect framework with likelihood-based and Bayesian approaches. The periodic prevalence and heritability of dyslipidemia were estimated to be 65.7 and 42%, respectively. The likelihood of an individual having at least one dyslipidemic parent reveals an OR = 6.94 (CI 5.28-9.30) compared to those who do not have dyslipidemic parents. The most considerable intraclass correlation of family members was for the same-sex siblings, with ICC ~ 25.5%. For serum concentrations, heritability ranged from 33.64 to 60.95%. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that familial transmission of dyslipidemia in the Tehran population is strong, especially within the same-gender siblings. According to previous reports, the heritability of dyslipidemia in this population is considerably higher than the global average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Akbarzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Riahi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajedeh Masjoudi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Asgarian
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Guity
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Moheimani
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Homayoon Masoudi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Amiri Roudbar
- Department of Animal Science, Safiabad-Dezful Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Dezful, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Hosseinpanah
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Barzin
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carolyn T Hogan
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam S Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Puffenberger EG. Mendelian disease research in the Plain populations of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3322-3333. [PMID: 34532947 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Founder populations have long contributed to our knowledge of rare disease genes and phenotypes. From the pioneering work of Dr. Victor McKusick to today, research in these groups has shed light on rare recessive phenotypes, expanded the clinical spectrum of disease, and facilitated disease gene identification. Current clinical and research studies in these special groups augment the wealth of knowledge already gained, provide new insights into emerging problems such as variant interpretation and reduced penetrance, and contribute to the development of novel therapies for rare genetic diseases. Clinical developments over the past 30 years have altered the fundamental relationship with the Lancaster Plain communities: research has become more collaborative, and the knowledge imparted by these studies is now being harnessed to provide cutting-edge translational medicine to the very community of vulnerable individuals who need it most.
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Xiao W, Gong C, Liu X, Liu Y, Peng S, Luo D, Wang R, Li T, Zhao J, Xiong C, Liang S, Xu H. Association of P2X7R gene with serum lipid profiles in Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Climacteric 2019; 22:498-506. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1604654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - C. Gong
- Department of Science and Education, Chest Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - X. Liu
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - S. Peng
- Basic Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - D. Luo
- Basic Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - R. Wang
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - T. Li
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - J. Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - C. Xiong
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - S. Liang
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Montasser ME, O’Hare EA, Wang X, Howard AD, McFarland R, Perry JA, Ryan KA, Rice K, Jaquish CE, Shuldiner AR, Miller M, Mitchell BD, Zaghloul NA, Chang YPC. An APOO Pseudogene on Chromosome 5q Is Associated With Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. Circulation 2018; 138:1343-1355. [PMID: 29593015 PMCID: PMC6162188 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease via its contribution to the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Although the genetic basis of LDL-C has been studied extensively, currently known genetic variants account for only ≈20% of the variation in LDL-C levels. METHODS Through an array-based association analysis in 1102 Amish subjects, we identified a variant strongly associated with LDL-C levels. Using a combination of genetic analyses, zebrafish models, and in vitro experiments, we sought to identify the causal gene driving this association. RESULTS We identified a founder haplotype associated with a 15 mg/dL increase in LDL-C on chromosome 5. After recombination mapping, the associated region contained 8 candidate genes. Using a zebrafish model to evaluate the relevance of these genes to cholesterol metabolism, we found that expression of the transcribed pseudogene, APOOP1, increased LDL-C and vascular plaque formation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we propose that APOOP1 regulates levels of LDL-C in humans, thus identifying a novel mechanism of lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Alicia D. Howard
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rebecca McFarland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - James A. Perry
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Kathleen A. Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Dept of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Michael Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yen-Pei C. Chang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Hanson RL, Leti F, Tsinajinnie D, Kobes S, Puppala S, Curran JE, Almasy L, Lehman DM, Blangero J, Duggirala R, DiStefano JK. The Arg59Trp variant in ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) is associated with total and HDL-cholesterol in American Indians and Mexican Americans and differentially affects cleavage of ANGPTL3. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:128-37. [PMID: 27117576 PMCID: PMC4880492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a locus linked to total cholesterol (TC) concentration in Pima Indians on chromosome 19p. To characterize this locus, we genotyped >2000 SNPs in 1838 Pimas and assessed association with log(TC). We observed evidence for association with log(TC) with rs2278426 (3.5% decrease/copy of the T allele; P=5.045×10(-6)) in the ANGPTL8 (angiopoietin-like 8) gene. We replicated this association in 2413 participants of the San Antonio Mexican American Family Study (SAMAFS: 2.0% decrease per copy of the T allele; P=0.005842). In a meta-analysis of the combined data, we found the strongest estimated effect with rs2278426 (P=2.563×10(-7)). The variant T allele at rs2278426 predicts an Arg59Trp substitution and has previously been associated with LDL-C and HDL-C. In Pimas and SAMAFS participants, the T allele of rs2278426 was associated with reduced HDL-C levels (P=0.000741 and 0.00002, respectively), and the combined estimated effect for the two cohorts was -3.8% (P=8.526×10(-8)). ANGPTL8 transcript and protein levels increased in response to both glucose and insulin. The variant allele was associated with increased levels of cleaved ANGPTL3. We conclude that individuals with the variant allele may have lower TC and HDL-C levels due to increased activation of ANGPTL3 by ANGPTL8.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 8
- Angiopoietin-like Proteins/genetics
- Angiopoietin-like Proteins/metabolism
- Arginine/genetics
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Coronary Disease/blood
- Coronary Disease/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Female
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Indians, North American/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Male
- Mexican Americans/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Tryptophan/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hanson
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85014, United States
| | - Fatjon Leti
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Darwin Tsinajinnie
- Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85014, United States
| | - Sobha Puppala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Johanna K DiStefano
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have a long evolutionary history dating back to very basal unicellular eukaryotes. Almost every vertebrate is equipped with a set of different aGPCRs. Genomic sequence data of several hundred extinct and extant species allows for reconstruction of aGPCR phylogeny in vertebrates and non-vertebrates in general but also provides a detailed view into the recent evolutionary history of human aGPCRs. Mining these sequence sources with bioinformatic tools can unveil many facets of formerly unappreciated aGPCR functions. In this review, we extracted such information from the literature and open public sources and provide insights into the history of aGPCR in humans. This includes comprehensive analyses of signatures of selection, variability of human aGPCR genes, and quantitative traits at human aGPCR loci. As indicated by a large number of genome-wide genotype-phenotype association studies, variations in aGPCR contribute to specific human phenotypes. Our survey demonstrates that aGPCRs are significantly involved in adaptation processes, phenotype variations, and diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Wang YL, Sun LM, Zhang L, Xu HT, Dong Z, Wang LQ, Wang ML. Association between Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and myocardial infarction risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:852-8. [PMID: 26636027 PMCID: PMC4637359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Published data regarding the association between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variation and myocardial infarction (MI) risk were not always consistent. Therefore, the current meta-analysis was conducted to derive a more precise estimation of the association between ApoE polymorphism and MI risk. PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant studies. Summary odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect or fixed-effect models based on the heterogeneity of included studies. All the tests were performed using Stata 11.0. A total of 22 eligible studies were identified in this meta-analysis. The results show that ApoE ε2 and ε4 alleles were associated with MI risk. The study suggests that there is close association between ApoE polymorphism and MI risk. It shows that ApoE ε2 allele is a protective factor of MI, while ε4 allele is a risk factor of MI, especially in Caucasian and Asian population. Nevertheless, well-designed, unbiased and larger sample size studies are required to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Li-Ming Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Hai-Tao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Luo-Qing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Ming-Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222006, China
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8
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Gu W, Zhang M, Wen S. Association between the APOB XbaI and EcoRI polymorphisms and lipids in Chinese: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:123. [PMID: 26446158 PMCID: PMC4596460 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No previous meta-analysis was to report the association between the apolipoprotein B (APOB) XbaI and EcoRI polymorphisms and serum lipids in Chinese. We performed the study to investigate their potentially association. Methods and Results Studies in English and Chinese were found via a systematic search of Pubmed, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang databases. The dominant genetic model and random-effects model were used to pool data from individual studies. As a result, a total of 30 articles with 5611 subjects for XbaI and 2653 subjects for EcoRI were included in the current study. For the XbaI polymorphism, overall, subjects carrying X+ allele were significantly associated with higher TC,TG and LDL compared with X-X- genotype (Pvalue =0.0006, OR (95 %) = -0.55 (-0.86,-0.23); Pvalue = 0.0004, OR (95 %) = -0.30 (-0.47,-0.14); (Pvalue = 0.05, OR (95 %) = -0.23(-0.46,-0.00), respectively). Similar results were observed in the subgroups of Han, healthy individuals (HT), coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral infarction (CI), and cholelithiasis. For HDL, positive association between X+ allele with Lower lipid value was found in CHD and CI subgroups. For EcoRI polymorphism, overall, the E- allele carriers were found to be obviously linked with elevated LDL and lower HDL compared with E + E+ genotype (Pvalue = 0.02,OR (95 %) = -0.27 (-0.49,-0.05); Pvalue = 0.01, OR (95 %) = 0.17 (0.03, 0.30), respectively). TC was significantly high in subjects carrying E- allele in the subgroup of hyperlipidemia. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusions The two genetic variants of APOB may be associated with serum lipids in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingduo Zhang
- Department of cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Wen
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Wu J, Yin RX, Guo T, Lin QZ, Shen SW, Sun JQ, Shi GY, Wu JZ, Yang DZ, Lin WX. Gender-specific association between the cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein 4 rs4660293 single nucleotide polymorphism and serum lipid levels. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3476-3486. [PMID: 26005159 PMCID: PMC4526048 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein 4 (PABPC4) is an RNA-processing protein which has an important role in regulating gene expression. The association of the PABPC4 rs4660293 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and serum lipid profiles has, to the best of our knowledge, not previously been studied in the Chinese population. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the PABPC4 rs4660293 SNP and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Mulao and Han populations. A total of 727 individuals of Mulao nationality and 729 individuals of Han nationality were randomly selected from stratified randomized samples from a previous study by our group. Genotypes of the PABPC4 rs4660293 SNP were determined via polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and subsequently confirmed by direct sequencing. Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein (Apo) B were higher in the Mulao group than those in the Han group (P<0.01 for each). The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the PABPC4 rs4660293 SNP were significantly different between males and females in the Mulao population (P<0.05 for each), while no significant difference was detected between those of males and females amongst the Han population. The frequency of the G allele was higher in Mulao males than in Mulao females (22.12 vs. 13.44%). The G allele carriers were found to have higher total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ApoAI levels in Han females but not in Han males, and lower TC and HDL-C levels in Mulao females but not in Mulao males than those of the G allele non-carriers (P<0.05 for all). These associations were confirmed by multiple linear regression analysis (P<0.05–0.001). Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with multiple environmental factors (P<0.05–0.001). The PABPC4 rs4660293 SNP was associated with serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and ApoAI levels in these study populations; however, the association varied between the Mulao and Han populations. A gender-specific association was identified in the populations of the two ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Zhen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wen Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yuan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhen Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - De-Zhai Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xiong Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Jeenduang N, Porntadavity S, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M, Bier FF, Promptmas C. Two-dye based arrayed primer extension for simultaneous multigene detection in lipid metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 442:36-43. [PMID: 25591965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Numerous genetic risk factors in lipid metabolism, including mutations of LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9, as well as polymorphisms of CETP and APOE, have been found to associate with CVD. METHODS In this study, a two-dye based arrayed primer extension (APEX) microarray assay for simultaneous multigene (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, CETP, and APOE) detection was developed. The DNA templates, originating from 1 DNA sample of known genotype and 7 blind DNA samples, were amplified by uniplex PCR. RESULTS Optimized conditions for the APEX reaction were determined to include a hybridization temperature of 55°C and a DNA template size of 50-150bp. The total assay including PCR, purification, fragmentation, APEX reaction, and image analysis could be performed in 6h. In total, 48 genotypes were identified among 8 individual DNA samples by APEX analysis. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that this APEX microarray offers a robust, fast, and versatile option for screening these genotypes in hypercholesterolemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutjaree Jeenduang
- School of Allied Health Science and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand; Department of Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Sureerut Porntadavity
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Markus von Nickisch-Rosenegk
- Department of Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Frank F Bier
- Department of Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Chamras Promptmas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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11
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Aslibekyan S, Wiener HW, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL, O’Brien DM, Hopkins SE, Absher DM, Tiwari HK, Boyer BB. DNA methylation patterns are associated with n-3 fatty acid intake in Yup'ik people. J Nutr 2014; 144:425-30. [PMID: 24477300 PMCID: PMC3952620 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.187203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence links a high dietary intake of n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with improved cardiometabolic outcomes. Recent studies suggested that the biologic processes underlying the observed associations may involve epigenetic changes, specifically DNA methylation. To evaluate changes in methylation associated with n-3 PUFA intake, we conducted an epigenome-wide methylation association study of long-chain n-3 PUFA intake and tested associations between the diabetes- and cardiovascular disease-related traits. We assessed DNA methylation at ∼470,000 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in a cross-sectional study of 185 Yup'ik Alaska Native individuals representing the top and bottom deciles of PUFA intake. Linear regression models were used to test for the associations of interest, adjusting for age, sex, and community group. We identified 27 differentially methylated CpG sites at biologically relevant regions that reached epigenome-wide significance (P < 1 × 10⁻⁷). Specifically, regions on chromosomes 3 (helicase-like transcription factor), 10 (actin α 2 smooth muscle/Fas cell surface death receptor), and 16 (protease serine 36/C16 open reading frame 67) each harbored 2 significant correlates of n-3 PUFA intake. In conclusion, we present promising evidence of association between several biologically relevant epigenetic markers and long-term intake of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Havel
- Departments of Nutrition and,Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Departments of Nutrition and,Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Diane M. O’Brien
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK; and
| | - Scarlett E. Hopkins
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK; and
| | | | | | - Bert B. Boyer
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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12
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Yin YW, Sun QQ, Zhang BB, Hu AM, Liu HL, Wang Q, Hou ZZ. Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Chinese population: evidence from a meta-analysis of 40 studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66924. [PMID: 23826174 PMCID: PMC3691255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk which developed inconsistent conclusions. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship in Chinese population, we performed this meta-analysis. Methods Databases, including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CBMdisc and CNKI, were searched to get the genetic association studies. Additionally, hand searching of the references of identified articles were performed. All the statistical tests were performed using Review Manager 5.1.2 and Stata 11.0. Results We identified a total of 40 studies, including 4,564 CAD cases and 3,985 controls. The results showed evidence for significant association between ApoE ε4 allele and CAD risk (for ε2/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.42–2.43, p<0.00001; for ε3/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 2.07–2.65, p<0.00001; for ε4/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.87–4.47, p<0.00001; for ε4 allele vs. ε3 allele: OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.91–2.35, p<0.00001). Conclusions The present meta-analysis suggests an association between ApoE ε4 allele and increased risk of CAD in Chinese population. However, due to the small sample size in most of the included studies and the selection bias existed in some studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Yin
- Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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13
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Rodrigues AC, Sobrino B, Genvigir FDV, Willrich MAV, Arazi SS, Dorea EL, Bernik MMS, Bertolami M, Faludi AA, Brion MJ, Carracedo A, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Genetic variants in genes related to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and atorvastatin response. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 417:8-11. [PMID: 23247049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using candidate gene approach, we have investigated the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genes related to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis on dyslipidemia and atorvastatin response. METHODS The study included 157 patients treated with atorvastatin and 145 controls. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using SNPlex technology. RESULTS Allele and genotype disease association test revealed that APOB rs693 (OR: 2.2 [1.5-3.2], p=0.0001) and CD36 rs1984112 (OR: 3.7 [1.9-7.0], p=0.0002) SNPs were independent risk factors for hypercholesterolemia. Only APOB rs693 T variant allele was associated with increased LDL cholesterol levels (>160mg/dL). After atorvastatin treatment (10mg/day/4weeks), LIPC -514T allele was positively associated with LDL cholesterol reduction. CONCLUSION The current study reinforces the current knowledge that carrying APOB rs693 is an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and higher LDL levels. Furthermore, we found that a variant of CD36 was associated with dyslipidemia as a risk (rs1984112) factor. Finally, atorvastatin response could be predicted by LIPC -514C>T SNP and physical activity. In conclusion, our data evidences the contribution of genetic markers and their interaction with environmental factor in the variability of statin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Yan TT, Yin RX, Li Q, Huang P, Zeng XN, Huang KK, Wu DF, Aung LHH. Association of MYLIP rs3757354 SNP and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:141. [PMID: 23107276 PMCID: PMC3496621 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of rs3757354 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the E3 ubiquitin ligase myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein (MYLIP, also known as IDOL) gene and serum lipid levels is not well known in the general population. The present study aimed to detect the association of rs3757354 SNP and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. Method A total of 627 subjects of Bai Ku Yao minority and 614 participants of Han nationality were randomly selected from our stratified randomized cluster samples. Genotyping of the rs3757354 SNP was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. Results The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) AI and ApoB were lower in Bai Ku Yao than in Han (P < 0.05-0.001). The frequency of G allele was 49.92% in Bai Ku Yao and 56.27% in Han (P < 0.05). The frequencies of AA, GA and GG genotypes were 25.52%, 49.12% and 25.36% in Bai Ku Yao, and 19.87%, 47.72% and 32.41% in Han (P < 0.05); respectively. There were no significant differences in the genotypic and allelic frequencies between males and females in both ethnic groups. The levels of HDL-C in Bai Ku Yao were different among the genotypes (P < 0.05), the G allele carriers had higher serum HDL-C levels than the G allele noncarriers. The levels TC, HDL-C and ApoAI in Han were different among the genotypes (P < 0.05 for all), the participants with GA genotype had lower serum TC, HDL-C and ApoAI levels than the participants with AA genotype. These findings were found only in females but not in males. The levels of TG and HDL-C in Bai Ku Yao were correlated with the genotypes, whereas the levels of TC in Han, and TC, LDL-C in Han females were associated with the genotypes (P < 0.05 for all). Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with age, sex, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, and body mass index in both ethnic groups (P < 0.05-0.001). Conclusions The present study suggests that the MYLIP rs3757354 SNP is associated with serum TC, HDL-C and ApoAI levels in the Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. But the association is different between the two ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pyun JA, Kim S, Park K, Baik I, Cho NH, Koh I, Lee JY, Cho YS, Kim YJ, Go MJ, Shim E, Kwack K, Shin C. Interaction Effects of Lipoprotein Lipase Polymorphisms with Lifestyle on Lipid Levels in a Korean Population: A Cross-sectional Study. Genomics Inform 2012; 10:88-98. [PMID: 23105935 PMCID: PMC3480683 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2012.10.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an essential role in the regulation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and triglyceride levels, which have been closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. Genetic studies in European have shown that LPL single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are strongly associated with lipid levels. However, studies about the influence of interactions between LPL SNPs and lifestyle factors have not been sufficiently performed. Here, we examine if LPL polymorphisms, as well as their interaction with lifestyle factors, influence lipid concentrations in a Korean population. A two-stage association study was performed using genotype data for SNPs on the LPL gene, including the 3' flanking region from 7,536 (stage 1) and 3,703 (stage 2) individuals. The association study showed that 15 SNPs and 4 haplotypes were strongly associated with HDLC (lowest p = 2.86 × 10-22) and triglyceride levels (lowest p = 3.0 × 10-15). Interactions between LPL polymorphisms and lifestyle factors (lowest p = 9.6 × 10-4) were also observed on lipid concentrations. These findings suggest that there are interaction effects of LPL polymorphisms with lifestyle variables, including energy intake, fat intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption, as well as effects of LPL polymorphisms themselves, on lipid concentrations in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Pyun
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, Korea
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Gu HF, Ma J, Gu KT, Brismar K. Association of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:179. [PMID: 23346076 PMCID: PMC3551242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and diabetic nephropathy are complex diseases affected by genetic and environmental factors. Identification of the susceptibility genes and investigation of their roles may provide useful information for better understanding of the pathogenesis and for developing novel therapeutic approaches. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells and leukocytes in the immune system. The ICAM1 gene is located on chromosome 19p13 within the linkage region of diabetes. In the recent years, accumulating reports have implicated that genetic polymorphisms in the ICAM1 gene are associated with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Serum ICAM1 levels in diabetes patients and the icam1 gene expression in kidney tissues of diabetic animals are increased compared to the controls. Therefore, ICAM1 may play a role in the development of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we present genomic structure, variation, and regulation of the ICAM1 gene, summarized genetic and biological studies of this gene in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy and discussed about the potential application using ICAM1 as a biomarker and target for prediction and treatment of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvest F. Gu
- M1:03 Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Harvest F. Gu, M1:03 Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Karolin T. Gu
- Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium Odenplan SchoolStockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- M1:03 Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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Yan TT, Yin RX, Li Q, Huang P, Zeng XN, Huang KK, Aung LHH, Wu DF, Liu CW, Pan SL. Sex-specific association of rs16996148 SNP in the NCAN/CILP2/PBX4 and serum lipid levels in the Mulao and Han populations. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:248. [PMID: 22208664 PMCID: PMC3274493 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of rs16996148 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in NCAN/CILP2/PBX4 and serum lipid levels is inconsistent. Furthermore, little is known about the association of rs16996148 SNP and serum lipid levels in the Chinese population. We therefore aimed to detect the association of rs16996148 SNP and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Mulao and Han populations. METHOD A total of 712 subjects of Mulao nationality and 736 participants of Han nationality were randomly selected from our stratified randomized cluster samples. Genotyping of the rs16996148 SNP was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS The levels of apolipoprotein (Apo) B were higher in Mulao than in Han (P < 0.001). The frequencies of G and T alleles were 87.2% and 12.8% in Mulao, and 89.9% and 10.1% in Han (P <0.05); respectively. The frequencies of GG, GT and TT genotypes were 76.0%, 22.5% and 1.5% in Mulao, and 81.2%, 17.4% and 1.4% in Han (P <0.05); respectively. There were no significant differences in the genotypic and allelic frequencies between males and females in both ethnic groups. The levels of HDL-C, ApoAI, and the ratio of ApoAI to ApoB in Mulao were different between the GG and GT/TT genotypes in males but not in females (P < 0.01 for all), the subjects with GT/TT genotypes had higher serum levels of HDL-C, ApoAI, and the ratio of ApoAI to ApoB than the subjects with GG genotype. The levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ApoAI, and ApoB in Han were different between the GG and GT/TT genotypes in males but not in females (P < 0.05-0.001), the T allele carriers had higher serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ApoAI, and ApoB than the T allele noncarriers. The levels of HDL-C, ApoAI, and the ratio of ApoAI to ApoB in Mulao were correlated with the genotypes in males (P < 0.05-0.01) but not in females. The levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoAI and ApoB in Han were associated with the genotypes in males (P < 0.05-0.001) but not in females. Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with several enviromental factors in both ethnic groups (P < 0.05-0.001). CONCLUSIONS The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs16996148 SNP and the associations of the SNP and serum lipid levels are different in the Mulao and Han populations. Sex (male)-specific association of rs16996148 SNP in the NCAN/CILP2/PBX4 and serum lipid levels is also observed in the both ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ke Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ling Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Genetic variants at newly identified lipid loci are associated with coronary heart disease in a Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27481. [PMID: 22110658 PMCID: PMC3215720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have mapped several novel loci influencing blood lipid levels in Caucasians. We sought to explore whether the genetic variants at newly identified lipid-associated loci were associated with CHD susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a two-stage case-control study in a Chinese Han population. The first-stage, consisting of 1,376 CHD cases and 1,376 sex and age- frequency matched controls, examined 5 novel lipid-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from GWAS among Caucasians in relation to CHD risk in Chinese. We then validated significant SNPs in the second-stage, consisting of 1,269 cases and 2,745 controls. We also tested associations between SNPs within the five novel loci and blood lipid levels in 4,121 controls. We identified two novel SNPs (rs599839 in CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1 and rs16996148 in NCAN-CILP2) that were significantly associated with reduced CHD risk in Chinese (odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) in the dominant model 0.76 (0.61-0.90; P = 0.001), 0.67 (0.57-0.77; P = 3.4×10−8), respectively). Multiple linear regression analyses using dominant model showed that rs599839 was significantly associated with decreased LDL levels (P = 0.022) and rs16996148 was significantly associated with increased LDL and HDL levels (P = 2.9×10−4 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusions/Significance We identified two novel SNPs (rs599839 and rs16996148) at newly identified lipid-associated loci that were significantly associated with CHD susceptibility in a Chinese Han population.
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20
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Zhuang K, Zhang W, Zhang X, Wu F, Cheng L. Effects of SNPs at newly identified lipids loci on blood lipid levels and risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese Han population: a case control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:452. [PMID: 21823004 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Associations between "lipid-related" candidate genes, blood lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease (CHD) risk are not clear. We aimed to investigate the effect of three newly identified lipids loci from genome-wide association studies on CHD and blood lipid levels in Chinese Han population. The genotypes of SNPs at three newly identified lipid loci and blood lipids concentrations were examined in 1360 CHD patients and 1360 age- and sex-frequency matched controls from an unrelated Chinese Han population. Allele T of rs16996148 occurred less frequently in CHD patients with the odds ratio (OR) being 0.64 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.81), after adjusting for conventional risk factors and was associated with a 33% decreased CHD risk (P<0.01) comparing with the major allele G. Individuals with GT genotype had the lowest CHD risk. No associations were found between the polymorphisms of other two loci with CHD risk and all three SNPs had no effect on lipid profile in this population. SNP rs16996148 on chromosome 19p13 is significantly associated with lower risk for CHD in Chinese Han population. However, it remains unresolved why these lipid-related loci had significantly less effects than the correspondingly expected effects on blood lipids levels in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fangqin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Longxian Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Roberts R, Chen L, Wells GA, Stewart AFR. Recent success in the discovery of coronary artery disease genes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:609-15. [PMID: 21815781 DOI: 10.1139/y11-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, epidemiological studies have indicated that genetic predisposition accounts for approximately 50% of the susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) and its sequelae, including myocardial infarction. Since common diseases such as CAD are caused by multiple genes, the age-old method of linkage analysis used to map monogenic Mendelian disorders in families unfortunately lacks the required sensitivity. The technology to identify genes predisposing individuals to CAD and other common diseases did not become available until 2005. This technology provided computerized arrays containing hundreds of thousands of DNA markers in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This made it possible to pursue an unbiased approach referred to as genome-wide association studies. The first gene for CAD was simultaneously identified by 2 independent groups in 2007. In a very short interval, a total of 23 loci were mapped that were linked to increased risk for CAD. The results of these studies confirm that CAD is caused by multiple genes, each contributing minimal risk. The most exciting and novel findings are that these loci do not act through known risk factors for CAD and that the loci are more likely to be in DNA regions that regulate transcription rather than being in coding regions for protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roberts
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Uddin MJ, Duy DN, Cinar MU, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Juengst H, Looft C, Schellander K. Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride in pigs. BMC Genet 2011; 12:62. [PMID: 21752294 PMCID: PMC3146427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum lipids are associated with many serious cardiovascular diseases and obesity problems. Many quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been reported in the pig mostly for performance traits but very few for the serum lipid traits. In contrast, remarkable numbers of QTL are mapped for serum lipids in humans and mice. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the chromosomal regions influencing the serum level of the total cholesterol (CT), triglyceride (TG), high density protein cholesterol (HDL) and low density protein cholesterol (LDL) in pigs. For this purpose, a total of 330 animals from a Duroc × Pietrain F2 resource population were phenotyped for serum lipids using ELISA and were genotyped by using 122 microsatellite markers covering all porcine autosomes for QTL study in QTL Express. Blood sampling was performed at approximately 175 days before slaughter of the pig. Results Most of the traits were correlated with each other and were influenced by average daily gain, slaughter date and age. A total of 18 QTL including three QTL with imprinting effect were identified on 11 different porcine autosomes. Most of the QTL reached to 5% chromosome-wide (CW) level significance including a QTL at 5% experiment-wide (GW) and a QTL at 1% GW level significance. Of these QTL four were identified for both the CT and LDL and two QTL were identified for both the TG and LDL. Moreover, three chromosomal regions were detected for the HDL/LDL ratio in this study. One QTL for HDL on SSC2 and two QTL for TG on SSC11 and 17 were detected with imprinting effect. The highly significant QTL (1% GW) was detected for LDL at 82 cM on SSC1, whereas significant QTL (5% GW) was identified for HDL/LDL on SSC1 at 87 cM. Chromosomal regions with pleiotropic effects were detected for correlated traits on SSC1, 7 and 12. Most of the QTL identified for serum lipid traits correspond with the previously reported QTL for similar traits in other mammals. Two novel QTL on SSC16 for HDL and HDL/LDL ratio and an imprinted QTL on SSS17 for TG were detected in the pig for the first time. Conclusion The newly identified QTL are potentially involved in lipid metabolism. The results of this work shed new light on the genetic background of serum lipid concentrations and these findings will be helpful to identify candidate genes in these QTL regions related to lipid metabolism and serum lipid concentrations in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, Bonn, Germany
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Sanghera DK, Been LF, Ralhan S, Wander GS, Mehra NK, Singh JR, Ferrell RE, Kamboh MI, Aston CE. Genome-wide linkage scan to identify loci associated with type 2 diabetes and blood lipid phenotypes in the Sikh Diabetes Study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21188. [PMID: 21698157 PMCID: PMC3116872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, we have carried out an autosomal genome-wide linkage analysis to map genes associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and five quantitative traits of blood lipids including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides in a unique family-based cohort from the Sikh Diabetes Study (SDS). A total of 870 individuals (526 male/344 female) from 321 families were successfully genotyped using 398 polymorphic microsatellite markers with an average spacing of 9.26 cM on the autosomes. Results of non-parametric multipoint linkage analysis using S(all) statistics (implemented in Merlin) did not reveal any chromosomal region to be significantly associated with T2D in this Sikh cohort. However, linkage analysis for lipid traits using QTL-ALL analysis revealed promising linkage signals with p≤0.005 for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol at chromosomes 5p15, 9q21, 10p11, 10q21, and 22q13. The most significant signal (p = 0.0011) occurred at 10q21.2 for HDL cholesterol. We also observed linkage signals for total cholesterol at 22q13.32 (p = 0.0016) and 5p15.33 (p = 0.0031) and for LDL cholesterol at 10p11.23 (p = 0.0045). Interestingly, some of linkage regions identified in this Sikh population coincide with plausible candidate genes reported in recent genome-wide association and meta-analysis studies for lipid traits. Our study provides the first evidence of linkage for loci associated with quantitative lipid traits at four chromosomal regions in this Asian Indian population from Punjab. More detailed examination of these regions with more informative genotyping, sequencing, and functional studies should lead to rapid detection of novel targets of therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.
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Gillum DR, Staffileno BA. An integrative review of the current knowledge of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors in the Old Order Amish. J Transcult Nurs 2011; 22:182-90. [PMID: 21317401 DOI: 10.1177/1043659610395772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the uniqueness of the Amish culture and evaluate the published research on cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors in the Amish. METHOD A computerized database search from January 1999 to January 2009 was conducted using the search terms Amish and cardiovascular. RESULTS The majority of published research is based on the Amish in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; is genetically based; and did not make recommendations for health care practices in the Amish. CONCLUSIONS Studies that focus on cardiovascular disease in the Amish outside Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and that study cardiovascular health care practices of the Amish are needed to develop culturally specific educational interventions.
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Tejero ME, Voruganti VS, Cai G, Cole SA, Laston S, Wenger CR, Mac Cluer JW, Dyke B, Devereux R, Ebbesson SO, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Comuzzie AG. Pleiotropic effects on subclasses of HDL, adiposity, and glucose metabolism in adult Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:444-8. [PMID: 19950191 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the heritability and the presence of pleiotropic effects on subfractions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), parameters for adiposity, and glucose metabolism in adult Alaskan Eskimos. The present family study included 1,214 adult Alaskan Eskimos (537 male/677 female). Body weight, height, circumferences, selected skinfolds, and blood pressure were measured in all participants. Blood samples were collected under fasting conditions for the isolation of plasma. Glucose, insulin, subclasses and size of lipoproteins, triglycerides, total, and HDL cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) were measured in plasma. HbA1c was measured in total blood. Univariate and bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were conducted between HDL subclasses and size and the anthropometric and biochemical measures using the variance decomposition approach. Variation in all the analyzed traits exhibits a significant genetic component. Heritabilities ranged between 0.18 +/- 0.11 for LDL(2) (intermediate) and 0.89 +/- 0.07 for small HDL. No common genetic effects were found on the HDL subclasses (small, intermediate, and large). Small HDL particles were genetically correlated with LDL particles and HbA1c. Negative genetic correlations were observed between intermediate and large HDL subfractions, HDL size and measures of adiposity, and LDL and parameters for glucose metabolism (HbA1, insulin). These observations confirm the presence of possible pleiotropic effects on HDL, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors and provide novel insight on the relationship between HDL subclasses, adiposity, and glucose regulation.
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Guella I, Asselta R, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Mannucci PM, Tubaro M, Duga S. Effects of PCSK9 genetic variants on plasma LDL cholesterol levels and risk of premature myocardial infarction in the Italian population. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3342-9. [PMID: 20699424 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The R46L variant in the proprotein-convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene was associated with reduced levels of LDL and total cholesterol and with a lower risk of coronary artery disease. We investigated the association of R46L with myocardial infarction (MI) in 1,880 Italian patients with premature MI and 1,880 controls. A trend toward a protective effect of the L46 allele was observed [odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49-1.13; P = 0.17], although the association with MI was not significant. This is probably due to the combined effect of the low frequency of R46L among Italians and of the young age of the analyzed cohort for whom the impact of coronary atherosclerosis is less important. This hypothesis was indirectly confirmed by the significant association found after including 1,056 additional older controls (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.46-0.97; P = 0.036). LDL cholesterol was significantly lower in L46 carriers (116.2 ± 34.7 mg/dl) than in noncarriers (137.4 ± 47.3 mg/dl; P = 0.00022); a similar reduction was observed for total cholesterol (191.7 ± 37.7 vs. 211.7 ± 49 mg/dl; P = 0.00019). Analysis of 23 additional polymorphisms in the PCSK9 region identified another single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs11206510) associated with cholesterol levels. We confirmed that the L46 allele not only decreases LDL cholesterol but also protects against MI. Moreover, we replicated the association of total and LDL cholesterol with the SNP rs11206510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Guella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lee WJ, Pollin TI, O'Connell JR, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA. PedHunter 2.0 and its usage to characterize the founder structure of the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:68. [PMID: 20433770 PMCID: PMC2880975 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because they are a closed founder population, the Old Order Amish (OOA) of Lancaster County have been the subject of many medical genetics studies. We constructed four versions of Anabaptist Genealogy Database (AGDB) using three sources of genealogies and multiple updates. In addition, we developed PedHunter, a suite of query software that can solve pedigree-related problems automatically and systematically. METHODS We report on how we have used new features in PedHunter to quantify the number and expected genetic contribution of founders to the OOA. The queries and utility of PedHunter programs are illustrated by examples using AGDB in this paper. For example, we calculated the number of founders expected to be contributing genetic material to the present-day living OOA and estimated the mean relative founder representation for each founder. New features in PedHunter also include pedigree trimming and pedigree renumbering, which should prove useful for studying large pedigrees. RESULTS With PedHunter version 2.0 querying AGDB version 4.0, we identified 34,160 presumed living OOA individuals and connected them into a 14-generation pedigree descending from 554 founders (332 females and 222 males) after trimming. From the analysis of cumulative mean relative founder representation, 128 founders (78 females and 50 males) accounted for over 95% of the mean relative founder contribution among living OOA descendants. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The OOA are a closed founder population in which a modest number of founders account for the genetic variation present in the current OOA population. Improvements to the PedHunter software will be useful in future studies of both the OOA and other populations with large and computerized genealogies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei-Jyh Lee
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Richa Agarwala
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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Genome scan for loci regulating HDL cholesterol levels in Finnish extended pedigrees with early coronary heart disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 18:604-13. [PMID: 19935834 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. Its risk is inversely correlated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and approximately 50% of the variability in these levels is genetically determined. In this study, the aim was to carry out a whole-genome scan for the loci regulating plasma HDL-C levels in 35 well-defined Finnish extended pedigrees (375 members genotyped) with probands having low HDL-C levels and premature CHD. The additive genetic heritability of HDL-C was 43%. A variance component analysis revealed four suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for HDL-C levels, with the highest LOD score, 3.1, at the chromosomal locus 4p12. Other suggestive LOD scores were 2.1 at 2q33, 2.1 at 6p24 and 2.0 at 17q25. Three suggestive loci for the qualitative low HDL-C trait were found, with a nonparametric multipoint score of 2.6 at the chromosomal locus 10p15.3, 2.5 at 22q11 and 2.1 at 6p12. After correction for statin use, the strongest evidence of linkage was shown on chromosomes 4p12, 6p24, 6p12, 15q22 and 22q11. To search for the underlying gene on chromosome 6, we analyzed two functional and positional candidate genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARD), and retinoid X receptor beta, (RXRB)), but found no significant evidence of association. In conclusion, we identified seven chromosomal regions for HDL-C regulation exceeding the level for suggestive evidence of linkage.
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Abstract
The Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite populations of Pennsylvania are descended from Swiss Anabaptist immigrants who came to the New World in the early eighteenth century. Today they live in many small endogamous demes across North America. Genetically, these demes have dissimilar allele frequencies and disease spectra owing to unique founders. Biological and social aspects of Old Order communities make them ideal for studies in population genetics and genomic medicine, and over the last 40 years, advances in genomic science coincided with investigational studies in Plain populations. Newer molecular genetic technologies are sufficiently informative, rapid, and flexible to use in a clinical setting, and we have successfully integrated these tools into a rural pediatric practice. Our studies with the Pennsylvania Plain communities show that population-specific genetic knowledge provides a powerful framework in which to prevent disease, reduce medical costs, and create new insights into human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, Pennsylvania 17579, USA.
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Strait JB, Uda M, Lakatta EG, Najjar SS. Using new tools to define the genetic underpinnings of risky traits associated with coronary artery disease: the SardiNIA study. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19:69-75. [PMID: 19679263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genomewide association studies are increasingly being applied to search for novel genes that might underlie cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we briefly review the principles that underlie modern genetic analyses and provide several illustrations from the SardiNIA study of genomewide association studies for cardiovascular risk factor traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Strait
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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A genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting serum glucose and lipids in a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross F2 population. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:386-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coletta DK, Schneider J, Hu SL, Dyer TD, Puppala S, Farook VS, Arya R, Lehman DM, Blangero J, DeFronzo RA, Duggirala R, Jenkinson CP. Genome-wide linkage scan for genes influencing plasma triglyceride levels in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study. Diabetes 2009; 58:279-84. [PMID: 18931038 PMCID: PMC2606886 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated plasma triglyceride concentration is a component of the insulin resistance syndrome and is commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and coronary heart disease. The goal of our study was to perform a genome-wide linkage scan to identify genetic regions that influence variation in plasma triglyceride levels in families that are enriched with individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used phenotypic and genotypic data from 1,026 individuals distributed across 294 Mexican-American families, who were ascertained for type 2 diabetes, from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES). Plasma triglyceride values were transformed, and a variance-components technique was used to conduct multipoint linkage analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for the significant effects of sex and BMI, heritability for plasma triglycerides was estimated as 46 +/- 7% (P < 0.0001). Multipoint linkage analysis yielded the strongest evidence for linkage of plasma triglycerides near marker D12S391 on chromosome 12p (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 2.4). Our linkage signal on chromosome 12p provides independent replication of a similar finding in another Mexican-American sample from the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study (SAFDS). Combined multipoint linkage analysis of the VAGES and SAFDS data yielded significant evidence for linkage of plasma triglycerides to a genetic location between markers GATA49D12 and D12S391 on 12p (LOD = 3.8, empirical P value = 2.0 x 10(-5)). This region on 12p harbors the gene-encoding adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), where we previously have shown that multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with plasma triglyceride concentrations in the SAFDS. In the present study, we provided suggestive evidence in favor of association for rs929434 with triglyceride concentrations in the VAGES. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results provide strong evidence for a major locus on chromosome 12p that influences plasma triglyceride levels in Mexican Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn K Coletta
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Gallardo D, Pena RN, Amills M, Varona L, Ramírez O, Reixach J, Díaz I, Tibau J, Soler J, Prat-Cuffi JM, Noguera JL, Quintanilla R. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride serum concentrations in pigs. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:199-209. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90249.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine mapping of polymorphisms influencing cholesterol (CT), triglyceride (TG), and lipoprotein serum levels in human and mouse has provided a wealth of knowledge about the complex genetic architecture of these traits. The extension of these genetic analyses to pigs would be of utmost importance since they constitute a valuable biological and clinical model for the study of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. In the present work, we performed a whole genome scan for serum lipid traits in a half-sib Duroc pig population of 350 individuals. Phenotypic registers included total CT, TG, and low (LDL)- and high (HDL)-density lipoprotein serum concentrations at 45 and 190 days of age. This approach allowed us to identify two genomewide significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for HDL-to-LDL ratio at 45 days (SSC6, 84 cM) and for TG at 190 days (SSC4, 23 cM) as well as a number of chromosomewide significant QTL. The comparison of QTL locations at 45 and 190 days revealed a notable lack of concordance at these two time points, suggesting that the effects of these QTL are age specific. Moreover, we have observed a considerable level of correspondence among the locations of the most significant porcine lipid QTL and those identified in humans. This finding might suggest that, in mammals, diverse polymorphisms located in a common set of genes are involved in the genetic variation of serum lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gallardo
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
| | - Ramona N. Pena
- Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Lleida
| | - Marcel Amills
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
| | - Luis Varona
- Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Lleida
| | - Oscar Ramírez
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
| | | | | | - Joan Tibau
- Control i Avaluació de Porcí, IRTA, Monells
| | | | | | - José L. Noguera
- Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Lleida
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Lleida
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Bellis C, Cox HC, Dyer TD, Charlesworth JC, Begley KN, Quinlan S, Lea RA, Heath SC, Blangero J, Griffiths LR. Linkage mapping of CVD risk traits in the isolated Norfolk Island population. Hum Genet 2008; 124:543-52. [PMID: 18975005 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the underlying genetic architecture of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk traits, we undertook a genome-wide linkage scan to identify CVD quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in 377 individuals from the Norfolk Island population. The central aim of this research focused on the utilization of a genetically and geographically isolated population of individuals from Norfolk Island for the purposes of variance component linkage analysis to identify QTLs involved in CVD risk traits. Substantial evidence supports the involvement of traits such as systolic and diastolic blood pressures, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, body mass index and triglycerides as important risk factors for CVD pathogenesis. In addition to the environmental influences of poor diet, reduced physical activity, increasing age, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, many studies have illustrated a strong involvement of genetic components in the CVD phenotype through family and twin studies. We undertook a genome scan using 400 markers spaced approximately 10 cM in 600 individuals from Norfolk Island. Genotype data was analyzed using the variance components methods of SOLAR. Our results gave a peak LOD score of 2.01 localizing to chromosome 1p36 for systolic blood pressure and replicated previously implicated loci for other CVD relevant QTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bellis
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast PMB 50, GCMC Bundall 9726, Gold Coast, Australia.
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Ma J, Zhang D, Brismar K, Efendic S, Gu HF. Evaluation of the association between the common E469K polymorphism in the ICAM-1 gene and diabetic nephropathy among type 1 diabetic patients in GoKinD population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:47. [PMID: 18505543 PMCID: PMC2424038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The ICAM-1 gene is a strong positional and biological candidate for susceptibility to the development of T1D and DN. We have recently demonstrated that SNP rs5498(E469K) confers susceptibility to the development of T1D and might be associated with DN in Swedish Caucasians. The present study aimed to further evaluate the association between the ICAM-1 genetic polymorphisms and DN. Methods Two common non-synonymous SNPs, including rs5498(E469K) and rs1799969(R241G), in the ICAM-1 gene were genotyped in 662 (312 female/350 male) T1D patients with DN and 620 (369/251) without DN. All patients were selected from the GoKinD study. Results Genotype distributions of both SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but SNP rs5498(E469K) had high heterozygous index. In this SNP, the heterozygosity and positivity for the allele G were found to be significantly associated with DN in female T1D patients (P = 0.010, OR = 0.633, CI 95% 0.447–0.895 and P = 0.026, OR = 0.692, CI 95% 0.500–0.958). Furthermore, the female patients without DN carrying three genotypes A/A, A/G and G/G had different cystatin levels (0.79 ± 0.17, 0.81 ± 0.14 and 0.75 ± 0.12 mg/L, P = 0.021). No significant association of SNP rs1799969 (R241G) with DN was found. Conclusion The present study provides further evidence that SNP rs5498(E469K) in the ICAM-1 gene presents a high heterozygous index and the allele G of this polymorphism may confers the decreased risk susceptibility to the development of DN in female T1D patients among the GoKinD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Biros E, Karan M, Golledge J. Genetic variation and atherosclerosis. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:29-42. [PMID: 19424482 PMCID: PMC2674308 DOI: 10.2174/138920208783884856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A family history of atherosclerosis is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. The genetic factors underlying the importance of inheritance in atherosclerosis are starting to be understood. Genetic variation, such as mutations or common polymorphisms has been shown to be involved in modulation of a range of risk factors, such as plasma lipoprotein levels, inflammation and vascular calcification. This review presents examples of present studies of the role of genetic polymorphism in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Golledge
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU, Scuteri A, Bonnycastle LL, Clarke R, Heath SC, Timpson NJ, Najjar SS, Stringham HM, Strait J, Duren WL, Maschio A, Busonero F, Mulas A, Albai G, Swift AJ, Morken MA, Narisu N, Bennett D, Parish S, Shen H, Galan P, Meneton P, Hercberg S, Zelenika D, Chen WM, Li Y, Scott LJ, Scheet PA, Sundvall J, Watanabe RM, Nagaraja R, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ben-Shlomo Y, Davey-Smith G, Shuldiner AR, Collins R, Bergman RN, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Cao A, Collins FS, Lakatta E, Lathrop GM, Boehnke M, Schlessinger D, Mohlke KL, Abecasis GR. Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2008; 40:161-9. [PMID: 18193043 PMCID: PMC5206900 DOI: 10.1038/ng.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1247] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To identify genetic variants influencing plasma lipid concentrations, we first used genotype imputation and meta-analysis to combine three genome-wide scans totaling 8,816 individuals and comprising 6,068 individuals specific to our study (1,874 individuals from the FUSION study of type 2 diabetes and 4,184 individuals from the SardiNIA study of aging-associated variables) and 2,758 individuals from the Diabetes Genetics Initiative, reported in a companion study in this issue. We subsequently examined promising signals in 11,569 additional individuals. Overall, we identify strongly associated variants in eleven loci previously implicated in lipid metabolism (ABCA1, the APOA5-APOA4-APOC3-APOA1 and APOE-APOC clusters, APOB, CETP, GCKR, LDLR, LPL, LIPC, LIPG and PCSK9) and also in several newly identified loci (near MVK-MMAB and GALNT2, with variants primarily associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; near SORT1, with variants primarily associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; near TRIB1, MLXIPL and ANGPTL3, with variants primarily associated with triglycerides; and a locus encompassing several genes near NCAN, with variants strongly associated with both triglycerides and LDL cholesterol). Notably, the 11 independent variants associated with increased LDL cholesterol concentrations in our study also showed increased frequency in a sample of coronary artery disease cases versus controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristen J Willer
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Pollin TI, McBride DJ, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD, O'Connell JR. Investigations of the Y chromosome, male founder structure and YSTR mutation rates in the Old Order Amish. Hum Hered 2007; 65:91-104. [PMID: 17898540 PMCID: PMC2857628 DOI: 10.1159/000108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using Y chromosome short tandem repeat (YSTR) genotypes, (1) evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the Lancaster County Old Order Amish (OOA) genealogical records and (2) estimate YSTR mutation rates. METHODS Nine YSTR markers were genotyped in 739 Old Order Amish males who participated in several ongoing genetic studies of complex traits and could be connected into one of 28 all-male lineage pedigrees constructed using the Anabaptist Genealogy Database and the query software Ped-Hunter. A putative founder YSTR haplotype was constructed for each pedigree, and observed and inferred father-son transmissions were used to estimate YSTR mutation rates. RESULTS We inferred 27 distinct founder Y chromosome haplotypes in the 28 male lineages, which encompassed 27 surnames accounting for 98% of Lancaster OOA households. Nearly all deviations from founder haplotypes were consistent with mutation events rather than errors. The estimated marker-specific mutation rates ranged from 0 to 1.09% (average 0.33% using up to 283 observed meioses only and 0.28% using up to 1,232 observed and inferred meioses combined). CONCLUSIONS These data confirm the accuracy and completeness of the male lineage portion of the Anabaptist Genealogy Database and contribute mutation rate estimates for several commonly used Y chromosome STR markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Wu J, Province MA, Coon H, Hunt SC, Eckfeldt JH, Arnett DK, Heiss G, Lewis CE, Ellison RC, Rao DC, Rice T, Kraja AT. An investigation of the effects of lipid-lowering medications: genome-wide linkage analysis of lipids in the HyperGEN study. BMC Genet 2007; 8:60. [PMID: 17845730 PMCID: PMC2045675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of anti-hyperlipidemic medications compromises genetic analysis because of altered lipid profiles. We propose an empirical method to adjust lipid levels for medication effects so that the adjusted lipid values substitute the unmedicated lipid values in the genetic analysis. Results Published clinical trials were reviewed for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibric acid derivatives as mono-drug therapy. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors showed similar effects in African Americans (AA) and non-African Americans (non-AA) for lowering total cholesterol (TC, -50.7 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C, -48.1 mg/dl), and triglycerides (TG, -19.7 mg/dl). Their effect on increasing HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in AA (+0.4 mg/dl) was lower than in Non-AA (+2.3 mg/dl). The effects of fibric acid derivatives were estimated as -46.1 mg/dl for TC, -40.1 mg/dl for LDL-C, and +5.9 mg/dl for HDL-C in non-AA. The corresponding effects in AA were less extreme (-20.1 mg/dl, -11.4 mg/dl, and +3.1 mg/dl). Similar effect for TG (59.0 mg/dl) was shown in AA and non-AA. The above estimated effects were applied to a multipoint variance components linkage analysis on the lipid levels in 2,403 Whites and 2,214 AA in the HyperGEN study. The familial effects did vary depending on whether the lipids were adjusted for medication use. For example, the heritabilities increased after medication adjustment for TC and LDL-C, but did not change significantly for HDL-C and TG. Conclusion Ethnicity-specific medication adjustments using our empirical method can be employed in epidemiological and genetic analysis of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8506, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO63108, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8506, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO63108, USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John H Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Curtis Ellison
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Treva Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8506, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO63108, USA
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Arnett DK, Baird AE, Barkley RA, Basson CT, Boerwinkle E, Ganesh SK, Herrington DM, Hong Y, Jaquish C, McDermott DA, O'Donnell CJ. Relevance of Genetics and Genomics for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2007; 115:2878-901. [PMID: 17515457 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.183679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem in the United States and around the world. Evidence accumulated over decades convincingly demonstrates that family history in a parent or a sibling is associated with atherosclerotic CVD, manifested as coronary heart disease, stroke, and/or peripheral arterial disease. Although there are several mendelian disorders that contribute to CVD, most common forms of CVD are believed to be multifactorial and to result from many genes, each with a relatively small effect working alone or in combination with modifier genes and/or environmental factors. The identification and the characterization of these genes and their modifiers would enhance prediction of CVD risk and improve prevention, treatment, and quality of care. This scientific statement describes the approaches researchers are using to advance understanding of the genetic basis of CVD and details the current state of knowledge regarding the genetics of myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic CVD, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Current areas of interest and investigation--including gene-environment interaction, pharmacogenetics, and genetic counseling--are also discussed. The statement concludes with a list of specific recommendations intended to help incorporate usable knowledge into current clinical and public health practice, foster and guide future research, and prepare both researchers and practitioners for the changes likely to occur as molecular genetics moves from the laboratory to clinic.
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Fredriksson J, Anevski D, Almgren P, Sjögren M, Lyssenko V, Carlson J, Isomaa B, Taskinen MR, Groop L, Orho-Melander M. Variation in GYS1 interacts with exercise and gender to predict cardiovascular mortality. PLoS One 2007; 2:e285. [PMID: 17356695 PMCID: PMC1805686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muscle glycogen synthase gene (GYS1) has been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the metabolic syndrome (MetS), male myocardial infarction and a defective increase in muscle glycogen synthase protein in response to exercise. We addressed the questions whether polymorphism in GYS1 can predict cardiovascular (CV) mortality in a high-risk population, if this risk is influenced by gender or physical activity, and if the association is independent of genetic variation in nearby apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Polymorphisms in GYS1 (XbaIC>T) and APOE (-219G>T, epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4) were genotyped in 4,654 subjects participating in the Botnia T2D-family study and followed for a median of eight years. Mortality analyses were performed using Cox proportional-hazards regression. During the follow-up period, 749 individuals died, 409 due to CV causes. In males the GYS1 XbaI T-allele (hazard ratio (HR) 1.9 [1.2-2.9]), T2D (2.5 [1.7-3.8]), earlier CV events (1.7 [1.2-2.5]), physical inactivity (1.9 [1.2-2.9]) and smoking (1.5 [1.0-2.3]) predicted CV mortality. The GYS1 XbaI T-allele predicted CV mortality particularly in physically active males (HR 1.7 [1.3-2.0]). Association of GYS1 with CV mortality was independent of APOE (219TT/epsilon4), which by its own exerted an effect on CV mortality risk in females (2.9 [1.9-4.4]). Other independent predictors of CV mortality in females were fasting plasma glucose (1.2 [1.1-1.2]), high body mass index (BMI) (1.0 [1.0-1.1]), hypertension (1.9 [1.2-3.1]), earlier CV events (1.9 [1.3-2.8]) and physical inactivity (1.9 [1.2-2.8]). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Polymorphisms in GYS1 and APOE predict CV mortality in T2D families in a gender-specific fashion and independently of each other. Physical exercise seems to unmask the effect associated with the GYS1 polymorphism, rendering carriers of the variant allele less susceptible to the protective effect of exercise on the risk of CV death, which finding could be compatible with a previous demonstration of defective increase in the glycogen synthase protein in carriers of this polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fredriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dragi Anevski
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marketa Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joyce Carlson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Genetic Institute, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki and Malmska Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - for the Botnia Study Group
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Genetic Institute, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki and Malmska Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Malhotra A, Elbein SC, Ng MCY, Duggirala R, Arya R, Imperatore G, Adeyemo A, Pollin TI, Hsueh WC, Chan JCN, Rotimi C, Hanson RL, Hasstedt SJ, Wolford JK. Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage studies of quantitative lipid traits in families ascertained for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2007; 56:890-6. [PMID: 17327462 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is the predominant cause of mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. To date, nine linkage studies for quantitative lipid traits have been performed in families ascertained for type 2 diabetes, individually yielding linkage results that were largely nonoverlapping. Discrepancies in linkage findings are not uncommon and are typically due to limited sample size and heterogeneity. To address these issues and increase the power to detect linkage, we performed a meta-analysis of all published genome scans for quantitative lipid traits conducted in families ascertained for type 2 diabetes. Statistically significant evidence (i.e., P < 0.00043) for linkage was observed for total cholesterol on 7q32.3-q36.3 (152.43-182 cM; P = 0.00004), 19p13.3-p12 (6.57-38.05 cM; P = 0.00026), 19p12-q13.13 (38.05-69.53 cM; P = 0.00001), and 19q13.13-q13.43 (69.53-101.1 cM; P = 0.00033), as well as LDL on 19p13.3-p12 (P = 0.00041). Suggestive evidence (i.e., P < 0.00860) for linkage was also observed for LDL on 19p12-q13.13, triglycerides on 7p11-q21.11 (63.72-93.29 cM), triglyceride/HDL on 7p11-q21.11 and 19p12-q13.13, and LDL/HDL on 16q11.2-q24.3 (65.2-130.4 cM) and 19p12-q13.13. Linkage for lipid traits has been previously observed on both chromosomes 7 and 19 in several unrelated studies and, together with the results of this meta-analysis, provide compelling evidence that these regions harbor important determinants of lipid levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Malhotra
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Unit, Genetic Basis of Human Disease, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Familial occurrence of abnormalities of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Clin Lipidol 2007; 1:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ma J, Möllsten A, Prázny M, Falhammar H, Brismar K, Dahlquist G, Efendic S, Gu HF. Genetic influences of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) gene polymorphisms in development of Type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Diabet Med 2006; 23:1093-9. [PMID: 16978373 PMCID: PMC1618804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene is located on chromosome 19p13, which is linked to Type 1 diabetes (T1D). ICAM-1 expression is related to development of T1D and diabetic nephropathy. The present study aims to evaluate the genetic influence of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms on the development of T1D and diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Five valid single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 432 T1D patients (196 patients had diabetic nephropathy) and 187 non-diabetic control subjects by using dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) and pyrosequencing. RESULTS SNPs rs281432(C/G) and rs5498 E469K(A/G) had high heterozygous indexes. They were significantly associated with T1D [P = 0.026, OR = 1.644 (95% CI 1.138-2.376) and P < 0.001, OR = 2.456 (1.588-3.8)]. Frequencies of the C allele in SNP rs281432(C/G) and the A allele in SNP rs5498 E469K(A/G) increased stepwise from non-diabetic control subjects to T1D patients without diabetic nephropathy and T1D patients with diabetic nephropathy. Further analysis for these two SNPs indicated that T1D patients had increased frequency of the common haplotype C-A, in comparison with non-diabetic control subjects (38.1 vs. 32.1%, P = 0.035). CONCLUSION The present study provided evidence that SNPs rs281432(C/G) and rs5498 E469K(A/G) in the ICAM-1 gene confer susceptibility to the development of T1D and might also be associated with diabetic nephropathy in Swedish Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Bielinski SJ, Tang W, Pankow JS, Miller MB, Mosley TH, Boerwinkle E, Olshen RA, Curb JD, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Weder A, Arnett DK. Genome-wide linkage scans for loci affecting total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides: the Family Blood Pressure Program. Hum Genet 2006; 120:371-80. [PMID: 16868761 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis accounts for 75% of all deaths from cardiovascular disease and includes coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and other diseases of the arteries. More than half of all CHD is attributable to abnormalities in levels and metabolism of lipids. To locate genes that affect total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, genome-wide linkage scans for quantitative trait loci were performed using variance components methods as implemented in SOLAR on a large diverse sample recruited as part of the Family Blood Pressure Program. Phenotype and genetic marker data were available for 9,299 subjects in 2,953 families for total cholesterol, 8,668 subjects in 2,736 families for HDL, and 7,760 subjects in 2,499 families for triglycerides. Mean lipid levels were adjusted for the effects of sex, age, age2, age-by-sex interaction, body mass index, smoking status, and field center. HDL-C and triglycerides were further adjusted for average total alcoholic drinks per week and estrogen use. Significant linkage was found for total cholesterol on chromosome 2 (LOD=3.1 at 43 cM) in Hispanics and for HDL-C on chromosome 3 (LOD=3.0 at 182 cM) and 12 (LOD=3.5 at 124 cM) in Asians. In addition, there were 13 regions that showed suggestive linkage (LOD >or= 2.0); 7 for total cholesterol, 4 for HDL, and 2 for triglycerides. The identification of these loci affecting lipid phenotypes and the apparent congruence with previous linkage results provides increased support that these regions contain genes influencing lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette J Bielinski
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, West Bank Office Building Suite 300, 1300 South 2nd Street, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Wittenburg H, Lyons MA, Li R, Kurtz U, Wang X, Mössner J, Churchill GA, Carey MC, Paigen B. QTL mapping for genetic determinants of lipoprotein cholesterol levels in combined crosses of inbred mouse strains. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1780-90. [PMID: 16685081 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500544-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify additional loci that influence lipoprotein cholesterol levels, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in offspring of PERA/EiJxI/LnJ and PERA/EiJxDBA/2J intercrosses and in a combined data set from both crosses after 8 weeks of consumption of a high fat-diet. Most QTLs identified were concordant with homologous chromosomal regions that were associated with lipoprotein levels in human studies. We detected significant new loci for HDL cholesterol levels on chromosome (Chr) 5 (Hdlq34) and for non-HDL cholesterol levels on Chrs 15 (Nhdlq9) and 16 (Nhdlq10). In addition, the analysis of combined data sets identified a QTL for HDL cholesterol on Chr 17 that was shared between both crosses; lower HDL cholesterol levels were conferred by strain PERA. This QTL colocalized with a shared QTL for cholesterol gallstone formation detected in the same crosses. Haplotype analysis narrowed this QTL, and sequencing of the candidate genes Abcg5 and Abcg8 confirmed shared alleles in strains I/LnJ and DBA/2J that differed from the alleles in strain PERA/EiJ. In conclusion, our analysis furthers the knowledge of genetic determinants of lipoprotein cholesterol levels in inbred mice and substantiates the hypothesis that polymorphisms of Abcg5/Abcg8 contribute to individual variation in both plasma HDL cholesterol levels and susceptibility to cholesterol gallstone formation.
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Feitosa MF, Province MA, Heiss G, Arnett DK, Myers RH, Pankow JS, Hopkins PN, Borecki IB. Evidence of QTL on 15q21 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (NHLBI FHS). Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:232-7. [PMID: 16529751 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide linkage scan was conducted to identify regions potentially having quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We found suggestive evidence of a QTL (lod score (LOD)=1.75, p=0.00224, and q=0.07649) influencing the variation of plasma levels of age- and sex-adjusted HDL-cholesterol on chromosome 15q21 at marker D15S659 in the NHLBI FHS data. Owing to the perturbations to lipid profiles associated with diabetes, the analysis was repeated excluding diabetic subjects from the sample. The lod score increased from 1.75 to 2.71 (p=0.00021, q=0.05392) at the same chromosome 15 location, despite the reduction in sample size. This finding indicates that the inclusion of diabetic subjects in the analysis may confound the presence of a QTL for HDL-cholesterol on 15q21. Because of the known effects of important covariates such as metabolic variables and lifestyle habits that may interact with a putative QTL, we also analyzed HDL-cholesterol with a progressive adjustment. When body mass index, smoking, and habitual alcohol intake were added to age- and sex-adjustment, we found strong evidence for linkage in the complete sample (LOD=4.77, p=0.0000013, and q=0.00016) as well as in the non-diabetic sub-sample (LOD=4.52, p=0.0000025, and q=0.00026) on chromosome 15q21 (between D15S659 and D15S195 markers). These results suggest that there are multiple pathways and factors involving genetic and environmental effects influencing HDL-cholesterol levels, and by taking some of these known factors into account, we obtained strong evidence of a QTL influencing HDL-cholesterol levels. While this putative QTL may also have an effect in diabetes, our data suggest a more pronounced role in non-diabetics. A prominent candidate gene residing within the linkage region on 15q21 is hepatic lipase (HL), which has a major role in lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box 8067, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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Voruganti VS, Cai G, Cole SA, Freeland-Graves JH, Laston S, Wenger CR, MacCluer JW, Dyke B, Devereux R, Ebbesson SOE, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Comuzzie AG. Common set of genes regulates low-density lipoprotein size and obesity-related factors in Alaskan Eskimos: Results from the GOCADAN Study. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:525-31. [PMID: 16788905 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease in traditionally low-risk Alaskan Eskimos is a cause for concern. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental correlations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions with obesity-related factors in Alaskan Eskimos, using data from the first 954 participants of the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives Study. Estimates of genetic and environmental influence were calculated using a maximum likelihood variance component method implemented in SOLAR. Mean values of weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist were 73.4 +/- 0.5 kg, 27.6 +/- 0.2 kg/m2, and 88.0 +/- 0.4 cm, respectively. LDL, and its small (LDL1), medium (LDL2), and large (LDL3) subfractions, had mean values of 115.8 +/- 1.2 mg/dl, 8.3 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, 19.6 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, and 71.5 +/- 1.5 mg/dl, respectively. Bivariate analysis displayed significant genetic correlations between LDL subfractions and obesity-related factors: LDL1 with BMI (rhoG = 0.67, P < 0.05), waist (rhoG = 0.80, P < 0.001), and subscapular and tricep skinfolds (rhoG = 0.93, P < 0.005, and rhoG = 0.78, P < 0.05, respectively); LDL2 with BMI (rhoG = 0.52, P < 0.05), waist (rhoG = 0.46, P < 0.05), and tricep skinfold (rhoG = 0.60, P < 0.05); and mean LDL size with BMI (rhoG = -0.36), waist (rhoG = -0.42,), and subscapular and tricep skinfolds (rhoG = -0.44 and -0.43, respectively) (P < 0.005). These results show that a common set of genes is influencing LDL size and obesity-related factors in Alaskan Eskimos.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78227-5301, USA.
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Steinle NI, Pollin TI, O'Connell JR, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR. Variants in the ghrelin gene are associated with metabolic syndrome in the Old Order Amish. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:6672-7. [PMID: 16204371 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mature ghrelin has been shown to stimulate eating and to participate in the regulation of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Its gene, GHRL, is located on chromosome 3 in a region where we have shown linkage to eating behavior, percentage body fat, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in subjects of the Amish Family Diabetes Study. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether mutations in GHRL might influence eating behavior and risk for metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and related traits. DESIGN We genotyped 856 Amish samples for three missense polymorphisms in GHRL, Arg51Gln, Leu72Met (rs696217), and Gln90Leu (rs4684677) and performed association analyses with eating behavior traits and metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. SUBJECTS Our subjects were adult participants in the Amish Family Diabetes Study. RESULTS The allele frequencies of these variants were 0.03, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was lower among those carrying the 51Gln allele (3.8 vs. 15.8%; age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio = 0.22; P = 0.031). Hunger scores tended to be lower among 51Gln allele carriers but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). The Leu72Met variant was also associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (23.2 vs. 13.4%; age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio = 2.57; P = 0.02) as well as higher fasting glucose, lower high-density lipoprotein, and higher triglyceride levels (P = 0.02, P = 0.007, and P = 0.04, respectively). The two variants were not in linkage disequilibrium with each other, suggesting independent effects. We conclude that mutations in GHRL may confer risk for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette I Steinle
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Heijmans BT, Beekman M, Putter H, Lakenberg N, van der Wijk HJ, Whitfield JB, Posthuma D, Pedersen NL, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Slagboom PE. Meta-analysis of four new genome scans for lipid parameters and analysis of positional candidates in positive linkage regions. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:1143-53. [PMID: 16015283 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid levels in plasma strongly influence the risk for coronary heart disease. To localise and subsequently identify genes affecting lipid levels, we performed four genome-wide linkage scans followed by combined linkage/association analysis. Genome-scans were performed in 701 dizygotic twin pairs from four samples with data on plasma levels of HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and their major protein constituents, apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB). To maximise power, the genome scans were analysed simultaneously using a well-established meta-analysis method that was newly applied to linkage analysis. Overall LOD scores were estimated using the means of the sample-specific quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects inversely weighted by the standard errors obtained using an inverse regression method. Possible heterogeneity was accounted for with a random effects model. Suggestive linkage for HDL-C was observed on 8p23.1 and 12q21.2 and for ApoAI on 1q21.3. For LDL-C and ApoB, linkage regions frequently coincided (2p24.1, 2q32.1, 19p13.2 and 19q13.31). Six of the putative QTLs replicated previous findings. After fine mapping, three maximum LOD scores mapped within 1 cM of major candidate genes, namely APOB (LOD=2.1), LDLR (LOD=1.9) and APOE (LOD=1.7). APOB haplotypes explained 27% of the QTL effect observed for LDL-C on 2p24.1 and reduced the LOD-score by 0.82. Accounting for the effect of the LDLR and APOE haplotypes did not change the LOD score close to the LDLR gene but abolished the linkage signal at the APOE gene. In conclusion, application of a new meta-analysis approach maximised the power to detect QTLs for lipid levels and improved the precision of their location estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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