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Zhang Y, Liu K, Guo M, Yang Y, Zhang H. Negative regulator IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) and its roles in immune regulation of autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112400. [PMID: 38850793 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The decoy receptor interleukin 1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2), also known as CD121b, has different forms: membrane-bound (mIL-1R2), soluble secreted (ssIL-1R2), shedded (shIL-1R2), intracellular domain (IL-1R2ICD). The different forms of IL-1R2 exert not exactly similar functions. IL-1R2 can not only participate in the regulation of inflammatory response by competing with IL-1R1 to bind IL-1 and IL-1RAP, but also regulate IL-1 maturation and cell activation, promote cell survival, participate in IL-1-dependent internalization, and even have biological activity as a transcriptional cofactor. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the biological characteristics of IL-1R2 and discuss the expression and unique role of IL-1R2 in different immune cells. Importantly, we summarize the role of IL-1R2 in immune regulation from different autoimmune diseases, hoping to provide a new direction for in-depth studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Muyao Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
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2
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Kidder E, Gangopadhyay S, Francis S, Alfaidi M. "How to Release or Not Release, That Is the Question." A Review of Interleukin-1 Cellular Release Mechanisms in Vascular Inflammation. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032987. [PMID: 38390810 PMCID: PMC10944040 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, characterized by atherosclerotic activity within large and medium-sized arteries. Inflammation has been shown to be a primary driver of atherosclerotic plaque formation, with interleukin-1 (IL-1) having a principal role. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms of IL-1 release from cells in atherosclerotic plaques. A more in-depth understanding of the process of IL-1's release into the vascular environment is necessary for the treatment of inflammatory disease processes, as the current selection of medicines being used primarily target IL-1 after it has been released. IL-1 is secreted by several heterogenous mechanisms, some of which are cell type-specific and could provide further specialized targets for therapeutic intervention. A major unmet challenge is to understand the mechanism before and leading to IL-1 release, especially by cells in atherosclerotic plaques, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Data so far indicate a heterogeneity of IL-1 release mechanisms that vary according to cell type and are stimulus-dependent. Unraveling this complexity may reveal new targets to block excess vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kidder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
| | - Siddhartha Gangopadhyay
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
| | - Sheila Francis
- School of Medicine and Population HealthUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Mabruka Alfaidi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
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3
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Morales-Maldonado A, Humphry M, Figg N, Clarke MC. Human vascular smooth muscle cells utilise chymase for the atypical cleavage and activation of Interleukin-1β. Atherosclerosis 2024; 390:117308. [PMID: 37821269 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are well established to be both instigated and worsened by inflammation. Indeed, CANTOS formally proved that targeting the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β only could reduce both cardiovascular events and death. However, due to the central role of IL-1β in host defence, blockade increased fatal infections, suggesting targeting key immune mediators over the long natural history of CVD is unsuitable. Thus, discovering alternative mechanisms that generate vascular inflammation may identify more actionable targets. METHODS We used primary human VSMCs and a combination of biochemical, pharmacological and molecular biological techniques to generate the data. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were also assessed histologically. RESULTS We showed that VSMCs expressed and efficiently processed pro-IL-1β to the active form after receiving a single stimulus via IL-1R1 or TLR4. Importantly, pro-IL-1β processing did not utilise inflammasomes or caspases. Unusually, we found that cathepsin C-activated chymase was responsible for cleaving IL-1β in VSMCs, and provided evidence for chymase expression in cultured VSMCs and in the fibrous cap of human plaques. Chymase also efficiently cleaved and activated recombinant pro-IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Thus, VSMCs are efficient activators of IL-1β that do not use canonical inflammasomes or caspases. Hence, this alternative pathway could be targeted for long-term treatment of CVDs, as it is not central to everyday host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Morales-Maldonado
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Melanie Humphry
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Nichola Figg
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Murray Ch Clarke
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK.
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4
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Burzynski LC, Morales-Maldonado A, Rodgers A, Kitt LA, Humphry M, Figg N, Bennett MR, Clarke MCH. Thrombin-activated interleukin-1α drives atherogenesis, but also promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen production. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2179-2189. [PMID: 37309666 PMCID: PMC10578913 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is driven by multiple processes across multiple body systems. For example, the innate immune system drives both atherogenesis and plaque rupture via inflammation, while coronary artery-occluding thrombi formed by the coagulation system cause myocardial infarction and death. However, the interplay between these systems during atherogenesis is understudied. We recently showed that coagulation and immunity are fundamentally linked by the activation of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) by thrombin, and generated a novel knock-in mouse in which thrombin cannot activate endogenous IL-1α [IL-1α thrombin mutant (IL-1αTM)]. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in IL-1αTM/Apoe-/- mice compared with Apoe-/- and reduced T-cell infiltration. However, IL-1αTM/Apoe-/- plaques have reduced vascular smooth muscle cells, collagen, and fibrous caps, indicative of a more unstable phenotype. Interestingly, the reduced atherogenesis seen with thrombin inhibition was absent in IL-1αTM/Apoe-/- mice, suggesting that thrombin inhibitors can affect atherosclerosis via reduced IL-1α activation. Finally, bone marrow chimeras show that thrombin-activated IL-1α is derived from both vessel wall and myeloid cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, we reveal that the atherogenic effect of ongoing coagulation is, in part, mediated via thrombin cleavage of IL-1α. This not only highlights the importance of interplay between systems during disease and the potential for therapeutically targeting IL-1α and/or thrombin, but also forewarns that IL-1 may have a role in plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Burzynski
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Alejandra Morales-Maldonado
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Amanda Rodgers
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Lauren A Kitt
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Melanie Humphry
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Nichola Figg
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Murray C H Clarke
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, The Heart and Lung Research
Institute, The University of Cambridge, Papworth Road,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
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Bauer S, Hezinger L, Rexhepi F, Ramanathan S, Kufer TA. NOD-like Receptors-Emerging Links to Obesity and Associated Morbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108595. [PMID: 37239938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic morbidities have been and still are on the rise, posing a major challenge to health care systems worldwide. It has become evident over the last decades that a low-grade inflammatory response, primarily proceeding from the adipose tissue (AT), essentially contributes to adiposity-associated comorbidities, most prominently insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis and liver diseases. In mouse models, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β and the imprinting of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in AT play an important role. However, the underlying genetic and molecular determinants are not yet understood in detail. Recent evidence demonstrates that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family proteins, a group of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR), contribute to the development and control of obesity and obesity-associated inflammatory responses. In this article, we review the current state of research on the role of NLR proteins in obesity and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to and the outcomes of NLR activation in the obesity-associated morbidities IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and discuss emerging ideas about possibilities for NLR-based therapeutic interventions of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucy Hezinger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fjolla Rexhepi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Almog T, Keshet R, Kandel-Kfir M, Shaish A, Apte RN, Harats D, Kamari Y. Gene deletion of Interleukin-1α reduces ER stress-induced CHOP expression in macrophages and attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Cytokine 2023; 167:156212. [PMID: 37146542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis initiation and progression involves many inflammatory cytokines, one of them is interleukin (IL)-1α that has been shown to be secreted by activated macrophages. We have previously shown that IL-1α from bone marrow-derived cells is critical for early atherosclerosis development in mice. It is known that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in macrophages is involved in progression to more advanced atherosclerosis, but it is still unknown whether this effect is mediated through cytokine activation or secretion. We previously demonstrated that IL-1α is required in ER stress-induced activation of inflammatory cytokines in hepatocytes and in the associated induction of steatohepatitis. In the current study, we aimed to examine the potential role of IL-1α in ER stress-induced activation of macrophages, which is relevant to progression of atherosclerosis. First, we demonstrated that IL-1α is required for atherosclerosis development and progression in the apoE knockout (KO) mouse model of atherosclerosis. Next, we showed that ER stress in mouse macrophages results in the protein production and secretion of IL-1α in a dose-dependent manner, and that IL-1α is required in ER stress-induced production of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a critical step in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. We further demonstrated that IL-1α-dependent CHOP production in macrophages is specifically mediated through the PERK-ATF4 signaling pathway. Altogether, these findings highlight IL-1α as a potential target for prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Almog
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rom Keshet
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel-Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Achva Academic College, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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The IL-1 Family and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010017. [PMID: 36613465 PMCID: PMC9820551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 superfamily of cytokines is a central regulator of immunity and inflammation. The family is composed of 11 cytokines (with agonist, antagonist, and anti-inflammatory properties) and 10 receptors, all tightly regulated through decoy receptor, receptor antagonists, and signaling inhibitors. Inflammation not only is an important physiological response against infection and injury but also plays a central role in atherosclerosis development. Several clinical association studies along with experimental studies have implicated the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines and its receptors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Here, we summarize the key features of the IL-1 family, its role in immunity and disease, and how it helps shape the development of atherosclerosis.
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Miceli G, Basso MG, Rizzo G, Pintus C, Tuttolomondo A. The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314914. [PMID: 36499242 PMCID: PMC9739112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerotic disease with a large-scale impact on the economy and global health. Despite the role played by platelets in the process of atherogenesis being well recognized, evidence has been increasing on the contribution of the coagulation system to the atherosclerosis formation and PAD development, with important repercussions for the therapeutic approach. Histopathological analysis and some clinical studies conducted on atherosclerotic plaques testify to the existence of different types of plaques. Likely, the role of coagulation in each specific type of plaque can be an important determinant in the histopathological composition of atherosclerosis and in its future stability. In this review, we analyze the molecular contribution of inflammation and the coagulation system on PAD pathogenesis, focusing on molecular similarities and differences between atherogenesis in PAD and coronary artery disease (CAD) and discussing the possible implications for current therapeutic strategies and future perspectives accounting for molecular inflammatory and coagulation targets. Understanding the role of cross-talking between coagulation and inflammation in atherosclerosis genesis and progression could help in choosing the right patients for future dual pathway inhibition strategies, where an antiplatelet agent is combined with an anticoagulant, whose role, despite pathophysiological premises and trials' results, is still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miceli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(091)-6552115; Fax: +39-(091)-6552142
| | - Maria Grazia Basso
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pintus
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
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Mamillapalli R, Toffoloni N, Habata S, Qunhua H, Atwani R, Stachenfeld N, Taylor HS. Endometriosis promotes atherosclerosis in a murine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:248.e1-248.e8. [PMID: 35351413 PMCID: PMC9308711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between endometriosis and the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. The direct effect of endometriosis on the progression of atherosclerotic, if any, has not been previously characterized. Endometriosis leads to systemic inflammation that could have consequences for cardiovascular health. Here, we reported the effects of endometriosis on the development of atherosclerosis in a murine model. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the contribution of endometriosis in promoting cardiovascular disease in a murine model of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN Endometriosis was induced in 18 apolipoprotein E-null mice, the standard murine model used to study atherosclerosis. Mice of the same strain were used as controls (n=18) and underwent sham surgery without inducing endometriosis. The formation of endometriotic lesions was confirmed after 25 weeks of induction. Atherosclerotic lesions were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining followed by measurement of the aortic root luminal area and wall thickness. The whole aorta was isolated, and Oil Red O staining was performed to quantify the lipid deposits or plaque formation; moreover, biochemical assays were carried out in serum to determine the levels of lipids and inflammatory-related cytokines. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E mice with endometriosis exhibited increased aortic atherosclerosis compared with controls as measured using Oil Red O staining (7.9% vs 3.1%, respectively; P=.0004). Mice with endometriosis showed a significant 50% decrease in the aortic luminal area compared with sham mice (0.85 mm2 vs 1.46 mm2; P=.03) and a significant increase in aortic root wall thickness (0.22 mm vs 0.15 mm; P=.04). There was no difference in the lipoprotein profile (P<.05) between mice with endometriosis and sham mice. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly (P<.05)increased in the endometriosis mice. CONCLUSION Our study used a murine model to determine the effect of endometriosis on atherosclerosis. Inflammation-related cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenic factor) released by endometriotic lesions may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risks in women with endometriosis. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, early identification and treatment of endometriosis are essential. Future treatments targeting inflammatory cytokines may help reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Nikoletta Toffoloni
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shutaro Habata
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Huang Qunhua
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rula Atwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nina Stachenfeld
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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10
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Hafiane A, Daskalopoulou SS. Targeting the Residual Cardiovascular Risk by Specific Anti-inflammatory Interventions as a Therapeutic Strategy in Atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chan YH, Ramji DP. Key Roles of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Mediators Involved in Orchestrating the Inflammatory Response and Its Resolution in the Disease Along with Therapeutic Avenues Targeting Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2419:21-37. [PMID: 35237956 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical driver of all stages of atherosclerosis, from lesion development to plaque rupture. Cytokines are mediators of the immune response and in atherosclerosis, the balance of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines is tipped in favor of the latter, resulting in persistent and unresolved inflammation. Although reducing plasma cholesterol levels mainly via the use of statins has positively impacted patient outcomes and reduced mortality rates, the presence of significant residual inflammation and cardiovascular risk posttherapy emphasizes the prevailing risk of primary and secondary events driven by inflammation independently of hyperlipidemia. Given the dominant role of inflammation in driving pathogenesis, alternative therapeutic avenues beyond targeting lowering of plasma lipids are required. This chapter will discuss the role of inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in driving atherogenesis and disease progression, the therapeutic potential of targeting cytokines for atherosclerosis and promising avenues in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Hung Chan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Xu Y. A myriad of roles of dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:12-27. [PMID: 34109619 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with break-down of homeostatic immune regulation of vascular tissues. As a critical initiator of host immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have also been identified in the aorta of healthy individuals and atherosclerotic patients, whose roles in regulating arterial inflammation aroused great interest. Accumulating evidence has now pointed to the fundamental roles for DCs in every developmental stage of atherosclerosis due to their myriad of functions in immunity and tolerance induction, ranging from lipid uptake, efferocytosis and antigen presentation to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine or chemokine secretion. In this study we provide a timely summary of the published works in this field, and comprehensively discuss both the direct and indirect roles of DCs in atherogenesis. Understanding the pathogenic roles of DCs during the development of atherosclerosis in vascular tissues would certainly help to open therapeutic avenue to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Ruiz-Limon P, Ladehesa-Pineda ML, Lopez-Medina C, Lopez-Pedrera C, Abalos-Aguilera MC, Barbarroja N, Arias-Quiros I, Perez-Sanchez C, Arias-de la Rosa I, Ortega-Castro R, Escudero-Contreras A, Collantes-Estevez E, Jimenez-Gomez Y. Potential Role and Impact of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061037. [PMID: 34199950 PMCID: PMC8226914 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is well known as a process that can lead to atherosclerosis and is frequently presented in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) patients. Here, we investigated cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying r-axSpA-related ED, and analyzed the potential effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in promoting endothelial injury in r-axSpA. A total of 30 r-axSpA patients and 32 healthy donors (HDs) were evaluated. The endothelial function, inflammatory and atherogenic profile, and oxidative stress were quantified. In vitro studies were designed to evaluate the effect of PBMCs from r-axSpA patients on aberrant endothelial activation. Compared to HDs, our study found that, associated with ED and the plasma proatherogenic profile present in r-axSpA, PBMCs from these patients displayed a pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and proatherogenic phenotype, with most molecular changes noticed in lymphocytes. Correlation studies revealed the relationship between this phenotype and the microvascular function. Additional in vitro studies confirmed that PBMCs from r-axSpA patients promoted endothelial injury. Altogether, this study suggests the relevance of r-axSpA itself as a strong and independent cardiovascular risk factor, contributing to a dysfunctional endothelium and atherogenic status by aberrant activation of PBMCs. Lymphocytes could be the main contributors in the development of ED and subsequent atherosclerosis in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz-Limon
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- UGC of Endocrinology and Nutrition, The Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-L.); (Y.J.-G.)
| | - Maria L. Ladehesa-Pineda
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Clementina Lopez-Medina
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Chary Lopez-Pedrera
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria C. Abalos-Aguilera
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Arias-Quiros
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Perez-Sanchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ivan Arias-de la Rosa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafaela Ortega-Castro
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escudero-Contreras
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Collantes-Estevez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Jimenez-Gomez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.L.-P.); (C.L.-M.); (C.L.-P.); (M.C.A.-A.); (N.B.); (I.A.-Q.); (C.P.-S.); (I.A.-d.l.R.); (R.O.-C.); (A.E.-C.); (E.C.-E.)
- UGC Rheumatology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-L.); (Y.J.-G.)
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Libby P. Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: The Inflammasome, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:951. [PMID: 33924019 PMCID: PMC8073599 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have now firmly established that inflammation participates causally in human atherosclerosis. These observations point the way toward novel treatments that add to established therapies to help stem the growing global epidemic of cardiovascular disease. Fortunately, we now have a number of actionable targets whose clinical exploration will help achieve the goal of optimizing beneficial effects while avoiding undue interference with host defenses or other unwanted actions. This review aims to furnish the foundation for this quest by critical evaluation of the current state of anti-inflammatory interventions within close reach of clinical application, with a primary focus on innate immunity. In particular, this paper highlights the pathway from the inflammasome, through interleukin (IL)-1 to IL-6 supported by a promising body of pre-clinical, clinical, and human genetic data. This paper also considers the use of biomarkers to guide allocation of anti-inflammatory therapies as a step toward realizing the promise of precision medicine. The validation of decades of experimental work and association studies in humans by recent clinical investigations provides a strong impetus for further efforts to target inflammation in atherosclerosis to address the considerable risk that remains despite current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Dhaouadi N, Nehme A, Faour WH, Feugier P, Cerutti C, Kacem K, Eid AH, Li JY, Zibara K. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and Cathepsin S activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:979-988. [PMID: 33683760 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study investigated the opposite mechanisms by which IL-1β and TGF-β1 modulated the inflammatory and migratory phenotypes in cultured human intimal vascular smooth muscle cells vSMCs. MATERIALS AND TREATMENT Primary human vSMCs, obtained from twelve hypertensive patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy, were incubated for 24 hours with either 40 pM TGF-β1, or 1 nmol/L IL-1β, or their combination in presence or absence of anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. METHODS The expression levels of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors, and the elastolytic enzyme cathepsin S (CTSS) and its inhibitor cystatin C were evaluated with RT-PCR. CTSS activity was measured by fluorometry. RESULTS TGF-β1 reversed IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS, CXCL6, IL1R1, MMP12, and CTSS, while upregulated TIMP2 expression. Furthermore, anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody abrogated TGF-β effects. Combination with IL-1β and TGF-β1 induced the expression of IL1α, IL1β, IL1R1, and CTSS, but suppressed CST3 expression. CTSS expression in the combination treatment was higher than that of cells treated with anti-TGF-β antibodies alone. Moreover, IL-1β-induced CTSS enzymatic activity was reduced when human vSMCs were co-treated with TGF-β, whereas this reduction was abrogated by anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 abrogated IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and elastolytic activity in cultured human vSMCs. Thus, TGF-β1 can play a crucial role in impairing IL-1β-induced vascular inflammation and damage involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedra Dhaouadi
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ali Nehme
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam H Faour
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Feugier
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Cerutti
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kamel Kacem
- Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ali H Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacques-Yuan Li
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biology, Faculty of sciences - I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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16
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Takahashi M. NLRP3 inflammasome as a key driver of vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:372-385. [PMID: 33483732 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) is an intracellular innate immune receptor that recognizes a diverse range of stimuli derived from pathogens, damaged or dead cells, and irritants. NLRP3 activation causes the assembly of a large multiprotein complex termed the NLRP3 inflammasome, and leads to the secretion of bioactive interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as well as the induction of inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the pathogenesis of sterile inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. Indeed, the results of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial demonstrated that IL-1β-mediated inflammation plays an important role in atherothrombotic events and suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome is a key driver of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular diseases, in particular in atherosclerosis, vascular injury, aortic aneurysm, and Kawasaki disease vasculitis, and discuss NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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17
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Stitham J, Rodriguez-Velez A, Zhang X, Jeong SJ, Razani B. Inflammasomes: a preclinical assessment of targeting in atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:825-844. [PMID: 32757967 PMCID: PMC7554266 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1795831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammasomes are central to atherosclerotic vascular dysfunction with regulatory effects on inflammation, immune modulation, and lipid metabolism. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical catalyst for atherogenesis thus highlighting its importance in understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview of macrophage lipid metabolism and the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We highlight key activators, signal transducers and major regulatory components that are being considered as putative therapeutic targets for inhibition of NLRP3-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION NLRP3 inflammasome activity lies at the nexus between inflammation and cholesterol metabolism; it offers unique opportunities for understanding atherosclerotic pathophysiology and identifying novel modes of treatment. As such, a host of NLRP3 signaling cascade components have been identified as putative targets for drug development. We catalog these current discoveries in therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and, utilizing the CANTOS trial as the translational (bench-to-bedside) archetype, we examine the complexities, challenges, and ultimate goals facing the field of atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Stitham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Astrid Rodriguez-Velez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
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18
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Pfeiler S, Winkels H, Kelm M, Gerdes N. IL-1 family cytokines in cardiovascular disease. Cytokine 2019; 122:154215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammation is an important driver of atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of inflammatory pathways is suggested to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. This concept was recently proven by CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study), which demonstrated the therapeutic potential of the monoclonal IL (interleukin)-1β-neutralizing antibody canakinumab. IL-1β and other IL-1 family cytokines are important vascular and systemic inflammatory mediators, which contribute to atherogenesis. The NLRP3 (NOD [nucleotide oligomerization domain]-, LRR [leucine-rich repeat]-, and PYD [pyrin domain]-containing protein 3) inflammasome, an innate immune signaling complex, is the key mediator of IL-1 family cytokine production in atherosclerosis. NLRP3 is activated by various endogenous danger signals abundantly present in atherosclerotic lesions, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol crystals. Consequently, NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the vascular inflammatory response driving atherosclerosis development and progression. Here, we review the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory IL-1 family cytokine production in the context of atherosclerosis and discuss treatment possibilities in light of the positive outcomes of the CANTOS trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Grebe
- From the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (A.G., F.H., E.L.)
| | - Florian Hoss
- From the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (A.G., F.H., E.L.)
| | - Eicke Latz
- From the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (A.G., F.H., E.L.) .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.).,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.).,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (E.L.)
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20
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An N, Gao Y, Si Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Tian C, Yuan M, Yang X, Li X, Shang H, Xiong X, Xing Y. Regulatory Mechanisms of the NLRP3 Inflammasome, a Novel Immune-Inflammatory Marker in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1592. [PMID: 31354731 PMCID: PMC6635885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is currently the most widely studied inflammasome and has become a hot topic of recent research. As a macromolecular complex, the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated to produce downstream factors, including caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18, which then promote local inflammatory responses and induce pyroptosis, leading to unfavorable effects. A growing number of studies have examined the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, some studies have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is not involved in the occurrence of certain diseases. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its potential involvement in the pathological process of disease progression is of utmost importance. This review discusses the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the relationship between the inflammasome and CVDs, including coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, cardiomyopathies, and arrhythmia, as well as CVD-related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Si
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hanlai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchen Yuan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Zhen Y, Zhang H. NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 30873162 PMCID: PMC6403142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome can be widely found in epithelial cells and immune cells. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) family member NLRP3 contains a central nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NACHT) domain which facilitates self-oligomerization and has ATPase activity. The C-terminal conserves a leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) domain which can modulate NLRP3 activity and sense endogenous alarmins and microbial ligands. In contrast, the N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD) can account for homotypic interactions with the adaptor protein-ASC of NLRP3 inflammasome. These characters enable it function in innate immunity. Its downstream effector proteins include caspase-1 and IL-1β etc. which exhibit protective or detrimental roles in mucosal immunity in different studies. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature regarding the physiology of NLRP3 inflammasome and its potential roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. We also discuss about the complex interactions among the NLRP3 inflammasome, mucosal immune response, and gut homeostasis as found in experimental models and IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,The Centre of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,The Centre of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Almog T, Kandel Kfir M, Levkovich H, Shlomai G, Barshack I, Stienstra R, Lustig Y, Leikin Frenkel A, Harari A, Bujanover Y, Apte R, Shaish A, Harats D, Kamari Y. Interleukin-1α deficiency reduces adiposity, glucose intolerance and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis in diet-induced obese mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7:e000650. [PMID: 31749969 PMCID: PMC6827792 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While extensive research revealed that interleukin (IL)-1β contributes to insulin resistance (IR) development, the role of IL-1α in obesity and IR was scarcely studied. Using control, whole body IL-1α knockout (KO) or myeloid-cell-specific IL-1α-deficient mice, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1α deficiency would protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To induce obesity and IR, control and IL-1α KO mice were given either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. Glucose tolerance test was performed at 10 and 15 weeks, representing early and progressive stages of glucose intolerance, respectively. Liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) samples were analyzed for general morphology and adipocyte size. Plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein profile as well as hepatic lipids were analyzed. Expression of lipid and inflammation-related genes in liver and eWAT was analyzed. Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from control mice were treated either with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control) or 20 ng/mL recombinant IL-1α for 24 hours and subjected to gene expression analysis. RESULTS Although total body weight gain was similar, IL-1α KO mice showed reduced adiposity and were completely protected from HFD-induced glucose intolerance. In addition, plasma total cholesterol and TG levels were lower and HFD-induced accumulation of liver TGs was completely inhibited in IL-1α KO compared with control mice. Expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (ELOVL6), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), key enzymes that promote de-novo lipogenesis, was lower in livers of IL-1α KO mice. Treatment with recombinant IL-1α elevated the expression of ELOVL6 and FASN in mouse primary hepatocytes. Finally, mice with myeloid-cell-specific deletion of IL-1α did not show reduced adiposity and improved glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a novel role of IL-1α in promoting adiposity, obesity-induced glucose intolerance and liver TG accumulation and suggest that IL-1α blockade could be used for treatment of obesity and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Almog
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hana Levkovich
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gadi Shlomai
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- The Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alicia Leikin Frenkel
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Harari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yoram Bujanover
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Roni Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of life sciences, Achva Academic College, Shikmim, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Cavalli G, Dinarello CA. Anakinra Therapy for Non-cancer Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1157. [PMID: 30459597 PMCID: PMC6232613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the prototypical inflammatory cytokine: two distinct ligands (IL-1α and IL-1β) bind the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) and induce a myriad of secondary inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines. IL-1α is constitutively present in endothelial and epithelial cells, whereas IL-1β is inducible in myeloid cells and released following cleavage by caspase-1. Over the past 30 years, IL-1-mediated inflammation has been established in a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from rare autoinflammatory diseases to common conditions such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. Blocking IL-1 entered the clinical arena with anakinra, the recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra); IL-1Ra prevents the binding of IL-1α as well as IL-1β to IL-1R1. Quenching IL-1-mediated inflammation prevents the detrimental consequences of tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Although anakinra is presently approved for the treatment of RA and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, off-label use of anakinra far exceeds its approved indications. Dosing of 100 mg of anakinra subcutaneously provides clinically evident benefits within days and for some diseases, anakinra has been used daily for over 12 years. Compared to other biologics, anakinra has an unparalleled record of safety: opportunistic infections, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are rare even in populations at risk for reactivation of latent infections. Because of this excellent safety profile and relative short duration of action, anakinra can also be used as a diagnostic tool for undefined diseases mediated by IL-1. Although anakinra is presently in clinical trials to treat cancer, this review focuses on anakinra treatment of acute as well as chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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24
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Okamoto M, Ito R, Taira K, Ikeda T. High IL-1α Production Was Induced in the WBN/Kob- Leprfa Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model and Inhibited by Syphacia Muris Infection. Helminthologia 2018; 55:12-20. [PMID: 31662623 PMCID: PMC6799528 DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel WBN/Kob-Leprfa (fa/fa) congenic rat strain is considered a useful rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Accumulating findings suggest that low-grade inflammation is a causative factor in T2DM and that circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines are associated with insulin resistance. However, inflammatory cytokine profiles and their correlations with T2DM development/ progression in fa/fa rats have not been studied. In this study, we found that the fa/fa rats had considerably high plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1α. Abundant cecal IL-1α mRNA expression and cecal inflammation with infiltrating IL-1α-producing macrophages was observed in fa/fa rats. Bone marrow derived macrophages from fa/fa rats expressed high levels of IL-1α upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Furthermore, Syphacia muris infection, which delays the onset of T2DM, reduced both plasma and cecal IL-1α levels in fa/fa rats. These results suggest that macrophage infiltration and IL-1α secretion comprise an important part of T2DM development and that S. muris infection inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in fa/fa rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - R Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - K Taira
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - T Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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25
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Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines and receptors is unique in immunology because the IL-1 family and Toll-like receptor (TLR) families share similar functions. More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family is primarily associated with innate immunity. More than 95% of living organisms use innate immune mechanisms for survival whereas less than 5% depend on T- and B-cell functions. Innate immunity is manifested by inflammation, which can function as a mechanism of host defense but when uncontrolled is detrimental to survival. Each member of the IL-1 receptor and TLR family contains the cytoplasmic Toll-IL-1-Receptor (TIR) domain. The 50 amino acid TIR domains are highly homologous with the Toll protein in Drosophila. The TIR domain is nearly the same and present in each TLR and each IL-1 receptor family. Whereas IL-1 family cytokine members trigger innate inflammation via IL-1 family of receptors, TLRs trigger inflammation via bacteria, microbial products, viruses, nucleic acids, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In fact, IL-1 family member IL-1a and IL-33 also function as DAMPs. Although the inflammatory properties of the IL-1 family dominate in innate immunity, IL-1 family member can play a role in acquired immunity. This overview is a condensed update of the IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Ray M, Autieri MV. Regulation of pro- and anti-atherogenic cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 122:154175. [PMID: 29221669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in prevention and treatment, vascular diseases continue to account for significant morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Incidence is expected to worsen as the number of patients with common co-morbidities linked with atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as obesity and diabetes, continues to increase, reaching epidemic proportions. Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven vascular inflammatory disease involving multiple cell types in various stages of inflammation, activation, apoptosis, and necrosis. One commonality among these cell types is that they are activated and communicate with each other in a paracrine fashion via a complex network of cytokines. Cytokines mediate atherogenesis by stimulating expression of numerous proteins necessary for induction of a host of cellular responses, including inflammation, extravasation, proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix production. Cytokine expression is regulated by a number of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In this context, proteins that control and fine-tune cytokine expression can be considered key players in development of atherosclerosis and also represent targets for rational drug therapy to combat this disease. This review will describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and present key cytokines that participate in this process. We will also describe RNA binding proteins that mediate cytokine mRNA stability and regulate cytokine abundance. Identification and characterization of the cytokines and proteins that regulate their abundance are essential to our ability to identify therapeutic approaches to ameliorate atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Ray
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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27
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Stefanutti C, Mazza F, Pasqualetti D, Di Giacomo S, Watts GF, Massari MS, de Neve J, Morozzi C, Fischer M. Lipoprotein apheresis downregulates IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression in severe dyslipidaemia. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2017; 30:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-1β play a central role in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatic failure in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184084. [PMID: 28953903 PMCID: PMC5617151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Fulminant hepatitis failure (FHF) is marked by the sudden loss of hepatic function, with a severe life-threatening course in persons with no prior history of liver disease. Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β are key inflammatory cytokines but little is known about their role in the development of FHF. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of IL-1α and IL-1β in the progression of LPS/GalN-induced FHF. Methods WT, IL-1α or IL-1β deficient mice were injected with LPS/GalN. Blood and liver tissue were collected at different time points, FHF related pathways were examined. Results After FHF induction the survival of both IL-1α and IL-1β KO mice was longer than that of WT mice. Lower serum liver enzyme levels, demonstrated reduced hepatic injury in the IL-1α and IL-1βKO mice. Histologically detected liver injury and apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the IL-1αand IL-1βKO mice compared to WT mice. Reduced hepatic IkB levels and upregulated NFκB activity in WT mice remained inhibited in IL-1α and IL-1β KO mice. Hepatic expression levels of TNFα and IL-6 were significantly increased in WT mice but not in IL-1α and IL-1β KO mice. Conclusions IL-1α and IL-1β play a central role in the pathogenesis of LPS/GalN-induced FHF. These interleukins are associated with the activation of NFκB signaling, upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and liver damage and apoptosis. Since neither IL-1α nor IL-1β depletions completely rescued the phenotype, we believe that IL-1α and IL-1β have a similar and probably complementary role in FHF progression.
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29
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Takemoto Y, Horiba M, Harada M, Sakamoto K, Takeshita K, Murohara T, Kadomatsu K, Kamiya K. Midkine Promotes Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation Through Its Pro-Inflammatory, Angiogenic and Anti-Apoptotic Functions in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Circ J 2017; 82:19-27. [PMID: 28781288 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study suggested that midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, is associated with atherosclerosis progression in patients with artery disease. It has previously been reported that MK plays a critical role in neointima formation in a restenosis model, whereas the role of MK in the development of atherosclerosis has not been investigated. The present study assessed the effect of MK administration on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice.Methods and Results:Using an osmotic pump, human recombinant MK protein was intraperitoneally administered for 12 weeks in C57BL/6 ApoE-/-(ApoE-/--MK) and ApoE+/+mice fed a high-fat diet. Saline was administered to the control groups of ApoE-/-(ApoE-/--saline) and ApoE+/+mice. The atherosclerotic lesion areas in longitudinal aortic sections were significantly larger in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice. The aortic mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic factors, and the percentage of macrophages in aortic root lesions, were significantly higher in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice, whereas the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice. CONCLUSIONS The systemic administration of MK in ApoE-/-mice promoted atherosclerotic plaque formation through pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects. MK may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerosis under atherogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takemoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital
| | - Mitsuru Horiba
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Suizawa Hospital
| | - Masahide Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kaichiro Kamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
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30
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Uri-Belapolsky S, Miller I, Shaish A, Levi M, Harats D, Ninio-Many L, Kamari Y, Shalgi R. Interleukin 1-alpha deficiency increases the expression of Follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in granulosa cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:460-467. [PMID: 28337831 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a pivotal regulator of ovarian response to hormonal stimulation. Inflammatory conditions have been linked to lower FSHR expression in granulosa cells (GCs) as well as an attenuated response to hormonal stimulation. The current study aimed to reveal if deficiency and/or blockage of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-alpha (IL1A) increased Fshr expression in rodent GCs. We found elevated Fshr transcript abundance, as assessed by quantitative PCR, in primary GCs isolated from Il1a-knockout compared to wild-type mice, and that the expression of FSHR is significantly higher in Il1a-knockout compared to wild-type ovaries. Supplementing GC cultures with recombinant IL1A significantly lowered Fshr expression in these cells. In accordance with the Fshr expression pattern, proliferation of GCs was higher in follicles from Il1a-knockout mice compared to wild-type mice, as indicated by the MKI67 immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, treating wild-type mice with anakinra, an IL1 receptor 1 antagonist, significantly increased the expression of Fshr in primary GCs from treated compared to control mice. These data highlight an important interdependency between the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1A and Fshr expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Uri-Belapolsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Irit Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mattan Levi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lihi Ninio-Many
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ruth Shalgi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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31
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HMGB1, IL-1α, IL-33 and S100 proteins: dual-function alarmins. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:43-64. [PMID: 27569562 PMCID: PMC5214941 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific germline-encoded signaling receptors. The same receptors have now also emerged as efficient detectors of misplaced or altered self-molecules that signal tissue damage and cell death following, for example, disruption of the blood supply and subsequent hypoxia. Many types of endogenous molecules have been shown to provoke such sterile inflammatory states when released from dying cells. However, a group of proteins referred to as alarmins have both intracellular and extracellular functions which have been the subject of intense research. Indeed, alarmins can either exert beneficial cell housekeeping functions, leading to tissue repair, or provoke deleterious uncontrolled inflammation. This group of proteins includes the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-33 and the Ca2+-binding S100 proteins. These dual-function proteins share conserved regulatory mechanisms, such as secretory routes, post-translational modifications and enzymatic processing, that govern their extracellular functions in time and space. Release of alarmins from mesenchymal cells is a highly relevant mechanism by which immune cells can be alerted of tissue damage, and alarmins play a key role in the development of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and in cancer development.
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32
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Ramli NS, Ismail P, Rahmat A. Red pitaya juice supplementation ameliorates energy balance homeostasis by modulating obesity-related genes in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:243. [PMID: 27456968 PMCID: PMC4960886 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) or known as buah naga merah in Malay belongs to the cactus family, Cactaceae. Red pitaya has been shown to give protection against liver damage and may reduce the stiffness of the heart. Besides, the beneficial effects of red pitaya against obesity have been reported; however, the mechanism of this protection is not clear. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the red pitaya-targeted genes in obesity using high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. METHODS A total of four groups were tested: corn-starch (CS), corn-starch + red pitaya juice (CRP), high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) and high-carbohydrate, high-fat + red pitaya juice (HRP). The intervention with 5 % red pitaya juice was continued for 8 weeks after 8 weeks initiation of the diet. Retroperitoneal, epididymal and omental fat pads were collected and weighed. Plasma concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using commercial kits. Gene expression analysis was conducted using RNA extracted from liver samples. A total of eighty-four genes related to obesity were analyzed using PCR array. RESULTS The rats fed HCHF-diet for 16 weeks increased body weight, developed excess abdominal fat deposition and down-regulated the expression level of IL-1α, IL-1r1, and Cntfr as compared to the control group. Supplementation of red pitaya juice for 8 weeks increased omental and epididymal fat but no change in retroperitoneal fat was observed. Red pitaya juice reversed the changes in energy balance homeostasis in liver tissues by regulation of the expression levels of Pomc and Insr. The increased protein expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in HCHF group and red pitaya treated rats confirmed the results of gene expression. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study revealed the usefulness of this diet-induced rat model and the beneficial effects of red pitaya on energy balance homeostasis by modulating the anorectic, orexigenic and energy expenditure related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Malaysia
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Malaysia
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33
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Nus M, Mallat Z. Immune-mediated mechanisms of atherosclerosis and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1217-1237. [PMID: 27253721 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1195686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large body of evidence supports the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play important roles in all disease stages. Areas covered: Here, we review our understanding of the role of the immune response in atherosclerosis, focusing on the pathways currently amenable to therapeutic modulation. We also discuss the advantages or undesirable effects that may be foreseen from targeting the immune response in patients at high cardiovascular risk, suggesting new avenues for research. Expert commentary: There is an extraordinary opportunity to directly test the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis in the clinic using currently available therapeutics. However, a more balanced interpretation of the experimental and translational data is needed, which may help address and identify in more detail the appropriate settings where an immune pathway can be targeted with minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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34
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Herder C, Dalmas E, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. The IL-1 Pathway in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:551-563. [PMID: 26412156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibit chronic activation of the innate immune system in pancreatic islets, in insulin-sensitive tissues, and at sites of diabetic complications. This results from a pathological response to overnutrition and physical inactivity seen in genetically predisposed individuals. Processes mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) link obesity and dyslipidemia and have implicated IL-1β in T2D and related cardiovascular complications. Epidemiological, molecular, and animal studies have now assigned a central role for IL-1β in driving tissue inflammation during metabolic stress. Proof-of-concept clinical studies have validated IL-1β as a target to improve insulin production and action in patients with T2D. Large ongoing clinical trials will address the potential of IL-1 antagonism to prevent cardiovascular and other related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and the Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and the Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and the Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kandel-Kfir M, Almog T, Shaish A, Shlomai G, Anafi L, Avivi C, Barshack I, Grosskopf I, Harats D, Kamari Y. Interleukin-1α deficiency attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced liver damage and CHOP expression in mice. J Hepatol 2015; 63:926-33. [PMID: 26022690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS ER stress promotes liver fat accumulation and induction of inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the development of steatohepatitis. Unresolved ER stress upregulates the pro-apoptotic CHOP. IL-1α is localized to the nucleus in apoptotic cells, but is released when these cells become necrotic and induce sterile inflammation. We investigated whether IL-1α is involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis and steatohepatitis. METHODS We employed WT and IL-1α-deficient mice to study the role of IL-1α in ER stress-induced steatohepatitis. RESULTS Liver CHOP mRNA was induced in a time dependent fashion in the atherogenic diet-induced steatohepatitis model, and was twofold lower in IL-1α deficient compared to WT mice. In the ER stress-driven steatohepatitis model, IL-1α deficiency decreased the elevation in serum ALT levels, the number of apoptotic cells (measured as caspase-3-positive hepatocytes), and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and CHOP, with no effect on the degree of fatty liver formation. IL-1α was upregulated in ER-stressed-macrophages and the protein was localized to the nucleus. IL-1β mRNA and CHOP mRNA and protein levels were lower in ER-stressed-macrophages from IL-1α deficient compared to WT mice. ER stress induced the expression of IL-1α and IL-1β also in mouse primary hepatocytes. Recombinant IL-1α treatment in hepatocytes did not affect CHOP expression but upregulated both IL-1α and IL-1β mRNA levels. CONCLUSION We show that IL-1α is upregulated in response to ER stress and IL-1α deficiency reduces ER stress-induced CHOP expression, apoptosis and steatohepatitis. As a dual function cytokine, IL-1α may contribute to the induction of CHOP intracellularly, while IL-1α released from necrotic cells accelerates steatohepatitis via induction of inflammatory cytokines by neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kandel-Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Almog
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gadi Shlomai
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Liat Anafi
- The Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- The Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- The Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Itamar Grosskopf
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Cavalli G, Dinarello CA. Treating rheumatological diseases and co-morbidities with interleukin-1 blocking therapies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [PMID: 26209330 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β orchestrate local and systemic inflammatory responses underlying a broad spectrum of diseases. Three agents for reducing IL-1 activities are currently available. Anakinra is a recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist. Anakinra binds to the IL-1 receptor and prevents the activity of IL-1α and IL-1β. The soluble decoy receptor rilonacept and the neutralizing mAb canakinumab block IL-1β. A mAb directed against the IL-1 receptor and a neutralizing anti-human IL-1α are in clinical trials. The availability of therapies specifically targeting IL-1 unveiled the pathological role of IL-1-mediated inflammation in a broadening list of diseases. Conditions effectively treated with agents blocking IL-1 range from classic rheumatic diseases, such as RA and gout, to autoinflammatory syndromes, such as systemic JIA and FMF. However, IL-1 antagonism is also effective against highly prevalent inflammatory diseases, namely cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, conditions that are frequently encountered as co-morbidities in patients with rheumatic diseases. Thereby, IL-1 inhibition has the potential to lift the burden of disease for patients with rheumatic conditions, but also to provide clinical benefits beyond the efficacy on osteoarticular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA, Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gardner SE, Humphry M, Bennett MR, Clarke MCH. Senescent Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Drive Inflammation Through an Interleukin-1α-Dependent Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1963-74. [PMID: 26139463 PMCID: PMC4548545 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that become senescent are both present within atherosclerotic plaques and thought to be important to the disease process. However, senescent VSMCs are generally considered to only contribute through inaction, with failure to proliferate resulting in VSMC- and collagen-poor unstable fibrous caps. Whether senescent VSMCs can actively contribute to atherogenic processes, such as inflammation, is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS We find that senescent human VSMCs develop a proinflammatory state known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Senescent human VSMCs release high levels of multiple cytokines and chemokines driven by secreted interleukin-1α acting in an autocrine manner. Consequently, the VSMC senescence-associated secretory phenotype promotes chemotaxis of mononuclear cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, senescent VSMCs release active matrix metalloproteinase-9, secrete less collagen, upregulate multiple inflammasome components, and prime adjacent endothelial cells and VSMCs to a proadhesive and proinflammatory state. Importantly, maintaining the senescence-associated secretory phenotype places a large metabolic burden on senescent VSMCs, such that they can be selectively killed by inhibiting glucose utilization. CONCLUSIONS Senescent VSMCs may actively contribute toward the chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis through the interleukin-1α-driven senescence-associated secretory phenotype and the priming of adjacent cells to a proatherosclerotic state. These data also suggest that inhibition of this potentially important source of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis requires blockade of interleukin-1α and not interleukin-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gardner
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Humphry
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Bennett
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Murray C H Clarke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Dávalos A, Chroni A. Antisense oligonucleotides, microRNAs, and antibodies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:649-89. [PMID: 25523006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of Watson-Crick base pairing and the development of several chemical modifications to oligonucleotides have enabled the development of novel drug classes for the treatment of different human diseases. This review focuses on promising results of recent preclinical or clinical studies on targeting HDL metabolism and function by antisense oligonucleotides and miRNA-based therapies. Although many hurdles regarding basic mechanism of action, delivery, specificity, and toxicity need to be overcome, promising results from recent clinical trials and recent approval of these types of therapy to treat dyslipidemia suggest that the treatment of HDL dysfunction will benefit from these unique clinical opportunities. Moreover, an overview of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease and currently being tested in clinical studies is provided. Initial studies have shown that these compounds are generally safe and well tolerated, but ongoing large clinical studies will assess their long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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Abderrazak A, Syrovets T, Couchie D, El Hadri K, Friguet B, Simmet T, Rouis M. NLRP3 inflammasome: from a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2015; 4:296-307. [PMID: 25625584 PMCID: PMC4315937 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-1β production is critically regulated by cytosolic molecular complexes, termed inflammasomes. Different inflammasome complexes have been described to date. While all inflammasomes recognize certain pathogens, it is the distinctive feature of NLRP3 inflammasome to be activated by many and diverse stimuli making NLRP3 the most versatile, and importantly also the most clinically implicated inflammasome. However, NLRP3 activation has remained the most enigmatic. It is not plausible that the intracellular NLRP3 receptor is able to detect all of its many and diverse triggers through direct interactions; instead, it is discussed that NLRP3 is responding to certain generic cellular stress-signals induced by the multitude of molecules that trigger its activation. An ever increasing number of studies link the sensing of cellular stress signals to a direct pathophysiological role of NLRP3 activation in a wide range of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and thus provide a novel mechanistic rational, on how molecules trigger and support sterile inflammatory diseases. A vast interest has created to unravel how NLRP3 becomes activated, since mechanistic insight is the prerequisite for a knowledge-based development of therapeutic intervention strategies that specifically target the NLRP3 triggered IL-1β production. In this review, we have updated knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation and on the pyrin domain in NLRP3 that could represent a drug target to treat sterile inflammatory diseases. We have reported mutations in NLRP3 that were found to be associated with certain diseases. In addition, we have reviewed the functional link between NLRP3 inflammasome, the regulator of cellular redox status Trx/TXNIP complex, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the pathogenesis of diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Finally, we have provided data on NLRP3 inflammasome, as a critical regulator involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Abderrazak
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing - IBPS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS-UMR 8256, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1164, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominique Couchie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing - IBPS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS-UMR 8256, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1164, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Khadija El Hadri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing - IBPS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS-UMR 8256, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1164, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing - IBPS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS-UMR 8256, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1164, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mustapha Rouis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing - IBPS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS-UMR 8256, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm U1164, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by activation of the innate immune system, with macrophages as the main players, as well as the adaptive immune system, characterized by a Th1-dominant immune response. Cytokines play a major role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of these molecules in experimental models of atherosclerosis. While some cytokines such as TNF or IFNγ clearly had atherogenic effects, others such as IL-10 were found to be atheroprotective. However, studies investigating the different cytokines in experimental atherosclerosis revealed that the cytokine system is complex with both disease stage-dependent and site-specific effects. In this review, we strive to provide an overview of the main cytokines involved in atherosclerosis and to shed light on their individual role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, L01-146.1, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Dinarello CA. An expanding role for interleukin-1 blockade from gout to cancer. Mol Med 2014; 20 Suppl 1:S43-58. [PMID: 25549233 PMCID: PMC4374514 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an expanding role for interleukin (IL)-1 in diseases from gout to cancer. More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family is closely linked to innate inflammatory and immune responses. This linkage is because the cytoplasmic segment of all members of the IL-1 family of receptors contains a domain, which is highly homologous to the cytoplasmic domains of all toll-like receptors (TLRs). This domain, termed "toll IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain," signals as does the IL-1 receptors; therefore, inflammation due to the TLR and the IL-1 families is nearly the same. Fundamental responses such as the induction of cyclo-oxygenase type 2, increased surface expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased gene expression of a broad number of inflammatory molecules characterizes IL-1 signal transduction as it does for TLR agonists. IL-1β is the most studied member of the IL-1 family because of its role in mediating autoinflammatory disease. However, a role for IL-1α in disease is being validated because of the availability of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to human IL-1α. There are presently three approved therapies for blocking IL-1 activity. Anakinra is a recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, which binds to the IL-1 receptor and prevents the binding of IL-1β as well as IL-1α. Rilonacept is a soluble decoy receptor that neutralizes primarily IL-1β but also IL-1α. Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes only IL-1β. Thus, a causal or significant contributing role can be established for IL-1β and IL-1α in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Anthony Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; and Department of Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, van der Meer JWM, Dinarello CA, Joosten LAB. Inflammasome-independent regulation of IL-1-family cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:49-77. [PMID: 25493334 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Induction, production, and release of proinflammatory cytokines are essential steps to establish an effective host defense. Cytokines of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family induce inflammation and regulate T lymphocyte responses while also displaying homeostatic and metabolic activities. With the exception of the IL-1 receptor antagonist, all IL-1 family cytokines lack a signal peptide and require proteolytic processing into an active molecule. One such unique protease is caspase-1, which is activated by protein platforms called the inflammasomes. However, increasing evidence suggests that inflammasomes and caspase-1 are not the only mechanism for processing IL-1 cytokines. IL-1 cytokines are often released as precursors and require extracellular processing for activity. Here we review the inflammasome-independent enzymatic processes that are able to activate IL-1 cytokines, paying special attention to neutrophil-derived serine proteases, which subsequently induce inflammation and modulate host defense. The inflammasome-independent processing of IL-1 cytokines has important consequences for understanding inflammatory diseases, and it impacts the design of IL-1-based modulatory therapies.
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Interleukin-1 potently contributes to 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced synergistic cytokine production in smooth muscle cell-monocyte interactions. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:443-52. [PMID: 25463072 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is essential for atherogenesis. Cholesterol, a cardiovascular risk factor, may activate inflammation in the vessel wall during this process. Cytokine-mediated interactions of human monocytes with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may perpetuate this process. METHODS We investigated the capacity of the cholesterol metabolite 25-hydroxycholesterol to induce inflammatory mediators in cocultures of freshly isolated monocytes with SMCs. We determined the role of interleukin-(IL)-1 in this interaction using qPCR, bioassays, ELISA and western blot. Cocultures with SMC to monocyte ratios from 1:4 to 1:20 were tested. RESULTS In separate SMC and monocyte cultures (monocultures) 25-hydroxycholesterol only poorly activated IL-1, IL-6 and MCP-1 production, whereas LPS stimulated much higher cytokine levels than unstimulated cultures. In contrast, cocultures of SMCs and monocytes stimulated with 25-hydroxycholesterol produced hundredfold higher cytokine levels than the corresponding monocultures. Blocking experiments with IL-1-receptor antagonist showed that IL-1 decisively contributed to the 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced synergistic IL-6 and MCP-1 production. The presence of intracellular IL-1β precursor, released mature IL-1β, and caspase-1 p10 indicated that the inflammasome was involved in this process. Determination of IL-1-mRNA in Transwell experiments indicated that the monocytes are the major source of IL-1, which subsequently activates the SMCs, the primary source of IL-6 in the coculture. CONCLUSION Taken together, these interactions between local vessel wall cells and invading monocytes may multiply cholesterol-triggered inflammation in the vessel wall, and IL-1 may play a key role in this process. The data also indicate that lower cholesterol levels than expected from monocultures may suffice to initiate inflammation in the tissue.
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Negrin KA, Roth Flach RJ, DiStefano MT, Matevossian A, Friedline RH, Jung D, Kim JK, Czech MP. IL-1 signaling in obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107265. [PMID: 25216251 PMCID: PMC4162604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is prevalent in human obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is characterized by increases in both hepatic triglyceride accumulation (denoted as steatosis) and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. We report here that the development of hepatic steatosis requires IL-1 signaling, which upregulates Fatty acid synthase to promote hepatic lipogenesis. Using clodronate liposomes to selectively deplete liver Kupffer cells in ob/ob mice, we observed remarkable amelioration of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and reductions in liver weight, triglyceride content and lipogenic enzyme expressions. Similar results were obtained with diet-induced obese mice, although visceral adipose tissue macrophage depletion also occurred in response to clodronate liposomes in this model. There were no differences in the food intake, whole body metabolic parameters, serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels or lipid profiles due to clodronate-treatment, but hepatic cytokine gene expressions including IL-1β were decreased. Conversely, treatment of primary mouse hepatocytes with IL-1β significantly increased triglyceride accumulation and Fatty acid synthase expression. Furthermore, the administration of IL-1 receptor antagonist to obese mice markedly reduced obesity-induced steatosis and hepatic lipogenic gene expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-1β signaling upregulates hepatic lipogenesis in obesity, and is essential for the induction of pathogenic hepatic steatosis in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Negrin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marina T. DiStefano
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anouch Matevossian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Randall H. Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - DaeYoung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu W, Yin Y, Zhou Z, He M, Dai Y. OxLDL-induced IL-1 beta secretion promoting foam cells formation was mainly via CD36 mediated ROS production leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:33-43. [PMID: 24121974 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-1β is a master switch of inflammation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. During early atherosclerosis development, it is not clearly understood how oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)induced signaling pathways control NLRP3 inflammasome activation and produce IL-1β and promote foam cells formation. METHODS The study used THP-1 macrophage as cell model. Western blot quantified the oxLDL-induced NLRP3 inflammasome related proteins. The FACS detected the expression of SR-A and CD36 receptors on the cells, and caspase-1 activation in the cells. The DCFH-DA assayed the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oil red O staining techniques examined the intracellular lipid droplet. RESULTS The OxLDL remarkably increased not only IL-1β mRNA transcription and pro-IL-1β protein synthesis but also IL-1β secretion in human macrophages. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome depended on oxLDL-induced generation of ROS, potassium efflux and cathepsin B activity. The OxLDL-induced ROS production that mediates IL-1β maturation mainly depended on the scavenger receptor of CD36 but not SR-A. The secreted IL-1β served as an autocrine function for promoting macrophage foam cells formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that oxLDL-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation mainly depends on CD36 involved in the progression of atherosclerosis by promoting oxLDL-mediated inflammation and foam cell formation.
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Folco EJ, Sukhova GK, Quillard T, Libby P. Moderate hypoxia potentiates interleukin-1β production in activated human macrophages. Circ Res 2014; 115:875-83. [PMID: 25185259 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation drives atherogenesis. Animal and human studies have implicated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in this disease. Moderate hypoxia, a condition that prevails in the atherosclerotic plaque, may conspire with inflammation and contribute to the evolution and complications of atherosclerosis through mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the links between hypoxia and inflammation by testing the hypothesis that moderate hypoxia modulates IL-1β production in activated human macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Our results demonstrated that hypoxia enhances pro-IL-1β protein, but not mRNA, expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophages. We show that hypoxia limits the selective targeting of pro-IL-1β to autophagic degradation, thus prolonging its half-life and promoting its intracellular accumulation. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the expression of NLRP3, a limiting factor in NLRP3 inflammasome function, and augmented caspase-1 activation in lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. Consequently, hypoxic human macrophages secreted higher amounts of mature IL-1β than did normoxic macrophages after treatment with crystalline cholesterol, an endogenous danger signal that contributes to atherogenesis. In human atherosclerotic plaques, IL-1β localizes predominantly to macrophage-rich regions that express activated caspase-1 and the hypoxia markers hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and hexokinase-2, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining of carotid endarterectomy specimens. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that hypoxia potentiates IL-1β expression in cultured human macrophages and in the context of atheromata, therefore unveiling a novel proinflammatory mechanism that may participate in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Folco
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Abstract
Oocyte endowment dwindles away during prepubertal and adult life until menopause occurs, and apoptosis has been identified as a central mechanism responsible for oocyte elimination. A few recent reports suggest that uncontrolled inflammation may adversely affect ovarian reserve. We tested the possible role of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 in the age-related exhaustion of ovarian reserve using IL-1α and IL-1β-KO mice. IL-1α-KO mice showed a substantially higher pregnancy rate and litter size compared with WT mice at advanced age. The number of secondary and antral follicles was significantly higher in 2.5-mo-old IL-1α-KO ovaries compared with WT ovaries. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone, a putative marker of ovarian reserve, was markedly higher in IL-1α-KO mice from 2.5 mo onward, along with a greater ovarian response to gonadotropins. IL-1β-KO mice displayed a comparable but more subtle prolongation of ovarian lifespan compared with IL-1α-KO mice. The protein and mRNA of both IL-1α and IL-1β mice were localized within the developing follicles (oocytes and granulosa cells), and their ovarian mRNA levels increased with age. Molecular analysis revealed decreased apoptotic signaling [higher B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and lower BCL-2-associated X protein levels], along with a marked attenuation in the expression of genes coding for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in ovaries of IL-1α-KO mice compared with WT mice. Taken together, IL-1 emerges as an important participant in the age-related exhaustion of ovarian reserve in mice, possibly by enhancing the expression of inflammatory genes and promoting apoptotic pathways.
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Olteanu S, Kandel-Kfir M, Shaish A, Almog T, Shemesh S, Barshack I, Apte RN, Harats D, Kamari Y. Lack of interleukin-1α in Kupffer cells attenuates liver inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:433-9. [PMID: 24582082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Kupffer cell interleukin (IL)-1 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development remains unclear. AIMS To evaluate the role of Kupffer cell IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1 receptor type-1 (IL-1R1) in steatohepatitis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow-derived cells from WT, IL-1α-/-, IL-1β-/- or IL-1R1-/- mice combined with Kupffer cell ablation with Gadolinium Chloride, and fed atherogenic diet. Plasma and liver triglycerides and cholesterol, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver histology and expression levels of inflammatory genes were assessed. RESULTS The ablation and replacement of Kupffer cells with bone marrow-derived cells was confirmed. The atherogenic diet elevated plasma and liver cholesterol, reduced plasma and liver triglycerides and increased serum ALT levels in all groups. Steatosis and steatohepatitis were induced, but without liver fibrosis. A reduction in the severity of portal inflammation was observed only in mice with Kupffer cell deficiency of IL-1α. Accordingly, liver mRNA levels of inflammatory genes encoding for IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, SAA1 and IL-6 were significantly lower in mice with Kupffer cell deficiency of IL-1α compared to WT mice. CONCLUSION Selective deficiency of IL-1α in Kupffer cells reduces liver inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, which may implicate Kupffer cell-derived IL-1α in steatohepatitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Olteanu
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel-Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Almog
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shay Shemesh
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Awan Z, Genest J. Inflammation modulation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:719-33. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487314529350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Genest
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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