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Qi WH, Hu LF, Gu YJ, Zhang XY, Jiang XM, Li WJ, Qi JS, Xiao GS, Jie H. Integrated mRNA-miRNA transcriptome profiling of blood immune responses potentially related to pulmonary fibrosis in forest musk deer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404108. [PMID: 38873601 PMCID: PMC11169664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus Berezovskii) is a critically endangered species world-widely, the death of which can be caused by pulmonary disease in the farm. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) was a huge threat to the health and survival of captive FMD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have been involved in the regulation of immune genes and disease development. However, the regulatory profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs involved in immune regulation of FMD are unclear. Methods In this study, mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in blood were performed to constructed coexpression regulatory networks between PF and healthy groups of FMD. The hub immune- and apoptosis-related genes in the PF blood of FMD were explored through Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Further, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of immune-associated and apoptosis-associated key signaling pathways were constructed based on mRNA-miRNA in the PF blood of the FMD. Immune hub DEGs and immune hub DEmiRNAs were selected for experimental verification using RT-qPCR. Results A total of 2744 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 356 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in the PF blood group compared to the healthy blood group. Among them, 42 DEmiRNAs were negatively correlated with 20 immune DEGs from a total of 57 correlations. The DEGs were significantly associated with pathways related to CD molecules, immune disease, immune system, cytokine receptors, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, intestinal immune network for IgA production, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. There were 240 immune-related DEGs, in which 186 immune-related DEGs were up-regulated and 54 immune-related DEGs were down-regulated. In the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of immune-related signaling pathway, TYK2, TLR2, TLR4, IL18, CSF1, CXCL13, LCK, ITGB2, PIK3CB, HCK, CD40, CD86, CCL3, CCR7, IL2RA, TLR3, and IL4R were identified as the hub immune genes. The mRNA-miRNA coregulation analysis showed that let-7d, miR-324-3p, miR-760, miR-185, miR-149, miR-149-5p, and miR-1842-5p are key miRNAs that target DEGs involved in immune disease, immune system and immunoregulation. Conclusion The development and occurrence of PF were significantly influenced by the immune-related and apoptosis-related genes present in PF blood. mRNAs and miRNAs associated with the development and occurrence of PF in the FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Qi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Fan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Jiawei Gu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Xue-Mei Jiang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu-Jiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Qi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xiao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Jie
- Jinfo Mountain Forest Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, China
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Cruden K, Wilkinson K, Mukaz DK, Plante TB, Zakai NA, Long DL, Cushman M, Olson NC. Soluble CD14 and Incident Diabetes Risk: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae097. [PMID: 38817635 PMCID: PMC11137750 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is an inflammation biomarker with higher concentrations in White than Black adults. Higher sCD14 is seen in insulin resistance and diabetes. There are limited data on the relationship between sCD14 and incident diabetes. Objective To determine the association of sCD14 with incident diabetes risk in a large biracial US cohort and evaluate whether relationships differ by race. Design This study included 3401 Black and White participants from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study without baseline diabetes who completed baseline and follow-up in-home visits. Modified Poisson regression models estimated risk ratios (RR) of incident diabetes per 1-SD increment sCD14, with adjustment for risk factors. A sCD14-by-race interaction evaluated whether associations differed by race. Results There were 460 cases of incident diabetes over a mean 9.5 years of follow-up. The association of sCD14 with diabetes differed by race (P for interaction < .09). Stratifying by race, adjusting for age, sex, and region, higher sCD14 was associated with incident diabetes in White (RR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33) but not Black participants (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.08). In models adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic diabetes risk factors, the association was attenuated among White participants (RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.28) and remained null among Black participants (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.01). Conclusion sCD14 was associated with incident diabetes risk in White but not Black adults, but this association was explained by diabetes risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaileen Cruden
- Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Katherine Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Debora Kamin Mukaz
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Timothy B Plante
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Neil A Zakai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - D Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nels C Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Sarhadi M, Pahlavani E, Hosseini Razavi N, Ghadyani F, Abdollahi Z, Sarhadi S, Sabeti Akbar Abad M, Shahriari H, Majidpour M. IL-18 and CD14 variants in chronic HBV predisposition: a case-control study with in silico analyses focused on transcription and splicing. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38459706 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2326132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a vaccine-avoidable infection, is a health concern worldwide, leading to liver disorders such as acute self-constraint and chronic hepatitis, liver failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated. 'Immunogeneticprofiling', genetic variations of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines responsible for regulating the immune responses, cause person-to-person differences and impact the clinical manifestation of the disease. The current experimental-bioinformatics research was conducted to examine whether promoteric IL-18-rs187238 C > G and -rs1946518 T > G and intronic CD14-rs2569190 A > G variations are associated with chronic HBV. A total of 400 individuals (200 in each case and control group) participated in the study and were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The data was also assessed bioinformatics-wise for conservation, genomic transcription and splicing, and protein interactions. Findings proposed that unlike the IL-18-rs1946518 T > G and CD14-rs2569190 A > G, the IL-18-rs187238 C > G is a protector against chronic HBV (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.46-0.83, and p = 0.002). The TG/CC/AA, TG/CC/AG, TT/CC/AG, and GG/CC/AA combined genotypes significantly increased chronic HBV risk (p < 0.05), while the IL-18 G/T and G/G haplotypes lessened it (p < 0.05). Moreover, IL-18-rs1946518 T > G is in the protected genomic regions across mammalian species. In contrast to the IL-18-rs1946518 T > G, IL-18-rs187238 C > G is likely to create novel binding sites for transcription factors, and the CD14-rs2569190 A > G presumably changed the ribonucleic acid splicing pattern. More research on larger populations and other ethnicities is required to authenticate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Elham Pahlavani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Hosseini Razavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghadyani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abdollahi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Sarhadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Sabeti Akbar Abad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahriari
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Akyol O, Akyol S, Chou MC, Chen S, Liu CK, Selek S, Soares JC, Chen CH. Lipids and lipoproteins may play a role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1275932. [PMID: 38033552 PMCID: PMC10687420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other classes of dementia are important public health problems with overwhelming social, physical, and financial effects for patients, society, and their families and caregivers. The pathophysiology of AD is poorly understood despite the extensive number of clinical and experimental studies. The brain's lipid-rich composition is linked to disturbances in lipid homeostasis, often associated with glucose and lipid abnormalities in various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels may be related to a higher probability of AD. Here, we hypothesize that lipids, and electronegative LDL (L5) in particular, may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Although changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and glucose levels are seen in AD, the cause remains unknown. We believe that L5-the most electronegative subfraction of LDL-may be a crucial factor in understanding the involvement of lipids in AD pathology. LDL and L5 are internalized by cells through different receptors and mechanisms that trigger separate intracellular pathways. One of the receptors involved in L5 internalization, LOX-1, triggers apoptotic pathways. Aging is associated with dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, and it is believed that alterations in lipid metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Proposed mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in AD include mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disease, neuronal signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which lead ultimately to memory loss through deficiency of synaptic integration. Several lipid species and their receptors have essential functions in AD pathogenesis and may be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Akyol
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shioulan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Salih Selek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Sharygin D, Koniaris LG, Wells C, Zimmers TA, Hamidi T. Role of CD14 in human disease. Immunology 2023; 169:260-270. [PMID: 36840585 PMCID: PMC10591340 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface antigen CD14 is primarily understood to act as a co-receptor for toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate innate immunity responses to pathogens and tissue injury in macrophages and monocytes. However, roles for CD14 are increasingly being uncovered in disease responses in epithelial and endothelial cells. Consistent with these broader functions, CD14 expression is altered in a variety of non-immune cell types in response to a several of disease states. Moreover, soluble CD14 activated by factors from both pathogens and tissue damage may initiate signalling in a variety of non-immune cells. This review examined the current understanding CD14 in innate immunity as well as its potential functions in nonimmune cells and associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharygin
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Clark Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tewfik Hamidi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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6
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Benitez S, Puig N, Rives J, Solé A, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Can Electronegative LDL Act as a Multienzymatic Complex? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087074. [PMID: 37108253 PMCID: PMC10138509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is a minor form of LDL present in blood for which proportions are increased in pathologies with increased cardiovascular risk. In vitro studies have shown that LDL(-) presents pro-atherogenic properties, including a high susceptibility to aggregation, the ability to induce inflammation and apoptosis, and increased binding to arterial proteoglycans; however, it also shows some anti-atherogenic properties, which suggest a role in controlling the atherosclerotic process. One of the distinctive features of LDL(-) is that it has enzymatic activities with the ability to degrade different lipids. For example, LDL(-) transports platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which degrades oxidized phospholipids. In addition, two other enzymatic activities are exhibited by LDL(-). The first is type C phospholipase activity, which degrades both lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPLC-like activity) and sphingomyelin (SMase-like activity). The second is ceramidase activity (CDase-like). Based on the complementarity of the products and substrates of these different activities, this review speculates on the possibility that LDL(-) may act as a sort of multienzymatic complex in which these enzymatic activities exert a concerted action. We hypothesize that LysoPLC/SMase and CDase activities could be generated by conformational changes in apoB-100 and that both activities occur in proximity to PAF-AH, making it feasible to discern a coordinated action among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Rives
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Arnau Solé
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Tang X, Xu Q, Yang S, Huang X, Wang L, Huang F, Luo J, Zhou X, Wu A, Mei Q, Zhao C, Wu J. Toll-like Receptors and Thrombopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021010. [PMID: 36674552 PMCID: PMC9864288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are the second most abundant blood component after red blood cells and can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Beyond its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it also plays an indispensable role in inflammatory diseases. However, thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic problem in the clinic, and it presents a proportional relationship with the fatality of many diseases. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of thrombocytopenia is of great importance. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is one of the most relevant characteristics of thrombopoiesis and the platelet inflammatory function. We know that the TLR family is found on the surface or inside almost all cells, where they perform many immune functions. Of those, TLR2 and TLR4 are the main stress-inducing members and play an integral role in inflammatory diseases and platelet production and function. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present and discuss the relationship between platelets, inflammation and the TLR family and extend recent research on the influence of the TLR2 and TLR4 pathways and the regulation of platelet production and function. Reviewing the interaction between TLRs and platelets in inflammation may be a research direction or program for the treatment of thrombocytopenia-related and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xinwu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Feihong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-186-8307-3667 (C.Z.); +86-139-8241-6641 (J.W.)
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-186-8307-3667 (C.Z.); +86-139-8241-6641 (J.W.)
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8
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Presence of Ceramidase Activity in Electronegative LDL. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010165. [PMID: 36613609 PMCID: PMC9820682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a minor modified fraction of human plasma LDL with several atherogenic properties. Among them is increased bioactive lipid mediator content, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ceramide (Cer), and sphingosine (Sph), which are related to the presence of some phospholipolytic activities, including platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), phospholipase C (PLC), and sphingomyelinase (SMase), in LDL(-). However, these enzymes' activities do not explain the increased Sph content, which typically derives from Cer degradation. In the present study, we analyzed the putative presence of ceramidase (CDase) activity, which could explain the increased Sph content. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and lipidomic analysis showed that Cer, Sph, and NEFA spontaneously increased in LDL(-) incubated alone at 37 °C, in contrast with native LDL(+). An inhibitor of neutral CDase prevented the formation of Sph and, in turn, increased Cer content in LDL(-). In addition, LDL(-) efficiently degraded fluorescently labeled Cer (NBD-Cer) to form Sph and NEFA. These observations defend the existence of the CDase-like activity's association with LDL(-). However, neither the proteomic analysis nor the Western blot detected the presence of an enzyme with known CDase activity. Further studies are thus warranted to define the origin of the CDase-like activity detected in LDL(-).
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Huang R, Sun Z, Xian S, Song D, Chang Z, Yan P, Zhang J, Yin H, Zheng Z, Hu P, Li Z, Huang D, Liu Y, Jiang C, Li M, Li S, Meng T, Yang D, Huang Z. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pan-cancer. Ann Med 2022; 54:1918-1937. [PMID: 35801728 PMCID: PMC9272932 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2095664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and abnormal TLR expression has been linked to a variety of cancers. However, there was a lack of clarity on the association of TLR stimulation with the carcinogenesis of cancer. The study's goal was to analyse the clinical importance of TLRs expression at the mRNA level in pan-cancer datasets, as well as the link between TLR expression and carcinogenesis, progression, and clinical prognosis. METHODS The expression profile of TLRs derived from UCSC pan-cancer data was analysed in multiple dimensions, including clinical analysis, immunological subtype analysis, tumour microenvironment (TME) analysis, tumour stem cell correlation analysis, and drug sensitivity analysis. Additionally, we analyse protein-protein interactions, functional enrichment, and chromatin accessibility, as well as TLR expression in single-cell sequencing data. RESULTS Our multi-omics analysis results imply that TLRs may operate as a biological marker for carcinogenesis and progression, a potential target for anti-tumour therapy, and a prognostic biomarker, laying the theoretical groundwork for future translational medicine research. CONCLUSION TLRs are involved in the formation of malignancies and can be explored in further detail as potential prognostic indicators. Key MessagesToll-like receptors (TLRs) are key factors in the process of the innate and adaptive immune response, and their aberrant expression of TLRs have been widely reported in various cancer. However, the association between TLRs stimulation and tumorigenesis of cancer has not been well clarified.In this study, in the pan-cancer data, integrated TLR family gene expression analysis, clinical correlation analysis, immune subtype correlation analysis, tumour microenvironment correlation analysis, tumour stem cell correlation analysis, and drug sensitivity correlation analysis were performed.TLRs play an important role in the development of tumours and can be studied in depth as potential prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Zheng
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daoke Yang
- Department of Radiotherpy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Allen RM, Michell DL, Cavnar AB, Zhu W, Makhijani N, Contreras DM, Raby CA, Semler EM, DeJulius C, Castleberry M, Zhang Y, Ramirez-Solano M, Zhao S, Duvall C, Doran AC, Sheng Q, Linton MF, Vickers KC. LDL delivery of microbial small RNAs drives atherosclerosis through macrophage TLR8. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1701-1713. [PMID: 36474072 PMCID: PMC10609361 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages present a spectrum of phenotypes that mediate both the pathogenesis and resolution of atherosclerotic lesions. Inflammatory macrophage phenotypes are pro-atherogenic, but the stimulatory factors that promote these phenotypes remain incompletely defined. Here we demonstrate that microbial small RNAs (msRNA) are enriched on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and drive pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and cytokine secretion via activation of the RNA sensor toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8). Removal of msRNA cargo during LDL re-constitution yields particles that readily promote sterol loading but fail to stimulate inflammatory activation. Competitive antagonism of TLR8 with non-targeting locked nucleic acids was found to prevent native LDL-induced macrophage polarization in vitro, and re-organize lesion macrophage phenotypes in vivo, as determined by single-cell RNA sequencing. Critically, this was associated with reduced disease burden in distinct mouse models of atherosclerosis. These results identify LDL-msRNA as instigators of atherosclerosis-associated inflammation and support alternative functions of LDL beyond cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Allen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Danielle L Michell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley B Cavnar
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wanying Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil Makhijani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danielle M Contreras
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chase A Raby
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Semler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carlisle DeJulius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark Castleberry
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Youmin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Ye Z, Kilic G, Dabelsteen S, Marinova IN, Thøfner JF, Song M, Rudjord-Levann AM, Bagdonaite I, Vakhrushev SY, Brakebusch CH, Olsen JV, Wandall HH. Characterization of TGF-β signaling in a human organotypic skin model reveals that loss of TGF-βRII induces invasive tissue growth. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo2206. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling regulates various aspects of cell growth and differentiation and is often dysregulated in human cancers. We combined genetic engineering of a human organotypic three-dimensional (3D) skin model with global quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to dissect the importance of essential components of the TGF-β signaling pathway, including the ligands TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, the receptor TGF-βRII, and the intracellular effector SMAD4. Consistent with the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β signaling, the loss of TGF-β1 or SMAD4 promoted cell cycling and delayed epidermal differentiation. The loss of TGF-βRII, which abrogates both SMAD4-dependent and SMAD4-independent downstream signaling, more strongly affected cell proliferation and differentiation than did loss of SMAD4, and it induced invasive growth. TGF-βRII knockout reduced cell-matrix interactions, and the production of matrix proteins increased the production of cancer-associated cell-cell adhesion proteins and proinflammatory mediators and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Inhibiting the activation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways blocked the development of the invasive phenotype upon the loss of TGF-βRII. This study provides a framework for exploring TGF-β signaling pathways in human epithelial tissue homeostasis and transformation using genetic engineering, 3D tissue models, and high-throughput quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülcan Kilic
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Oral Biology and Immunopathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Section of Oral Biology and Immunopathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina N. Marinova
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F. B. Thøfner
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Song
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asha M. Rudjord-Levann
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y. Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord H. Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Biomedical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Chai Y, Lu Y, Yang L, Qiu J, Qin C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qi G, Liu C, Zhang X, Li D, Zhu H. Identification and potential functions of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105881. [PMID: 34509631 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IBS-D is a functional bowel disease without clear diagnostic markers and exact pathogenesis. Studies have proved that non-coding RNAs participate in IBS-D. However, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), as a new type of non-coding RNAs that are more suitable as markers, remain to be clarified in IBS-D. Hence, we focused on the identification and potential functions of tsRNAs in IBS-D. Intestinal biopsies were obtained from IBS-D patients and healthy volunteers, and twenty-eight differential tsRNAs were screened by high-throughput sequencing. The changes of tiRNA-His-GTG-001, tRF-Ser-GCT-113, and tRF-Gln-TTG-035 by q-PCR in expanded samples were consistent with the sequencing results. Meanwhile, target gene prediction and bioinformatics showed that the three differential tsRNAs may be involved in some key signal pathways, such as GABAergic synapse, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), etc. Their regulation on target genes were demonstrated through cell experiments and luciferase reporter assays. In addition, the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the three tsRNAs all could be used as candidate markers of IBS-D. The correlation analysis indicated they were related to the degree of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and stool morphology. So, we believe that the abnormal tiRNA-His-GTG-001, tRF-Ser-GCT-113, and tRF-Gln-TTG-035 are related to the clinical symptoms of IBS-D, and can target regulate the important molecules of the brain-gut axis, even could be expected as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Limin Yang
- Digestive department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jianli Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chongzhen Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jingmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hip Disease Research and Treatment Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Guangzhao Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chengye Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang Dongfang Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Duolu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - He Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China.
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13
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Dounousi E, Duni A, Naka KK, Vartholomatos G, Zoccali C. The Innate Immune System and Cardiovascular Disease in ESKD: Monocytes and Natural Killer Cells. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:63-76. [PMID: 32600233 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200628024027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adverse innate immune responses have been implicated in several disease processes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The monocyte subsets natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells are involved in innate immunity. Monocytes subsets are key in atherogenesis and the inflammatory cascade occurring in heart failure. Upregulated activity and counts of proinflammatory CD16+ monocyte subsets are associated with clinical indices of atherosclerosis, heart failure syndromes and CKD. Advanced CKD is a complex state of persistent systemic inflammation characterized by elevated expression of proinflammatory and pro-atherogenic CD14++CD16+ monocytes, which are associated with cardiovascular events and death both in the general population and among patients with CKD. Diminished NK cells and NKT cells counts and aberrant activity are observed in both coronary artery disease and end-stage kidney disease. However, evidence of the roles of NK cells and NKT cells in atherogenesis in advanced CKD is circumstantial and remains to be clarified. This review describes the available evidence regarding the roles of specific immune cell subsets in the pathogenesis of CVD in patients with CKD. Future research is expected to further uncover the links between CKD associated innate immune system dysregulation and accelerated CVD and will ideally be translated into therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anila Duni
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina K Naka
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Laboratory of Haematology - Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-Reggio Cal Unit, National Research Council, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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14
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Chen DY, Sawamura T, Dixon RAF, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Chen CH. Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: An Update on the Role of Atherogenic Electronegative LDL and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1992. [PMID: 34066436 PMCID: PMC8124242 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been linked with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and ASCVD. However, the mechanisms underlying the high ASCVD burden in patients with AIRDs cannot be explained only by conventional risk factors despite disease-specific factors and chronic inflammation. Nevertheless, the normal levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol observed in most patients with AIRDs do not exclude the possibility of increased LDL atherogenicity. By using anion-exchange chromatography, human LDL can be divided into five increasingly electronegative subfractions, L1 to L5, or into electropositive and electronegative counterparts, LDL (+) and LDL (-). Electronegative L5 and LDL (-) have similar chemical compositions and can induce adverse inflammatory reactions in vascular cells. Notably, the percentage of L5 or LDL (-) in total LDL is increased in normolipidemic patients with AIRDs. Electronegative L5 and LDL (-) are not recognized by the normal LDL receptor but instead signal through the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) to activate inflammasomes involving interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we describe the detailed mechanisms of AIRD-related ASCVD mediated by L5 or LDL (-) and discuss the potential targeting of LOX-1 or IL-1β signaling as new therapeutic modalities for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Yuan Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Richard A. F. Dixon
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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15
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Cunha EBB, Silva NFDA, Lima JDE, Serrato JA, Aita CAM, Herai RH. Leaf extracts of Campomanesia xanthocarpa positively regulates atherosclerotic-related protein expression. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191486. [PMID: 33237138 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is caused by a monocyte-mediated inflammatory process that, in turn, is stimulated by cytokines and adhesion molecules. Monocytes are then differentiated into macrophages, leading to the formation of arterial atherosclerotic plaques. Recently, guavirova leaf extracts from Campomanesia xanthocarpa (EG) have shown potential effects on the treatment of plaque formation by reducing cholesterol, LDL levels and serum oxidative stress. We evaluated the effect of EG on the viability of human monocytic and endothelial cell lines at three time points (24, 48 and 72 hours) and whether it can modulate the migration and in vitro expression of CD14, PECAM-1, ICAM-1, HLA-DR and CD105. Cell viability was affected only at higher concentrations and times. We observed decreased ICAM-1 expression in cells treated with 50 μg/ml EG and CD14 expression with IFN-γ and without IFN-γ. CD14 also decreased endothelial cell expression in the presence of IFN-γ and GE. We also found decreased expression of PECAM-1 when treated with EG and IFN-γ. In addition, EG-treated endothelial cells showed higher migration than the control group. Reduced expression of these markers and increased migration may lead to decreased cytokines, which may be contributing to decreased chronic inflammatory response during atherosclerosis and protecting endothelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B B Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde/PPGCS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná/PUCPR, Escola de Medicina, Laboratório Experimental Multiusuário/LEM, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, 80215-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Centro Universitário - UNIFACEAR, Av. das Araucárias, 3803, 83707-067 Araucária, PR, Brazil
| | - NatÁlia F DA Silva
- Divisão de Pneumologia do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas/ HCFMUSP, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean DE Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas/ICB-IV, Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes/LIT, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 137, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia A Serrato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde/PPGCS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná/PUCPR, Escola de Medicina, Laboratório Experimental Multiusuário/LEM, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, 80215-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos A M Aita
- Laboratório Diagnósticos Brasil/DB, Rua Manoel Ribas, 245, 83010-030 São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde/PPGCS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná/PUCPR, Escola de Medicina, Laboratório Experimental Multiusuário/LEM, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, 80215-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Instituto Lico Kaesemodel/ILK, Av. Sete de Setembro, 5402, 80240-000 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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16
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Aktaş T, Celik SK, Genc GC, Arpaci D, Can M, Dursun A. Higher Levels of Serum TLR2 and TLR4 in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:118-126. [PMID: 30924423 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190329114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the interaction between genes and environmental triggers. HT is the most common endocrine disorder, as well as the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Autoimmunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HT and recent studies suggest that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals lead to increased inflammatory response. The aim of our study is to investigate whether TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels and gene polymorphisms contribute to the damaged immune response leading to HT. METHODS Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile were studied in 100 patients with HT and 100 healthy controls. Also, we investigated serum levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the immunopathogenesis of HT. TLR-2 and TLR-4 serum levels were found to be significantly higher in HT patients than the control group. However, no statistical significance was found between patient and control groups in terms of genotype frequencies and allele frequency distribution of TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile polymorphisms. RESULT TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile polymorphism do not appear to have a role in the development of HT disease. However, in our study, serum levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were found to be higher in HT patients than control groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TLR-2 and TLR-4 play an important role in the immunopathologic mechanism of disease by causing an increase in proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Aktaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim K Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Gunes C Genc
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zongulda, Turkey
| | - Dilek Arpaci
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zongulda, Turkey
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17
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Cuevas A, Saavedra N, Salazar LA, Cavalcante MF, Silva JC, Abdalla DSP. Prodigiosin Modulates the Immune Response and Could Promote a Stable Atherosclerotic Lession in C57bl/6 Ldlr-/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176417. [PMID: 32899258 PMCID: PMC7504388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, whose progression and stability are modulated, among other factors, by an innate and adaptive immune response. Prodiginines are bacterial secondary metabolites with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities; however, their effect on the progression or vulnerability of atheromatous plaque has not been evaluated. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin on inflammatory marker expression and atherosclerosis. An in vitro and in vivo study was carried out. Migration, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and angiogenesis assays were performed on cell types involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. In addition, male LDL receptor null (Ldlr-/-) C57BL/6J mice were treated with prodigiosin or undecylprodigiosin for 28 days. Morphometric analysis of atherosclerotic plaques, gene expression of atherogenic factors in the aortic sinus and serum cytokine quantification were performed. The treatments applied had slight effects on the in vitro tests performed, highlighting the inhibitory effect on the migration of SMCs (smooth muscle cells). On the other hand, although no significant difference in atherosclerotic plaque progression was observed, gene expression of IL-4 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) was downregulated. In addition, 50 µg/Kg/day of both treatments was sufficient to inhibit circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in serum. These results suggested that prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin modulated inflammatory markers and could have an impact in reducing atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cuevas
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio—CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-45-2744333
| | - Nicolás Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio—CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile;
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile;
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile;
| | - Marcela F. Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
| | - Jacqueline C. Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
| | - Dulcineia S. P. Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
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Wu W, Wu H, He M, Zhang L, Huang Y, Geng Y, Liu J, Wang Q, Fan Z, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Transcriptome analyses provide insights into maternal immune changes at several critical phases of giant panda reproduction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103699. [PMID: 32344048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) possess highly specialized reproductive characteristics, but the maternal immune changes during reproduction are largely unclear. Here, 20 blood transcriptomes were used to determine immune changes at four key phases of giant panda reproduction, and a total of 4640 differential expression genes were identified. During estrus, six immune-related genes (TLR4, IL1B, SYK, SPI1, CD80, and ITK) were identified as hub genes. The up-regulation of the TLR family genes (TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR8) and inflammatory response related genes (IL1B) may reflect innate immune enhancement and local tissue remodeling events, while the up-regulation of SYK and SPI1, and the down-regulation of CD80 and ITK suggested that the enhanced humoral immunity and inhibited cellular immunity of female giant pandas during estrus. During early pregnancy, antigen presentation related genes and proinflammatory cytokine (IL1B) were down-regulated. This may indicate that partial immune functions were suppressed in early pregnancy to achieve immune tolerance, including reducing inflammatory to protect embryos. By the late pregnancy, the antiviral related genes were up-regulated to strengthen defenses against external pathogen infection. KLRK1, which acts as a primary activation receptor for NK cells, was down regulated in estrus and pregnancy, suggesting that the activities of NK cells were inhibited, and KLRK1 may play a key role in the regulation the activities of pbNK cells during reproduction of giant pandas. Our results showed that there was no significant immune change in lactating females (post-natal 2 months) compared to anestrus females. This is the first time to observe the immune changes of giant panda during the breeding period and our data is expected to provide valuable resources for further studies on reproductive immunology of giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Honglin Wu
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, 623006, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ming He
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, 623006, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, 623006, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, 623006, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Rong Hou
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, PR China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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Association of TLR-2 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Periodontitis: A Meta-Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:9353958. [PMID: 32831974 PMCID: PMC7429804 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9353958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a kind of chronic infectious disease, affecting the health of billions of people. In recent years, a number of studies have shown that multiple immune gene polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to periodontitis, among which TLR-2 plays a critical role in periodontitis. But most of the studies reported TLR-2 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to periodontitis are not consistent. Therefore, we included all eligible studies in our study for further meta-analysis. Methods We used electronic databases, including CNKI, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, and relevant research published through June, 2020. Selecting studies involved case-control trials. For all eligibility studies, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are provided or can be calculated from the study data. The size of the combined effect was calculated using STATA 15.0. Results Our meta-analysis included 14 articles representing 18 case-control studies with a total of 3873 cases and 3438 control subjects. Significant association was found between periodontitis and TLR-2 rs1898830 polymorphism under the allelic model (A allele vs. G allele: p = 0.014, OR = 1.208, 95% CI: 1.039-1.406), recessive model (GG vs. GA+AA: p = 0.028, OR = 0.755, 95% CI: 0.588-0.970), and codominant model (GG VS. AA: p = 0.014, OR = 0.681, 95% CI: 0.501-0.925). In subgroup analysis, TLR-2 rs5743708 polymorphism was associated with periodontitis risk in Asians under an allelic model (G allele vs. A allele: p = 0.017, OR = 12.064, 95% CI: 1.570-92.688), dominant model (GA+AA vs.GG: p = 0.016, OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.010-0.620), and codominant model (GA VS. GG: p = 0.016, OR = 1.026, 95% CI: 0.821-1.282). Conclusion The TLR-2 rs1898830, rs5743708 polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to periodontitis. In the future, genome-wide approaches and large-scale, multiethnic case-control trials are still needed.
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Chu CS, Law SH, Lenzen D, Tan YH, Weng SF, Ito E, Wu JC, Chen CH, Chan HC, Ke LY. Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080254. [PMID: 32751498 PMCID: PMC7460408 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), cumulative evidence shows that electronegative low-density lipoprotein (L5 LDL) cholesterol is a promising biomarker. Its toxicity may contribute to atherothrombotic events. Notably, plasma L5 LDL levels positively correlate with the increasing severity of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, traditional markers such as LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride are the therapeutic goals in secondary prevention for ASCVD, but that is controversial in primary prevention for patients with low risk. In this review, we point out the clinical significance and pathophysiological mechanisms of L5 LDL, and the clinical applications of L5 LDL levels in ASCVD can be confidently addressed. Based on the previously defined cut-off value by receiver operating characteristic curve, the acceptable physiological range of L5 concentration is proposed to be below 1.7 mg/dL. When L5 LDL level surpass this threshold, clinically relevant ASCVD might be present, and further exams such as carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, exercise stress test, or multidetector computed tomography are required. Notably, the ultimate goal of L5 LDL concentration is lower than 1.7 mg/dL. Instead, with L5 LDL greater than 1.7 mg/dL, lipid-lowering treatment may be required, including statin, ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitor, regardless of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Since L5 LDL could be a promising biomarker, we propose that a high throughput, clinically feasible methodology is urgently required not only for conducting a prospective, large population study but for developing therapeutics strategies to decrease L5 LDL in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Shi Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - David Lenzen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Yong-Hong Tan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan;
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Jung-Chou Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90059, Taiwan;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2296); Fax: +886-73111996 (L.-Y.K.)
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, & Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2296); Fax: +886-73111996 (L.-Y.K.)
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Akyol O, Chowdhury I, Akyol HR, Tessier K, Vural H, Akyol S. Why are cardiovascular diseases more common among patients with severe mental illness? The potential involvement of electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) L5. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109821. [PMID: 32417641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts of experimental and clinical studies and knowledge, the pathophysiology of severe mental illness (SMI), including bipolar disorder (BD), unipolar depression (mood disorders, MD), and schizophrenia (SCZ), remains poorly understood. Besides their chronic course and high prevalence in society, mental and somatic comorbidities are really serious problems; patients with these disorders have increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) including coronary artery diseases (CAD, i.e. myocardial infarction and angina), stroke, sudden cardiac death, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and thromboembolic disease. Although it is determined that triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are increased in MD and SCZ, the underlying reason remains unknown. Considering this, we propose that electronegative LDL (L5) is probably the main crucial element to understanding CVD induced by SMI and to discovering novel remedial approaches for these diseases. When it is hypothesized that L5 is greatly presupposed in CV system abnormalities, it follows that the anti-L5 therapies and even antioxidant treatment options may open new therapeutic opportunities to prevent CVD diseases secondary to SMI. In this review article, we tried to bring a very original subject to the attention of readers who are interested in lipoprotein metabolism in terms of experimental, clinical, and cell culture studies that corroborate the involvement of L5 in physiopathology of CVD secondary to SMI and also the new therapeutic approaches for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Akyol
- Michigan Math & Science Academy, Department of Science, Warren, MI, USA.
| | - Imtihan Chowdhury
- Michigan Math & Science Academy, High School, 11th grade, Warren, MI, USA
| | - Hafsa Rana Akyol
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Biology, Sophomore, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kylie Tessier
- Michigan Math & Science Academy, High School, 11th grade, Warren, MI, USA
| | - Huseyin Vural
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sumeyya Akyol
- Beaumont Health, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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Puig N, Montolio L, Camps-Renom P, Navarra L, Jiménez-Altayó F, Jiménez-Xarrié E, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Benitez S. Electronegative LDL Promotes Inflammation and Triglyceride Accumulation in Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030583. [PMID: 32121518 PMCID: PMC7140452 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (LDL(−)), a modified LDL that is present in blood and exerts atherogenic effects on endothelial cells and monocytes. This study aimed to determine the action of LDL(−) on monocytes differentiated into macrophages. LDL(−) and in vitro-modified LDLs (oxidized, aggregated, and acetylated) were added to macrophages derived from THP1 monocytes over-expressing CD14 (THP1-CD14). Then, cytokine release, cell differentiation, lipid accumulation, and gene expression were measured by ELISA, flow cytometry, thin-layer chromatography, and real-time PCR, respectively. LDL(−) induced more cytokine release in THP1-CD14 macrophages than other modified LDLs. LDL(−) also promoted morphological changes ascribed to differentiated macrophages. The addition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and anti-TLR4 counteracted these effects. LDL(−) was highly internalized by macrophages, and it was the major inductor of intracellular lipid accumulation in triglyceride-enriched lipid droplets. In contrast to inflammation, the addition of anti-TLR4 had no effect on lipid accumulation, thus suggesting an uptake pathway alternative to TLR4. In this regard, LDL(−) upregulated the expression of the scavenger receptors CD36 and LOX-1, as well as several genes involved in triglyceride (TG) accumulation. The importance and novelty of the current study is that LDL(−), a physiologically modified LDL, exerted atherogenic effects in macrophages by promoting differentiation, inflammation, and triglyceride-enriched lipid droplets formation in THP1-CD14 macrophages, probably through different receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (L.M.); (L.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Building M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Montolio
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (L.M.); (L.N.)
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Laia Navarra
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (L.M.); (L.N.)
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament of Pharmacology. Neuroscience Institute. Faculty of Medicine, UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Elena Jiménez-Xarrié
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.J.-X.); (J.L.S.-Q.); (S.B.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7595 (S.B.)
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (L.M.); (L.N.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.J.-X.); (J.L.S.-Q.); (S.B.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7595 (S.B.)
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (L.M.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.-X.); (J.L.S.-Q.); (S.B.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7595 (S.B.)
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Rundgren IM, Ryningen A, Anderson Tvedt TH, Bruserud Ø, Ersvær E. Immunomodulatory Drugs Alter the Metabolism and the Extracellular Release of Soluble Mediators by Normal Monocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020367. [PMID: 31963193 PMCID: PMC7024334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, especially multiple myeloma. IMiDs have direct anticancer effects but also indirect effects via cancer-supporting stromal cells. Monocytes are a stromal cell subset whose metabolism is modulated by the microenvironment, and they communicate with neighboring cells through extracellular release of soluble mediators. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is then a common regulator of monocyte metabolism and mediator release. Our aim was to investigate IMiD effects on these two monocyte functions. We compared effects of thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide on in vitro cultured normal monocytes. Cells were cultured in medium alone or activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist. Metabolism was analyzed by the Seahorse XF 96 cell analyzer. Mediator release was measured as culture supernatant levels. TLR4 was a regulator of both monocyte metabolism and mediator release. All three IMiDs altered monocyte metabolism especially when cells were cultured with LPS; this effect was strongest for lenalidomide that increased glycolysis. Monocytes showed a broad soluble mediator release profile. IMiDs decreased TLR4-induced mediator release; this effect was stronger for pomalidomide than for lenalidomide and especially thalidomide. To conclude, IMiDs can alter the metabolism and cell–cell communication of normal monocytes, and despite their common molecular target these effects differ among various IMiDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Rundgren
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (I.M.R.); (A.R.); (E.E.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anita Ryningen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (I.M.R.); (A.R.); (E.E.)
| | | | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabeth Ersvær
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (I.M.R.); (A.R.); (E.E.)
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Electronegative LDL from Rabbits Fed with Atherogenic Diet Is Highly Proinflammatory. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6163130. [PMID: 31534437 PMCID: PMC6724430 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6163130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) has been found in the plasma of familial hypercholesterolemia and acute myocardial infarction and has been implicated in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about the involvement of LDL(-) in atherosclerosis-related inflammation. This study aims at investigating the inducibility of LDL(-) by atherogenic diet in rabbits and at exploring the proinflammatory potential of the diet-induced LDL(-) in macrophages. Rabbits were fed with an atherogenic diet; LDL was isolated from plasma by NaBr density gradient ultracentrifugation and was then resolved into nLDL and LDL(-) by anion-exchange chromatography. Isolated nLDL and LDL(-) were directly used or incubated with 10 μM CuSO4 for 24 h to produce copper- (Cu-) ox-nLDL and Cu-ox-LDL(-). The effects of these LDLs on inflammation were evaluated in THP-1-derived macrophages. Macrophages were treated with nLDL, LDL(-), and extensively oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), then the levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in a culture medium were determined by ELISA, and the levels of total and phosphorylated IκB, p65, p38, JNK, and ERK in cell lysates were determined by Western blotting. The LDL(-) induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the medium. The levels of phosphorylated/total IκB, p65, p38, JNK, and ERK were also upregulated by LDL(-). In contrast, nLDL, Cu-ox-nLDL, and Cu-ox-LDL(-) exhibited much less effect. Knockdown of lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor- (LOX-) 1 resulted in significant reduction in LDL(-)-induced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, these LDL(-) effects were also markedly attenuated by inhibition of NF-κB and ERK1/2. The data suggested that LDL(-) induced inflammation through LOX-1-, NF-κB-, and ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Taken together, our results show that rabbits fed with atherogenic diet produce a highly proinflammatory LDL(-) that is more potent in inducing inflammation than nLDL and extensively oxidize LDL in macrophages. The results thus provide a novel link between diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and inflammation.
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Faulin TDES, Kazuma SM, Tripodi GL, Cavalcante MF, Wakasuqui F, Oliveira CLP, Degenhardt MFDS, Michaloski J, Giordano RJ, Ketelhuth DFJ, Abdalla DSP. Proinflammatory Action of a New Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Epitope. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080386. [PMID: 31434316 PMCID: PMC6723646 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, LDL (-), is an endogenously modified LDL subfraction with cytotoxic and proinflammatory actions on endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, epitopes of LDL (-) were mapped using a phage display library of peptides and monoclonal antibodies reactive to this modified lipoprotein. Two different peptide libraries (X6 and CX8C for 6- and 8-amino acid-long peptides, respectively) were used in the mapping. Among all tested peptides, two circular peptides, P1A3 and P2C7, were selected based on their high affinities for the monoclonal antibodies. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed their structures as circular rings. P1A3 or P2C7 were quickly internalized by bone marrow-derived murine macrophages as shown by confocal microscopy. P2C7 increased the expression of TNFα, IL-1 β and iNOS as well as the secretion of TNFα, CCL2, and nitric oxide by murine macrophages, similar to the responses induced by LDL (-), although less intense. In contrast, P1A3 did not show pro-inflammatory effects. We identified a mimetic epitope associated with LDL (-), the P2C7 circular peptide, that activates macrophages. Our data suggest that this conformational epitope represents an important danger-associated molecular pattern of LDL (-) that triggers proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanize do Espirito Santo Faulin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Soraya Megumi Kazuma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Luis Tripodi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Wakasuqui
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jussara Michaloski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Francisco Jacon Ketelhuth
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Dulcineia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Lei P. CD14: Biology and role in the pathogenesis of disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 48:24-31. [PMID: 31296363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to signal intracellular responses upon bacterial encounters. Given the absence of an intracellular tail, CD14 was doubted to have the signaling capacities. Later CD14 was confirmed as the TLR co-receptor for the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, CD14 has been revealed as a multi-talented receptor. In last decade, CD14 was identified to activate NFAT to regulate the life cycle of myeloid cells in a TLR4-independent manner and to transport inflammatory lipids to induce phagocyte hyperactivation. And its influences on multiple related diseases have been further considered. In this review, we summarize advancements in the basic biology of the CD14 including its structure, binding ligands, signaling pathways, and its roles in the pathogenesis of inflammation, atherosclerosis, tumor and metabolic diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the CD14 in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenxiong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL: An Active Player in Atherogenesis or a By- Product of Atherosclerosis? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1665-1679. [PMID: 29600751 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330093953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are the major plasma carriers of cholesterol. However, LDL particles must undergo various molecular modifications to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modified LDL can be generated by different mechanisms, but as a common trait, show an increased electronegative charge of the LDL particle. A subfraction of LDL with increased electronegative charge (LDL(-)), which can be isolated from blood, exhibits several pro-atherogenic characteristics. LDL(-) is heterogeneous, due to its multiple origins but is strongly related to the development of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the implication of LDL(-) in a broad array of pathologic conditions is complex and in some cases anti-atherogenic LDL(-) properties have been reported. In fact, several molecular modifications generating LDL(-) have been widely studied, but it remains unknown as to whether these different mechanisms are specific or common to different pathological disorders. In this review, we attempt to address these issues examining the most recent findings on the biology of LDL(-) and discussing the relationship between this LDL subfraction and the development of different diseases with increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the review highlights the importance of minor apolipoproteins associated with LDL(-) which would play a crucial role in the different properties displayed by these modified LDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM. Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Xu JJ, Liu KQ, Ying ZM, Zhu XW, Xu XJ, Zhao PP, Bai WY, Qiu MC, Zhang XW, Zheng HF. Effect of CD14 polymorphisms on the risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence from a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:74. [PMID: 30922395 PMCID: PMC6439994 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD14 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. So far, many studies have been conducted, whereas the results were not always consistent. Materials and methods Twenty-six articles involving thirty-seven datasets were recruited to evaluate the association between rs2569190 (9413 patients and 7337 controls), C-159T (4813 patients and 2852 controls) polymorphisms and cardiovascular diseases in a meta-analysis. The random or fixed effect models were used to evaluate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results The strongest association was observed between rs2569190 and CVD in overall population (T vs. C, OR = 1.169, 95% CI: 1.087–1.257, p = 2.44 × 10− 5). Analysis after stratification by ethnicity indicated that rs2569190 was related to CVD in East Asian population (T vs. C, OR = 1.370, 95% CI; 1.226–1.531, p = 2.86 × 10− 8) and a potential relationship in European (T vs. C, OR = 1.100, 95% CI: 1.019–1.189, p = 0.015). In the stratification of endpoints, the associations were found in CHD subgroup (T vs. C, OR = 1.357, 95% CI: 1.157–1.592, p = 2.47 × 10− 7) and in AMI subgroup (T vs. C, OR = 1.152, 95% CI: 1.036–1.281, p = 0.009). However, we did not find any association between C-159T polymorphism with cardiovascular disease under any model. Conclusions The SNP rs2569190 significantly contribute to susceptibility and development of cardiovascular disease, particularly in the East Asian population and in the subtype CHD group, in addition, a potential association was observed in the AMI group, T allele acts as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1018-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jian Xu
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Aging Research and the Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke-Qi Liu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Min Ying
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Jin Xu
- Institute of Aging Research and the Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pian-Pian Zhao
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Yang Bai
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mo-Chang Qiu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xing-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Aging Research and the Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hou-Feng Zheng
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Balasubramanian PK, Kim J, Son K, Durai P, Kim Y. 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone: A Potent Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory Activity Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Kkabi Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | | | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
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31
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Ligi D, Benitez S, Croce L, Rivas-Urbina A, Puig N, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Mannello F, Sanchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL induces MMP-9 and TIMP-1 release in monocytes through CD14 activation: Inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycan sulodexide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3559-3567. [PMID: 30254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is involved in atherosclerosis through the activation of the TLR4/CD14 inflammatory pathway in monocytes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase [TIMP]) are also crucially involved in atherosclerosis, but their modulation by LDL(-) has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of LDL(-) to release MMPs and TIMPs in human monocytes and to determine whether sulodexide (SDX), a glycosaminoglycan-based drug, was able to affect their secretion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Native LDL (LDL(+)) and LDL(-) separated by anion-exchange chromatography were added to THP1-CD14 monocytes in the presence or absence of SDX for 24 h. A panel of 9 MMPs and 4 TIMPs was analyzed in cell supernatants with multiplex immunoassays. The gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was assessed by gelatin zymography. LDL(-) stimulated the release of MMP-9 (13-fold) and TIMP-1 (4-fold) in THP1-CD14 monocytes, as well as the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9. Co-incubation of monocytes with LDL(-) and SDX for 24 h significantly reduced both the release of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and gelatinase activity. In THP1 cells not expressing CD14, no effect of LDL(-) on MMP-9 or TIMP-1 release was observed. The uptake of DiI-labeled LDL(-) was higher than that of DiI-LDL(+) in THP1-CD14 but not in THP1 cells. This increase was inhibited by SDX. Experiments in microtiter wells coated with SDX demonstrated a specific interaction of LDL(-) with SDX. CONCLUSIONS LDL(-) induced the release of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in monocytes through CD14. SDX affects the ability of LDL(-) to promote TIMP-1 and MMP-9 release by its interaction with LDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lidia Croce
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy.
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM).
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32
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Varghese JF, Patel R, Yadav UCS. Novel Insights in the Metabolic Syndrome-induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-mediated Atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:4-14. [PMID: 28990536 PMCID: PMC5872260 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x13666171009112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Atherosclerosis is a progressive pathological process and a leading cause of mor-tality worldwide. Clinical research and epidemiological studies state that atherosclerosis is caused by an amalgamation of metabolic and inflammatory deregulation involving three important pathological events including Endothelial Dysfunction (ED), Foam Cell Formation (FCF), and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration. Objectives: Research in recent years has identified Metabolic Syndrome (MS), which involves factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and diabetes, to be responsible for the pathophysiol-ogy of atherosclerosis. These factors elevate oxidative stress and inflammation-induced key signalling molecules and various microRNAs (miRs). In present study, we have reviewed recently identified molecular targets in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Methods: Scientific literature obtained from databases such as university library, PubMed and Google along with evidences from published experimental work in relevant journals has been sum-marized in this review article. Results: The molecular events and cell signalling implicated in atherogenic processes of ED, FCF and VSMCs hyperplasia are sequential and progressive, and involve cross talks at many levels. Specific molecules such as transcription factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and miRs have been identified playing crucial role in most of the events leading to atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Studies associated with MS induced oxidative stress- and inflammation- mediated sig-nalling pathways along with critical miRs help in better understanding of the pathophysiology of ath-erosclerosis. Several key molecules discussed in this review could be potent target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna F Varghese
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
| | - Rohit Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
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Tamura K, Haruhara K, Azushima K, Tokita Y, Wakui H. Possible impact of electronegative LDL on atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:253-255. [PMID: 28851481 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kengo Azushima
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yasuo Tokita
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Fujisawa Municipal Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wakui
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein L5 Impairs Viability and NGF-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells via LOX-1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081744. [PMID: 28800073 PMCID: PMC5578134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been striking associations of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis) and hypercholesterolemia with increased risk of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a cardiovascular risk factor, plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis; further, L5, a human plasma LDL fraction with high electronegativity, may be a factor contributing to AD-type dementia. Although L5 contributing to atherosclerosis progression has been studied, its role in inducing neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here, PC12 cell culture was used for treatments with human LDLs (L1, L5, or oxLDL), and subsequently cell viability and nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation were assessed. We identified L5 as a neurotoxic LDL, as demonstrated by decreased cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Contrarily, L1 had no such effect. L5 caused cell damage by inducing ATM/H2AX-associated DNA breakage as well as by activating apoptosis via lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) signaling to p53 and ensuring cleavage of caspase-3. Additionally, sublethal L5 long-termly inhibited neurite outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 cells, as evidenced by downregulation of early growth response factor-1 and neurofilament-M. This inhibitory effect was mediated via an interaction between L5 and LOX-1 to suppress NGF-induced activation of PI3k/Akt cascade, but not NGF receptor TrkA and downstream MAPK pathways. Together, our data suggest that L5 creates a neurotoxic stress via LOX-1 in PC12 cells, thereby leading to impairment of viability and NGF-induced differentiation. Atherogenic L5 likely contributes to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Estruch M, Miñambres I, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Soler M, Pérez A, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Benitez S. Increased inflammatory effect of electronegative LDL and decreased protection by HDL in type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:292-298. [PMID: 28734591 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 diabetic patients have an increased proportion of electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)), an inflammatory LDL subfraction present in blood, and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We aimed at examining the inflammatory effect of LDL(-) on monocytes and the counteracting effect of HDL in the context of type 2 diabetes. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which the population comprised 3 groups (n = 12 in each group): type 2 diabetic patients with good glycaemic control (GC-T2DM patients), type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control (PC-T2DM), and a control group. Total LDL, HDL, and monocytes were isolated from plasma of these subjects. LDL(-) was isolated from total LDL by anion-exchange chromatography. LDL(-) from the three groups of subjects was added to monocytes in the presence or absence of HDL, and cytokines released by monocytes were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS LDL(-) proportion and plasma inflammatory markers were increased in PC-T2DM patients. LDL(-) from PC-T2DM patients induced the highest IL1β, IL6, and IL10 release in monocytes compared to LDL(-) from GC-T2DM and healthy subjects, and presented the highest content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). In turn, HDL from PC-T2DM patients showed the lowest ability to inhibit LDL(-)-induced cytokine release in parallel to an impaired ability to decrease NEFA content in LDL(-). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show an imbalance in the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of lipoproteins from T2DM patients, particularly in PC-T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Estruch
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Soler
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordoñez-Llanos
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Biochemistry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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36
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Yu LE, Lai CL, Lee CT, Wang JY. Highly electronegative low-density lipoprotein L5 evokes microglial activation and creates a neuroinflammatory stress via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. J Neurochem 2017; 142:231-245. [PMID: 28444734 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherogenic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, are associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration, especially Alzheimer's dementia. Human plasma electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)], especially L5, may serve as an important contributing factor. L5 promoting an inflammatory action in atherosclerosis has been extensively studied. However, the role of L5 in inducing neuroinflammation remains unknown. Here, we examined the impact of L5 on immune activation and cell viability in cultured BV-2 microglia. BV-2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide or human LDLs (L1, L5, or oxLDL) were subjected to molecular/biochemical assays for measuring microglial activation, levels of inflammatory factors, and cell survival. A transwell BV-2/N2a co-culture was used to assess N2a cell viability following BV-2 cell exposure to L5. We found that L5 enables the activation of microglia and elicits an inflammatory response, as evidenced by increased oxygen/nitrogen free radicals (nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and peroxides), elevated tumor necrosis factor-α levels, decreased basal interleukin-10 levels, and augmented production of pro-inflammatory proteins (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2). L5 also triggered BV-2 cell death primarily via apoptosis. These effects were markedly disrupted by the application of signaling pathway inhibitors, thus demonstrating that L5 interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 to modulate multiple pathways, including MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Decreased N2a cell viability in a transwell co-culture was mainly ascribed to L5-induced BV-2 cell activation. Together, our data suggest that L5 creates a neuroinflammatory stress via microglial Toll-like receptor 4, thereby leading to the death of BV-2 microglia and coexistent N2a cells. Atherogenic L5 possibly contributes to neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-En Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tien Lee
- Department of Nursing, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiz-Yuh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Haro A, Saxlin T, Suominen AL, Jula A, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P. Serum lipids modify periodontal infection - interleukin-6 association. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 44:275-282. [PMID: 28032903 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether the systemic response against a local inflammatory process in periodontium is dependent on the individual's serum lipid composition. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was based on a subpopulation of the Health 2000 Survey that included 878 subjects who were aged between 45 and 64 years, dentate, non-diabetic and non-rheumatic. The inflammatory condition of periodontium was measured by means of the number of teeth with deepened (4 mm or deeper) periodontal pockets. Systemic inflammation was assessed by means of the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The association between an inflammatory condition in the periodontium and the systemic inflammatory response was analysed using linear regression models. RESULTS The number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets was associated with elevated serum IL-6 levels among subjects with an unfavourable lipid composition (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥3.7 mmol/l or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.3 mmol/l). There was no association between serum TNF-α levels and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets in these data. CONCLUSION The systemic response against the inflammatory condition of periodontium varied between individuals. The variation appeared to be dependent on the serum lipid composition or related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Haro
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,City of Äänekoski, Public Health Centre, Oral Health Care Services, Äänekoski, Finland
| | - Tuomas Saxlin
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,The Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,The Health Monitoring Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Ylöstalo
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
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Ma X, Feng Y. Hypercholesterolemia Tunes Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1162. [PMID: 27447612 PMCID: PMC4964534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pathological basis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis is featured as a chronic inflammation. Hypercholesterolemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. Accumulated studies have shown that hypercholesterolemia is associated with myeloid cell expansion, which stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses, strengthens inflammation, and accelerates atherosclerosis progression. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in bone marrow (BM) expresses a panel of lipoprotein receptors to control cholesterol homeostasis. Deficiency of these receptors abrogates cellular cholesterol efflux, resulting in HSPC proliferation and differentiation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Reduction of the cholesterol level in the lipid rafts by infusion of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or its major apolipoprotein, apoA-I, reverses hypercholesterolemia-induced HSPC expansion. Apart from impaired cholesterol metabolism, inhibition of reactive oxygen species production suppresses HSPC activation and leukocytosis. These data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypercholesterolemia on HSPC proliferation and differentiation could be multifaceted. Furthermore, dyslipidemia also regulates HSPC-neighboring cells, resulting in HSPC mobilization. In the article, we review how hypercholesterolemia evokes HSPC activation and mobilization directly or via its modification of BM microenvironment. We hope this review will bring light to finding key molecules to control HSPC expansion, inflammation, and atherosclerosis for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
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Cavalcante MF, Kazuma SM, Bender EA, Adorne MD, Ullian M, Veras MM, Saldiva PHN, Maranhão AQ, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Abdalla DSP. A nanoformulation containing a scFv reactive to electronegative LDL inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:120-9. [PMID: 27378286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for the majority of cases of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, a modified subfraction of native LDL, is pro-inflammatory and plays an important role in atherogenesis. To investigate the effects of a nanoformulation (scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn) containing a scFv reactive to LDL(-) on the inhibition of atherosclerosis, its toxicity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and further it was also administered weekly to LDL receptor knockout mice. The scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation did not induce cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HUVECs. The 5mg/kg dose of scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn did not cause any typical signs of toxicity and it was chosen for the evaluation of its atheroprotective effect in Ldlr(-/-) mice. This nanoformulation significantly decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus, compared with that in untreated mice. In addition, the Il1b mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression were downregulated in the atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic arch of Ldlr(-/-) mice treated with scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn. Thus, the scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, indicating its potential use in a future therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya Megumi Kazuma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo André Bender
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Duarte Adorne
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ullian
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- LIM5, Department of Pathology, Medicine School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Queiroz Maranhão
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department of Production and Control of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dulcineia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Estruch M, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Benitez S. Inflammatory intracellular pathways activated by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:963-969. [PMID: 27235719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is a plasma LDL subfraction that induces cytokine release in monocytes through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. However, the intracellular pathways induced by LDL(-) downstream TLR4 activation are unknown. We aimed to identify the pathways activated by LDL(-) leading to cytokine release in monocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined LDL(-)-induced activation of several intracellular kinases in protein extracts from monocytes using a multikinase ELISA array. LDL(-) induced higher p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation than native LDL. This was corroborated by a specific cell-based assay and it was dependent on TLR4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k)/Akt pathway. P38 MAPK activation was involved in cytokine release promoted by LDL(-). A specific ELISA showed that LDL(-) activated cAMP response-element binding (CREB) in a p38 MAPK dependent manner. P38 MAPK was also involved in the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) activation by LDL(-). We found that NF-kB, AP-1 and CREB inhibitors decreased LDL(-)-induced cytokine release, mainly on MCP1, IL6 and IL10 release, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LDL(-) promotes p38 MAPK phosphorylation through TLR4 and PI3k/Akt pathways. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK is involved in NF-kB, AP-1 and CREB activation, leading to LDL(-)-induced cytokine release in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Estruch
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jordi Ordoñez-Llanos
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Biochemistry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, C/Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Eser B, Sahin N. Evaluation of tool-like receptor-2 and 4 and interleukin-6 gene expressions in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:2693-2697. [PMID: 27108590 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disease. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of RA are not known well, genetic and environmental factors are proposed to initiate an autoimmune process. We aimed to investigate mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes in RA disease. This study was conducted with 50 patients who were diagnosed with RA according to the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA and 50 age-matched healthy control individuals who did not have any joint diseases and autoimmune diseases. We collected whole blood from all participants and analyzed expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, and IL-6 genes at mRNA level using real-time qPCR. TLR-2 expression was detected to increase 3.8-fold and IL-6 expression was detected to increase 6.8-fold in RA patients compared to healthy controls. No difference was found between patient and control groups with regard to TLR-4 expression. Overexpression of TLR-2 and IL-6 may be responsible for RA pathogenesis. Inhibition of both TLR and IL signaling pathways may prevent joint inflammation and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Eser
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, 10145, Turkey.
| | - Nilay Sahin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Estruch M, Rajamäki K, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Kovanen PT, Öörni K, Benitez S, Ordoñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL induces priming and inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β release in human monocytes and macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1442-9. [PMID: 26327597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronegative LDL (LDL(−)), a modified LDL fraction found in blood, induces the release of inflammatory mediators in endothelial cells and leukocytes. However, the inflammatory pathways activated by LDL(−) have not been fully defined. We aim to study whether LDL(−) induced release of the first-wave proinflammatory IL-1β in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the mechanisms involved. METHODS LDL(−) was isolated from total LDL by anion exchange chromatography. Monocytes and MDM were isolated from healthy donors and stimulated with LDL(+) and LDL(−) (100 mg apoB/L). RESULTS In monocytes, LDL(−) promoted IL-1β release in a time-dependent manner, obtaining at 20 h-incubation the double of IL-1β release induced by LDL(−) than by native LDL. LDL(−)-induced IL-1β release involved activation of the CD14-TLR4 receptor complex. LDL(−) induced priming, the first step of IL-1β release, since it increased the transcription of pro-IL-1β (8-fold) and NLRP3 (3-fold) compared to native LDL. Several findings show that LDL(−) induced inflammasome activation, the second step necessary for IL-1β release. Preincubation of monocytes with K+ channel inhibitors decreased LDL(−)-induced IL-1β release. LDL(−) induced formation of the NLRP3-ASC complex. LDL(−) triggered 2-fold caspase-1 activation compared to native LDL and IL-1β release was strongly diminished in the presence of the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD. In MDM, LDL(−) promoted IL-1β release, which was also associated with caspase-1 activation. CONCLUSIONS LDL(−) promotes release of biologically active IL-1β in monocytes and MDM by induction of the two steps involved: priming and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. SIGNIFICANCE By IL-1β release, LDL(−) could regulate inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estruch
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - K Rajamäki
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J L Sanchez-Quesada
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - P T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute (WRI). Haartmaninkatu, 8 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Benitez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona (Spain). C/Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - J Ordoñez-Llanos
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine, Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Biochemistry Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona. C/Sant Quintí, 89 08026, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015; 11:525-32. [PMID: 26357481 PMCID: PMC4559248 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s74697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High cardiovascular risk conditions are frequently associated with altered plasma lipoprotein profile, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein. There is, however, accumulating evidence that specific subclasses of LDL may play an important role in cardiovascular disease development, and their relative concentration can be regarded as a more relevant risk factor. LDL particles undergo multiple modifications in plasma that can lead to the increase of their negative charge. The resulting electronegative LDL [LDL(–)] subfraction has been demonstrated to be especially atherogenic, and became a subject of numerous recent studies. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of LDL(–), methods of its detection, atherogenic activity, and relevance of the LDL electronegativity index as a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia ; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Hovland A, Jonasson L, Garred P, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Lappegård KT, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. The complement system and toll-like receptors as integrated players in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:480-94. [PMID: 26086357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent medical advances, atherosclerosis is a global burden accounting for numerous deaths and hospital admissions. Immune-mediated inflammation is a major component of the atherosclerotic process, but earlier research focus on adaptive immunity has gradually switched towards the role of innate immunity. The complement system and toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the crosstalk between them, may be of particular interest both with respect to pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Animal studies indicate that inhibition of C3a and C5a reduces atherosclerosis. In humans modified LDL-cholesterol activate complement and TLRs leading to downstream inflammation, and histopathological studies indicate that the innate immune system is present in atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that both complement and TLRs are upregulated in atherosclerotic diseases, although interventional trials have this far been disappointing. However, based on recent research showing an intimate interplay between complement and TLRs we propose a model in which combined inhibition of both complement and TLRs may represent a potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hovland
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut T Lappegård
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Liu Y, Yin H, Zhao M, Lu Q. TLR2 and TLR4 in autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:136-47. [PMID: 24352680 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are immune disorders characterized by T cell hyperactivity and B cell overstimulation leading to overproduction of autoantibodies. Although the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases remains to be elucidated, environmental factors have been thought to contribute to the initiation and maintenance of auto-respond inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors belonging to innate immunity that recognize and defend invading microorganisms. Besides these exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns, TLRs can also bind with damage-associated molecular patterns produced under strike or by tissue damage or cells apoptosis. It is believed that TLRs build a bridge between innate immunity and autoimmunity. There are five adaptors to TLRs including MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP/MAL, TRAM, and SARM. Upon activation, TLRs recruit specific adaptors to initiate the downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Under certain circumstances, ligation of TLRs drives to aberrant activation and unrestricted inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. In the past, most studies focused on the intracellular TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, but recent studies reveal that cell surface TLRs, especially TLR2 and TLR4, also play an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases and afford multiple therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarized the biological characteristics, signaling mechanisms of TLR2/4, the negative regulators of TLR2/4 pathway, and the pivotal function of TLR2/4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
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de Gaetano M, Alghamdi K, Marcone S, Belton O. Conjugated linoleic acid induces an atheroprotective macrophage MΦ2 phenotype and limits foam cell formation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:15. [PMID: 25722654 PMCID: PMC4340802 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attack and strokes, is a progresive dyslipidemic and inflammatory disease where monocyte-derived macrophage cells play a pivotal role. Although most of the mechanisms that contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis have been identified, there is limited information on those governing regression. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of isomers of linoleic acid that differ in the position and/or geometry of their double bonds. We have previously shown that a specific CLA blend (80:20 cis-9,trans-11:trans-10,cis-12-CLA) induces regression of pre-established atherosclerosis in vivo, via modulation of monocyte/macrophage function. However, the exact mechanisms through which CLA mediates this effect remain to be elucidated. Methods Here, we address if CLA primes monocytes towards an anti-inflammatory MΦ2 macrophage and examine the effect of individual CLA isomers and the atheroprotective blend on monocyte-macrophage differentiation, cytokine generation, foam cell formation and cholesterol metabolism in human peripheral blood monocyte (HPBMC)-derived macrophages. Results cis-9,trans-11-CLA and the atheroprotective 80:20 CLA blend regulates expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and modulates the inflammatory cytokine profile of macrophages and foam cells. In addition, cis-9,trans-11-CLA and CLA blend primes HPBMCs towards an anti-inflammatory MΦ2 phenotype, characterised by increased scavenger receptor (CD36) and efflux protein (ABCA-1) expression. Furthermore, this altered macrophage phenotype impacts on foam cell formation, inhibiting ox-LDL accumulation and promoting cholesterol efflux via both PPARγ and LXRα dependent pathways. Conclusion The data increases the understanding of the pathways regulated by CLA in atheroprotection, namely, inhibiting the progressive acquisition of a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12950-015-0060-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica de Gaetano
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kawthar Alghamdi
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Marcone
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Lee MY, Huang CH, Kuo CJ, Lin CLS, Lai WT, Chiou SH. Clinical proteomics identifies urinary CD14 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of stable coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117169. [PMID: 25668619 PMCID: PMC4323104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in coronary artery disease (CAD) and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. Recently, urinary proteins were found to be useful markers for reflecting inflammation status of different organs. To identify potential biomarker for diagnosis of CAD, we performed one-dimensional SDS-gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the proteins differentially expressed in urine samples, monocyte antigen CD14 was found to be consistently expressed in higher amounts in the CAD patients as compared to normal controls. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to analyze the concentrations of CD14 in urine and serum, we confirmed that urinary CD14 levels were significantly higher in patients (n = 73) with multi-vessel and single vessel CAD than in normal control (n = 35) (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis further showed that urinary CD14 concentration level is associated with severity or number of diseased vessels and SYNTAX score after adjustment for potential confounders. Concomitantly, the proportion of CD14+ monocytes was significantly increased in CAD patients (59.7 ± 3.6%) as compared with healthy controls (14.9 ± 2.1%) (P < 0.001), implicating that a high level of urinary CD14 may be potentially involved in mechanism(s) leading to CAD pathogenesis. By performing shotgun proteomics, we further revealed that CD14-associated inflammatory response networks may play an essential role in CAD. In conclusion, the current study has demonstrated that release of CD14 in urine coupled with more CD14+ monocytes in CAD patients is significantly correlated with severity of CAD, pointing to the potential application of urinary CD14 as a novel noninvasive biomarker for large-scale diagnostic screening of susceptible CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ming-Sheng Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Quantitative Proteomics Center, Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lung Steve Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (SHC)
| | - Shyh-Horng Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Quantitative Proteomics Center, Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (SHC)
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Wu CL, Wu HM, Chiu PF, Liou HH, Chang CB, Tarng DC, Chang CC. Associations between the duration of dialysis, endotoxemia, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the effects of a short-dwell exchange in patients requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109558. [PMID: 25286027 PMCID: PMC4186838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxemia is exaggerated and contributes to systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis in patients requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The risk of mortality is substantially increased in patients requiring CAPD for >2 years. However, little is known about the effects of long-term CAPD on circulating endotoxin and cytokine levels. Therefore, the present study evaluated the associations between plasma endotoxin levels, cytokine levels, and clinical parameters with the effects of a short-dwell exchange on endotoxemia and cytokine levels in patients on long-term CAPD. Methods A total of 26 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups (short-term or long-term CAPD) according to the 2-year duration of CAPD. Plasma endotoxin and cytokine levels were measured before and after a short-dwell exchange (4-h dwell) during a peritoneal equilibration test (a standardized method to evaluate the solute transport function of peritoneal membrane). These data were analyzed to determine the relationship of circulating endotoxemia, cytokines and clinical characteristics between the two groups. Results Plasma endotoxin and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly elevated in the long-term group. PD duration was significantly correlated with plasma endotoxin (r = 0.479, P = 0.016) and MCP-1 (r = 0.486, P = 0.012). PD duration was also independently associated with plasma MCP-1 levels in multivariate regression. Plasma MCP-1 levels tended to decrease (13.3% reduction, P = 0.077) though endotoxin levels did not decrease in the long-term PD group after the 4-h short-dwell exchange. Conclusion Long-term PD may result in exaggerated endotoxemia and elevated plasma MCP-1 levels. The duration of PD was significantly correlated with circulating endotoxin and MCP-1 levels, and was an independent predictor of plasma MCP-1 levels. Short-dwell exchange seemed to have favorable effects on circulating MCP-1 levels in patients on long-term PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Wu
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Fang Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsiang Liou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin Jen Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chirn-Bin Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (DCT); (CCC)
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (DCT); (CCC)
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Lee SJ, Choi EK, Seo KW, Bae JU, Park SY, Kim CD. TLR4-mediated expression of Mac-1 in monocytes plays a pivotal role in monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104588. [PMID: 25116953 PMCID: PMC4130585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is known to mediate monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, however, its role on the expression of monocyte adhesion molecules is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLR4 on the expression of monocyte adhesion molecules, and determined the functional role of TLR4-induced adhesion molecules on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. When THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with Kdo2-Lipid A (KLA), a specific TLR4 agonist, Mac-1 expression was markedly increased in association with an increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. These were attenuated by anti-Mac-1 antibody, suggesting a functional role of TLR4-induced Mac-1 on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. In monocytes treated with MK886, a 5-lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitor, both Mac-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells induced by KLA were markedly attenuated. Moreover, KLA increased the expression of mRNA and protein of 5-LO, suggesting a pivotal role of 5-LO on these processes. In in vivo studies, KLA increased monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium of wild-type (WT) mice, which was attenuated in WT mice treated with anti-Mac-1 antibody as well as in TLR4-deficient mice. Taken together, TLR4-mediated expression of Mac-1 in monocytes plays a pivotal role on monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, leading to increased foam cell formation in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Won Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ung Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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