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Navarro CDC, Francisco A, Costa EFD, Dalla Costa AP, Sartori MR, Bizerra PFV, Salgado AR, Figueira TR, Vercesi AE, Castilho RF. Aging-dependent mitochondrial bioenergetic impairment in the skeletal muscle of NNT-deficient mice. Exp Gerontol 2024; 193:112465. [PMID: 38795789 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Overall health relies on features of skeletal muscle that generally decline with age, partly due to mechanisms associated with mitochondrial redox imbalance and bioenergetic dysfunction. Previously, aged mice genetically devoid of the mitochondrial NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT, encoded by the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene), an enzyme involved in mitochondrial NADPH supply, were shown to exhibit deficits in locomotor behavior. Here, by using young, middle-aged, and older NNT-deficient (Nnt-/-) mice and age-matched controls (Nnt+/+), we aimed to investigate how muscle bioenergetic function and motor performance are affected by NNT expression and aging. Mice were subjected to the wire-hang test to assess locomotor performance, while mitochondrial bioenergetics was evaluated in fiber bundles from the soleus, vastus lateralis and plantaris muscles. An age-related decrease in the average wire-hang score was observed in middle-aged and older Nnt-/- mice compared to age-matched controls. Although respiratory rates in the soleus, vastus lateralis and plantaris muscles did not significantly differ between the genotypes in young mice, the rates of oxygen consumption did decrease in the soleus and vastus lateralis muscles of middle-aged and older Nnt-/- mice. Notably, the soleus, which exhibited the highest NNT expression level, was the muscle most affected by aging, and NNT loss. Additionally, histology of the soleus fibers revealed increased numbers of centralized nuclei in older Nnt-/- mice, indicating abnormal morphology. In summary, our findings suggest that NNT expression deficiency causes locomotor impairments and muscle dysfunction during aging in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D C Navarro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ericka F D Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P Dalla Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina R Sartori
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo F V Bizerra
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia R Salgado
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Investigation on Laboratory Animals Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040 900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083 887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Xiao W, Lee LY, Loscalzo J. Metabolic Responses to Redox Stress in Vascular Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38985660 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Redox stress underlies numerous vascular disease mechanisms. Metabolic adaptability is essential for vascular cells to preserve energy and redox homeostasis. Recent Advances: Single-cell technologies and multiomic studies demonstrate significant metabolic heterogeneity among vascular cells in health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that reductive or oxidative stress can induce metabolic reprogramming of vascular cells. A recent example is intracellular L-2-hydroxyglutarate accumulation in response to hypoxic reductive stress, which attenuates the glucose flux through glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in pulmonary vascular cells and provides protection against further reductive stress. Critical Issues: Regulation of cellular redox homeostasis is highly compartmentalized and complex. Vascular cells rely on multiple metabolic pathways, but the precise connectivity among these pathways and their regulatory mechanisms is only partially defined. There is also a critical need to understand better the cross-regulatory mechanisms between the redox system and metabolic pathways as perturbations in either systems or their cross talk can be detrimental. Future Directions: Future studies are needed to define further how multiple metabolic pathways are wired in vascular cells individually and as a network of closely intertwined processes given that a perturbation in one metabolic compartment often affects others. There also needs to be a comprehensive understanding of how different types of redox perturbations are sensed by and regulate different cellular metabolic pathways with specific attention to subcellular compartmentalization. Lastly, integration of dynamic changes occurring in multiple metabolic pathways and their cross talk with the redox system is an important goal in this multiomics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Xiao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Laurel Y Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Ramos-León J, Valencia C, Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Rivera-Miranda DA, García-Meléndrez C, Covarrubias L. The loss of antioxidant activities impairs intestinal epithelium homeostasis by altering lipid metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:113965. [PMID: 38378126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygens species (ROS) are common byproducts of metabolic reactions and could be at the origin of many diseases of the elderly. Here we investigated the role of ROS in the renewal of the intestinal epithelium in mice lacking catalase (CAT) and/or nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) activities. Cat-/- mice have delayed intestinal epithelium renewal and were prone to develop necrotizing enterocolitis upon starvation. Interestingly, crypts lacking CAT showed fewer intestinal stem cells (ISC) and lower stem cell activity than wild-type. In contrast, crypts lacking NNT showed a similar number of ISCs as wild-type but increased stem cell activity, which was also impaired by the loss of CAT. No alteration in the number of Paneth cells (PCs) was observed in crypts of either Cat-/- or Nnt-/- mice, but they showed an evident decline in the amount of lysozyme. Cat deficiency caused fat accumulation in crypts, and a fall in the remarkable high amount of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in PCs. Notably, the low levels of ATGL in the intestine of Cat -/- mice increased after a treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Supporting a role of ATGL in the regulation of ISC activity, its inhibition halt intestinal organoid development. These data suggest that the reduction in the renewal capacity of intestine originates from fatty acid metabolic alterations caused by peroxisomal ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos-León
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Mariana Gutiérrez-Mariscal
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - David-Alejandro Rivera-Miranda
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Celina García-Meléndrez
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Departamento de Genética Del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico.
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4
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Panov AV. The Structure of the Cardiac Mitochondria Respirasome Is Adapted for the β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2410. [PMID: 38397087 PMCID: PMC10889813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that in the heart and kidney mitochondria, more than 95% of ATP production is supported by the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. However, the β-oxidation of fatty acids by mitochondria has been studied much less than the substrates formed during the catabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. In the last few decades, several discoveries have been made that are directly related to fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we made an attempt to re-evaluate the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids from the perspectives of new discoveries. The single set of electron transporters of the cardiac mitochondrial respiratory chain is organized into three supercomplexes. Two of them contain complex I, a dimer of complex III, and two dimers of complex IV. The third, smaller supercomplex contains a dimer of complex III and two dimers of complex IV. We also considered other important discoveries. First, the enzymes of the β-oxidation of fatty acids are physically associated with the respirasome. Second, the β-oxidation of fatty acids creates the highest level of QH2 and reverses the flow of electrons from QH2 through complex II, reducing fumarate to succinate. Third, β-oxidation is greatly stimulated in the presence of succinate. We argue that the respirasome is uniquely adapted for the β-oxidation of fatty acids. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenase complex reduces the membrane's pool of ubiquinone to QH2, which is instantly oxidized by the smaller supercomplex, generating a high energization of mitochondria and reversing the electron flow through complex II, which reverses the electron flow through complex I, increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio in the matrix. The mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase catalyzes a hydride (H-, a proton plus two electrons) transfer across the inner mitochondrial membrane, reducing the cytosolic pool of NADP(H), thus providing the heart with ATP for muscle contraction and energy and reducing equivalents for the housekeeping processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Panov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31201, USA
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Francisco A, Goler AMY, Navarro CDC, Onder A, Yildiz M, Kendir Demirkol Y, Karademir Yilmaz B, Seven Menevse T, Güran T, Castilho RF. Lack of NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase activity in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency due to NNT variants. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:130-138. [PMID: 38261461 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene (NNT) are a rare cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), as well as functional impairment of the gonads. OBJECTIVE Despite the description of different homozygous and compound heterozygous NNT variants in PAI patients, the extent to which the function and expression of the mature protein are compromised remains to be clarified. DESIGN The activity and expression of mitochondrial NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) were analyzed in blood samples obtained from patients diagnosed with PAI due to genetically confirmed variants of the NNT gene (n = 5), heterozygous carriers as their parents (n = 8), and healthy controls (n = 26). METHODS NNT activity was assessed by a reverse reaction assay standardized for digitonin-permeabilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The enzymatic assay was validated in PBMC samples from a mouse model of NNT absence. Additionally, the PBMC samples were evaluated for NNT expression by western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and for mitochondrial oxygen consumption. RESULTS NNT activity was undetectable (<4% of that of healthy controls) in PBMC samples from patients, independent of the pathogenic genetic variant. In patients' parents, NNT activity was approximately half that of the healthy controls. Mature NNT protein expression was lower in patients than in the control groups, while mRNA levels varied widely among genotypes. Moreover, pathogenic NNT variants did not impair mitochondrial bioenergetic function in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS The manifestation of PAI in NNT-mutated patients is associated with a complete lack of NNT activity. Evaluation of NNT activity can be useful to characterize disease-causing NNT variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Ayse Mine Yilmaz Goler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | | | - Asan Onder
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Melek Yildiz
- Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kendir Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Umraniye Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Tuba Seven Menevse
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
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6
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Johnson LL, Abrahante JE, McLoon LK. Nystagmus in the B6(CG)Tyr(c-2J)/J Albino Mouse: A Functional and RNA-Seq Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:26. [PMID: 38206276 PMCID: PMC10787582 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is a gaze-holding disorder characterized by conjugate, uncontrolled eye oscillations that can result in significant visual acuity loss. INS is often associated with albinism, but the mechanism is unclear. Albino mice have nystagmus; however, a pigmented mouse with a tyr mutation making it phenotypically albino, the B6(CG)-Tyr(c-2J)/J (B6 albino), had not been tested. We tested optokinetic response (OKR) in B6 albino and control mice. RNA-Seq was performed on extraocular muscles (EOM), tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, abducens (CN6), and oculomotor (CN3) neurons to uncover molecular differences that may contribute to nystagmus. Methods OKR was measured using an ISCAN system. RNA was isolated from four tissues to identify differentially expressed genes and validated with qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Ingenuity pathway analyses identified top biological pathways. Results All B6 albino mice tested had nystagmus. Differential RNA expression analysis showed 383 genes differentially expressed in EOM, 70 in CN3, 20 in CN6, and 639 in the TA. Two genes were differentially expressed in all four tissues: wdfy1 and nnt. Differences were validated by qPCR and immunostaining. Conclusions The tyr mutation in B6 albino mice, genotypically pigmented and phenotypically albino, is sufficient to result in spontaneous nystagmus. The two genes with decreased expression in the B6 albino tissues examined, wdfy1 and nnt, have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell maintenance in other systems. Their function in extraocular muscle is unknown. These studies suggest that this mouse model of nystagmus may allow molecular identification of candidate nystagmus-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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7
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Nakamizo S, Sugiura Y, Ishida Y, Ueki Y, Yonekura S, Tanizaki H, Date H, Yoshizawa A, Murata T, Minatoya K, Katagiri M, Nomura S, Komuro I, Ogawa S, Nakajima S, Kambe N, Egawa G, Kabashima K. Activation of the pentose phosphate pathway in macrophages is crucial for granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171088. [PMID: 38038136 PMCID: PMC10688990 DOI: 10.1172/jci171088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology in which granulomas form throughout the body and is typically treated with glucocorticoids, but there are no approved steroid-sparing alternatives. Here, we investigated the mechanism of granuloma formation using single-cell RNA-Seq in sarcoidosis patients. We observed that the percentages of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-positive (TREM2-positive) macrophages expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and lysozyme, diagnostic makers of sarcoidosis, were increased in cutaneous sarcoidosis granulomas. Macrophages in the sarcoidosis lesion were hypermetabolic, especially in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Expression of the PPP enzymes, such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), was elevated in both systemic granuloma lesions and serum of sarcoidosis patients. Granuloma formation was attenuated by the PPP inhibitors in in vitro giant cell and in vivo murine granuloma models. These results suggest that the PPP may be a promising target for developing therapeutics for sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakamizo
- Department of Dermatology
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research, and
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Ueki
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kenji Minatoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
- Department of Frontier Cardiovascular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Frontier Cardiovascular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
- International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology
- Department of Drug Discovery for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS) and A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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8
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Kruglov AG, Romshin AM, Nikiforova AB, Plotnikova A, Vlasov II. Warm Cells, Hot Mitochondria: Achievements and Problems of Ultralocal Thermometry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16955. [PMID: 38069275 PMCID: PMC10707128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a crucial regulator of the rate and direction of biochemical reactions and cell processes. The recent data indicating the presence of local thermal gradients associated with the sites of high-rate thermogenesis, on the one hand, demonstrate the possibility for the existence of "thermal signaling" in a cell and, on the other, are criticized on the basis of thermodynamic calculations and models. Here, we review the main thermometric techniques and sensors developed for the determination of temperature inside living cells and diverse intracellular compartments. A comparative analysis is conducted of the results obtained using these methods for the cytosol, nucleus, endo-/sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, as well as their biological consistency. Special attention is given to the limitations, possible sources of errors and ambiguities of the sensor's responses. The issue of biological temperature limits in cells and organelles is considered. It is concluded that the elaboration of experimental protocols for ultralocal temperature measurements that take into account both the characteristics of biological systems, as well as the properties and limitations of each type of sensor is of critical importance for the generation of reliable results and further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey G. Kruglov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Alexey M. Romshin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna B. Nikiforova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Arina Plotnikova
- Institute for Physics and Engineering in Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), 115409 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor I. Vlasov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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9
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Rentz T, Dorighello GG, dos Santos RR, Barreto LM, Freitas IN, Lazaro CM, Razolli DS, Cazita PM, Oliveira HCF. CETP Expression in Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells Reduces the Inflammatory Features of Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1556. [PMID: 37892238 PMCID: PMC10605246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CETP activity reduces plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, a correlate of an increased risk of atherosclerotic events. However, our recent findings suggest that CETP expression in macrophages promotes an intracellular antioxidant state, reduces free cholesterol accumulation and phagocytosis, and attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression. To determine whether CETP expression in macrophages affects atherosclerosis development, we transplanted bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing simian CETP or non-expressing littermates into hypercholesterolemic LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The CETP expression did not change the lipid-stained lesion areas but decreased the macrophage content (CD68), neutrophil accumulation (LY6G), and TNF-α aorta content of young male transplanted mice and decreased LY6G, TNF-α, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in aged female transplanted mice. These findings suggest that CETP expression in bone-marrow-derived cells reduces the inflammatory features of atherosclerosis. These novel mechanistic observations may help to explain the failure of CETP inhibitors in reducing atherosclerotic events in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rentz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Renata R. dos Santos
- Division of Radiotherapy, Medical School Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lohanna M. Barreto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Israelle N. Freitas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carolina M. Lazaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
| | - Patricia M. Cazita
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Helena C. F. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
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10
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Bingham PM, Zachar Z. Toward a Unifying Hypothesis for Redesigned Lipid Catabolism as a Clinical Target in Advanced, Treatment-Resistant Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14365. [PMID: 37762668 PMCID: PMC10531647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We review extensive progress from the cancer metabolism community in understanding the specific properties of lipid metabolism as it is redesigned in advanced carcinomas. This redesigned lipid metabolism allows affected carcinomas to make enhanced catabolic use of lipids in ways that are regulated by oxygen availability and is implicated as a primary source of resistance to diverse treatment approaches. This oxygen control permits lipid catabolism to be an effective energy/reducing potential source under the relatively hypoxic conditions of the carcinoma microenvironment and to do so without intolerable redox side effects. The resulting robust access to energy and reduced potential apparently allow carcinoma cells to better survive and recover from therapeutic trauma. We surveyed the essential features of this advanced carcinoma-specific lipid catabolism in the context of treatment resistance and explored a provisional unifying hypothesis. This hypothesis is robustly supported by substantial preclinical and clinical evidence. This approach identifies plausible routes to the clinical targeting of many or most sources of carcinoma treatment resistance, including the application of existing FDA-approved agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bingham
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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11
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Behnam B, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Mitochondrial Metabolism: A New Dimension of Personalized Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4058. [PMID: 37627086 PMCID: PMC10452105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy is needed by cancer cells to stay alive and communicate with their surroundings. The primary organelles for cellular metabolism and energy synthesis are mitochondria. Researchers recently proved that cancer cells can steal immune cells' mitochondria using nanoscale tubes. This finding demonstrates the dependence of cancer cells on normal cells for their living and function. It also denotes the importance of mitochondria in cancer cells' biology. Emerging evidence has demonstrated how mitochondria are essential for cancer cells to survive in the harsh tumor microenvironments, evade the immune system, obtain more aggressive features, and resist treatments. For instance, functional mitochondria can improve cancer resistance against radiotherapy by scavenging the released reactive oxygen species. Therefore, targeting mitochondria can potentially enhance oncological outcomes, according to this notion. The tumors' responses to anticancer treatments vary, ranging from a complete response to even cancer progression during treatment. Therefore, personalized cancer treatment is of crucial importance. So far, personalized cancer treatment has been based on genomic analysis. Evidence shows that tumors with high mitochondrial content are more resistant to treatment. This paper illustrates how mitochondrial metabolism can participate in cancer resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Pretreatment evaluation of mitochondrial metabolism can provide additional information to genomic analysis and can help to improve personalized oncological treatments. This article outlines the importance of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer biology and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Behnam
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, NSF International, Germantown, MD 20874, USA
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran
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12
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Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Houshyari M, Farhadi M. Mitochondrial metabolism: a predictive biomarker of radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:6719-6741. [PMID: 36719474 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Clinical studies revealed a heterogenous response to radiotherapy, from a complete response to even disease progression. To that end, finding the relative prognostic factors of disease outcomes and predictive factors of treatment efficacy and toxicity is essential. It has been demonstrated that radiation response depends on DNA damage response, cell cycle phase, oxygen concentration, and growth rate. Emerging evidence suggests that altered mitochondrial metabolism is associated with radioresistance. METHODS This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondria in radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. In addition, it demonstrates how mitochondria might be involved in the famous 6Rs of radiobiology. RESULTS In terms of this idea, decreasing the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells may increase radiation response, and enhancing the mitochondrial metabolism of normal cells may reduce radiation toxicity. Enhancing the normal cells (including immune cells) mitochondrial metabolism can potentially improve the tumor response by enhancing immune reactivation. Future studies are invited to examine the impacts of mitochondrial metabolism on radiation efficacy and toxicity. Improving radiotherapy response with diminishing cancer cells' mitochondrial metabolism, and reducing radiotherapy toxicity with enhancing normal cells' mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Clinical Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Houshyari
- Clinical Oncology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Monzel AS, Enríquez JA, Picard M. Multifaceted mitochondria: moving mitochondrial science beyond function and dysfunction. Nat Metab 2023; 5:546-562. [PMID: 37100996 PMCID: PMC10427836 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have cell-type specific phenotypes, perform dozens of interconnected functions and undergo dynamic and often reversible physiological recalibrations. Given their multifunctional and malleable nature, the frequently used terms 'mitochondrial function' and 'mitochondrial dysfunction' are misleading misnomers that fail to capture the complexity of mitochondrial biology. To increase the conceptual and experimental specificity in mitochondrial science, we propose a terminology system that distinguishes between (1) cell-dependent properties, (2) molecular features, (3) activities, (4) functions and (5) behaviours. A hierarchical terminology system that accurately captures the multifaceted nature of mitochondria will achieve three important outcomes. It will convey a more holistic picture of mitochondria as we teach the next generations of mitochondrial biologists, maximize progress in the rapidly expanding field of mitochondrial science, and also facilitate synergy with other disciplines. Improving specificity in the language around mitochondrial science is a step towards refining our understanding of the mechanisms by which this unique family of organelles contributes to cellular and organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Monzel
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Ferreux L, Boumerdassi Y, Dulioust E, Bertagna X, Roucher-Boulez F, Bourdon M, Thiounn N, Patrat C. Testicular impairment in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency caused by Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT) deficiency - a case report: implication of oxidative stress and importance of fertility preservation. Basic Clin Androl 2023; 33:17. [PMID: 36918776 PMCID: PMC10015661 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-022-00176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) gene deficiency has recently been shown to be involved in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (PAI). NNT encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that produces large amounts of NADPH. NADPH is used in several biosynthesis pathways and the oxidoreduction of free radicals by the glutathione and thioredoxin systems in mitochondria. Patients with PAI due to NNT deficiency may also exhibit extra-adrenal manifestations, usually including gonadal impairment. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 35-year-old patient referred to our center for primary infertility with non-obstructive azoospermia, in a context of PAI and obesity. PAI genetic exploration carried out at the age of thirty revealed NNT deficiency due to the presence of two deleterious mutations (one on each allele) in the NNT gene. Scrotal ultrasound revealed a right Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumor (TART). Intensification of glucocorticoid therapy over the course of 8 months failed to reduce the TART volume or improve sperm production and endocrine function. No spermatozoa were found after surgical exploration of both testes, and subsequent histopathological analysis revealed bilateral Sertoli cell-only syndrome. A retrospective review of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadic axis hormonal assessment over 20 years showed progressive impairment of testicular function, accelerated during adulthood, leading to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and non-obstructive azoospermia when the patient reached his thirties, while the PAI remained controlled over the same period. CONCLUSION This case report provides, for the first time, direct evidence of complete germ line loss in an azoospermic man with NNT deficiency. Additional data further support the hypothesis of a determinant role of oxidative cellular damage due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance in the severe gonadal impairment observed in this NNT-deficient patient. Early and regular evaluation of gonadal function should be performed in patients with PAI, especially with NNT deficiency, as soon as the patients reach puberty. Fertility preservation options should then be provided in early adulthood for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ferreux
- Service de Biologie de La Reproduction-CECOS, CHU Cochin - Bâtiment Port Royal, Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris CitéHôpital Cochin, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75679, Paris 14, France.
| | - Yasmine Boumerdassi
- Service de Biologie de La Reproduction-CECOS, CHU Cochin - Bâtiment Port Royal, Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris CitéHôpital Cochin, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75679, Paris 14, France
| | - Emmanuel Dulioust
- Service de Biologie de La Reproduction-CECOS, CHU Cochin - Bâtiment Port Royal, Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris CitéHôpital Cochin, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75679, Paris 14, France.,Université de Paris Cité Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bertagna
- Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'endocrinologie Et Maladies Métaboliques, Paris, France
| | - Florence Roucher-Boulez
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL. Centre - Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Endocrinologie- Centre de Référence du Développement Génital- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Bourdon
- Université de Paris Cité Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), AP-HP. Centre - Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique II Et de Médecine de La Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Thiounn
- Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Service d'Urologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Patrat
- Service de Biologie de La Reproduction-CECOS, CHU Cochin - Bâtiment Port Royal, Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), APHP. Centre - Université de Paris CitéHôpital Cochin, 123 Boulevard de Port-Royal, 75679, Paris 14, France.,Université de Paris Cité Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
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15
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Xie J, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Hao P, Han L, Cao Y, Ding B, Chang Y, Yin D, Ding J. TMT-based proteomics analysis of growth advantage of triploid Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101043. [PMID: 36493631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid breeding can produce new species with a faster growth rate, higher disease resistance, and higher survival rate, and has achieved significant economic benefits. This study investigated the protein differences in the body wall of triploid Apostichopus japonicus and diploid A. japonicus using isotope-labeled relative and absolute quantitative Tandem Mass Tag technology. A total of 21,096 independent peptides and 4621 proteins were identified. Among them, there were 723 proteins with significant expression differences, including 413 up-regulated proteins and 310 down-regulated proteins. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in 4519 Gene Ontology enrichment pathways and 320 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathways. Twenty-two key DEPs related to important functions such as growth and immunity of triploid A. japonicus were screened from the results, among which 20 were up-regulated, such as cathepsin L2 cysteine protease and fibrinogen-like protein A. Arylsulfatase A and zonadhesin were down-regulated. The up-regulated proteins were mainly involved in oxidative stress response, innate immune response, and collagen synthesis in triploid A. japonicus, and the down-regulated proteins were mainly associated with the sterility of triploid A. japonicus. In addition, the transcriptome and proteome were analyzed jointly to support proteome data. In this study, the differences in protein composition between triploid and diploid A. japonicus were analyzed for the first time, and the results revealed the underlying reasons for the growth advantage of triploid A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yuanxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Lingshu Han
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Beichen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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16
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GLUT inhibitor WZB117 induces cytotoxicity with increased production of amyloid-beta peptide in SH-SY5Y cells preventable by beta-hydroxybutyrate: implications in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:482-489. [PMID: 36849757 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of glucose transporters are being explored as potential anti-cancer drugs. Decreased cerebral glucose utilization with reduced levels of several glucose transporters is also an important pathogenic signature of neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, but its exact role in the pathogenesis of this disease is not established. We explored in an experimental model if inhibitors of glucose transporters could lead to altered amyloid-beta homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal death, which are relevant in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cell line) were exposed to an inhibitor (WZB117) of several types of glucose transporters. We examined the effects of glucose hypometabolism on SH-SY5Y cells in terms of mitochondrial functions, production of reactive oxygen species, amyloid-beta homeostasis, and neural cell death. The effect of β-hydroxybutyrate in ameliorating the effects of WZB117 on SH-SY5Y cells was also examined. RESULTS We observed that exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to WZB117 caused mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species, loss of cell viability, increased expression of BACE 1, and intracellular accumulation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ42). All the effects of WZB117 could be markedly prevented by co-treatment with β-hydroxybutyrate. Cyclosporine A, a blocker of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activation, could not prevent cell death caused by WZB117. CONCLUSION Results in this neuroblastoma model have implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and warrant further explorations of WZB117 in primary cultures of neurons and experimental animal models.
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17
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Chang H, Hu X, Tang X, Tian S, Li Y, Lv X, Shang L. A Mitochondria-Targeted Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring NADPH Overproduction during Influenza Virus Infection. ACS Sens 2023; 8:829-838. [PMID: 36689687 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an important cofactor in the progress of antioxidant synthesis and biosynthesis, and an abnormal NADPH level has been observed in many viral infection processes. However, efficient tools to monitor NADPH in living cells after viral infection have not been reported. In this work, we present a fluorescent probe, NAFP4, that could detect NADPH ex vivo with a low detection limit of 3.66 nM and image mitochondrial NADPH level changes in living cells. The probe exhibits excellent cell permeability, rapid reactivity, and high selectivity with minimal cytotoxicity. Using NAFP4, we reveal that the NADPH is overproduced in the host cells infected by influenza virus, which was caused by an elevated level of G6PDH during the virus infection. Moreover, there was positive association between the G6PDH level and virus replication. With the proposed probe NAFP4, our study highlights that the virus infection would influence the host metabolism in NADPH production and also suggests that G6PDH is expected to be a promising target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
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18
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De Nicolo B, Cataldi-Stagetti E, Diquigiovanni C, Bonora E. Calcium and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Interplays in Cardiac Physiology and Pathologies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020353. [PMID: 36829912 PMCID: PMC9952851 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players in energy production, critical activity for the smooth functioning of energy-demanding organs such as the muscles, brain, and heart. Therefore, dysregulation or alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics primarily perturb these organs. Within the cell, mitochondria are the major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the activity of different enzymes since it is one of the organelles with the major availability of oxygen. ROS can act as signaling molecules in a number of different pathways by modulating calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Interactions among ROS and calcium signaling can be considered bidirectional, with ROS regulating cellular Ca2+ signaling, whereas Ca2+ signaling is essential for ROS production. In particular, we will discuss how alterations in the crosstalk between ROS and Ca2+ can lead to mitochondrial bioenergetics dysfunctions and the consequent damage to tissues at high energy demand, such as the heart. Changes in Ca2+ can induce mitochondrial alterations associated with reduced ATP production and increased production of ROS. These changes in Ca2+ levels and ROS generation completely paralyze cardiac contractility. Thus, ROS can hinder the excitation-contraction coupling, inducing arrhythmias, hypertrophy, apoptosis, or necrosis of cardiac cells. These interplays in the cardiovascular system are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Nicolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erica Cataldi-Stagetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Diquigiovanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051209476
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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19
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Vašková J, Kočan L, Vaško L, Perjési P. Glutathione-Related Enzymes and Proteins: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031447. [PMID: 36771108 PMCID: PMC9919958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione is found in all eukaryotic cells, and due to the compartmentalization of biochemical processes, its synthesis takes place exclusively in the cytosol. At the same time, its functions depend on its transport to/from organelles and interorgan transport, in which the liver plays a central role. Glutathione is determined as a marker of the redox state in many diseases, aging processes, and cell death resulting from its properties and reactivity. It also uses other enzymes and proteins, which enables it to engage and regulate various cell functions. This paper approximates the role of these systems in redox and detoxification reactions such as conjugation reactions of glutathione-S-transferases, glyoxylases, reduction of peroxides through thiol peroxidases (glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins) and thiol-disulfide exchange reactions catalyzed by glutaredoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Vašková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.P.); Tel.: +42-155-234-3232 (J.V.)
| | - Ladislav Kočan
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Vaško
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, 7600 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.P.); Tel.: +42-155-234-3232 (J.V.)
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20
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Oka SI, Titus AS, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. Molecular properties and regulation of NAD + kinase (NADK). Redox Biol 2022; 59:102561. [PMID: 36512915 PMCID: PMC9763689 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) kinase (NADK) phosphorylates NAD+, thereby producing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Both NADK genes and the NADP(H)-producing mechanism are evolutionarily conserved among archaea, bacteria, plants and mammals. In mammals, NADK is activated by phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction. Recent studies conducted using genetically altered models validate the essential role of NADK in cellular redox homeostasis and metabolism in multicellular organisms. Here, we describe the evolutionary conservation, molecular properties, and signaling mechanisms and discuss the pathophysiological significance of NADK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
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21
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Chang H, Bennett AM, Cameron WD, Floro E, Au A, McFaul CM, Yip CM, Rocheleau JV. Targeting Apollo-NADP + to Image NADPH Generation in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Organelles. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3308-3317. [PMID: 36269889 PMCID: PMC9706804 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NADPH/NADP+ redox state supports numerous reactions related to cell growth and survival; yet the full impact is difficult to appreciate due to organelle compartmentalization of NADPH and NADP+. To study glucose-stimulated NADPH production in pancreatic beta-cell organelles, we targeted the Apollo-NADP+ sensor by first selecting the most pH-stable version of the single-color sensor. We subsequently targeted mTurquoise2-Apollo-NADP+ to various organelles and confirmed activity in the cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, nucleus, and peroxisome. Finally, we measured the glucose- and glutamine-stimulated NADPH responses by single- and dual-color imaging of the targeted sensors. Overall, we developed multiple organelle-targeted Apollo-NADP+ sensors to reveal the prominent role of beta-cell mitochondria in determining NADPH production in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and peroxisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntley
H. Chang
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alex M. Bennett
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - William D. Cameron
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Eric Floro
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Christopher M. McFaul
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Yip
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Jonathan V. Rocheleau
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,Department
of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Banting
and Best Diabetes Centre, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,
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22
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Gherardelli C, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Lithium Enhances Hippocampal Glucose Metabolism in an In Vitro Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158733. [PMID: 35955868 PMCID: PMC9368914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cerebral glucose metabolism is an early event that contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Importantly, restoring glucose availability by pharmacological agents or genetic manipulation has been shown to protect against Aβ toxicity, ameliorate AD pathology, and increase lifespan. Lithium, a therapeutic agent widely used as a treatment for mood disorders, has been shown to attenuate AD pathology and promote glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, despite its widespread use in neuropsychiatric disorders, lithium's effects on the brain have been poorly characterized. Here we evaluated the effect of lithium on glucose metabolism in hippocampal neurons from wild-type (WT) and APPSwe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice. Our results showed that lithium significantly stimulates glucose uptake and replenishes ATP levels by preferential oxidation of glucose through glycolysis in neurons from WT mice. This increase was also accompanied by a strong increase in glucose transporter 3 (Glut3), the major carrier responsible for glucose uptake in neurons. Similarly, using hippocampal slices from APP-PS1 mice, we demonstrate that lithium increases glucose uptake, glycolytic rate, and the ATP:ADP ratio in a process that also involves the activation of AMPK. Together, our findings indicate that lithium stimulates glucose metabolism and can act as a potential therapeutic agent in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gherardelli
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-966078961
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23
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The Combination of Niacinamide, Vitamin C, and PDRN Mitigates Melanogenesis by Modulating Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154923. [PMID: 35956878 PMCID: PMC9370691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is involved in decreasing melanogenesis through tyrosinase degradation induced by cellular redox changes. Nicotinamide is a component of coenzymes, such as NAD+, NADH, NADP+, and NADPH, and its levels are modulated by NNT. Vitamin C and polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) are also known to decrease skin pigmentation. We evaluated whether a mixture of nicotinamide, vitamin C, and PDRN (NVP-mix) decreased melanogenesis by modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress and NNT expression in UV-B-irradiated animals and in an in vitro model of melanocytes treated with conditioned media (CM) from UV-B-irradiated keratinocytes. The expression of NNT, GSH/GSSG, and NADPH/NADP+ in UV-B-irradiated animal skin was significantly decreased by UV-B radiation but increased by NVP-mix treatment. The expression of NNT, GSH/GSSG, and NADPH/NADP+ ratios decreased in melanocytes after CM treatment, although they increased after NVP-mix administration. In NNT-silenced melanocytes, the GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were further decreased by CM compared with normal melanocytes. NVP-mix decreased melanogenesis signals, such as MC1R, MITF, TYRP1, and TYRP2, and decreased melanosome transfer-related signals, such as RAB32 and RAB27A, in UV-B-irradiated animal skin. NVP-mix also decreased MC1R, MITF, TYRP1, TYRP2, RAB32, and RAB27A in melanocytes treated with CM from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. The expression of MC1R and MITF in melanocytes after CM treatment was unchanged by NNT silencing. However, the expression of TYRP1, TYRP2, RAB32, and RAB27A increased in NNT-silenced melanocytes after CM treatment. NVP-mix also decreased tyrosinase activity and melanin content in UV-B-irradiated animal skin and CM-treated melanocytes. In conclusion, NVP-mix decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress by increasing NNT expression and decreased melanogenesis by decreasing MC1R/MITF, tyrosinase, TYRP1, and TYRP2.
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24
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Koju N, Qin ZH, Sheng R. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in redox balance and diseases: a friend or foe? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1889-1904. [PMID: 35017669 PMCID: PMC9343382 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+/NADPH) redox couples function as cofactors or/and substrates for numerous enzymes to retain cellular redox balance and energy metabolism. Thus, maintaining cellular NADH and NADPH balance is critical for sustaining cellular homeostasis. The sources of NADPH generation might determine its biological effects. Newly-recognized biosynthetic enzymes and genetically encoded biosensors help us better understand how cells maintain biosynthesis and distribution of compartmentalized NAD(H) and NADP(H) pools. It is essential but challenging to distinguish how cells sustain redox couple pools to perform their integral functions and escape redox stress. However, it is still obscure whether NADPH is detrimental or beneficial as either deficiency or excess in cellular NADPH levels disturbs cellular redox state and metabolic homeostasis leading to redox stress, energy stress, and eventually, to the disease state. Additional study of the pathways and regulatory mechanisms of NADPH generation in different compartments, and the means by which NADPH plays a role in various diseases, will provide innovative insights into its roles in human health and may find a value of NADPH for the treatment of certain diseases including aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic stroke, diabetes, obesity, cancer, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Koju
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Zheng-hong Qin
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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25
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Gansemer ER, Rutkowski DT. Pathways Linking Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Production to Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Oxidation and Stress. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:858142. [PMID: 35601828 PMCID: PMC9114485 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.858142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is highly oxidizing compared to other subcellular compartments, and maintaining the appropriate levels of oxidizing and reducing equivalents is essential to ER function. Both protein oxidation itself and other essential ER processes, such as the degradation of misfolded proteins and the sequestration of cellular calcium, are tuned to the ER redox state. Simultaneously, nutrients are oxidized in the cytosol and mitochondria to power ATP generation, reductive biosynthesis, and defense against reactive oxygen species. These parallel needs for protein oxidation in the ER and nutrient oxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria raise the possibility that the two processes compete for electron acceptors, even though they occur in separate cellular compartments. A key molecule central to both processes is NADPH, which is produced by reduction of NADP+ during nutrient catabolism and which in turn drives the reduction of components such as glutathione and thioredoxin that influence the redox potential in the ER lumen. For this reason, NADPH might serve as a mediator linking metabolic activity to ER homeostasis and stress, and represent a novel form of mitochondria-to-ER communication. In this review, we discuss oxidative protein folding in the ER, NADPH generation by the major pathways that mediate it, and ER-localized systems that can link the two processes to connect ER function to metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R. Gansemer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - D. Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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26
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Abstract
Significance: Aging is a natural process that affects most living organisms, resulting in increased mortality. As the world population ages, the prevalence of age-associated diseases, and their associated health care costs, has increased sharply. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to cellular dysfunction may provide important targets for interventions to prevent or treat these diseases. Recent Advances: Although the mitochondrial theory of aging had been proposed more than 40 years ago, recent new data have given stronger support for a central role for mitochondrial dysfunction in several pathways that are deregulated during normal aging and age-associated disease. Critical Issues: Several of the experimental evidence linking mitochondrial alterations to age-associated loss of function are correlative and mechanistic insights are still elusive. Here, we review how mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in many of the known hallmarks of aging, and how these pathways interact in an intricate net of molecular relationships. Future Directions: As it has become clear that mitochondrial dysfunction plays causative roles in normal aging and age-associated diseases, it is necessary to better define the molecular interactions and the temporal and causal relationship between these changes and the relevant phenotypes seen during the aging process. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 824-843.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M P F Batalha
- Lab. Genética Mitocondrial, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anibal Eugênio Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nadja C Souza-Pinto
- Lab. Genética Mitocondrial, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Francisco A, Figueira TR, Castilho RF. Mitochondrial NAD(P) + Transhydrogenase: From Molecular Features to Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:864-884. [PMID: 34155914 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase, also known as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), catalyzes a reversible reaction coupling the protonmotive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane and hydride (H-, a proton plus two electrons) transfer between the mitochondrial pools of NAD(H) and NADP(H). The forward NNT reaction is a source of NADPH in the mitochondrial matrix, fueling antioxidant and biosynthetic pathways with reductive potential. Despite the greater emphasis given to the net forward reaction, the reverse NNT reaction that oxidizes NADPH also occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. Recent Advances: NNT (dys)function has been linked to various metabolic pathways and disease phenotypes. Most of these findings have been based on spontaneous loss-of-function Nnt mutations found in the C57BL/6J mouse strain (NntC57BL/6J mutation) and disease-causing Nnt mutations in humans. The present review focuses on recent advances based on the mouse NntC57BL/6J mutation. Critical Issues: Most studies associating NNT function with disease phenotypes have been based on comparisons between different strains of inbred mice (with or without the NntC57BL/6J mutation), which creates uncertainties over the actual contribution of NNT in the context of other potential genetic modifiers. Future Directions: Future research might contribute to understanding the role of NNT in pathological conditions and elucidate how NNT regulates physiological signaling through its forward and reverse reactions. The importance of NNT in redox balance and tumor cell proliferation makes it a potential target of new therapeutic strategies for oxidative-stress-mediated diseases and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 864-884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rezende Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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29
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Vasan K, Clutter M, Fernandez Dunne S, George MD, Luan CH, Chandel NS, Martínez-Reyes I. Genes Involved in Maintaining Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Upon Electron Transport Chain Disruption. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:781558. [PMID: 35252167 PMCID: PMC8888678 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.781558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling organelles with a critical role in cellular physiology. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with aging and underlie the cause of a wide range of diseases, from neurodegeneration to cancer. Through signaling, mitochondria regulate diverse biological outcomes. The maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential, for instance, is essential for proliferation, the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and oxygen sensing. The loss of mitochondrial membrane potential triggers pathways to clear damaged mitochondria and often results in cell death. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide positive selection CRISPR screen using a combination of mitochondrial inhibitors to uncover genes involved in sustaining a mitochondrial membrane potential, and therefore avoid cell death when the electron transport chain is impaired. Our screen identified genes involved in mitochondrial protein translation and ATP synthesis as essential for the induction of cell death when cells lose their mitochondrial membrane potential. This report intends to provide potential targets for the treatment of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matt Clutter
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sara Fernandez Dunne
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mariam D. George
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Inmaculada Martínez-Reyes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Inmaculada Martínez-Reyes,
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30
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Over-Reduced State of Mitochondria as a Trigger of "β-Oxidation Shuttle" in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040871. [PMID: 35205619 PMCID: PMC8870273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of data have accumulated in the last decade on the pronounced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO) in many types of cancer cells. As a result, mFAO was found to coexist with abnormally activated fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and the mevalonate pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated that overactivated mitochondrial β-oxidation may aggravate the impaired mitochondrial redox state and vice versa. Furthermore, the impaired redox state of cancerous mitochondria can ensure the continuous operation of β-oxidation by disconnecting it from the Krebs cycle and connecting it to the citrate-malate shuttle. This could create a new metabolic state/pathway in cancer cells, which we have called the "β-oxidation-citrate-malate shuttle", or "β-oxidation shuttle" for short, which forces them to proliferate. The calculation of the phosphate/oxygen ratio indicates that it is inefficient as an energy source and must consume significantly more oxygen per mole of ATP produced when combined with acetyl-CoA consuming pathways, such as the FAS and mevalonate pathways. The "β-oxidation shuttle" is an unconventional mFAO, a separate metabolic pathway that has not yet been explored as a source of energy, as well as a source of cataplerosis, leading to biomass accumulation, accelerated oxygen consumption, and, ultimately, a source of proliferation. The role of the "β-oxidation shuttle" and its contribution to redox-altered cancer metabolism provides a new direction for the development of future anticancer strategies. This may represent the metabolic "secret" of cancer underlying hypoxia and genomic instability.
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31
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A “Weird” Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation as a Metabolic “Secret” of Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2339584. [PMID: 35178152 PMCID: PMC8847026 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2339584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism is an extensively studied field since the discovery of the Warburg effect about 100 years ago and continues to be increasingly intriguing and enigmatic so far. It has become clear that glycolysis is not the only abnormally activated metabolic pathway in the cancer cells, but the same is true for the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and mevalonate pathway. In the last decade, a lot of data have been accumulated on the pronounced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO) in many types of cancer cells. In this article, we discuss how mFAO can escape normal regulation under certain conditions and be overactivated. Such abnormal activation of mitochondrial β-oxidation can also be combined with mutations in certain enzymes of the Krebs cycle that are common in cancer. If overactivated β-oxidation is combined with other common cancer conditions, such as dysfunctions in the electron transport complexes, and/or hypoxia, this may alter the redox state of the mitochondrial matrix. We propose the idea that the altered mitochondrial redox state and/or inhibited Krebs cycle at certain segments may link mitochondrial β-oxidation to the citrate-malate shuttle instead to the Krebs cycle. We call this abnormal metabolic condition “β-oxidation shuttle”. It is unconventional mFAO, a separate metabolic pathway, unexplored so far as a source of energy, as well as a source of cataplerosis, leading to biomass accumulation, accelerated oxygen consumption, and ultimately a source of proliferation. It is inefficient as an energy source and must consume significantly more oxygen per mole of ATP produced when combined with acetyl-CoA consuming pathways, such as the FAS and mevalonate pathway.
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32
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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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33
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Tachycardiomyopathy entails a dysfunctional pattern of interrelated mitochondrial functions. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:45. [PMID: 36068416 PMCID: PMC9448689 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tachycardiomyopathy is characterised by reversible left ventricular dysfunction, provoked by rapid ventricular rate. While the knowledge of mitochondria advanced in most cardiomyopathies, mitochondrial functions await elucidation in tachycardiomyopathy. Pacemakers were implanted in 61 rabbits. Tachypacing was performed with 330 bpm for 10 days (n = 11, early left ventricular dysfunction) or with up to 380 bpm over 30 days (n = 24, tachycardiomyopathy, TCM). In n = 26, pacemakers remained inactive (SHAM). Left ventricular tissue was subjected to respirometry, metabolomics and acetylomics. Results were assessed for translational relevance using a human-based model: induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes underwent field stimulation for 7 days (TACH-iPSC-CM). TCM animals showed systolic dysfunction compared to SHAM (fractional shortening 37.8 ± 1.0% vs. 21.9 ± 1.2%, SHAM vs. TCM, p < 0.0001). Histology revealed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (cross-sectional area 393.2 ± 14.5 µm2 vs. 538.9 ± 23.8 µm2, p < 0.001) without fibrosis. Mitochondria were shifted to the intercalated discs and enlarged. Mitochondrial membrane potential remained stable in TCM. The metabolite profiles of ELVD and TCM were characterised by profound depletion of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Redox balance was shifted towards a more oxidised state (ratio of reduced to oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 10.5 ± 2.1 vs. 4.0 ± 0.8, p < 0.01). The mitochondrial acetylome remained largely unchanged. Neither TCM nor TACH-iPSC-CM showed relevantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative phosphorylation capacity of TCM decreased modestly in skinned fibres (168.9 ± 11.2 vs. 124.6 ± 11.45 pmol·O2·s-1·mg-1 tissue, p < 0.05), but it did not in isolated mitochondria. The pattern of mitochondrial dysfunctions detected in two models of tachycardiomyopathy diverges from previously published characteristic signs of other heart failure aetiologies.
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Laaksonen J, Mishra PP, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, Marttila S, Mononen N, Lyytikäinen LP, Kleber ME, Delgado GE, Lepistö M, Almusa H, Ellonen P, Lorkowski S, März W, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari O, Kähönen M, Salonen JT, Lehtimäki T. Mitochondrial genome-wide analysis of nuclear DNA methylation quantitative trait loci. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1720-1732. [PMID: 35077545 PMCID: PMC9122653 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondria have a complex communication network with the surrounding cell and can alter nuclear DNA methylation (DNAm). Variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has also been linked to differential DNAm. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous DNAm quantitative trait loci, but these studies have not examined the mitochondrial genome. Herein, we quantified nuclear DNAm from blood and conducted a mitochondrial genome-wide association study of DNAm, with an additional emphasis on sex- and prediabetes-specific heterogeneity. We used the Young Finns Study (n = 926) with sequenced mtDNA genotypes as a discovery sample and sought replication in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study (n = 2317). We identified numerous significant associations in the discovery phase (P < 10−9), but they were not replicated when accounting for multiple testing. In total, 27 associations were nominally replicated with a P < 0.05. The replication analysis presented no evidence of sex- or prediabetes-specific heterogeneity. The 27 associations were included in a joint meta-analysis of the two cohorts, and 19 DNAm sites associated with mtDNA variants, while four other sites showed haplogroup associations. An expression quantitative trait methylation analysis was performed for the identified DNAm sites, pinpointing two statistically significant associations. This study provides evidence of a mitochondrial genetic control of nuclear DNAm with little evidence found for sex- and prediabetes-specific effects. The lack of a comparable mtDNA data set for replication is a limitation in our study and further studies are needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Laaksonen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, PO Box 100, Tampere FI-33014, Finland. Tel: +358 504080774; E-mail:
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Saara Marttila
- Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Maija Lepistö
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Henrikki Almusa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena 07743, Germany
- SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
- Research Centre for Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- MAS-Metabolic Analytical Services Oy, Helsinki 00990, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
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Mitochondrial Management of Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111824. [PMID: 34829696 PMCID: PMC8614740 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotic cells are both the site of energy production and the formation of harmful species, such as radicals and other reactive oxygen species, known as ROS. They contain an efficient antioxidant system, including low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes that specialize in removing various types of ROS or repairing the oxidative damage of biological molecules. Under normal conditions, ROS production is low, and mitochondria, which are their primary target, are slightly damaged in a similar way to other cellular compartments, since the ROS released by the mitochondria into the cytosol are negligible. As the mitochondrial generation of ROS increases, they can deactivate components of the respiratory chain and enzymes of the Krebs cycle, and mitochondria release a high amount of ROS that damage cellular structures. More recently, the feature of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which does not specifically deal with intramitochondrial ROS, was discovered. Indeed, the mitochondrial antioxidant system detoxifies exogenous ROS species at the expense of reducing the equivalents generated in mitochondria. Thus, mitochondria are also a sink of ROS. These observations highlight the importance of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which should be considered in our understanding of ROS-regulated processes. These processes include cell signaling and the progression of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sommerfeld O, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Drug triggered pruritus, rash, papules, and blisters - is AGEP a clash of an altered sphingolipid-metabolism and lysosomotropism of drugs accumulating in the skin? Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:156. [PMID: 34743684 PMCID: PMC8573906 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rash, photosensitivity, erythema multiforme, and the acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) are relatively uncommon adverse reactions of drugs. To date, the etiology is not well understood and individual susceptibility still remains unknown. Amiodarone, chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, and trimipramine are classified lysosomotropic as well as photosensitizing, however, they fail to trigger rash and pruritic papules in all individuals. Lysosomotropism is a common charcteristic of various drugs, but independent of individuals. There is evidence that the individual ability to respond to external oxidative stress is crosslinked with the elongation of long-chain fatty acids to very long-chain fatty acids by ELOVLs. ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 are sensitive to ROS induced depletion of cellular NADPH and insufficient regeneration via the pentose phosphate pathway and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency of NADPH in presence of lysosomotropic drugs promotes the synthesis of C16-ceramide in lysosomes and may contribute to emerging pruritic papules of AGEP. However, independently from a lysosomomotropic drug, severe depletion of ATP and NAD(P)H, e.g., by UV radiation or a potent photosensitizer can trigger likewise the collapse of the lysosomal transmembrane proton gradient resulting in lysosomal C16-ceramide synthesis and pruritic papules. This kind of papules are equally present in polymorphous light eruption (PMLE/PLE) and acne aestivalis (Mallorca acne). The suggested model of a compartmentalized ceramide metabolism provides a more sophisticated explanation of cutaneous drug adverse effects and the individual sensitivity to UV radiation. Parameters such as pKa and ClogP of the triggering drug, cutaneous fatty acid profile, and ceramide profile enables new concepts in risk assessment and scoring of AGEP as well as prophylaxis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Schillingallee 68, D-18057, Leipzig, Rostock, Germany.
- Faculty of Science, Associated member of Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D- 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Close AF, Chae H, Jonas JC. The lack of functional nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase only moderately contributes to the impairment of glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2550-2561. [PMID: 34448880 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is involved in mitochondrial NADPH production and its spontaneous inactivating mutation (NntTr [Tr, truncated]) is usually considered to be the main cause of the lower glucose tolerance of C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. However, the impact of this mutation on glucose tolerance remains disputed. Here, we singled out the impact of NntTr from that of other genetic variants between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice on mitochondrial glutathione redox state (EGSH), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose tolerance. METHODS Male and female N5BL/6J mice that express wild-type Nnt (NntWT) or NntTr (N5-WT and N5-Tr mice) on the C57BL/6J genetic background were obtained by crossing N5BL/6J NntWT/Tr heterozygous mice. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice were from Janvier Labs. The Nnt genotype was confirmed by PCR and the genetic background by whole genome sequencing of one mouse of each type. Glucose tolerance was assessed by IPGTT, ITT and fasting/refeeding tests. Stimulus-secretion coupling events and GSIS were measured in isolated pancreatic islets. Cytosolic and mitochondrial EGSH were measured using the fluorescent redox probe GRX1-roGFP2 (glutaredoxin 1 fused to redox-sensitive enhanced GFP). RESULTS The Nnt genotype and genetic background of each type of mouse were confirmed. As reported previously in C57BL/6N vs C57BL/6J islets, the glucose regulation of mitochondrial (but not cytosolic) EGSH and of NAD(P)H autofluorescence was markedly improved in N5-WT vs N5-Tr islets, confirming the role of NNT in mitochondrial redox regulation. However, ex vivo GSIS was only 1.2-1.4-times higher in N5-WT vs N5-Tr islets, while it was 2.4-times larger in C57BL/6N vs N5-WT islets, questioning the role of NNT in GSIS. In vivo, the ITT results did not differ between N5-WT and N5-Tr or C57BL/6N mice. However, the glucose excursion during an IPGTT was only 15-20% lower in female N5-WT mice than in N5-Tr and C57BL/6J mice and remained 3.5-times larger than in female C57BL/6N mice. Similar observations were made during a fasting/refeeding test. A slightly larger (~30%) impact of NNT on glucose tolerance was found in males. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Although our results confirm the importance of NNT in the regulation of mitochondrial redox state by glucose, they markedly downsize the role of NNT in the alteration of GSIS and glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. Therefore, documenting an NntWT genotype in C57BL/6 mice does not provide proof that their glucose tolerance is as good as in C57BL/6N mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Françoise Close
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heeyoung Chae
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Ahmad AA, Draves SO, Rosca M. Mitochondria in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112945. [PMID: 34831168 PMCID: PMC8616075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the USA. The pathogenesis of DKD is multifactorial and involves activation of multiple signaling pathways with merging outcomes including thickening of the basement membrane, podocyte loss, mesangial expansion, tubular atrophy, and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The glomerulo-tubular balance and tubule-glomerular feedback support an increased glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, with the latter relying heavily on ATP and increasing the energy demand. There is evidence that alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics in kidney cells lead to these pathologic changes and contribute to the progression of DKD towards ESRD. This review will focus on the dialogue between alterations in bioenergetics in glomerular and tubular cells and its role in the development of DKD. Alterations in energy substrate selection, electron transport chain, ATP generation, oxidative stress, redox status, protein posttranslational modifications, mitochondrial dynamics, and quality control will be discussed. Understanding the role of bioenergetics in the progression of diabetic DKD may provide novel therapeutic approaches to delay its progression to ESRD.
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Energy transfer between the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase and ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21234. [PMID: 34707181 PMCID: PMC8551311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (TH) catalyses the hydride transfer from NADH to NADP+. Under physiological conditions, this reaction is endergonic and must be energized by the pmf, coupled to transmembrane proton transport. Recent structures of transhydrogenase holoenzymes suggest new mechanistic details, how the long-distance coupling between hydride transfer in the peripheral nucleotide binding sites and the membrane-localized proton transfer occurs that now must be tested experimentally. Here, we provide protocols for the efficient expression and purification of the Escherichia coli transhydrogenase and its reconstitution into liposomes, alone or together with the Escherichia coli F1F0 ATP synthase. We show that E. coli transhydrogenase is a reversible enzyme that can also work as a NADPH-driven proton pump. In liposomes containing both enzymes, NADPH driven H+-transport by TH is sufficient to instantly fuel ATP synthesis, which adds TH to the pool of pmf generating enzymes. If the same liposomes are energized with ATP, NADPH production by TH is stimulated > sixfold both by a pH gradient or a membrane potential. The presented protocols and results reinforce the tight coupling between hydride transfer in the peripheral nucleotide binding sites and transmembrane proton transport and provide powerful tools to investigate their coupling mechanism.
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40
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhuang L, Olszewski K, Gan B. NADPH debt drives redox bankruptcy: SLC7A11/xCT-mediated cystine uptake as a double-edged sword in cellular redox regulation. Genes Dis 2021; 8:731-745. [PMID: 34522704 PMCID: PMC8427322 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11; also known as xCT) plays a key role in antioxidant defense by mediating cystine uptake, promoting glutathione synthesis, and maintaining cell survival under oxidative stress conditions. Recent studies showed that, to prevent toxic buildup of highly insoluble cystine inside cells, cancer cells with high expression of SLC7A11 (SLC7A11high) are forced to quickly reduce cystine to more soluble cysteine, which requires substantial NADPH supply from the glucose-pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) route, thereby inducing glucose- and PPP-dependency in SLC7A11high cancer cells. Limiting glucose supply to SLC7A11high cancer cells results in significant NADPH “debt”, redox “bankruptcy”, and subsequent cell death. This review summarizes our current understanding of NADPH-generating and -consuming pathways, discusses the opposing role of SLC7A11 in protecting cells from oxidative stress–induced cell death such as ferroptosis but promoting glucose starvation–induced cell death, and proposes the concept that SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake acts as a double-edged sword in cellular redox regulation. A detailed understanding of SLC7A11 in redox biology may identify metabolic vulnerabilities in SLC7A11high cancer for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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41
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Booth DM, Várnai P, Joseph SK, Hajnóczky G. Oxidative bursts of single mitochondria mediate retrograde signaling toward the ER. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3866-3876.e2. [PMID: 34352204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The emerging role of mitochondria as signaling organelles raises the question of whether individual mitochondria can initiate heterotypic communication with neighboring organelles. Using fluorescent probes targeted to the endoplasmic-reticulum-mitochondrial interface, we demonstrate that single mitochondria generate oxidative bursts, rapid redox oscillations, confined to the nanoscale environment of the interorganellar contact sites. Using probes fused to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), we show that Ca2+ channels directly sense oxidative bursts and respond with Ca2+ transients adjacent to active mitochondria. Application of specific mitochondrial stressors or apoptotic stimuli dramatically increases the frequency and amplitude of the oxidative bursts by enhancing transient permeability transition pore openings. Conversely, blocking interface Ca2+ transport via elimination of IP3Rs or mitochondrial calcium uniporter channels suppresses ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ feedback and cell death. Thus, single mitochondria initiate local retrograde signaling by miniature oxidative bursts and, upon metabolic or apoptotic stress, may also amplify signals to the rest of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Booth
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, 1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Suresh K Joseph
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Analyzing Olfactory Neuron Precursors Non-Invasively Isolated through NADH FLIM as a Potential Tool to Study Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126311. [PMID: 34204595 PMCID: PMC8231156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the proposed pathogenic mechanisms to understand the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), increased oxidative stress seems to be a robust and early disease feature where many of those hypotheses converge. However, despite the significant lines of evidence accumulated, an effective diagnosis and treatment of AD are not yet available. This limitation might be partially explained by the use of cellular and animal models that recapitulate partial aspects of the disease and do not account for the particular biology of patients. As such, cultures of patient-derived cells of peripheral origin may provide a convenient solution for this problem. Peripheral cells of neuronal lineage such as olfactory neuronal precursors (ONPs) can be easily cultured through non-invasive isolation, reproducing AD-related oxidative stress. Interestingly, the autofluorescence of key metabolic cofactors such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) can be highly correlated with the oxidative state and antioxidant capacity of cells in a non-destructive and label-free manner. In particular, imaging NADH through fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has greatly improved the sensitivity in detecting oxidative shifts with minimal intervention to cell physiology. Here, we discuss the translational potential of analyzing patient-derived ONPs non-invasively isolated through NADH FLIM to reveal AD-related oxidative stress. We believe this approach may potentially accelerate the discovery of effective antioxidant therapies and contribute to early diagnosis and personalized monitoring of this devastating disease.
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Capitanio G, Papa F, Papa S. The allosteric protein interactions in the proton-motive function of mammalian redox enzymes of the respiratory chain. Biochimie 2021; 189:1-12. [PMID: 34097987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insight into mammalian respiratory complexes defines the role of allosteric protein interactions in their proton-motive activity. In cytochrome c oxidase (CxIV) conformational change of subunit I, caused by O2 binding to heme a32+-CuB+ and reduction, and stereochemical transitions coupled to oxidation/reduction of heme a and CuA, combined with electrostatic effects, determine the proton pumping activity. In ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (CxIII) conformational movement of Fe-S protein between cytochromes b and c1 is the key element of the proton-motive activity. In NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (CxI) ubiquinone binding and reduction result in conformational changes of subunits in the quinone reaction structure which initiate proton pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Capitanio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Sergio Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
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Kakimoto PA, Serna JDC, de Miranda Ramos V, Zorzano A, Kowaltowski AJ. Increased glycolysis is an early consequence of palmitate lipotoxicity mediated by redox signaling. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102026. [PMID: 34102573 PMCID: PMC8187254 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic levels of fatty acids (lipotoxicity) leads to cell damage and death and is involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Since the metabolic consequences of lipotoxicity are still poorly understood, we studied the bioenergetic effects of the saturated fatty acid palmitate, quantifying changes in mitochondrial morphology, real-time oxygen consumption, ATP production sources, and extracellular acidification in hepatoma cells. Surprisingly, glycolysis was enhanced by the presence of palmitate as soon as 1 h after stimulus, while oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation were unchanged, despite overt mitochondrial fragmentation. Palmitate only induced mitochondrial fragmentation if glucose and glutamine were available, while glycolytic enhancement did not require glutamine, showing it is independent of mitochondrial morphological changes. Redox state was altered by palmitate, as indicated by NAD(P)H quantification. Furthermore, the mitochondrial antioxidant mitoquinone, or a selective inhibitor of complex I electron leakage (S1QEL) further enhanced palmitate-induced glycolysis. Our results demonstrate that palmitate overload and lipotoxicity involves an unexpected and early increase in glycolytic flux, while, surprisingly, no changes in oxidative phosphorylation are observed. Interestingly, enhanced glycolysis involves signaling by mitochondrially-generated oxidants, uncovering a novel regulatory mechanism for this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Julian David C Serna
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Miranda Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Departament de Bioquímica I Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Figueira TR, Francisco A, Ronchi JA, Dos Santos GRRM, Santos WD, Treberg JR, Castilho RF. NADPH supply and the contribution of NAD(P) + transhydrogenase (NNT) to H 2O 2 balance in skeletal muscle mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108934. [PMID: 34043997 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
H2O2 is endogenously generated and its removal in the matrix of skeletal muscle mitochondria (SMM) is dependent on NADPH likely provided by NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2). Importantly, NNT activity is linked to mitochondrial protonmotive force. Here, we demonstrate the presence of NNT function in detergent-solubilized and intact functional SMM isolated from rats and wild type (Nnt+/+) mice, but not in SMM from congenic mice carrying a mutated NNT gene (Nnt-/-). Further comparisons between SMM from both Nnt mouse genotypes revealed that the NADPH supplied by NNT supports up to 600 pmol/mg/min of H2O2 removal under selected conditions. Surprisingly, SMM from Nnt-/- mice removed exogenous H2O2 at wild-type levels and exhibited a maintained or even decreased net emission of endogenous H2O2 when substrates that support Krebs cycle reactions were present (e.g., pyruvate plus malate or palmitoylcarnitine plus malate). These results may be explained by a compensation for the lack of NNT, since the total activities of concurrent NADP+-reducing enzymes (IDH2, malic enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase) were ~70% elevated in Nnt-/- mice. Importantly, respiratory rates were similar between SMM from both Nnt genotypes despite differing NNT contributions to H2O2 removal and their implications for an evolving concept in the literature are discussed. We concluded that NNT is capable of meaningfully sustaining NADPH-dependent H2O2 removal in intact SMM. Nonetheless, if the available substrates favor non-NNT sources of NADPH, the H2O2 removal by SMM is maintained in Nnt-/- mice SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Figueira
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Ronchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R R M Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - William Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, General Office 212B Bio-Sci Bldg., R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason R Treberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, General Office 212B Bio-Sci Bldg., R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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46
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Brain Energy Deficit as a Source of Oxidative Stress in Migraine: A Molecular Basis for Migraine Susceptibility. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1913-1932. [PMID: 33939061 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
People with migraine are prone to a brain energy deficit between attacks, through increased energy demand (hyperexcitable brain) or decreased supply (mitochondrial impairment). However, it is uncertain how this precipitates an acute attack. Here, the central role of oxidative stress is adduced. Specifically, neurons' antioxidant defenses rest ultimately on internally generated NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), whose levels are tightly coupled to energy production. Mitochondrial NADPH is produced primarily by enzymes involved in energy generation, including isocitrate dehydrogenase of the Krebs (tricarboxylic acid) cycle; and an enzyme, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), that depends on the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to function, and that works in reverse, consuming antioxidants, when energy generation fails. In migraine aura, cortical spreading depression (CSD) causes an initial severe drop in level of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), causing NNT to impair antioxidant defense. This is followed by functional hypoxia and a rebound in NADH, in which the electron transport chain overproduces oxidants. In migraine without aura, a similar biphasic fluctuation in NADH very likely generates oxidants in cortical regions farthest from capillaries and penetrating arterioles. Thus, the perturbations in brain energy demand and/or production seen in migraine are likely sufficient to cause oxidative stress, triggering an attack through oxidant-sensing nociceptive ion channels. Implications are discussed for the development of new classes of migraine preventives, for the current use of C57BL/6J mice (which lack NNT) in preclinical studies of migraine, for how a microembolism initiates CSD, and for how CSD can trigger a migraine.
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Tran DH, Kesavan R, Rion H, Soflaee MH, Solmonson A, Bezwada D, Vu HS, Cai F, Phillips JA, DeBerardinis RJ, Hoxhaj G. Mitochondrial NADP + is essential for proline biosynthesis during cell growth. Nat Metab 2021; 3:571-585. [PMID: 33833463 PMCID: PMC9210447 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is vital to produce NADPH, a principal supplier of reducing power for biosynthesis of macromolecules and protection against oxidative stress. NADPH exists in separate pools, in both the cytosol and mitochondria; however, the cellular functions of mitochondrial NADPH are incompletely described. Here, we find that decreasing mitochondrial NADP(H) levels through depletion of NAD kinase 2 (NADK2), an enzyme responsible for production of mitochondrial NADP+, renders cells uniquely proline auxotrophic. Cells with NADK2 deletion fail to synthesize proline, due to mitochondrial NADPH deficiency. We uncover the requirement of mitochondrial NADPH and NADK2 activity for the generation of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolite intermediate as the bottleneck step in the proline biosynthesis pathway. Notably, after NADK2 deletion, proline is required to support nucleotide and protein synthesis, making proline essential for the growth and proliferation of NADK2-deficient cells. Thus, we highlight proline auxotrophy in mammalian cells and discover that mitochondrial NADPH is essential to enable proline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem H Tran
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rushendhiran Kesavan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Halie Rion
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mona Hoseini Soflaee
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Divya Bezwada
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hieu S Vu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Feng Cai
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gerta Hoxhaj
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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48
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Hopp AK, Hottiger MO. Uncovering the Invisible: Mono-ADP-ribosylation Moved into the Spotlight. Cells 2021; 10:680. [PMID: 33808662 PMCID: PMC8003356 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent post-translational modification that is found on proteins as well as on nucleic acids. While ARTD1/PARP1-mediated poly-ADP-ribosylation has extensively been studied in the past 60 years, comparably little is known about the physiological function of mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes involved in its turnover. Promising technological advances have enabled the development of innovative tools to detect NAD+ and NAD+/NADH (H for hydrogen) ratios as well as ADP-ribosylation. These tools have significantly enhanced our current understanding of how intracellular NAD dynamics contribute to the regulation of ADP-ribosylation as well as to how mono-ADP-ribosylation integrates into various cellular processes. Here, we discuss the recent technological advances, as well as associated new biological findings and concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Abstract
Under conditions of high nutrient availability and low ATP synthesis, mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that must be removed to avoid cell injury. Among the enzymes involved in this scavenging process, peroxidases play a crucial role, using NADPH provided mostly by nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT). However, scarce information is available on how and to what extent ROS formation is linked to mitochondrial oxygen consumption. A new study by Smith et al. shows that NNT activity maintains low ROS levels by means of a fine modulation of mitochondrial oxygen utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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50
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Ward NP, Kang YP, Falzone A, Boyle TA, DeNicola GM. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase regulates mitochondrial metabolism in NSCLC through maintenance of Fe-S protein function. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151572. [PMID: 32196080 PMCID: PMC7971138 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung tumors exhibit robust and complex mitochondrial metabolism, likely precipitated by the highly oxygenated nature of pulmonary tissue. As ROS generation is a byproduct of this metabolism, reducing power in the form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is required to mitigate oxidative stress in response to this heightened mitochondrial activity. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is known to sustain mitochondrial antioxidant capacity through the generation of NADPH; however, its function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been established. We found that NNT expression significantly enhances tumor formation and aggressiveness in mouse models of lung tumor initiation and progression. We further show that NNT loss elicits mitochondrial dysfunction independent of substantial increases in oxidative stress, but rather marked by the diminished activities of proteins dependent on resident iron-sulfur clusters. These defects were associated with both NADPH availability and ROS accumulation, suggesting that NNT serves a specific role in mitigating the oxidation of these critical protein cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Ward
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Aimee Falzone
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Theresa A Boyle
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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