1
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Göransson O, Kopietz F, Rider MH. Metabolic control by AMPK in white adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:704-717. [PMID: 37673765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) plays an important role in the integration of whole-body metabolism by storing fat and mobilizing triacylglycerol when needed. The released free fatty acids can then be oxidized by other tissues to provide ATP. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of metabolic pathways, and can be targeted by a new generation of direct, small-molecule activators. AMPK activation in WAT inhibits insulin-stimulated lipogenesis and in some situations also inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but AMPK-induced inhibition of β-adrenergic agonist-stimulated lipolysis might need to be re-evaluated in vivo. The lack of dramatic effects of AMPK activation on basal metabolism in WAT could be advantageous when treating type 2 diabetes with pharmacological pan-AMPK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Göransson
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Franziska Kopietz
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark H Rider
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Brender JR, Assmann JC, Farthing DE, Saito K, Kishimoto S, Warrick KA, Maglakelidze N, Larus TL, Merkle H, Gress RE, Krishna MC, Buxbaum NP. In vivo deuterium magnetic resonance imaging of xenografted tumors following systemic administration of deuterated water. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14699. [PMID: 37679461 PMCID: PMC10485001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo deuterated water (2H2O) labeling leads to deuterium (2H) incorporation into biomolecules of proliferating cells and provides the basis for its use in cell kinetics research. We hypothesized that rapidly proliferating cancer cells would become preferentially labeled with 2H and, therefore, could be visualized by deuterium magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) following a brief period of in vivo systemic 2H2O administration. We initiated systemic 2H2O administration in two xenograft mouse models harboring either human colorectal, HT-29, or pancreatic, MiaPaCa-2, tumors and 2H2O level of ~ 8% in total body water (TBW). Three schemas of 2H2O administration were tested: (1) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 7 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 7, (2) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 14 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 14, and (3) initiation of labeling following a week of in vivo tumor growth and continuing until imaging was performed on day 14. Deuterium chemical shift imaging of the tumor bearing limb and contralateral control was performed on either day 7 of 14 after tumor seeding, as described. After 14 days of in vivo tumor growth and 7 days of systemic labeling with 2H2O, a clear deuterium contrast was demonstrated between the xenografts and normal tissue. Labeling in the second week after tumor implantation afforded the highest contrast between neoplastic and healthy tissue in both models. Systemic labeling with 2H2O can be used to create imaging contrast between tumor and healthy issue, providing a non-radioactive method for in vivo cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Don E Farthing
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathrynne A Warrick
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natella Maglakelidze
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri L Larus
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- Laboratory for Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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3
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Wunderling K, Zurkovic J, Zink F, Kuerschner L, Thiele C. Triglyceride cycling enables modification of stored fatty acids. Nat Metab 2023; 5:699-709. [PMID: 37012495 PMCID: PMC10132980 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride cycling is the process of continuous degradation and re-synthesis of triglyceride in cellular stores. We show in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that triglycerides are subject to rapid turnover and re-arrangement of fatty acids with an estimated half-life of 2-4 h. We develop a tracing technology that can simultaneously and quantitatively follow the metabolism of multiple fatty acids to study the triglyceride futile substrate cycle directly and with molecular species resolution. Our approach is based on alkyne fatty acid tracers and mass spectrometry. The triglyceride cycling is connected to modification of released fatty acids by elongation and desaturation. Through cycling and modification, saturated fatty acids are slowly converted to monounsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. We conclude that triglyceride cycling renders stored fatty acids accessible for metabolic alteration. The overall process facilitates cellular adjustments to the stored fatty acid pool to meet changing needs of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wunderling
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jelena Zurkovic
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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4
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Kim J, Seo S, Kim TY. Metabolic deuterium oxide (D 2O) labeling in quantitative omics studies: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340722. [PMID: 36657897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an invaluable tool for sensitive detection and characterization of individual biomolecules in omics studies. MS combined with stable isotope labeling enables the accurate and precise determination of quantitative changes occurring in biological samples. Metabolic isotope labeling, wherein isotopes are introduced into biomolecules through biosynthetic metabolism, is one of the main labeling strategies. Among the precursors employed in metabolic isotope labeling, deuterium oxide (D2O) is cost-effective and easy to implement in any biological systems. This tutorial review aims to explain the basic principle of D2O labeling and its applications in omics research. D2O labeling incorporates D into stable C-H bonds in various biomolecules, including nucleotides, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Typically, D2O labeling is performed at low enrichment of 1%-10% D2O, which causes subtle changes in the isotopic distribution of a biomolecule, instead of the complete separation between labeled and unlabeled samples in a mass spectrum. D2O labeling has been employed in various omics studies to determine the metabolic flux, turnover rate, and relative quantification. Moreover, the advantages and challenges of D2O labeling and its future prospects in quantitative omics are discussed. The economy, versatility, and convenience of D2O labeling will be beneficial for the long-term omics studies for higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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5
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Liu X, Shi L, Shi L, Wei M, Zhao Z, Min W. Towards Mapping Mouse Metabolic Tissue Atlas by Mid-Infrared Imaging with Heavy Water Labeling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105437. [PMID: 35319171 PMCID: PMC9131428 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding metabolism is of great significance to decipher various physiological and pathogenic processes. While great progress has been made to profile gene expression, how to capture organ-, tissue-, and cell-type-specific metabolic profile (i.e., metabolic tissue atlas) in complex mammalian systems is lagging behind, largely owing to the lack of metabolic imaging tools with high resolution and high throughput. Here, the authors applied mid-infrared imaging coupled with heavy water (D2 O) metabolic labeling to a scope of mouse organs and tissues. The premise is that, as D2 O participates in the biosynthesis of various macromolecules, the resulting broad C-D vibrational spectrum should interrogate a wide range of metabolic pathways. Applying multivariate analysis to the C-D spectrum, the authors successfully identified both inter-organ and intra-tissue metabolic signatures of mice. A large-scale metabolic atlas map between different organs from the same mice is thus generated. Moreover, leveraging the power of unsupervised clustering methods, spatially-resolved metabolic signatures of brain tissues are discovered, revealing tissue and cell-type specific metabolic profile in situ. As a demonstration of this technique, the authors captured metabolic changes during brain development and characterized intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity of glioblastoma. Altogether, the integrated platform paves a way to map the metabolic tissue atlas for complex mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liu
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Lixue Shi
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Mian Wei
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
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6
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Satapati S, Downes DP, Metzger D, Shankaran H, Talukdar S, Zhou Y, Ren Z, Chen M, Lim YH, Hatcher NG, Wen X, Sheth PR, McLaren DG, Previs SF. Using measures of metabolic flux to align screening and clinical development: Avoiding pitfalls to enable translational studies. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:20-28. [PMID: 35058172 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Screening campaigns, especially those aimed at modulating enzyme activity, often rely on measuring substrate→product conversions. Unfortunately, the presence of endogenous substrates and/or products can limit one's ability to measure conversions. As well, coupled detection systems, often used to facilitate optical readouts, are subject to interference. Stable isotope labeled substrates can overcome background contamination and yield a direct readout of enzyme activity. Not only can isotope kinetic assays enable early screening, but they can also be used to follow hit progression in translational (pre)clinical studies. Herein, we consider a case study surrounding lipid biology to exemplify how metabolic flux analyses can connect stages of drug development, caveats are highlighted to ensure reliable data interpretations. For example, when measuring enzyme activity in early biochemical screening it may be enough to quantify the formation of a labeled product. In contrast, cell-based and in vivo studies must account for variable exposure to a labeled substrate (or precursor) which occurs via tracer dilution and/or isotopic exchange. Strategies are discussed to correct for these complications. We believe that measures of metabolic flux can help connect structure-activity relationships with pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action and determine whether mechanistically differentiated biophysical interactions lead to physiologically relevant outcomes. Adoption of this logic may allow research programs to (i) build a critical bridge between primary screening and (pre)clinical development, (ii) elucidate biology in parallel with screening and (iii) suggest a strategy aimed at in vivo biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Satapati
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Daniel P Downes
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Harish Shankaran
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zhao Ren
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yeon-Hee Lim
- Merck & Co., Inc, 213 E. Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Xiujuan Wen
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Payal R Sheth
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - David G McLaren
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
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7
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Salgado HH, Remus A, Pomar C, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Lapierre H. Technical Note: In vivo estimation of lipogenesis using a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose in pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6271121. [PMID: 33959748 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of radioactive isotopes to measure de novo lipogenesis in pigs has been well established. Different from radioactive isotopes, stable isotopes present little or no risk to human and animal subjects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to adapt the method of bolus injection of radioactive glucose (14C) to use 13C-labeled glucose to estimate de novo lipogenesis in finishing pigs. Five vein-catheterized gilts received 3.0 kg/d of a commercial diet for 2 wk. On the last day, the pigs received a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose (12 mg/kg body weight). A serial of blood samples was taken for 4 h to determine the glucose rate of disappearance (Rd) from plasma glucose isotopic enrichment (IE). The 13C IE of lipids was determined from adipose tissue biopsies collected at 1, 2, and 3 h after the bolus injection and from adipose tissue collected after pig euthanasia 4 h after the bolus. Lipogenesis was estimated from the incorporation of 13C from glucose into adipose tissue lipids. Glucose Rd, estimated using a double-exponential function, averaged 5.4 ± 1.4 mmol/min. The IE of lipids increased linearly during the 4 h following the bolus injection (P < 0.05). The rate of incorporation of glucose into lipids, estimating lipogenesis, averaged 9.0 µg glucose/(min × g of lipids) 4 h after the bolus injection. In conclusion, the in vivo method using a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose allows a successful estimation of de novo lipogenesis in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Salgado
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Aline Remus
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Candido Pomar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | | | - Hélène Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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8
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Djekic D, Shi L, Calais F, Carlsson F, Landberg R, Hyötyläinen T, Frøbert O. Effects of a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet on the Plasma Lipidome and Its Association with Atherosclerotic Burden in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease-A Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-over Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3586. [PMID: 33238431 PMCID: PMC7700669 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A vegetarian diet has been associated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Plasma triacylglycerols, ceramides, and phosphatidylcholines may improve prediction of recurrent coronary events. We sought to investigate effects of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD) on plasma lipidome in CAD patients and simultaneously assess associations of plasma lipids with the extent of coronary atherosclerotic burden. We analyzed 214 plasma lipids within glycerolipid, sphingolipid, and sterol lipid classes using lipidomics from a randomized controlled, crossover trial comprising 31 CAD patients on standard medical therapy. Subjects completed a four-week intervention with VD and isocaloric meat diet (MD), separated by a four-week washout period. The VD increased levels of 11 triacylglycerols and lowered 7 triacylglycerols, 21 glycerophospholipids, cholesteryl ester (18:0), and ceramide (d18:1/16:0) compared with MD. VD increased triacylglycerols with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acyls while decreased triacylglycerols with saturated fatty acyls, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins than MD. The Sullivan extent score (SES) exhibited on coronary angiograms were inversely associated with triacylglycerols with long-chain unsaturated fatty acyls. Phosphatidylcholines that were lower with VD were positively associated with SES and the total number of stenotic lesions. The VD favorably changed levels of several lipotoxic lipids that have previously been associated with increased risk of coronary events in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demir Djekic
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden; (D.D.); (F.C.); (O.F.)
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 710061 Xi’an, China
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Fredrik Calais
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden; (D.D.); (F.C.); (O.F.)
| | - Frida Carlsson
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.C.); (R.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ole Frøbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden; (D.D.); (F.C.); (O.F.)
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9
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Wallace M, Metallo CM. Tracing insights into de novo lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:65-71. [PMID: 32201132 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play important roles in biology that include structural compartmentation as membranes, energy storage, and regulatory functions as signaling molecules. These molecules can be obtained via the surrounding environment (e.g. diet) or synthesized de novo. Fatty acid synthesis is an energetically demanding process and must therefore be tightly regulated to balance fatty acid availability with the functional and energetic needs of cells and tissues. Here we review key aspects of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in mammalian systems. We highlight key nodes in the pathway that are used for quantitation of lipogenic fluxes and regulation of fatty acid diversity across tissues. Next, we discuss key aspects of DNL function in the major lipogenic tissues of mammals: liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT), highlighting recent molecular discoveries that suggest potential roles for tissue specific DNL. Finally, we propose critical questions that will be important to address using the advanced approaches for DNL quantitation described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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10
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Paluchova V, Oseeva M, Brezinova M, Cajka T, Bardova K, Adamcova K, Zacek P, Brejchova K, Balas L, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Durand T, Rossmeisl M, Abumrad NA, Kopecky J, Kuda O. Lipokine 5-PAHSA Is Regulated by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Primes Adipocytes for De Novo Lipogenesis in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:300-312. [PMID: 31806624 PMCID: PMC7118252 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that connect glucose and lipid metabolism. We aimed to characterize involvement of the 5-PAHSA regioisomer in the adaptive metabolic response of white adipose tissue (WAT) to cold exposure (CE) in mice, exploring the cross talk between glucose utilization and lipid metabolism. CE promoted local production of 5- and 9-PAHSAs in WAT. Metabolic labeling of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) using 2H2O revealed that 5-PAHSA potentiated the effects of CE and stimulated triacylglycerol (TAG)/fatty acid (FA) cycling in WAT through impacting lipogenesis and lipolysis. Adipocyte lipolytic products were altered by 5-PAHSA through selective FA re-esterification. The impaired lipolysis in global adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout mice reduced free PAHSA levels and uncovered a metabolite reservoir of TAG-bound PAHSAs (TAG estolides) in WAT. Utilization of 13C isotope tracers and dynamic metabolomics documented that 5-PAHSA primes adipocytes for glucose metabolism in a different way from insulin, promoting DNL and impeding TAG synthesis. In summary, our data reveal new cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of 5-PAHSA and its relation to insulin action in adipocytes and independently confirm a PAHSA metabolite reservoir linked to ATGL-mediated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamcova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Abstract
"Omics"-based analyses are widely used in numerous areas of research, advances in instrumentation (both hardware and software) allow investigators to collect a wealth of data and therein characterize metabolic systems. Although analyses generally examine differences in absolute or relative (fold-) changes in concentrations, the ability to extract mechanistic insight would benefit from the use of isotopic tracers. Herein, we discuss important concepts that should be considered when stable isotope tracers are used to capture biochemical flux. Special attention is placed on in vivo systems, however, many of the general ideas have immediate impact on studies in cellular models or isolated-perfused tissues. While it is somewhat trivial to administer labeled precursor molecules and measure the enrichment of downstream products, the ability to make correct interpretations can be challenging. We will outline several critical factors that may influence choices when developing and/or applying a stable isotope tracer method. For example, is there a "best" tracer for a given study? How do I administer a tracer? When do I collect my sample(s)? While these questions may seem straightforward, we will present scenarios that can have dramatic effects on conclusions surrounding apparent rates of metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Previs
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| | - Daniel P Downes
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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12
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Montgomery MK, De Nardo W, Watt MJ. Impact of Lipotoxicity on Tissue "Cross Talk" and Metabolic Regulation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:134-149. [PMID: 30724128 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated comorbidities include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These diseases are associated with accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, which can impact many intracellular cellular signaling pathways and functions that have been broadly defined as "lipotoxic." This review moves beyond understanding intracellular lipotoxic outcomes and outlines the consequences of lipotoxicity on protein secretion and inter-tissue "cross talk," and the impact this exerts on systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
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13
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Neubauer C, Sessions AL, Booth IR, Bowen BP, Kopf SH, Newman DK, Dalleska NF. Towards measuring growth rates of pathogens during infections by D 2 O-labeling lipidomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2129-2140. [PMID: 30252972 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microbial growth rate is an important physiological parameter that is challenging to measure in situ, partly because microbes grow slowly in many environments. Recently, it has been demonstrated that generation times of S. aureus in cystic fibrosis (CF) infections can be determined by D2 O-labeling of actively synthesized fatty acids. To improve species specificity and allow growth rate monitoring for a greater range of pathogens during the treatment of infections, it is desirable to accurately quantify trace incorporation of deuterium into phospholipids. METHODS Lipid extracts of D2 O-treated E. coli cultures were measured on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) instruments equipped with time-of-flight (TOF) and orbitrap mass analyzers, and used for comparison with the analysis of fatty acids by isotope-ratio gas chromatography (GC)/MS. We then developed an approach to enable tracking of lipid labeling, by following the transition from stationary into exponential growth in pure cultures. Lastly, we applied D2 O-labeling lipidomics to clinical samples from CF patients with chronic lung infections. RESULTS Lipidomics facilitates deuterium quantification in lipids at levels that are useful for many labeling applications (>0.03 at% D). In the E. coli cultures, labeling dynamics of phospholipids depend largely on their acyl chains and between phospholipids we notice differences that are not obvious from absolute concentrations alone. For example, cyclopropyl-containing lipids reflect the regulation of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase, which is predominantly expressed at the beginning of stationary phase. The deuterium incorporation into a lipid that is specific for S. aureus in CF sputum indicates an average generation time of the pathogen on the order of one cell doubling per day. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how trace level measurement of stable isotopes in intact lipids can be used to quantify lipid metabolism in pure cultures and provides guidelines that enable growth rate measurements in microbiome samples after incubation with a low percentage of D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajetan Neubauer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alex L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ian R Booth
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - Sebastian H Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nathan F Dalleska
- Environmental Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
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14
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Myricetin Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects through Upregulation of SIRT3 in Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121962. [PMID: 30545041 PMCID: PMC6316341 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myricetin is a biologically active natural polyphenol with beneficial effects on metabolic health. This study aimed to examine the effects of myricetin on the expression levels of genes involved in lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes and the anti-obesity potential of myricetin. The results indicated that myricetin reduced triglyceride (TG) content and increased mitochondrial content and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in adipocytes in vitro. To determine anti-obesity effect of myricetin, C57BL6/J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks and then treated with myricetin (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The in vivo treatment of myricetin reduced body weight by 11%. Furthermore, it improved the glucose tolerance, and increased fatty acid consumption of HFD-fed mice. Myricetin treatment increased Sirt3 expression and reduced the acetylation of mitochondrial proteins in adipose tissue. Finally, the knockdown of Sirt3 in adipocytes reduced the myricetin-induced increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate by about 27% compared to controls. Our results indicated that myricetin exerted anti-obesity effects through the upregulation of Sirt3 expression and mitochondrial metabolism in adipose tissue.
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15
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Wallace M, Green CR, Roberts LS, Lee YM, McCarville JL, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Meurs N, Gengatharan JM, Hover JD, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi TP, Guertin DA, Cabrales P, Ayres JS, Nomura DK, Loomba R, Metallo CM. Enzyme promiscuity drives branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1021-1031. [PMID: 30327559 PMCID: PMC6245668 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) predominantly generates straight-chain fatty acids using acetyl-CoA as the initiating substrate. However, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are also present in mammals but are thought to be primarily diet derived. Here we demonstrate that mmBCFAs are de novo synthesized via mitochondrial BCAA catabolism, exported to the cytosol by adipose-specific expression of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), and elongated by FASN. Brown fat exhibits the highest BCAA catabolic and mmBCFA synthesis fluxes, whereas these lipids are largely absent from liver and brain. mmBCFA synthesis is also sustained in the absence of microbiota. We identify hypoxia as a potent suppressor of BCAA catabolism that decreases mmBCFA synthesis in obese adipose tissue, such that mmBCFAs are significantly decreased in obese animals. These results identify adipose tissue mmBCFA synthesis as a novel link between BCAA metabolism and lipogenesis, highlighting roles for CrAT and FASN promiscuity influencing acyl-chain diversity in the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay S Roberts
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yujung Michelle Lee
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jivani M Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin D Hover
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan A Phillips
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Shi L, Zheng C, Shen Y, Chen Z, Silveira ES, Zhang L, Wei M, Liu C, de Sena-Tomas C, Targoff K, Min W. Optical imaging of metabolic dynamics in animals. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2995. [PMID: 30082908 PMCID: PMC6079036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct visualization of metabolic dynamics in living animals with high spatial and temporal resolution is essential to understanding many biological processes. Here we introduce a platform that combines deuterium oxide (D2O) probing with stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) microscopy to image in situ metabolic activities. Enzymatic incorporation of D2O-derived deuterium into macromolecules generates carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds, which track biosynthesis in tissues and can be imaged by SRS in situ. Within the broad vibrational spectra of C-D bonds, we discover lipid-, protein-, and DNA-specific Raman shifts and develop spectral unmixing methods to obtain C-D signals with macromolecular selectivity. DO-SRS microscopy enables us to probe de novo lipogenesis in animals, image protein biosynthesis without tissue bias, and simultaneously visualize lipid and protein metabolism and reveal their different dynamics. DO-SRS microscopy, being noninvasive, universally applicable, and cost-effective, can be adapted to a broad range of biological systems to study development, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chaogu Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mian Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Kimara Targoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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17
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Previs SF, Herath K, Nawrocki AR, Rodriguez CG, Slipetz D, Singh SB, Kang L, Bhat G, Roddy TP, Conarello S, Terebetski J, Erion MD, Kelley DE. Using [ 2H]water to quantify the contribution of de novo palmitate synthesis in plasma: enabling back-to-back studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E63-E71. [PMID: 29351479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00010.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An increased contribution of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) may play a role in cases of dyslipidemia and adipose accretion; this suggests that inhibition of fatty acid synthesis may affect clinical phenotypes. Since it is not clear whether modulation of one step in the lipogenic pathway is more important than another, the use of tracer methods can provide a deeper level of insight regarding the control of metabolic activity. Although [2H]water is generally considered a reliable tracer for quantifying DNL in vivo (it yields a homogenous and quantifiable precursor labeling), the relatively long half-life of body water is thought to limit the ability of performing repeat studies in the same subjects; this can create a bottleneck in the development and evaluation of novel therapeutics for inhibiting DNL. Herein, we demonstrate the ability to perform back-to-back studies of DNL using [2H]water. However, this work uncovered special circumstances that affect the data interpretation, i.e., it is possible to obtain seemingly negative values for DNL. Using a rodent model, we have identified a physiological mechanism that explains the data. We show that one can use [2H]water to test inhibitors of DNL by performing back-to-back studies in higher species [i.e., treat nonhuman primates with platensimycin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase]; studies also demonstrate the unsuitability of [13C]acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Previs
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Andrea R Nawrocki
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Carlos G Rodriguez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Deborah Slipetz
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sheo B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Ling Kang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Gowri Bhat
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Thomas P Roddy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Stacey Conarello
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jenna Terebetski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Mark D Erion
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - David E Kelley
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Kenilworth, New Jersey
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18
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Nicu C, Pople J, Bonsell L, Bhogal R, Ansell DM, Paus R. A guide to studying human dermal adipocytes in situ. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:589-602. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | | | - Laura Bonsell
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | | | - David M. Ansell
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
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19
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A guide to 13C metabolic flux analysis for the cancer biologist. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-13. [PMID: 29657327 PMCID: PMC5938039 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolism is significantly altered from normal cellular metabolism allowing cancer cells to adapt to changing microenvironments and maintain high rates of proliferation. In the past decade, stable-isotope tracing and network analysis have become powerful tools for uncovering metabolic pathways that are differentially activated in cancer cells. In particular, 13C metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) has emerged as the primary technique for quantifying intracellular fluxes in cancer cells. In this review, we provide a practical guide for investigators interested in getting started with 13C-MFA. We describe best practices in 13C-MFA, highlight potential pitfalls and alternative approaches, and conclude with new developments that can further enhance our understanding of cancer metabolism. Tracing tagged molecules can help researchers understand the altered metabolism of cancer cells. The abilities of cancer cells to multiply rapidly and invade new tissues are supported by metabolic alterations, which can be investigated by feeding tagged molecules to cells and tracing how they are metabolized. These techniques, such as 13C metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA), have been perceived as difficult to use, but recent advances are making them more accessible. Maciek Antoniewicz, University of Delaware, Newark, USA, has published a practical guide for researchers wanting to use 13C-MFA. The review includes best practices, pitfalls, alternative approaches, and new developments, especially new user-friendly software that allows researchers without extensive training in mathematics, statistics, or coding to perform 13C-MFA. Broadening access to tools for investigating altered metabolic pathways may spur development of new cancer therapies targeting these pathways.
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20
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Badur MG, Metallo CM. Reverse engineering the cancer metabolic network using flux analysis to understand drivers of human disease. Metab Eng 2018; 45:95-108. [PMID: 29199104 PMCID: PMC5927620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction has reemerged as an essential hallmark of tumorigenesis, and metabolic phenotypes are increasingly being integrated into pre-clinical models of disease. The complexity of these metabolic networks requires systems-level interrogation, and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) with stable isotope tracing present a suitable conceptual framework for such systems. Here we review efforts to elucidate mechanisms through which metabolism influences tumor growth and survival, with an emphasis on applications using stable isotope tracing and MFA. Through these approaches researchers can now quantify pathway fluxes in various in vitro and in vivo contexts to provide mechanistic insights at molecular and physiological scales respectively. Knowledge and discoveries in cancer models are paving the way toward applications in other biological contexts and disease models. In turn, MFA approaches will increasingly help to uncover new therapeutic opportunities that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet G Badur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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21
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ, Smith K. Recent developments in deuterium oxide tracer approaches to measure rates of substrate turnover: implications for protein, lipid, and nucleic acid research. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:375-381. [PMID: 28650854 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Methods that inform on dynamic metabolism that can be applied to clinical populations to understand disease progression and responses to therapeutic interventions are of great importance. This review perspective will highlight recent advances, development, and applications of the multivalent stable isotope tracer deuterium oxide (D2O) to the study of substrate metabolism with particular reference to protein, lipids, and nucleic acids, and how these methods can be readily applied within clinical and pharmaceutical research. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in the application of D2O techniques now permit the simultaneous dynamic measurement of a range of substrates (i.e. protein, lipid, and nucleic acids, along with the potential for OMICs methodologies) with minimal invasiveness further creating opportunities for long-term 'free living' measures that can be used in clinical settings. These techniques have recently been applied to ageing populations and further in cancer patients revealing altered muscle protein metabolism. Additionally, the efficacy of numerous drugs in improving lipoprotein profiles and controlling cellular proliferation in leukaemia have been revealed. SUMMARY D2O provides opportunities to create a more holistic picture of in-vivo metabolic phenotypes, providing a unique platform for development in clinical applications, and the emerging field of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham MIHR BRC, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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22
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Daurio NA, Wang SP, Chen Y, Zhou H, McLaren DG, Roddy TP, Johns DG, Milot D, Kasumov T, Erion MD, Kelley DE, Previs SF. Enhancing Studies of Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms via Measurements of Metabolic Flux: Fundamental Concepts and Guiding Principles for Using Stable Isotope Tracers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:80-91. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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Grazul-Bilska AT, Khanthusaeng V, Bass CS, Kaminski SL, Navanukraw C, Redmer DA. Lipid droplets in the ovine uterus during the estrous cycle: Effects of nutrition, arginine, and FSH. Theriogenology 2017; 87:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Analysis of Mammalian Cell Proliferation and Macromolecule Synthesis Using Deuterated Water and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040034. [PMID: 27754354 PMCID: PMC5192440 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterated water (²H₂O), a stable isotopic tracer, provides a convenient and reliable way to label multiple cellular biomass components (macromolecules), thus permitting the calculation of their synthesis rates. Here, we have combined ²H₂O labelling, GC-MS analysis and a novel cell fractionation method to extract multiple biomass components (DNA, protein and lipids) from the one biological sample, thus permitting the simultaneous measurement of DNA (cell proliferation), protein and lipid synthesis rates. We have used this approach to characterize the turnover rates and metabolism of a panel of mammalian cells in vitro (muscle C2C12 and colon cancer cell lines). Our data show that in actively-proliferating cells, biomass synthesis rates are strongly linked to the rate of cell division. Furthermore, in both proliferating and non-proliferating cells, it is the lipid pool that undergoes the most rapid turnover when compared to DNA and protein. Finally, our data in human colon cancer cell lines reveal a marked heterogeneity in the reliance on the de novo lipogenic pathway, with the cells being dependent on both 'self-made' and exogenously-derived fatty acid.
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25
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Srivastava A, Kowalski GM, Callahan DL, Meikle PJ, Creek DJ. Strategies for Extending Metabolomics Studies with Stable Isotope Labelling and Fluxomics. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040032. [PMID: 27706078 PMCID: PMC5192438 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a perspective from the peer session on stable isotope labelling and fluxomics at the Australian & New Zealand Metabolomics Conference (ANZMET) held from 30 March to 1 April 2016 at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. This report summarizes the key points raised in the peer session which focused on the advantages of using stable isotopes in modern metabolomics and the challenges in conducting flux analyses. The session highlighted the utility of stable isotope labelling in generating reference standards for metabolite identification, absolute quantification, and in the measurement of the dynamic activity of metabolic pathways. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches of fluxomics analyses including flux balance analysis, metabolic flux analysis and kinetic flux profiling were also discussed along with the use of stable isotope labelling in in vivo dynamic metabolomics. A number of crucial technical considerations for designing experiments and analyzing data with stable isotope labelling were discussed which included replication, instrumentation, methods of labelling, tracer dilution and data analysis. This report reflects the current viewpoint on the use of stable isotope labelling in metabolomics experiments, identifying it as a great tool with the potential to improve biological interpretation of metabolomics data in a number of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Srivastava
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Damien L Callahan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Darren J Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Khanthusaeng V, Thammasiri J, Bass CS, Navanukraw C, Borowicz P, Redmer DA, Grazul-Bilska AT. Lipid droplets in cultured luteal cells in non-pregnant sheep fed different planes of nutrition. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:553-559. [PMID: 27388430 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) in luteal cells likely is important for energy storage and steroidogenesis in the highly metabolically active corpus luteum (CL). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plane of nutrition on progesterone (P4) secretion, and lipid droplet number and size in cultured ovine luteal cells. Ewes were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional groups: control (C; 100% NRC requirements, n=9), overfed (O; 2×C, n=12), or underfed (U; 0.6×C, n=10). Superovulation was induced by follicle stimulating hormone injections. At the early and mid-luteal phases of the estrous cycle, CL were dissected from ovaries, and luteal cells isolated enzymatically. Luteal cells were incubated overnight in medium containing serum in chamber slides. Media were then changed to serum-free and after 24h incubation, media were collected for P4 analysis, and cells were fixed in formalin and stained with BODIPY followed by DAPI staining. Z-stacks of optical sections of large and small luteal cells (LLC and SLC, respectively) were obtained using a laser-scanning microscope. Rendered 3D images of individual LLC and SLC were analyzed for cell volume, and total and individual LD volume, number and percentage of cellular volume occupied by LD by using Imaris software. Concentrations of P4 in serum and media were greater (P<0.05) at the mid than early-luteal phase, and were not affected by nutritional plane. LD total volume and number were greater (P<0.001) in LLC than SLC; however, mean volume of individual LD was greater (P<0.02) in SLC than LLC. In LLC, total LD volume was greater (P<0.02) in O than C and U ewes. In SLC, total LD volume and number was greater (P<0.003) at the mid than early-luteal phase, and percentage of cell volume occupied by LD was greater (P<0.002) in U than C and O ewes. These data demonstrate that both stage of luteal development and nutritional plane affect selected LD measurements and thus may affect luteal functions. Furthermore, these data confirm that LD dynamics differ among parenchymal steroidogenic luteal cell types.
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Kato T. A data sheet for the simultaneous assessment of dual radioactive tracer uptake in the heart. MethodsX 2016; 3:289-96. [PMID: 27114927 PMCID: PMC4832040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardium takes up two major substrates: glucose and fatty acids, and various methods have been used to evaluate this uptake. Despite extensive study of radiotracer uptake-based methods, however, an easily applicable datasheet has not previously been provided. In this manuscript, an example of a method involving an easily modified data sheet based on dual tracer methods is presented. This method, with its data sheet: •Is applicable to all radiotracers, regardless of decay time•Is useful, simple, and modifiable; and•Is applicable to small animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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28
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Svensk E, Devkota R, Ståhlman M, Ranji P, Rauthan M, Magnusson F, Hammarsten S, Johansson M, Borén J, Pilon M. Caenorhabditis elegans PAQR-2 and IGLR-2 Protect against Glucose Toxicity by Modulating Membrane Lipid Composition. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005982. [PMID: 27082444 PMCID: PMC4833288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the worldwide impact of diabetes on human health, the mechanisms behind glucose toxicity remain elusive. Here we show that C. elegans mutants lacking paqr-2, the worm homolog of the adiponectin receptors AdipoR1/2, or its newly identified functional partner iglr-2, are glucose intolerant and die in the presence of as little as 20 mM glucose. Using FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) on living worms, we found that cultivation in the presence of glucose causes a decrease in membrane fluidity in paqr-2 and iglr-2 mutants and that genetic suppressors of this sensitivity act to restore membrane fluidity by promoting fatty acid desaturation. The essential roles of paqr-2 and iglr-2 in the presence of glucose are completely independent from daf-2 and daf-16, the C. elegans homologs of the insulin receptor and its downstream target FoxO, respectively. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we also show that PAQR-2 and IGLR-2 interact on plasma membranes and thus may act together as a fluidity sensor that controls membrane lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Parmida Ranji
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manish Rauthan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Magnusson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Hammarsten
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Johansson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tumanov S, Bulusu V, Kamphorst JJ. Analysis of Fatty Acid Metabolism Using Stable Isotope Tracers and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:197-217. [PMID: 26358906 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells can synthesize fatty acids by ligating multiple acetyl units from acetyl-CoA. This is followed by desaturation and elongation reactions to produce a variety of fatty acids required for proper cellular functioning. Alternatively, exogenous lipid sources can contribute to cellular fatty acid pools. Here, we present a method based on incorporation of (13)C-carbon from labeled substrates into fatty acids and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. The resulting labeling patterns can be used to determine (1) (13)C-enrichment of lipogenic acetyl-CoA, (2) the relative contributions of synthesis and uptake, and (3) absolute fatty acid fluxes. We begin by providing a background and general principles regarding the use of stable isotopes to study fatty acid metabolism. We then proceed with detailing procedures for sample preparation and both GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of isotope incorporation. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of the resulting fatty acid-labeling patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Tumanov
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vinay Bulusu
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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30
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Quantitation of human peptides and proteins via MS: review of analytically validated assays. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1843-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of monoclonal antibodies in the 1970s, antibody-based assays have been used for the quantitation of proteins and peptides and, today, they are the most widely used technology in routine laboratory medicine and bioanalysis. However, in the last couple of decades, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) techniques have been adopted in the quantitation of small molecules, and more recently have made significant contributions in the quantitation of proteins and peptides. In this article, we will review clinical MS-based assays for endogenous peptides, proteins, and therapeutic antibodies, for which validated methods exist. We will also cover the measurement of protein turnover and the unique solutions that MS can offer in this field.
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