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Berdyshev E. Skin Lipid Barrier: Structure, Function and Metabolism. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2024; 16:445-461. [PMID: 39363765 PMCID: PMC11450438 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2024.16.5.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are important skin components that provide, together with proteins, barrier function of the skin. Keratinocyte terminal differentiation launches unique metabolic changes to lipid metabolism that result in the predominance of ceramides within lipids of the stratum corneum (SC)-the very top portion of the skin. Differentiating keratinocytes form unique ceramides that can be found only in the skin, and generate specialized extracellular structures known as lamellae. Lamellae establish tight hydrophobic layers between dying keratinocytes to protect the body from water loss and also from penetration of allergens and bacteria. Genetic and immunological factors may lead to the failure of keratinocyte terminal differentiation and significantly alter the proportion between SC components. The consequence of such changes is loss or deterioration of skin barrier function that can lead to pathological changes in the skin. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of lipids in skin barrier function. It also draws attention to the utility of testing SC for lipid and protein biomarkers to predict future onset of allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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2
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Nicolaou A, Kendall AC. Bioactive lipids in the skin barrier mediate its functionality in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108681. [PMID: 38897295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Our skin protects us from external threats including ultraviolet radiation, pathogens and chemicals, and prevents excessive trans-epidermal water loss. These varied activities are reliant on a vast array of lipids, many of which are unique to skin, and that support physical, microbiological and immunological barriers. The cutaneous physical barrier is dependent on a specific lipid matrix that surrounds terminally-differentiated keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. Sebum- and keratinocyte-derived lipids cover the skin's surface and support and regulate the skin microbiota. Meanwhile, lipids signal between resident and infiltrating cutaneous immune cells, driving inflammation and its resolution in response to pathogens and other threats. Lipids of particular importance include ceramides, which are crucial for stratum corneum lipid matrix formation and therefore physical barrier functionality, fatty acids, which contribute to the acidic pH of the skin surface and regulate the microbiota, as well as the stratum corneum lipid matrix, and bioactive metabolites of these fatty acids, involved in cell signalling, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous processes. These diverse and complex lipids maintain homeostasis in healthy skin, and are implicated in many cutaneous diseases, as well as unrelated systemic conditions with skin manifestations, and processes such as ageing. Lipids also contribute to the gut-skin axis, signalling between the two barrier sites. Therefore, skin lipids provide a valuable resource for exploration of healthy cutaneous processes, local and systemic disease development and progression, and accessible biomarker discovery for systemic disease, as well as an opportunity to fully understand the relationship between the host and the skin microbiota. Investigation of skin lipids could provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and help identify new targets for interventions. Development and improvement of existing in vitro and in silico approaches to explore the cutaneous lipidome, as well as advances in skin lipidomics technologies, will facilitate ongoing progress in skin lipid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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3
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Faraji P, Kühn H, Ahmadian S. Multiple Roles of Apolipoprotein E4 in Oxidative Lipid Metabolism and Ferroptosis During the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:62. [PMID: 38958788 PMCID: PMC11222241 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and has a great socio-economic impact. Modified oxidative lipid metabolism and dysregulated iron homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms still remain unclear. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-binding protein that occurs in large quantities in human blood plasma, and a polymorphism of the APOE gene locus has been identified as risk factors for AD. The human genome involves three major APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4), which encode for three subtly distinct apolipoprotein E isoforms (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4). The canonic function of these apolipoproteins is lipid transport in blood and brain, but APOE4 allele carriers have a much higher risk for AD. In fact, about 60% of clinically diagnosed AD patients carry at least one APOE4 allele in their genomes. Although the APOE4 protein has been implicated in pathophysiological key processes of AD, such as extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, modified oxidative lipid metabolism, and ferroptotic cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. As for all mammalian cells, iron plays a crucial role in neuronal functions and dysregulation of iron homeostasis has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Imbalances in iron homeostasis and impairment of the hydroperoxy lipid-reducing capacity induce cellular dysfunction leading to neuronal ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on APOE4-related oxidative lipid metabolism and the potential role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD. Pharmacological interference with these processes might offer innovative strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Faraji
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Sousa LPB, Pinto LFB, Cruz VAR, Oliveira GA, Rojas de Oliveira H, Chud TS, Pedrosa VB, Miglior F, Schenkel FS, Brito LF. Genome-wide association and functional genomic analyses for various hoof health traits in North American Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2207-2230. [PMID: 37939841 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Hoof diseases are a major welfare and economic issue in the global dairy cattle production industry, which can be minimized through improved management and breeding practices. Optimal genetic improvement of hoof health could benefit from a deep understanding of the genetic background and biological underpinning of indicators of hoof health. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to perform genome-wide association studies, using imputed high-density genetic markers data from North American Holstein cattle, for 8 hoof-related traits: digital dermatitis, sole ulcer, sole hemorrhage, white line lesion, heel horn erosion, interdigital dermatitis, interdigital hyperplasia, and toe ulcer, and a hoof health index. De-regressed estimated breeding values from 25,580 Holstein animals were used as pseudo-phenotypes for the association analyses. The genomic quality control, genotype phasing, and genotype imputation were performed using the PLINK (version 1.9), Eagle (version 2.4.1), and Minimac4 software, respectively. The functional genomic analyses were performed using the GALLO R package and the DAVID platform. We identified 22, 34, 14, 22, 28, 33, 24, 43, and 15 significant markers for digital dermatitis, heel horn erosion, interdigital dermatitis, interdigital hyperplasia, sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer, toe ulcer, white line lesion disease, and the hoof health index, respectively. The significant markers were located across all autosomes, except BTA10, BTA12, BTA20, BTA26, BTA27, and BTA28. Moreover, the genomic regions identified overlap with various previously reported quantitative trait loci for exterior, health, meat and carcass, milk, production, and reproduction traits. The enrichment analyses identified 44 significant gene ontology terms. These enriched genomic regions harbor various candidate genes previously associated with bone development, metabolism, and infectious and immunological diseases. These findings indicate that hoof health traits are highly polygenic and influenced by a wide range of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paulo B Sousa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando B Pinto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Valdecy A R Cruz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Gerson A Oliveira
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Tatiane S Chud
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; PEAK, Madison, WI 53718
| | - Victor B Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Lactanet Canada, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - Flávio S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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5
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Surbek M, Sukseree S, Eckhart L. Iron Metabolism of the Skin: Recycling versus Release. Metabolites 2023; 13:1005. [PMID: 37755285 PMCID: PMC10534741 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin protects the body against exogenous stressors. Its function is partially achieved by the permanent regeneration of the epidermis, which requires high metabolic activity and the shedding of superficial cells, leading to the loss of metabolites. Iron is involved in a plethora of important epidermal processes, including cellular respiration and detoxification of xenobiotics. Likewise, microorganisms on the surface of the skin depend on iron, which is supplied by the turnover of epithelial cells. Here, we review the metabolism of iron in the skin with a particular focus on the fate of iron in epidermal keratinocytes. The iron metabolism of the epidermis is controlled by genes that are differentially expressed in the inner and outer layers of the epidermis, establishing a system that supports the recycling of iron and counteracts the release of iron from the skin surface. Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), ferroportin (SLC40A1) and hephaestin-like 1 (HEPHL1) are constitutively expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and allow the recycling of iron from heme prior to the cornification of keratinocytes. We discuss the evidence for changes in the epidermal iron metabolism in diseases and explore promising topics of future studies of iron-dependent processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (S.S.)
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Wong FC, Chai TT. Bioactive Peptides and Protein Hydrolysates as Lipoxygenase Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:917. [PMID: 37508348 PMCID: PMC10376772 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are non-heme iron-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the production of lipid hydroperoxides, which are precursors of inflammatory lipid mediators. These enzymes are widely distributed in humans, other eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria. Lipoxygenases hold promise as therapeutic targets for several human diseases, including cancer and inflammation-related disorders. Inhibitors of lipoxygenase have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. Bioactive peptides are short amino acid sequences embedded within parent proteins, which can be released by enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and gastrointestinal digestion. A wide variety of bioactivities have been documented for protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from different biological sources. Recent findings indicate that protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from both edible and non-edible bioresources can act as lipoxygenase inhibitors. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the production of anti-lipoxygenase protein hydrolysates and peptides from millet grains, chia seeds, insects, milk proteins, fish feed, velvet antler blood, fish scales, and feather keratins. The anti-lipoxygenase activities and modes of action of these protein hydrolysates and peptides are discussed. The strengths and shortcomings of previous research in this area are emphasized. Additionally, potential research directions and areas for improvement are suggested to accelerate the discovery of anti-lipoxygenase peptides in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
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7
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Brash AR, Noguchi S, Boeglin WE, Calcutt MW, Stec DF, Schneider C, Meyer JM. Two C18 hydroxy-cyclohexenone fatty acids from mammalian epidermis: Potential relation to 12R-lipoxygenase and covalent binding of ceramides. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104739. [PMID: 37086788 PMCID: PMC10209020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A key requirement in forming the water permeability barrier in the mammalian epidermis is the oxidation of linoleate esterified in a skin-specific acylceramide by the sequential actions of 12R-lipoxygenase, epidermal lipoxygenase-3, and the epoxyalcohol dehydrogenase SDR9C7 (short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase family 7 member 9). By mechanisms that remain unclear, this oxidation pathway promotes the covalent binding of ceramides to protein, forming a critical structure of the epidermal barrier, the corneocyte lipid envelope. Here, we detected, in porcine, mouse, and human epidermis, two novel fatty acid derivatives formed by KOH treatment from precursors covalently bound to protein: a "polar" lipid chromatographing on normal-phase HPLC just before omega-hydroxy ceramide and a "less polar" lipid nearer the solvent front. Approximately 100 μg of the novel lipids were isolated from porcine epidermis, and the structures were established by UV-spectroscopy, LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR. Each is a C18 fatty acid and hydroxy-cyclohexenone with the ring on carbons C9-C14 in the polar lipid and C8-C13 in the less polar lipid. Overnight culture of [14C]linoleic acid with whole mouse skin ex vivo led to recovery of the 14C-labeled hydroxy-cyclohexenones. We deduce they are formed from covalently bound precursors during the KOH treatment used to release esterified lipids. KOH-induced intramolecular aldol reactions from a common precursor can account for their formation. Discovery of these hydroxy-cyclohexenones presents an opportunity for a reverse pathway analysis, namely to work back from these structures to identify their covalently bound precursors and relationship to the linoleate oxidation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Saori Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Donald F Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Nedeljković N, Dobričić V, Bošković J, Vesović M, Bradić J, Anđić M, Kočović A, Jeremić N, Novaković J, Jakovljević V, Vujić Z, Nikolić M. Synthesis and Investigation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of New Thiourea Derivatives of Naproxen. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050666. [PMID: 37242450 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was a synthesis and investigation of the dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of new thiourea derivatives of naproxen with selected aromatic amines and esters of aromatic amino acids. The results of the in vivo study indicate that derivatives of m-anisidine (4) and N-methyl tryptophan methyl ester (7) showed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity four hours after injection of carrageenan, with the percentage of inhibition of 54.01% and 54.12%, respectively. In vitro assays of COX-2 inhibition demonstrated that none of the tested compounds achieved 50% inhibition at concentrations lower than 100 µM. On the other hand, the aromatic amine derivatives (1-5) accomplished significant inhibition of 5-LOX, and the lowest IC50 value was observed for compound 4 (0.30 μM). High anti-edematous activity of compound 4 in the rat paw edema model, together with potent inhibition of 5-LOX, highlight this compound as a promising anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Nedeljković
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bošković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Vesović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Bradić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marijana Anđić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kočović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Jeremić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya 8/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jovana Novaković
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya 8/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zorica Vujić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Nikolić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Burger B, Sagiorato RN, Cavenaghi I, Rodrigues HG. Abnormalities of Sphingolipids Metabolic Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020291. [PMID: 36837912 PMCID: PMC9968075 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is immune-mediated skin disorder affecting thousands of people. Sphingolipids (SLs) are bioactive molecules present in the epidermis, involved in the following cellular processes: proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of keratinocytes. Alterations in SLs synthesis have been observed in psoriatic skin. To investigate if the imbalance in lipid skin metabolism could be related to psoriasis, we analyzed the gene expression in non-lesioned and lesioned skin of patients with psoriasis available in two datasets (GSE161683 and GSE136757) obtained from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were searched for using NCBI analysis, and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analyses were performed using the Database of Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) platform. Venn diagrams were done with InteractiVenn tool and heatmaps were constructed using Morpheus software. We observed that the gene expression of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4D), glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (GDP3), arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase R type (ALOX12B), phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1), sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), ganglioside GM2 activator (GM2A), and serine palmitoyltransferase long chain subunit 2 (SPTLC2) was up-regulated in lesioned skin psoriasis when compared with the non-lesioned skin. These genes are related to lipid metabolism and more specifically to sphingolipids. So, in the present study, the role of sphingolipids in psoriasis pathogenesis is summarized. These genes could be used as prognostic biomarkers of psoriasis and could be targets for the treatment of patients who suffer from the disease.
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10
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Liu L, Lian N, Shi L, Hao Z, Chen K. Ferroptosis: Mechanism and connections with cutaneous diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1079548. [PMID: 36684424 PMCID: PMC9846271 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1079548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recognized novel form of programmed cell death pathway, featuring abnormalities in iron metabolism, SystemXc-/glutathione axis, and lipid peroxidation regulation. A variety of ferroptosis inducers can influence glutathione peroxidase directly or indirectly via diverse pathways, leading to decreased antioxidant capacity, accumulated cellular lipid peroxides, and finally inducing ferroptosis. To date, mounting studies confirm the association of ferroptosis with various cutaneous diseases, including skin homeostasis, neoplastic diseases, infectious diseases, genetic skin disease, inflammatory skin diseases, and autoimmune diseases. There are shared characteristics regarding ferroptosis and various cutaneous diseases in terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress associated with iron metabolism disorder and accumulated lipid peroxides. Therefore, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis for further discussion of its role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of skin diseases. Gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and the associated dermatological disorders could illuminate the pathogenesis and treatments of different cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Liu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqing Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Kun Chen,
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11
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Juszczak AM, Marijan M, Jakupović L, Tomczykowa M, Tomczyk M, Zovko Končić M. Glycerol and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction for Preparation of Luteolin-Rich Jasione montana Extracts with Cosmeceutical Activity. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010032. [PMID: 36676957 PMCID: PMC9861245 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasione montana is a plant from the family Campanulaceae rich in phenols with health-beneficial properties such as luteolin (LUT) derivatives. In this work, a glycerol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction method was developed and optimized for in total phenol (TP) and LUT content, as well as antiradical activity (RSA). The best conditions (glycerol content, temperature, plant material weight, and ultrasonication power) for the preparation of J. montana extracts richest in TP (OPT-TP), LUT (OPT-LUT), and having the best RSA (OPT-RSA) were determined. Furthermore, numerous natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), containing proline, glycerol, betaine, urea, and glucose were prepared and used for the extraction of J. montana. Contents of TP, LUT, and RSA in the prepared extracts were established. Antioxidant and cosmeceutical activity of the prepared extracts was tested. The OPT-TP, OPT-LUT, and OPT-RSA, as well as the most efficient NADES-based extract, PG-50-TP, were excellent antioxidants and Fe2+ ion chelators. In addition, they were potent inhibitors of collagenase and hyaluronidase, as well as good significant anti-elastase and -lipoxygenase activity. The observed antioxidant- and enzyme-inhibiting activity of J. montana extracts prepared using environmentally friendly methods and non-toxic solvents makes them promising ingredients of cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maria Juszczak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marijan Marijan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lejsa Jakupović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marijana Zovko Končić
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV. Moisturizing at a molecular level - The basis of Corneocare. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 45:133-154. [PMID: 36453857 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review covers the last 20 years of research we and our collaborators have conducted on ethnic differences in facial skin moisturization placed in historical context with previous research. METHODS We have focussed particularly on the biochemical and cellular gradients of the stratum corneum (SC) with the aim of discovering new skin moisturization and SC maturation mechanisms, identifying new technologies and/or providing conceptual innovations for ingredients that will improve our understanding and treatment of dry skin. Specifically, we discuss gradients for corneodesmosomes and proteases, corneocyte phenotype-inducing enzymes, filaggrin and natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and barrier lipids. These gradients are interdependent and influence greatly corneocyte maturation. RESULTS The interrelationship between corneodesmolysis and the covalent attachment of ω-hydroxy ceramides and ω-hydroxy fatty acids to the corneocyte protein envelope forming the corneocyte lipid envelope is especially relevant in our new understanding of mechanisms leading to dry skin. This process is initiated by a linoleoyl-ω-acyl ceramide transforming enzyme cascade including 12R lipoxygenase (12R-LOX), epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), epoxide hydrolase 3 (EPHX3), short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7), ceramidase and transglutaminase 1. CONCLUSION Our research has opened the opportunity of using novel treatment systems for dry skin based on lipids, humectants, niacinamide and inhibitors of the plasminogen system. It is clear that skin moisturization is a more complex mechanism than simple skin hydration.
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13
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Benatzy Y, Palmer MA, Brüne B. Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase type B: Regulation, function, and its role in pathophysiology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1042420. [PMID: 36438817 PMCID: PMC9682198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1042420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As a lipoxygenase (LOX), arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase type B (ALOX15B) peroxidizes polyenoic fatty acids (PUFAs) including arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA) to their corresponding fatty acid hydroperoxides. Distinctive to ALOX15B, fatty acid oxygenation occurs with positional specificity, catalyzed by the non-heme iron containing active site, and in addition to free PUFAs, membrane-esterified fatty acids serve as substrates for ALOX15B. Like other LOX enzymes, ALOX15B is linked to the formation of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), and altered expression is apparent in various inflammatory diseases such as asthma, psoriasis, and atherosclerosis. In primary human macrophages, ALOX15B expression is associated with cellular cholesterol homeostasis and is induced by hypoxia. Like in inflammation, the role of ALOX15B in cancer is inconclusive. In prostate and breast carcinomas, ALOX15B is attributed a tumor-suppressive role, whereas in colorectal cancer, ALOX15B expression is associated with a poorer prognosis. As the biological function of ALOX15B remains an open question, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research related to ALOX15B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Benatzy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Megan A. Palmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Menon GK, Elias PM, Wakefield JS, Crumrine D. Cetacean epidermal specialization: A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:563-575. [PMID: 35758554 PMCID: PMC9464690 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean skin continues to be the investigative focus of researchers from several different scientific disciplines. Yet, most research on the basic functions of lipo-keratinocytes, which constitute most of the cetacean epidermis, providing the first layer of protection against various environmental aggressors (including an ever-increasing level of pollutants), is restricted to specialized literature on the permeability barrier only. In this review, we have attempted to bring together much of the recent research on the functional biology of cetacean skin, including special adaptations at the cellular, genetic and molecular level. We have correlated these data with the cetacean permeability barrier's unique structural and metabolic adaptations to fully aquatic life, including the development of secondary barriers to ward off challenges such as biofouling as well as exposure to extreme cold for the epidermis, which is outside of the insulation provided by blubber. An apparent contradiction exists between some of the reported gene loss for lipogenic enzymes in cetacean skin and the high degree of cetacean epidermal lipogenesis, as well as loss of desmocollin 1 and desmoplakin genes [while immunolocalization of these proteins is reported (Journal of Anatomy, 234, 201)] warrants a re-evaluation of the gene loss data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan K. Menon
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
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15
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Bujak T, Zagórska-Dziok M, Ziemlewska A, Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z, Lal K, Wasilewski T, Hordyjewicz-Baran Z. Flower Extracts as Multifunctional Dyes in the Cosmetics Industry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030922. [PMID: 35164187 PMCID: PMC8838747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowers are a natural source of bioactive compounds that not only have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties, but can also be used as natural dyes. For this reason, nowadays plants are widely used to produce natural cosmetics and foods. In these studies, the properties of the water extracts of Papaver rhoeas L., Punica granatum L., Clitoria ternatea L., Carthamus tinctorius L., and Gomphrena globosa L., as bioactive, natural dyes, were investigated. Plant flower extracts were tested for their antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical methods) and anti-inflammatory effects by determining the ability to inhibit the activity of lipoxygenase and proteinase. The extracts were tested for their cytotoxic effect on skin cells, using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability to inhibit the activity of enzymes responsible for the destruction of elastin and collagen was also studied. Research has shown that extracts have no toxic effect on skin cells, are a rich source of antioxidants and show the ability to inhibit the activity of elastase and collagenase enzymes. P. rhoeas extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties with IC50 value of 24.8 ± 0.42 µg/mL and 47.5 ± 1.01 µg/mL in ABTS and DPPH tests, respectively. The tested plants are also characterized by an anti-inflammatory property, for which the ability to inhibit lipoxygenase at a level above 80% and proteinase at the level of about 55% was noted. Extracts from P. rhoeas, C. ternatea, and C. tinctorius show the strongest coloring ability and can permanently dye cosmetic products, without significant color changes during the storage of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bujak
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; (M.Z.-D.); (A.Z.); (Z.N.-Ł.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martyna Zagórska-Dziok
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; (M.Z.-D.); (A.Z.); (Z.N.-Ł.); (K.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Ziemlewska
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; (M.Z.-D.); (A.Z.); (Z.N.-Ł.); (K.L.)
| | - Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; (M.Z.-D.); (A.Z.); (Z.N.-Ł.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lal
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; (M.Z.-D.); (A.Z.); (Z.N.-Ł.); (K.L.)
| | - Tomasz Wasilewski
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
- Research and Development Department, ONLYBIO.life S.A., Wojska Polskiego 65, 85-825 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zofia Hordyjewicz-Baran
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland;
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16
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Marijan M, Mitar A, Jakupović L, Prlić Kardum J, Zovko Končić M. Optimization of Bioactive Phenolics Extraction and Cosmeceutical Activity of Eco-Friendly Polypropylene-Glycol-Lactic-Acid-Based Extracts of Olive Leaf. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020529. [PMID: 35056847 PMCID: PMC8778226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Olive leaf is a rich source of phenolic compounds with numerous activities related to skin health and appearance. In this study, a green extraction method was developed using eco-friendly solvents: polypropylene glycol (PPG), lactic acid (LA), and water. The optimal extraction conditions were established, including solvent, extraction time, technique (magnetic stirrer vs. ultrasound-assisted extraction), and herbal material/solvent ratio. The composition of the solvent mixture was optimized using a mixture design. The content of phenolic compounds, including oleuropein and verbascoside, was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. Using different extraction conditions, three extracts were prepared and their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant and skin-related bioactivities were investigated. The extracts were excellent inhibitors of elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase, and lipoxygenase. The best activity was shown by the extract richest in phenolics and prepared using magnetic-stirrer-assisted extraction for 20 min, with 0.8 g of herbal material extracted in 10 mL of PPG/LA/water mixture (28.6/63.6/7.8, w/w/w), closely followed by the extract prepared using the same extraction conditions but with 0.42 g of herbal material. The investigated PPG/LA/water mixtures contributed to the overall enzyme-inhibitory activity of the extracts. The prepared extracts were appropriate for direct use in cosmetic products, thus saving the time and energy consumption necessary for the evaporation of conventional solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Marijan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.J.)
| | - Anamarija Mitar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Lejsa Jakupović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.J.)
| | - Jasna Prlić Kardum
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Marijana Zovko Končić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Egolf S, Zou J, Anderson A, Simpson CL, Aubert Y, Prouty S, Ge K, Seykora JT, Capell BC. MLL4 mediates differentiation and tumor suppression through ferroptosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9141. [PMID: 34890228 PMCID: PMC8664260 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic regulator, MLL4 (KMT2D), has been described as an essential gene in both humans and mice. In addition, it is one of the most commonly mutated genes in all of cancer biology. Here, we identify a critical role for Mll4 in the promotion of epidermal differentiation and ferroptosis, a key mechanism of tumor suppression. Mice lacking epidermal Mll4, but not the related enzyme Mll3 (Kmt2c), display features of impaired differentiation and human precancerous neoplasms, all of which progress with age. Mll4 deficiency profoundly alters epidermal gene expression and uniquely rewires the expression of key genes and markers of ferroptosis (Alox12, Alox12b, and Aloxe3). Beyond revealing a new mechanistic basis for Mll4-mediated tumor suppression, our data uncover a potentially much broader and general role for ferroptosis in the process of differentiation and skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Egolf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cory L. Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yann Aubert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Prouty
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kai Ge
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John T. Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian C. Capell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Keyes GS, Maiden K, Ramsden CE. Stable analogs of 13‑hydroxy-9,10-trans-epoxy-(11E)-octadecenoate (13,9-HEL), an oxidized derivative of linoleic acid implicated in the epidermal skin barrier. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 174:102357. [PMID: 34749189 PMCID: PMC8595794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-epoxy- and trihydroxy derivatives of linoleic acid are proposed to play an essential function in formation of the mammalian skin permeability barrier, which could account for the essential nature of its precursor, linoleic acid. Recent literature suggests that a specific oxidized enone derivative of LA esterified in ceramides facilitates binding to proteins, potentially serving a structural role in formation of the epidermal skin barrier. However, it is still to be established if other linoleic acid derivatives are also required for skin barrier formation, and whether the essential role is performed exclusively by an esterified, structural lipid or as an unesterified, labile signaling lipid, or by some combination of these derivatives. Progress in this domain is limited by lack of availability of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- and octadecenoate derivatives of linoleic acid and related compounds, and challenges in maintaining them in the unesterified lipid pool. Here we describe methods for the total synthesis of hydroxy‑epoxy-octadecenoate derivatives of linoleic acid (HEL1), and stable analogs that are designed to be resistant to inactivation by: (a) acylation/esterification (thus trapping these lipids in the free acid pool), (b) dehydrogenation, and (c) analogs combining both modifications. We further provide a total synthesis of corresponding hydroxy‑epoxy- derivatives of sebaleic acid (a regioisomer of linoleic acid present in skin), and of small molecule scaffolds containing the allylic and non-allylic epoxide 7-carbon substructures shared by both families of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- octadecenoates. Finally, we demonstrate that 2,2-dimethyl analogs of hydroxy‑epoxy-and trihydroxy- octadecenoates are resistant to esterification with an in vitro assay and thus provide a novel template for stabilizing labile, bioactive lipids as free acids by preventing acylation/esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Kristen Maiden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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19
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Amić A, Dimitrić Marković JM, Marković Z, Milenković D, Milanović Ž, Antonijević M, Mastiľák Cagardová D, Rodríguez-Guerra Pedregal J. Theoretical Study of Radical Inactivation, LOX Inhibition, and Iron Chelation: The Role of Ferulic Acid in Skin Protection against UVA Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081303. [PMID: 34439551 PMCID: PMC8389219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is used in skin formulations for protection against the damaging actions of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by UVA radiation. Possible underlying protective mechanisms are not fully elucidated. By considering the kinetics of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and radical-radical coupling (RRC) mechanisms, it appears that direct scavenging could be operative, providing that a high local concentration of FA is present at the place of •OH generation. The resulting FA phenoxyl radical, after the scavenging of a second •OH and keto-enol tautomerization of the intermediate, produces 5-hydroxyferulic acid (5OHFA). Inhibition of the lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme, one of the enzymes that catalyse free radical production, by FA and 5OHFA were analysed. Results of molecular docking calculations indicate favourable binding interactions of FA and 5OHFA with the LOX active site. The exergonicity of chelation reactions of the catalytic Fe2+ ion with FA and 5OHFA indicate the potency of these chelators to prevent the formation of •OH radicals via Fenton-like reactions. The inhibition of the prooxidant LOX enzyme could be more relevant mechanism of skin protection against UVA induced oxidative stress than iron chelation and assumed direct scavenging of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Ulica cara Hadrijana 8A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-31-399-980
| | | | - Zoran Marković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.M.); (D.M.); (Ž.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Dejan Milenković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.M.); (D.M.); (Ž.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Žiko Milanović
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.M.); (D.M.); (Ž.M.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marko Antonijević
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.M.); (D.M.); (Ž.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Denisa Mastiľák Cagardová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Department of Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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20
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Blunder S, Pavel P, Minzaghi D, Dubrac S. PPARdelta in Affected Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: A Possible Role in Metabolic Reprograming. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7354. [PMID: 34298981 PMCID: PMC8303290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the skin. Three PPAR isotypes, α (NRC1C1), β or δ (NRC1C2) and γ (NRC1C3), have been identified. After activation through ligand binding, PPARs heterodimerize with the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR), another nuclear hormone receptor, to bind to specific PPAR-responsive elements in regulatory regions of target genes mainly involved in organogenesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammation and metabolism of lipids or carbohydrates. Endogenous PPAR ligands are fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. In past years, much emphasis has been given to PPARα and γ in skin diseases. PPARβ/δ is the least studied PPAR family member in the skin despite its key role in several important pathways regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, metabolism and the oxidative stress response. This review focuses on the role of PPARβ/δ in keratinocytes and its involvement in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Moreover, the relevance of targeting PPARβ/δ to alleviate skin inflammation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Epidermal Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.B.); (P.P.); (D.M.)
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21
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Simard M, Rioux G, Morin S, Martin C, Guérin SL, Flamand N, Julien P, Fradette J, Pouliot R. Investigation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biological Activity in a Tissue-Engineered Skin Model Involving Psoriatic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2391-2401.e13. [PMID: 33857488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that diets enriched with omega-3 (also know as n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids could relieve the symptoms of patients with psoriasis. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a three-dimensional skin model. Skin models featuring healthy (healthy substitute) or psoriatic (psoriatic substitute) cells were engineered by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering using a culture medium supplemented with 10 μM ALA in comparison with the regular unsupplemented medium. ALA decreased keratinocyte proliferation and improved psoriatic substitute epidermal differentiation, as measured by decreased Ki67 staining and increased protein expression of FLG and loricrin. The added ALA was notably incorporated into the epidermal phospholipids and metabolized into long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. ALA supplementation led to increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives (15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid) as well as a decrease in levels of omega-6 (also know as n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid lipid mediators (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4). Furthermore, the signal transduction mediators extracellular signal‒regulated kinases 1 and 2 were the kinases most activated after ALA supplementation. Taken together, these results show that ALA decreases the pathologic phenotype of psoriatic substitutes by normalizing keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain L Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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hiPSC-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes from Ichthyosis Patients Show Altered Expression of Cornification Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041785. [PMID: 33670118 PMCID: PMC7916893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited ichthyoses represent a large heterogeneous group of skin disorders characterised by impaired epidermal barrier function and disturbed cornification. Current knowledge about disease mechanisms has been uncovered mainly through the use of mouse models or human skin organotypic models. However, most mouse lines suffer from severe epidermal barrier defects causing neonatal death and human keratinocytes have very limited proliferation ability in vitro. Therefore, the development of disease models based on patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is highly relevant. For this purpose, we have generated hiPSCs from patients with congenital ichthyosis, either non-syndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) or the ichthyosis syndrome trichothiodystrophy (TTD). hiPSCs were successfully differentiated into basal keratinocyte-like cells (hiPSC-bKs), with high expression of epidermal keratins. In the presence of higher calcium concentrations, terminal differentiation of hiPSC-bKs was induced and markers KRT1 and IVL expressed. TTD1 hiPSC-bKs showed reduced expression of FLG, SPRR2B and lipoxygenase genes. ARCI hiPSC-bKs showed more severe defects, with downregulation of several cornification genes. The application of hiPSC technology to TTD1 and ARCI demonstrates the successful generation of in vitro models mimicking the disease phenotypes, proving a valuable system both for further molecular investigations and drug development for ichthyosis patients.
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Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid mediators. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:401-421. [PMID: 32618335 PMCID: PMC7517362 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and molecular biology of oxylipins (defined as a family of oxygenated natural products that are formed from unsaturated fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation) are complex and occasionally contradictory subjects that continue to develop at an extraordinarily rapid rate. The term includes docosanoids (e.g. protectins, resolvins and maresins, or specialized pro-resolving mediators), eicosanoids and octadecanoids and plant oxylipins, which are derived from either the omega-6 (n-6) or the omega-3 (n-3) families of polyunsaturated fatty acids. For example, the term eicosanoid is used to embrace those biologically active lipid mediators that are derived from C20 fatty acids, and include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and related oxygenated derivatives. The key enzymes for the production of prostanoids are prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclo-oxygenases), while lipoxygenases and oxidases of the cytochrome P450 family produce numerous other metabolites. In plants, the lipoxygenase pathway from C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids yields a variety of important products, especially the jasmonates, which have some comparable structural features and functions. Related oxylipins are produced by non-enzymic means (isoprostanes), while fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are now being considered together with the oxylipins from a functional perspective. In all kingdoms of life, oxylipins usually act as lipid mediators through specific receptors, have short half-lives and have functions in innumerable biological contexts.
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24
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Edin ML, Yamanashi H, Boeglin WE, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Lih FB, Zeldin DC, Brash AR. Epoxide hydrolase 3 (Ephx3) gene disruption reduces ceramide linoleate epoxide hydrolysis and impairs skin barrier function. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100198. [PMID: 33334892 PMCID: PMC7948417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian epoxide hydrolase (EPHX)3 is known from in vitro experiments to efficiently hydrolyze the linoleate epoxides 9,10-epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acid (EpOME) and epoxyalcohol 9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13R-hydroxy-octadecenoate to corresponding diols and triols, respectively. Herein we examined the physiological relevance of EPHX3 to hydrolysis of both substrates in vivo. Ephx3−/− mice show no deficiency in EpOME-derived plasma diols, discounting a role for EPHX3 in their formation, whereas epoxyalcohol-derived triols esterified in acylceramides of the epidermal 12R-lipoxygenase pathway are reduced. Although the Ephx3−/− pups appear normal, measurements of transepidermal water loss detected a modest and statistically significant increase compared with the wild-type or heterozygote mice, reflecting a skin barrier impairment that was not evident in the knockouts of mouse microsomal (EPHX1/microsomal epoxide hydrolase) or soluble (EPHX2/sEH). This barrier phenotype in the Ephx3−/− pups was associated with a significant decrease in the covalently bound ceramides in the epidermis (40% reduction, p < 0.05), indicating a corresponding structural impairment in the integrity of the water barrier. Quantitative LC-MS analysis of the esterified linoleate-derived triols in the murine epidermis revealed a marked and isomer-specific reduction (∼85%) in the Ephx3−/− epidermis of the major trihydroxy isomer 9R,10S,13R-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoate. We conclude that EPHX3 (and not EPHX1 or EPHX2) catalyzes hydrolysis of the 12R-LOX/eLOX3-derived epoxyalcohol esterified in acylceramide and may function to control flux through the alternative and crucial route of metabolism via the dehydrogenation pathway of SDR9C7. Importantly, our findings also identify a functional role for EPHX3 in transformation of a naturally esterified epoxide substrate, pointing to its potential contribution in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haruto Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joan P Graves
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M DeGraff
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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25
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Helder RWJ, Rousel J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Nadaban A, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Improved organotypic skin model with reduced quantity of monounsaturated ceramides by inhibiting stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158885. [PMID: 33444760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Full thickness models (FTM) are 3D in vitro skin cultures that resemble the native human skin (NHS) to a great extent. However, the barrier function of these skin models is reduced. The skin barrier is located in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. In this matrix, deviations in the composition of the FTMs lipid matrix may contribute to the impaired skin barrier when compared to NHS. One of the most abundant changes in lipid composition is an increase in monounsaturated lipids for which stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is responsible. To improve the SC lipid composition, we reduced SCD-1 activity during the generation of the FTMs. These FTMs were subsequently assessed on all major aspects, including epidermal homeostasis, lipid composition, lipid organization, and barrier functionality. We demonstrate that SCD-1 inhibition was successful and resulted in FTMs that better mimic the lipid composition of FTMs to NHS by a significant reduction in monounsaturated lipids. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an effective approach to normalize SC monounsaturated lipid concentration and may be a valuable tool in further optimizing the FTMs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jannik Rousel
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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26
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Walters JLH, Anderson AL, Martins da Silva SJ, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Sutherland JM, Nixon B, Bromfield EG. Mechanistic Insight into the Regulation of Lipoxygenase-Driven Lipid Peroxidation Events in Human Spermatozoa and Their Impact on Male Fertility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010043. [PMID: 33396527 PMCID: PMC7823465 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevalent cause of sperm dysfunction in male infertility patients is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, an attendant increase in lipid peroxidation and the production of cytotoxic reactive carbonyl species such as 4-hydroxynonenal. Our previous studies have implicated arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in the production of 4-hydroxynonenal in developing germ cells. Here, we have aimed to develop a further mechanistic understanding of the lipoxygenase-lipid peroxidation pathway in human spermatozoa. Through pharmacological inhibition studies, we identified a protective role for phospholipase enzymes in the liberation of peroxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids from the human sperm membrane. Our results also revealed that arachidonic acid, linoleic acid and docosahexanoic acid are key polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates for ALOX15. Upon examination of ALOX15 in the spermatozoa of infertile patients compared to their normozoospermic counterparts, we observed significantly elevated levels of ALOX15 protein abundance in the infertile population and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal adducts. Collectively, these data confirm the involvement of ALOX15 in the oxidative stress cascade of human spermatozoa and support the notion that increased ALOX15 abundance in sperm cells may accentuate membrane lipid peroxidation and cellular dysfunction, ultimately contributing to male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. H. Walters
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Amanda L. Anderson
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Martins da Silva
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK;
- Assisted Conception Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - R. John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Geoffry N. De Iuliis
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Jessie M. Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.H.W.); (A.L.A.); (R.J.A.); (G.N.D.I.); (J.M.S.); (B.N.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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27
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Clemente SM, Martínez-Costa OH, Monsalve M, Samhan-Arias AK. Targeting Lipid Peroxidation for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E5144. [PMID: 31825806 PMCID: PMC7663840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the highest prevalent diseases in humans. The chances of surviving cancer and its prognosis are very dependent on the affected tissue, body location, and stage at which the disease is diagnosed. Researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide are pursuing many attempts to look for compounds to treat this malignancy. Most of the current strategies to fight cancer implicate the use of compounds acting on DNA damage checkpoints, non-receptor tyrosine kinases activities, regulators of the hedgehog signaling pathways, and metabolic adaptations placed in cancer. In the last decade, the finding of a lipid peroxidation increase linked to 15-lipoxygenases isoform 1 (15-LOX-1) activity stimulation has been found in specific successful treatments against cancer. This discovery contrasts with the production of other lipid oxidation signatures generated by stimulation of other lipoxygenases such as 5-LOX and 12-LOX, and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activities, which have been suggested as cancer biomarkers and which inhibitors present anti-tumoral and antiproliferative activities. These findings support the previously proposed role of lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites as cancer cell mediators. Depletion or promotion of lipid peroxidation is generally related to a specific production source associated with a cancer stage or tissue in which cancer originates. This review highlights the potential therapeutical use of chemical derivatives to stimulate or block specific cellular routes to generate lipid hydroperoxides to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Clemente
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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28
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Pinkova B, Buckova H, Borska R, Fajkusova L. Types of congenital nonsyndromic ichthyoses. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2020; 164:357-365. [PMID: 33087941 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2020.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital ichthyoses are a very heterogeneous group of diseases manifested by dry, rough and scaling skin. In all forms of ichthyoses, the skin barrier is damaged to a certain degree. Congenital ichthyoses are caused by various gene mutations. Clinical manifestations of the individual types vary as the patient ages. Currently, the diagnosis of congenital ichthyoses is based on molecular analysis, which also allows a complete genetic counseling and genetic prevention. It is appropriate to refer the patients to specialized medical centers, where the cooperation of a neonatologist, a pediatric dermatologist, a geneticist and other specialists is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Pinkova
- Children's Dermatological Department of the Paediatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buckova
- Children's Dermatological Department of the Paediatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Borska
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy IHOK University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Corresponding author: Blanka Pinkova, e-mail
| | - Lenka Fajkusova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy IHOK University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Corresponding author: Blanka Pinkova, e-mail
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29
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Sorokin AV, Remaley AT, Mehta NN. Oxidized Lipids and Lipoprotein Dysfunction in Psoriasis. JOURNAL OF PSORIASIS AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 2020; 5:139-146. [PMID: 33163854 PMCID: PMC7646705 DOI: 10.1177/2475530320950268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease associated with increased development of metabolic abnormalities including obesity and dyslipidemia, as well as increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking psoriasis to CVD include altered immune activation, elevated chronic systemic inflammation, and lipoprotein dysfunction characterized by oxidative damage to lipids and apolipoproteins. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide evidence-based proof for existing relationships between psoriatic inflammation, lipid oxidation, and increased CVD risk. METHODS We included review articles and original research papers, published between 1980 and 2020, using the following key words: psoriasis, oxidized lipids, oxidation, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. RESULTS Systemic inflammation underlying psoriasis leads to increased skin accumulation of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids, derived from the omega-6 fatty acids, along with counteracting anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, products of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Imbalance in these metabolites culminates in impaired inflammation resolution and results in multisystemic biological alterations. Sustained systemic inflammation results in excessive lipid oxidation, generating proatherogenic oxidized low- and high-density lipoproteins. Together, these pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to increased CVD risk associated with psoriasis disease. CONCLUSION Available anti-inflammatory treatment showed promising clinical results in treating psoriasis, although further research is warranted on managing associated dyslipidemia and establishing novel cardiometabolic markers specific for both skin and vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Sorokin
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N. Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Pavez Lorie E, Stricker N, Plitta-Michalak B, Chen IP, Volkmer B, Greinert R, Jauch A, Boukamp P, Rapp A. Characterisation of the novel spontaneously immortalized and invasively growing human skin keratinocyte line HaSKpw. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15196. [PMID: 32938951 PMCID: PMC7494900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We here present the spontaneously immortalised cell line, HaSKpw, as a novel model for the multistep process of skin carcinogenesis. HaSKpw cells were established from the epidermis of normal human adult skin that, without crisis, are now growing unrestricted and feeder-independent. At passage 22, clonal populations were established and clone7 (HaSKpwC7) was further compared to the also spontaneously immortalized HaCaT cells. As important differences, the HaSKpw cells express wild-type p53, remain pseudodiploid, and show a unique chromosomal profile with numerous complex aberrations involving chromosome 20. In addition, HaSKpw cells overexpress a pattern of genes and miRNAs such as KRT34, LOX, S100A9, miR21, and miR155; all pointing to a tumorigenic status. In concordance, HaSKpw cells exhibit reduced desmosomal contacts that provide them with increased motility and a highly migratory/invasive phenotype as demonstrated in scratch- and Boyden chamber assays. In 3D organotypic cultures, both HaCaT and HaSKpw cells form disorganized epithelia but only the HaSKpw cells show tumorcell-like invasive growth. Together, HaSKpwC7 and HaCaT cells represent two spontaneous (non-genetically engineered) “premalignant” keratinocyte lines from adult human skin that display different stages of the multistep process of skin carcinogenesis and thus represent unique models for analysing skin cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pavez Lorie
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicola Stricker
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beata Plitta-Michalak
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - I-Peng Chen
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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31
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Takeichi T, Hirabayashi T, Miyasaka Y, Kawamoto A, Okuno Y, Taguchi S, Tanahashi K, Murase C, Takama H, Tanaka K, Boeglin WE, Calcutt MW, Watanabe D, Kono M, Muro Y, Ishikawa J, Ohno T, Brash AR, Akiyama M. SDR9C7 catalyzes critical dehydrogenation of acylceramides for skin barrier formation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:890-903. [PMID: 31671075 DOI: 10.1172/jci130675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope, composed of covalently bound ceramides and fatty acids, is important to the integrity of the permeability barrier in the stratum corneum, and its absence is a prime structural defect in various skin diseases associated with defective skin barrier function. SDR9C7 encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7) recently found mutated in ichthyosis. In a patient with SDR9C7 mutation and a mouse Sdr9c7-KO model, we show loss of covalent binding of epidermal ceramides to protein, a structural fault in the barrier. For reasons unresolved, protein binding requires lipoxygenase-catalyzed transformations of linoleic acid (18:2) esterified in ω-O-acylceramides. In Sdr9c7-/- epidermis, quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectometry (LC-MS) assays revealed almost complete loss of a species of ω-O-acylceramide esterified with linoleate-9,10-trans-epoxy-11E-13-ketone; other acylceramides related to the lipoxygenase pathway were in higher abundance. Recombinant SDR9C7 catalyzed NAD+-dependent dehydrogenation of linoleate 9,10-trans-epoxy-11E-13-alcohol to the corresponding 13-ketone, while ichthyosis mutants were inactive. We propose, therefore, that the critical requirement for lipoxygenases and SDR9C7 is in producing acylceramide containing the 9,10-epoxy-11E-13-ketone, a reactive moiety known for its nonenzymatic coupling to protein. This suggests a mechanism for coupling of ceramide to protein and provides important insights into skin barrier formation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akane Kawamoto
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shijima Taguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kana Tanahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murase
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takama
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kosei Tanaka
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - M Wade Calcutt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Muro
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Ishikawa
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alan R Brash
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Biringer RG. The enzymology of human eicosanoid pathways: the lipoxygenase branches. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7189-7207. [PMID: 32748021 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are short-lived derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids that serve as autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules. They are involved numerous biological processes of both the well state and disease states. A thorough understanding of the progression the disease state and homeostasis of the well state requires a complete evaluation of the systems involved. This review examines the enzymology for the enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids along the lipoxygenase branches of the eicosanoid pathways with particular emphasis on those derived from arachidonic acid. The enzymatic parameters, protocols to measure them, and proposed catalytic mechanisms are presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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Jiang S, Yang J, Fang DA. Transcriptome changes of Takifugu obscurus liver after acute exposure to the oxygenated-PAH 9,10-phenanthrenequione. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:305-313. [PMID: 32538278 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00022.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes noticeable ecological problems in aquatic ecosystems. 9,10-Phenanthrenequione (9,10-PQ) is an oxidized PAH and is highly toxic to aquatic animals. However, the effects of 9,10-PQ on the molecular metabolism of fish remain largely unknown. In this study, Takifugu obscurus juveniles were acutely exposed to 44.30 µg/L 9,10-PQ for 3 days. The transcriptome profile changes in their livers were compared between the 9,10-PQ treatment group and the control using T. rubripes as the reference genome. The results identified 22,414 genes in our transcriptome. Among them, 767 genes were differentially expressed after exposure to 9,10-PQ, which enriched 16 KEGG pathways. Among them, the glycolysis, phagosome, and FOXO signaling pathways were significantly activated in 9,10-PQ treatment compared with the control. These data indicate that 9,10-PQ increased the glycolysis capacity to produce more energy for resistance and harmed immune function. Moreover, several genes related to tumorigenesis were significantly upregulated in response to 9,10-PQ, displaying the carcinogenic toxicity of 9,10-PQ to T. obscurus. Genes in steroid biosynthesis pathways were downregulated in the 9,10-PQ treatment group, suggesting interference with the endocrine system. Overall, these findings provide information to help evaluate the environmental risks that oxygenated-PAHs present to T. obscurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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Reisch F, Kakularam KR, Stehling S, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Eicosanoid biosynthesis in marine mammals. FEBS J 2020; 288:1387-1406. [PMID: 32627384 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After 300 million years of evolution, the first land-living mammals reentered the marine environment some 50 million years ago. The driving forces for this dramatic lifestyle change are still a matter of discussion but the struggle for food resources and the opportunity to escape predators probably contributed. Reentering the oceans requires metabolic adaption putting evolutionary pressure on a number of genes. To explore whether eicosanoid signaling has been part of this adaptive response, we first explored whether the genomes of marine mammals involve functional genes encoding for key enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (ALOX) genes are present in the genome of all marine mammals tested. Interestingly, ALOX12B, which has been implicated in skin development of land-living mammals, is lacking in whales and dolphins and genes encoding for its sister enzyme (ALOXE3) involve premature stop codons and/or frameshifting point mutations, which interrupt the open reading frames. ALOX15 orthologs have been detected in all marine mammals, and the recombinant enzymes exhibit similar catalytic properties as those of land-living species. All marine mammals express arachidonic acid 12-lipoxygenating ALOX15 orthologs, and these data are consistent with the Evolutionary Hypothesis of ALOX15 specificity. These enzymes exhibit membrane oxygenase activity and introduction of big amino acids at the triad positions altered the reaction specificity in favor of arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenation. Thus, the ALOX15 orthologs of marine mammals follow the Triad concept explaining their catalytic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reisch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kumar Reddy Kakularam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Töröcsik D, Weise C, Gericke J, Szegedi A, Lucas R, Mihaly J, Worm M, Rühl R. Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiling of eicosanoid/docosanoid signalling in affected and non-affected skin of human atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:177-189. [PMID: 30575130 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) are the main enzymes for PUFA metabolism to highly bio-active prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, lipoxins, resolvins and protectins. LOX and COX pathways are important for the regulation of pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving metabolite synthesis and metabolism for various inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we determined PUFAs and PUFA metabolites in serum as well as affected and non-affected skin samples from AD patients and the dermal expression of various enzymes, binding proteins and receptors involved in these LOX and COX pathways. Decreased EPA and DHA levels in serum and reduced EPA level in affected and non-affected skin were found; in addition, n3/n6-PUFA ratios were lower in affected and non-affected skin and serum. Mono-hydroxylated PUFA metabolites of AA, EPA, DHA and the sum of AA, EPA and DHA metabolites were increased in affected and non-affected skin. COX1 and ALOX12B expression, COX and 12/15-LOX metabolites as well as various lipids, which are known to induce itch (12-HETE, LTB4, TXB2, PGE2 and PGF2) and the ratio of pro-inflammatory vs pro-resolving lipid mediators in non-affected and affected skin as well as in the serum of AD patients were increased, while n3/n6-PUFAs and metabolite ratios were lower in non-affected and affected AD skin. Expression of COX1 and COX-metabolites was even higher in non-affected AD skin. To conclude, 12/15-LOX and COX pathways were mainly upregulated, while n3/n6-PUFA and metabolite ratios were lower in AD patients skin. All these parameters are a hallmark of a pro-inflammatory and non-resolving environment in affected and partly in non-affected skin of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Töröcsik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christin Weise
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gericke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renata Lucas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johanna Mihaly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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Umasuthan N, Xue X, Caballero-Solares A, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Nowak BF, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host's Defense Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2417. [PMID: 32244468 PMCID: PMC7177938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic sea lice (e.g., Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause costly outbreaks in salmon farming. Molecular insights into parasite-induced host responses will provide the basis for improved management strategies. We investigated the early transcriptomic responses in pelvic fins of Atlantic salmon parasitized with chalimus I stage sea lice. Fin samples collected from non-infected (i.e. pre-infected) control (PRE) and at chalimus-attachment sites (ATT) and adjacent to chalimus-attachment sites (ADJ) from infected fish were used in profiling global gene expression using 44 K microarrays. We identified 6568 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%) that included 1928 shared DEPs between ATT and ADJ compared to PRE. The ATT versus ADJ comparison revealed 90 DEPs, all of which were upregulated in ATT samples. Gene ontology/pathway term network analyses revealed profound changes in physiological processes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tissue repair/remodeling and wound healing, immunity and defense, chemotaxis and signaling, antiviral response, and redox homeostasis in infected fins. The QPCR analysis of 37 microarray-identified transcripts representing these functional themes served to confirm the microarray results with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001). Most immune/defense-relevant transcripts were downregulated in both ATT and ADJ sites compared to PRE, suggesting that chalimus exerts immunosuppressive effects in the salmon's fins. The comparison between ATT and ADJ sites demonstrated the upregulation of a suite of immune-relevant transcripts, evidencing the salmon's attempt to mount an anti-lice response. We hypothesize that an imbalance between immunomodulation caused by chalimus during the early phase of infection and weak defense response manifested by Atlantic salmon makes it a susceptible host for L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Jillian D. Westcott
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Hanaveien 17, 4327 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston 7250, TAS, Australia;
| | - Richard G. Taylor
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10383 165th Avenue NW, Elk River, MN 55330, USA;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
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Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, Gáspár K, Szabó IL, Janka EA, Póliska S, Hendrik Z, Méhes G, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Kapitány A, Szegedi A. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1938-1950.e5. [PMID: 32199994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland-rich facial skin characterized by severe skin dryness, elevated pH, transepidermal water loss, and decreased hydration levels. Until now, there has been no thorough molecular analysis of permeability barrier alterations in the skin of patients with rosacea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with healthy sebaceous gland-rich skin, using RNA sequencing analysis (n = 8). Pathway analyses by Cytoscape ClueGO revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways related to skin barrier formation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the pathway analyses. The results showed significant alterations in barrier components in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with sebaceous gland-rich skin, including the cornified envelope and intercellular lipid lamellae formation, desmosome and tight junction organizations, barrier alarmins, and antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the barrier damage in papulopustular rosacea was unexpectedly similar to atopic dermatitis; this similarity was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. In summary, besides the well-known dysregulation of immunological, vascular, and neurological functions, we demonstrated prominent permeability barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea at the molecular level, which highlight the importance of barrier repair therapies for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Emerging Roles of 5-Lipoxygenase Phosphorylation in Inflammation and Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2749173. [PMID: 31871543 PMCID: PMC6906800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is an iron-containing and nonheme dioxygenase that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. ALOX5 also make great contributions to mediating lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been discovered that ALOX5 plays a central role in cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death. According to the previous studies, ALOX5 can regulate cell death in two ways: one is inflammation and the other is lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, it has been shown that ALOX5 activity is regulated by several factors including protein phosphorylation, ALOX5-interactng protein, redox state, and metal ions such as iron and calcium. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge on the emerging roles of ALOX5 protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cell death and inflammation in order to explore a potential target for human diseases.
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Helder RWJ, Boiten WA, van Dijk R, Gooris GS, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. The effects of LXR agonist T0901317 and LXR antagonist GSK2033 on morphogenesis and lipid properties in full thickness skin models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158546. [PMID: 31678517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Full thickness models (FTMs) are 3D-cultured human skin models that mimic many aspects of native human skin (NHS). However, their stratum corneum (SC) lipid composition differs from NHS causing a reduced skin barrier. The most pronounced differences in lipid composition are a reduction in lipid chain length and increased monounsaturated lipids. The liver-X-receptor (LXR) activates the monounsaturated lipid synthesis via stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). Therefore, the aim was to improve the SC lipid synthesis of FTMs by LXR deactivation. This was achieved by supplementing culture medium with LXR antagonist GSK2033. LXR agonist T0901317 was added for comparison. Subsequently, epidermal morphogenesis, lipid composition, lipid organization and the barrier functionality of these FTMs were assessed. We demonstrate that LXR deactivation resulted in a lipid composition with increased overall chain lengths and reduced levels of monounsaturation, whereas LXR activation increased the amount of monounsaturated lipids and led to a reduction in the overall chain length. However, these changes did not affect the barrier functionality. In conclusion, LXR deactivation led to the development of FTMs with improved lipid properties, which mimic the lipid composition of NHS more closely. These novel findings may contribute to design interventions to normalize SC lipid composition of atopic dermatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Rianne van Dijk
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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40
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Flavonoid Composition of Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. Leaves, Evaluation of Antidermatophytic Effects, and Potential Amelioration of the Associated Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142530. [PMID: 31295972 PMCID: PMC6680804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Predominantly spread in West Tropical Africa, the shrub Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. is known because of its medicinal properties, the leaves being used in the treatment of skin diseases. Prompted by the ethnomedicinal use, a hydroethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was screened against a panel of microbial strains, the majority of which involved in superficial infections. The extract was found to be active against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Notable results were also recorded regarding the attenuation of the inflammatory response, namely the inhibitory effects observed against soybean 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 71.14 μg mL-1), no interference being recorded in the cellular viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and NO levels. Relevantly, the extract did not lead to detrimental effects against the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, at concentrations displaying antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid profiling of S. senegalensis leaves was achieved for the first time, allowing the identification and quantitation of myricitrin, three 3-O-substituted quercetin derivatives, and three other flavonoid derivatives, which may contribute, at least partially, to the observed antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory effects. In the current study, the plant S. senegalensis is assessed concerning its antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory properties.
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41
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Zhang YJ, Sun YZ, Gao XH, Qi RQ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in plaque psoriasis. Mol Med Rep 2019. [PMID: 31115544 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10241/html] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune‑mediated cutaneous disorder with a high incidence and prevalence. Patients with psoriasis may experience irritation, pain and psychological problems. The cause and underlying molecular etiology of psoriasis remains unknown. In an attempt to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis, the gene expression profiles of 175 pairs of lesional and corresponding non‑lesional skin samples were downloaded from 5 data sets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Integrated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained with the use of R software. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analyzed using the DAVID online analysis tool. The protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed on the STRING platform and hub genes were calculated with the use of Cytoscape software. Finally, GEO2R was used to determine the expression of the hub genes in scalp psoriasis. A total of 373 genes from the 5 data sets were identified as DEGs, including 277 upregulated and 96 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed that immune responses and epidermal differentiation/development were the most enriched terms in biological processes, extracellular space/matrix was the most enriched term in cellular components, and endopeptidase inhibitor activity was the most enriched term in molecular functions. In the KEGG pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic and viral infection‑associated pathways. A total of 17 hub genes were calculated, including CSK2, CDC45, MCM10, SPC25, NDC80, NUF2, AURKA, CENPE, RRM2, DLGP5, HMMR, TTK, IFIT1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI27 and ISG20, among which interferon‑α‑inducible genes were revealed to display a similar expression pattern as that obtained in scalp psoriasis. This comprehensive bioinformatic re‑analysis of GEO data provides new insights on the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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42
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Zhang YJ, Sun YZ, Gao XH, Qi RQ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in plaque psoriasis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:225-235. [PMID: 31115544 PMCID: PMC6580009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated cutaneous disorder with a high incidence and prevalence. Patients with psoriasis may experience irritation, pain and psychological problems. The cause and underlying molecular etiology of psoriasis remains unknown. In an attempt to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis, the gene expression profiles of 175 pairs of lesional and corresponding non-lesional skin samples were downloaded from 5 data sets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Integrated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained with the use of R software. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analyzed using the DAVID online analysis tool. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed on the STRING platform and hub genes were calculated with the use of Cytoscape software. Finally, GEO2R was used to determine the expression of the hub genes in scalp psoriasis. A total of 373 genes from the 5 data sets were identified as DEGs, including 277 upregulated and 96 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed that immune responses and epidermal differentiation/development were the most enriched terms in biological processes, extracellular space/matrix was the most enriched term in cellular components, and endopeptidase inhibitor activity was the most enriched term in molecular functions. In the KEGG pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic and viral infection-associated pathways. A total of 17 hub genes were calculated, including CSK2, CDC45, MCM10, SPC25, NDC80, NUF2, AURKA, CENPE, RRM2, DLGP5, HMMR, TTK, IFIT1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI27 and ISG20, among which interferon-α-inducible genes were revealed to display a similar expression pattern as that obtained in scalp psoriasis. This comprehensive bioinformatic re-analysis of GEO data provides new insights on the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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Li J, Li Q, Geng S. All‑trans retinoic acid alters the expression of the tight junction proteins Claudin‑1 and ‑4 and epidermal barrier function‑associated genes in the epidermis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1789-1805. [PMID: 30816426 PMCID: PMC6414175 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
All‑trans retinoic acid (ATRA) regulates skin cell proliferation and differentiation. ATRA is widely used in the treatment of skin diseases, but results in irritation, dryness and peeling, possibly due to an impaired skin barrier, although the exact mechanisms are unclear. The present study established an ATRA‑associated dermatitis mouse model (n=32) in order to examine the molecular mechanisms of skin barrier impairment by ATRA. Changes in epidermal morphology and structure were observed using histological examination and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Gene expression was analyzed by microarray chip assay. Histology and TEM demonstrated pronounced epidermal hyperproliferation and parakeratosis upon ATRA application. The stratum corneum layer displayed abnormal lipid droplets and cell‑cell junctions, suggesting alterations in lipid metabolism and dysfunctional cell junctions. Gene expression profiling revealed that factors associated with epidermal barrier function were differentially expressed by ATRA, including those associated with tight junctions (TJs), cornified envelopes, lipids, proteases, protease inhibitors and transcription factors. In the mouse epidermis, Claudin‑1 and ‑4 are proteins involved in TJs and have key roles in epidermal barrier function. ATRA reduced the expression and altered the localization of Claudin‑1 in HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes and the mouse epidermis, which likely leads to the disruption of the epidermal barrier. By contrast, Claudin‑4 was upregulated in HaCaT cells and the mouse epidermis following treatment with ATRA. In conclusion, ATRA exerts a dual effect on epidermal barrier genes: It downregulates the expression of Claudin‑1 and upregulates the expression of Claudin‑4. Claudin‑4 upregulation may be a compensatory response for the disrupted barrier function caused by Claudin‑1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qianying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Crumrine D, Khnykin D, Krieg P, Man MQ, Celli A, Mauro TM, Wakefield JS, Menon G, Mauldin E, Miner JH, Lin MH, Brash AR, Sprecher E, Radner FPW, Choate K, Roop D, Uchida Y, Gruber R, Schmuth M, Elias PM. Mutations in Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses Illuminate the Origin and Functions of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:760-768. [PMID: 30471252 PMCID: PMC11249047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides whose function(s) remain(s) uncertain, is absent in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses with mutations in enzymes that regulate epidermal lipid synthesis. Secreted lipids fail to transform into lamellar membranes in certain autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis epidermis, suggesting the CLE provides a scaffold for the extracellular lamellae. However, because cornified envelopes are attenuated in these autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses, the CLE may also provide a scaffold for subjacent cornified envelope formation, evidenced by restoration of cornified envelopes after CLE rescue. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the CLE originates as lamellar body-limiting membranes fuse with the plasma membrane: (i) ABCA12 patients and Abca12-/- mice display normal CLEs; (ii) CLEs are normal in Netherton syndrome, despite destruction of secreted LB contents; (iii) CLEs are absent in VSP33B-negative patients; (iv) limiting membranes of lamellar bodies are defective in lipid-synthetic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses; and (v) lipoxygenases, lipase activity, and LIPN co-localize within putative lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Krieg
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Keith Choate
- Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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46
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Kozlov N, Humeniuk L, Ufer C, Ivanov I, Golovanov A, Stehling S, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Functional characterization of novel ALOX15 orthologs representing key steps in mammalian evolution supports the Evolutionary Hypothesis of reaction specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:372-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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48
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Goloshchapova K, Stehling S, Heydeck D, Blum M, Kuhn H. Functional characterization of a novel arachidonic acid 12S-lipoxygenase in the halotolerant bacterium Myxococcus fulvus exhibiting complex social living patterns. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00775. [PMID: 30560563 PMCID: PMC6612559 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which frequently occur in higher plants and mammals. These enzymes are also expressed in lower multicellular organisms but here they are not widely distributed. In bacteria, lipoxygenases rarely occur and evaluation of the currently available bacterial genomes suggested that <0.5% of all sequenced bacterial species carry putative lipoxygenase genes. We recently rescreened the public bacterial genome databases for lipoxygenase-like sequences and identified two novel lipoxygenase isoforms (MF-LOX1 and MF-LOX2) in the halotolerant Myxococcus fulvus. Both enzymes share a low degree of amino acid conservation with well-characterized eukaryotic lipoxygenase isoforms but they involve the catalytically essential iron cluster. Here, we cloned the MF-LOX1 cDNA, expressed the corresponding enzyme as N-terminal hexa-his-tag fusion protein, purified the recombinant enzyme to electrophoretic homogeneity, and characterized it with respect to its protein-chemical and enzymatic properties. We found that M. fulvus expresses a catalytically active intracellular lipoxygenase that converts arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids enantioselectively to the corresponding n-9 hydroperoxy derivatives. The enzyme prefers C20 - and C22 -polyenoic fatty acids but does not exhibit significant membrane oxygenase activity. The possible biological relevance of MF-LOX1 will be discussed in the context of the suggested concepts of other bacterial lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Goloshchapova
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | | | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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49
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Davis RW, Allweil A, Tian J, Brash AR, Sulikowski GA. Stereocontrolled synthesis of four isomeric linoleate triols of relevance to skin barrier formation and function. Tetrahedron Lett 2018; 59:4571-4573. [PMID: 30906077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Linoleate triol esters are intermediates along the pathway of formation of the mammalian skin permeability barrier. In connection with the study of their involvement in barrier formation we required access to isomerically pure and defined samples of four linoleate triol esters. A common synthetic strategy was developed starting from isomeric alkynols derived from d-tartaric acid and 2-deoxy-d-ribose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alexander Allweil
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jianhua Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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50
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Gehring T, Heydeck D, Niewienda A, Janek K, Kuhn H. Do lipoxygenases occur in viruses?: Expression and characterization of a viral lipoxygenase-like protein did not provide evidence for the existence of functional viral lipoxygenases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:14-23. [PMID: 30392576 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which frequently occur in higher plants and animals. In bacteria, these enzymes are rare and have been introduced via horizontal gene transfer. Since viruses function as horizontal gene transfer vectors and since lipoxygenases may be helpful for releasing assembled virus particles from host cells we explored whether these enzymes may actually occur in viruses. For this purpose we developed a four-step in silico screening strategy and searching the publically available viral genomes for lipoxygenase-like sequences we detected a single functional gene in the genome of a mimivirus infecting Acantamoeba polyphaga. The primary structure of this protein involved two putative metal ligand clusters but the recombinant enzyme did neither contain iron nor manganese. Most importantly, it did not exhibit lipoxygenase activity. These data suggests that this viral lipoxygenase-like sequence does not encode a functional lipoxygenase and that these enzymes do not occur in viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Gehring
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Chariteplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Chariteplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agathe Niewienda
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Core facility for Mass Spectrometry, Chariteplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Janek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Core facility for Mass Spectrometry, Chariteplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Chariteplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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