1
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Cocea AC, Stoica CI. Interactions and Trends of Interleukins, PAI-1, CRP, and TNF-α in Inflammatory Responses during the Perioperative Period of Joint Arthroplasty: Implications for Pain Management-A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2024; 14:537. [PMID: 38793119 PMCID: PMC11122505 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation during the perioperative period of joint arthroplasty is a critical aspect of patient outcomes, influencing both the pathophysiology of pain and the healing process. This narrative review comprehensively evaluates the roles of specific cytokines and inflammatory biomarkers in this context and their implications for pain management. Inflammatory responses are initiated and propagated by cytokines, which are pivotal in the development of both acute and chronic postoperative pain. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play essential roles in up-regulating the inflammatory response, which, if not adequately controlled, leads to sustained pain and impaired tissue healing. Anti-inflammatory cytokines work to dampen inflammatory responses and promote resolution. Our discussion extends to the genetic and molecular influences on cytokine production, which influence pain perception and recovery rates post-surgery. Furthermore, the role of PAI-1 in modulating inflammation through its impact on the fibrinolytic system highlights its potential as a therapeutic target. The perioperative modulation of these cytokines through various analgesic and anesthetic techniques, including the fascia iliac compartment block, demonstrates a significant reduction in pain and inflammatory markers, thus underscoring the importance of targeted therapeutic strategies. Our analysis suggests that a nuanced understanding of the interplay between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is required. Future research should focus on individualized pain management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabela-Codruta Cocea
- Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Ioan Stoica
- Orthopedics, Anaesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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2
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Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PDE, Kang S, Kim JS, Kim SH, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Changes in structural plasticity of hippocampal neurons in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Zool Res 2024; 45:398-414. [PMID: 38485508 PMCID: PMC11017077 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural plasticity is critical for the functional diversity of neurons in the brain. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used model for multiple sclerosis (MS), successfully mimicking its key pathological features (inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and gliosis) and clinical symptoms (motor and non-motor dysfunctions). Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of synaptic plasticity in EAE pathogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the features of behavioral alteration and hippocampal structural plasticity in EAE-affected mice in the early phase (11 days post-immunization, DPI) and chronic phase (28 DPI). EAE-affected mice exhibited hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction in the open field test during both early and chronic phases. Dendritic complexity was largely affected in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and CA3 apical and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus during the chronic phase, while this effect was only noted in the CA1 apical subregion in the early phase. Moreover, dendritic spine density was reduced in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 apical/basal and DG subregions in the early phase of EAE, but only reduced in the DG subregion during the chronic phase. Furthermore, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines ( Il1β, Tnfα, and Ifnγ) and glial cell markers ( Gfap and Cd68) were significantly increased, whereas the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) was reduced during the chronic phase. Similarly, exposure to the aforementioned cytokines in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic complexity and ARC expression. Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons also showed significantly reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation upon treatment with proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that autoimmune neuroinflammation alters structural plasticity in the hippocampus, possibly through the ERK-ARC pathway, indicating that this alteration may be associated with hippocampal dysfunctions in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima D E Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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3
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Mustafa AM, Shaheen AM, Zaki HF, Rabie MA. Nicorandil and carvedilol mitigates motor deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis: Role of TLR4/TRAF6/MAPK/NF-κB signalling cascade. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111387. [PMID: 38134593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease that negatively affects neurotransmission. It can be pathologically mimicked by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal damage, however their role in MS are still obscure. Additionally, Carvedilol showed a promising neuroprotective activity against several neurological disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of KATP channel opener (nicorandil) as well as α and β adrenoceptor antagonist (Carvedilol) against EAE induced neurodegeneration in mice. Mice was treated with nicorandil (6 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 14 days. Nicorandil and carvedilol showed improvement in clinical scoring, behaviour and motor coordination as established by histopathological investigation and immunohistochemical detection of MBP. Furthermore, both treatments downregulated the protein expression of TLR4/ MYD88/TRAF6 signalling cascade with downstream inhibition of (pT183/Y185)-JNK/p38 (pT180/Y182)-MAPK axis leading to reduction of neuroinflammatory status, as witnessed by reduction of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 contents. Moreover, nicorandil and carvedilol attenuated oxidative damage by increasing Nrf2 content and SOD activity together with reduction of MDA content. In addition, an immunomodulating effect via inhibiting the gene expression of CD4, TGF-β, and IL-17 as well as TGF-β, IL-17, and IL-23 contents along with anti-apoptotic effect by decreasing Bax protein expression and Caspase-3 content and increasing Bcl-2 protein expression was observed with nicorandil and carvedilol treatments. In conclusion, nicorandil and carvedilol exerted a neuroprotective activity against EAE induced neuronal loss via inhibition of TLR4/MYD88/TRAF6/JNK/p38-MAPK axis besides antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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4
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Jafarzadeh A, Sheikhi A, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M. Differential roles of regulatory T cells in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104778. [PMID: 37907046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells interact with a variety of resident cells and infiltrated immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition and secondary persistent inflammation due to activation of microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neurodegeneration. The majority of evidence supports the neuroprotective effects of Treg cells in AD. In the early stages of AD, appropriate Treg cell activity is required for the induction of microglia and astrocyte phagocytic activity in order to clear A deposits and prevent neuroinflammation. Such neuroprotective impacts were in part attributed to the ability of Treg cells to suppress deleterious and/or boost beneficial functions of microglia/astrocytes. In the later stages of AD, an effective Treg cell activity needs to prevent neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Treg cells can exert preventive effects on Th1-, and Th17 cell-related pathologic responses, whilst potentiating Th2-mediated protective activity. The impaired Treg cell-related immunomodulatory mechanisms have been described in AD patients and in related animal models which can contribute to the onset and progression of AD. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive figure regarding the role of Treg cells in AD while highlighting potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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5
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Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Litwiler ST, Sents Z, Woodall BJ, Hayashida K, Watkins LR. Intrathecal non-viral interleukin-10 gene therapy ameliorates neuropathic pain as measured by both classical static allodynia and a novel supra-spinally mediated pain assay, the Two-Arm Rodent Somatosensory (TARS) task. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:177-185. [PMID: 37037361 PMCID: PMC10330316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal delivery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy has been reported to be effective in suppressing pain enhancement in a variety of rodent models. However, all publications that have tested this treatment have relied upon measures of static allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test). As this plasmid DNA IL-10 (pDNA-IL10) therapeutic approach is now in human clinical trials for multiple pain indications, including intrathecal delivery for human neuropathic pain, it is important to consider the recent concerns raised in the pain field that such tests reflect spinal rather than supraspinal processing of, and responsivity to, noxious stimuli. Consequently, this raises the question of whether intrathecal pDNA-IL10 can reverse established neuropathic pain when assessed by a test requiring supraspinal, rather than solely spinal, mediation of the behavioral response. The present study utilizes the rat sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain to compare the expression of static allodynia with that of cognitively controlled choice behavior in a two-arm maze, adapted from Hayashida et al. (2019). This modification, termed the Two-Arm Rodent Somatosensory (TARS) task, provides rats free choice to reach a desired goal box via a short "arm" of the maze with tactile probes as flooring versus a longer "arm" of the maze with a smooth surface. Here we demonstrate that static allodynia and avoidance of the nociceptive flooring in TARS develop in parallel over time, and that both behaviors also resolve in parallel following intrathecal pDNA-IL10 gene therapy. Details for the construction and use of this new maze design are also provided. Together, this study documents both: (a) the important finding that intrathecal IL-10 gene therapy does indeed resolve neuropathic pain as measured by a supraspinally-mediated behavioral task, and (b) a new, supraspinally-mediated task that allows behavioral assessments across weeks and allows the analysis of both development and resolution of neuropathic pain by therapeutic interventions. As such, the TARS operant behavior task is an improvement over other approaches such as the mechanical conflict-avoidance system which have difficulties demonstrating development and reversal of pain behavior in a within-subject design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Z Sents
- Department of Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B J Woodall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Hayashida
- Pharmacology Department, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ld., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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6
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Lesnak JB, Hayashi K, Plumb AN, Janowski AJ, Chimenti MS, Sluka KA. The impact of sex and physical activity on the local immune response to muscle pain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:4-20. [PMID: 36972744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of muscle pain triggers a local immune response to produce pain and this mechanism may be sex and activity level dependent. The purpose of this study was to measure the immune system response in the muscle following induction of pain in sedentary and physically active mice. Muscle pain was produced via an activity-induced pain model using acidic saline combined with fatiguing muscle contractions. Prior to induction of muscle pain, mice (C57/BL6) were sedentary or physically active (24hr access to running wheel) for 8 weeks. The ipsilateral gastrocnemius was harvested 24hr after induction of muscle pain for RNA sequencing or flow cytometry. RNA sequencing revealed activation of several immune pathways in both sexes after induction of muscle pain, and these pathways were attenuated in physically active females. Uniquely in females, the antigen processing and presentation pathway with MHC II signaling was activated after induction of muscle pain; activation of this pathway was blocked by physical activity. Blockade of MHC II attenuated development of muscle hyperalgesia exclusively in females. Induction of muscle pain increased the number of macrophages and T-cells in the muscle in both sexes, measured by flow cytometry. In both sexes, the phenotype of macrophages shifted toward a pro-inflammatory state after induction of muscle pain in sedentary mice (M1 + M1/2) but toward an anti-inflammatory state in physically active mice (M2 + M0). Thus, induction of muscle pain activates the immune system with sex-specific differences in the transcriptome while physical activity attenuates immune response in females and alters macrophage phenotype in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lesnak
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashley N Plumb
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Janowski
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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7
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Blask C, Schulze J, Rümpel S, Süße M, Grothe M, Gross S, Dressel A, Müller R, Ruhnau J, Vogelgesang A. Modulation of cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients by coenzyme A and soraphen A. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578135. [PMID: 37364515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
By applying the acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibitors soraphen A (SorA) and coenzyme A (CoA) ex vivo, we aimed to reduce proinflammatory cytokine release by PBMCs and increase anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, thereby demonstrating a possible application of those pathways in future multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy. In a prospective exploratory monocentric study, we analysed cytokine production by PBMCs treated with SorA (10 or 50 nM) and CoA (600 μM). Thirty-one MS patients were compared to 18 healthy age-matched controls. We demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of SorA and CoA in targeting the immune function of MS patients, with an overall reduction of cytokines except of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Blask
- Dept. of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Rümpel
- Dept. of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie Süße
- Dept. of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Gross
- Dept. of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johanna Ruhnau
- Dept. of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
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8
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Nassar A, Kodi T, Satarker S, Chowdari Gurram P, Upadhya D, SM F, Mudgal J, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic MicroRNAs and Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244111. [PMID: 36552875 PMCID: PMC9776935 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to the altered morphology, gene expression, and function of astrocytes. Astrocytes, in collaboration with numerous microRNAs, regulate brain cholesterol levels as well as glutamatergic and inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to general brain homeostasis. Neural electrical activity, synaptic plasticity processes, learning, and memory are dependent on the astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Here, we review the involvement of astrocytic microRNAs that potentially regulate cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction between astrocytic microRNAs and long non-coding RNA and transcription factors specific to astrocytes also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, astrocytic microRNAs arise as a promising target, as AD conditions are a worldwide public health problem. This review examines novel therapeutic strategies to target astrocyte dysfunction in AD, such as lipid nanodiscs, engineered G protein-coupled receptors, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Kodi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fayaz SM
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kwilasz AJ, Clements MA, Larson TA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Woodall BJ, Todd LS, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Maier SF, Van Dam AM, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Involvement of TLR2-TLR4, NLRP3, and IL-17 in pain induced by a novel Sprague-Dawley rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:932530. [PMID: 36176709 PMCID: PMC9513159 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.932530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 92% of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) experience pain, most without adequate treatment, and many report pain long before motor symptoms associated with MS diagnosis. In the most commonly studied rodent model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), motor impairments/disabilities caused by EAE can interfere with pain testing. In this study, we characterize a novel low-dose myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) model of EAE-related pain in male rats, optimized to minimize motor impairments/disabilities. Adult male SD rats were treated with increasing doses of intradermal myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG1-125) (0, 4, 8, and 16 μg) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) vehicle to induce mild EAE. Von Frey testing and motor assessments were conducted prior to EAE induction and then weekly thereafter to assess EAE-induced pain and motor impairment. Results from these studies demonstrated that doses of 8 and 16 μg MOG1-125 were sufficient to produce stable mechanical allodynia for up to 1 month in the absence of hindpaw motor impairments/disabilities. In the follow-up studies, these doses of MOG1-125, were administered to create allodynia in the absence of confounded motor impairments. Then, 2 weeks later, rats began daily subcutaneous injections of the Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2-TLR4) antagonist (+)-naltrexone [(+)-NTX] or saline for an additional 13 days. We found that (+)-NTX also reverses EAE-induced mechanical allodynia in the MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE, supporting parallels between models, but now allowing a protracted timecourse to be examined completely free of motor confounds. Exploring further mechanisms, we demonstrated that both spinal NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) are necessary for EAE-induced pain, as intrathecal injections of NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and IL-17 neutralizing antibody both acutely reversed EAE-induced pain. Finally, we show that spinal glial immunoreactivity induced by EAE is reversed by (+)-NTX, and that spinal demyelination correlates with the severity of motor impairments/disabilities. These findings characterize an optimized MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE for the study of pain with minimal motor impairments/disabilities. Finally, these studies support the role of TLR2-TLR4 antagonists as a potential treatment for MS-related pain and other pain and inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A. Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T. Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Brodie J. Woodall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S. Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E. W. Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H. Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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10
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Ashraf H, Solla P, Sechi LA. Current Advancement of Immunomodulatory Drugs as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Autoimmunity Based Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091077. [PMID: 36145298 PMCID: PMC9504155 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic advancement has been made in recent decades to understand the basis of autoimmunity-mediated neurological diseases. These diseases create a strong influence on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to various clinical manifestations and numerous symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune neurological disease while NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is less common. Furthermore, evidence supports the presence of autoimmune mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons. Additionally, autoimmunity is believed to be involved in the basis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In recent years, the prevalence of autoimmune-based neurological disorders has been elevated and current findings strongly suggest the role of pharmacotherapies in controlling the progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, this review focused on the current advancement of immunomodulatory drugs as novel approaches in the management of autoimmune neurological diseases and their future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajra Ashraf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Atonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Complex Structure of Microbology and Virology, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kumar G, Asthana P, Yung WH, Kwan KM, Tin C, Ma CHE. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Interposed Nucleus Reverses Motor Deficits and Stimulates Production of Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Ataxia Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4578-4592. [PMID: 35581519 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellum is one of the major targets of autoimmunity and cerebellar damage that leads to ataxia characterized by the loss of fine motor coordination and balance, with no treatment available. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) could be a promising treatment for ataxia but has not been extensively investigated. Here, our study aims to investigate the use of interposed nucleus of deep cerebellar nuclei (IN-DCN) for ataxia. We first characterized ataxia-related motor symptom of a Purkinje cell (PC)-specific LIM homeobox (Lhx)1 and Lhx5 conditional double knockout mice by motor coordination tests, and spontaneous electromyogram (EMG) recording. To validate IN-DCN as a target for DBS, in vivo local field potential (LFP) multielectrode array recording of IN-DCN revealed abnormal LFP amplitude surges in PCs. By synchronizing the EMG and IN-DCN recordings (neurospike and LFP) with high-speed video recordings, ataxia mice showed poorly coordinated movements associated with low EMG amplitude and aberrant IN-DCN neural firing. To optimize IN-DCN-DBS for ataxia, we tested DBS parameters from low (30 Hz) to high stimulation frequency (130 or 150 Hz), and systematically varied pulse width values (60 or 80 µs) to maximize motor symptom control in ataxia mice. The optimal IN-DCN-DBS parameter reversed motor deficits in ataxia mice as detected by animal behavioral tests and EMG recording. Mechanistically, cytokine array analysis revealed that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 were upregulated after IN-DCN-DBS, which play key roles in neural excitability. As such, we show that IN-DCN-DBS is a promising treatment for ataxia and possibly other movement disorders alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Central Neuropathic Pain Syndromes: Current and Emerging Pharmacological Strategies. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:483-516. [PMID: 35513603 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central neuropathic pain is caused by a disease or lesion of the brain or spinal cord. It is difficult to predict which patients will develop central pain syndromes after a central nervous system injury, but depending on the etiology, lifetime prevalence may be greater than 50%. The resulting pain is often highly distressing and difficult to treat, with no specific treatment guidelines currently available. This narrative review discusses mechanisms contributing to central neuropathic pain, and focuses on pharmacological approaches for managing common central neuropathic pain conditions such as central post-stroke pain, spinal cord injury-related pain, and multiple sclerosis-related neuropathic pain. Tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and gabapentinoids have some evidence for efficacy in central neuropathic pain. Medications from other pharmacologic classes may also provide pain relief, but current evidence is limited. Certain non-pharmacologic approaches, neuromodulation in particular, may be helpful in refractory cases. Emerging data suggest that modulating the primary afferent input may open new horizons for the treatment of central neuropathic pain. For most patients, effective treatment will likely require a multimodal therapy approach.
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13
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Liu Q, Feng L, Han X, Zhang W, Zhang H, Xu L. The TRPA1 Channel Mediates Mechanical Allodynia and Thermal Hyperalgesia in a Rat Bone Cancer Pain Model. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:638620. [PMID: 35295475 PMCID: PMC8915568 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.638620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bone cancer pain (BCP) significantly affects patient quality of life, results in great bodily and emotional pain, and creates difficulties in follow-up treatment and normal life. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is an essential transduction ion channel related to neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the role of TRPA1 in BCP remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the relationship between TRPA1 and BCP. Methods: A BCP model was induced by Walker256 cells to the left tibia. The sham group was induced by normal saline to the left tibia. Thereafter, pain behaviors and TRPA1 expression between the BCP group and the sham group were observed on the 14th day of modeling. The TRPA1 antagonist A967079 (10 mg/kg) was injected via tail vein. TRPA1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN, 5 nmol/10 μl) and missense oligodeoxynucleotide (MS-ODN, 5 nmol/10 μl) were intrathecally delivered via a mini-osmotic pump for 5 consecutive days to assess the effect of TRPA1 on BCP. Behavioral tests were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to measure TRPA1 levels among the different groups. Results: The BCP model was successfully established via X-ray and pathological sections at 14 days. Compared to the sham group, the BCP group was more sensitive to mechanical stimuli, cool stimuli and hot stimuli. Intravenously injected A967079 can relieve paw mechanical withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency in rats with BCP. Moreover, AS-ODN can relieve paw mechanical withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency in rats with BCP. Additionally, relative mRNA and protein expression of TRPA1 in the BCP group were much higher than those in the sham group (14.55 ± 1.97 vs. 1 ± 0.04, P < 0.01). Compared to the BCP group, the relative mRNA and protein expression of TRPA1 in the BCP+AS-ODN group was reduced (14.55 ± 1.97 vs. 2.59 ± 0.34, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The TRPA1 channel mediates mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in a rat BCP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operation, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Xiujing Han
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operation, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longhe Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Crotalphine Attenuates Pain and Neuroinflammation Induced by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110827. [PMID: 34822611 PMCID: PMC8624587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of inflammatory and autoimmune origin, which induces sensory and progressive motor impairments, including pain. Cells of the immune system actively participate in the pathogenesis and progression of MS by inducing neuroinflammation, tissue damage, and demyelination. Crotalphine (CRO), a structural analogue to a peptide firstly identified in Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, induces analgesia by endogenous opioid release and type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) activation. Since CB2 activation downregulates neuroinflammation and ameliorates symptoms in mice models of MS, it was presently investigated whether CRO has a beneficial effect in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CRO was administered on the 5th day after immunization, in a single dose, or five doses starting at the peak of disease. CRO partially reverted EAE-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and decreased the severity of the clinical signs. In addition, CRO decreases the inflammatory infiltrate and glial cells activation followed by TNF-α and IL-17 downregulation in the spinal cord. Peripherally, CRO recovers the EAE-induced impairment in myelin thickness in the sciatic nerve. Therefore, CRO interferes with central and peripheral neuroinflammation, opening perspectives to MS control.
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15
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Khan A, Shal B, Khan AU, Bibi T, Islam SU, Baig MW, Haq IU, Ali H, Ahmad S, Khan S. Withametelin, a novel phytosterol, alleviates neurological symptoms in EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105211. [PMID: 34688804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that remains incurable. Withametelin (WMT), a phytosterol, showed diverse biological activities isolated from the leaves of Datura innoxa. In the present study, we used an in vitro model of HT22 and BV-2 cell lines and an in vivo murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to explore the antioxidant and anti neuroinflammatory potential of WMT. The results showed that pretreatment with WMT markedly inhibited H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Correspondingly, WMT post-immunization treatment significantly attenuated EAE-induced clinical score, weight loss, neuropathic pain behaviors, and motor dysfunction. It markedly lowers EAE-induced elevated circulating leucocytes, spinal deformity, and splenomegaly. It strikingly inhibited the Evans blue and FITC extravasation in the brain. It remarkably reversed the EAE-induced histopathological alteration of the brain, spinal cord, eye, and optic nerve. It significantly intensified the antioxidant defense mechanism by improving the expression level of nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) but reducing the expression level of the Kelch-like-ECH-associated-protein-1 (keap-1), inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase (iNOS) in the CNS. Likewise, it markedly suppressed neuroinflammation by reducing the expression level of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear-factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), activator-protein-1 (AP-1) but increased the expression level IkB-α in the CNS. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA binding free energies were determined to validate the dynamic stability of complexes and shed light on the atomic level intermolecular interaction energies. Taken together, this study showed that WMT has significant neuroprotective potential in EAE via modulation of Nrf2 mediated-oxidative stress and NF-κB mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Shal
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ashraf Ullah Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Tehmina Bibi
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Muhammad Waleed Baig
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan.
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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16
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Li H, Lian G, Wang G, Yin Q, Su Z. A review of possible therapies for multiple sclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3261-3270. [PMID: 33886059 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a wide range of symptoms, like executive function defect, cognitive dysfunction, blurred vision, decreased sensation, spasticity, fatigue, and other symptoms. This neurological disease is characterized by the destruction of the blood-brain barrier, loss of myelin, and damage to neurons. It is the result of immune cells crossing the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system and attacking self-antigens. Heretofore, many treatments proved that they can retard the progression of the disease even though there is no cure. Therefore, treatments aimed at improving patients' quality of life and reducing adverse drug reactions and costs are essential. In this review, the treatment approaches to alleviate the progress of MS include the following: pharmacotherapy, antibody therapy, cell therapy, gene therapy, and surgery. The current treatment methods of MS are described in terms of the prevention of myelin shedding, the promotion of myelin regeneration, and the protection of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gaojian Lian
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianmei Yin
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zehong Su
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
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17
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Low-Cost Organic Adsorbents for Elemental Mercury Removal from Lignite Flue Gas. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The research presented by the authors in this paper focused on understanding the behavior of mercury during coal combustion and flue gas purification operations. The goal was to determine the flue gas temperature on the mercury emissions limits for the combustion of lignites in the energy sector. The authors examined the process of sorption of mercury from flue gases using fine-grained organic materials. The main objectives of this study were to recommend a low-cost organic adsorbent such as coke dust (CD), corn straw char (CS-400), brominated corn straw char (CS-400-Br), rubber char (RC-600) or granulated rubber char (GRC-600) to efficiently substitute expensive dust-sized activated carbon. The study covered combustion of lignite from a Polish field. The experiment was conducted at temperatures reflecting conditions inside a flue gas purification installation. One of the tested sorbents—tire-derived rubber char that was obtained by pyrolysis—exhibited good potential for Hg0 into Hg2+ oxidation, resulting in enhanced mercury removal from the flue. The char characterization increased elevated bromine content (mercury oxidizing agent) in comparison to the other selected adsorbents. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of mercury sorption from the flue gases at temperatures of 95, 125, 155 and 185 °C. The average mercury content in Polish lignite was 465 μg·kg−1. The concentration of mercury in flue gases emitted into the atmosphere was 17.8 µg·m−3. The study analyzed five low-cost sorbents with the average achieved efficiency of mercury removal from 18.3% to 96.1% for lignite combustion depending on the flue gas temperature.
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18
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Kwilasz AJ, Green Fulgham SM, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Todd LS, Patel HP, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Harvey LO, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Rice KC, Van Dam AM, Watkins LR. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 antagonism for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-related pain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:80-95. [PMID: 33358978 PMCID: PMC8475740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a major symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) with up to 92% of patients reporting bodily pain, and 85% reporting pain severe enough to cause functional disability. None of the available therapeutics target MS pain. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2/TLR4) have emerged as targets for treating a wide array of autoimmune disorders, including MS, as well as having demonstrated success at suppressing pain in diverse animal models. The current series of studies tested systemic TLR2/TLR4 antagonists in males and females in a low-dose Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, with reduced motor dysfunction to allow unconfounded testing of allodynia through 50+ days post-MOG. The data demonstrated that blocking TLR2/TLR4 suppressed EAE-related pain, equally in males and females; upregulation of dorsal spinal cord proinflammatory gene expression for TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, interleukin-1β, IkBα, TNF-α and interleukin-17; and upregulation of dorsal spinal cord expression of glial immunoreactivity markers. In support of these results, intrathecal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reversed EAE-induced allodynia, both early and late after EAE induction. In contrast, blocking TLR2/TLR4 did not suppress EAE-induced motor disturbances induced by a higher MOG dose. These data suggest that blocking TLR2/TLR4 prevents the production of proinflammatory factors involved in low dose EAE pathology. Moreover, in this EAE model, TLR2/TLR4 antagonists were highly effective in reducing pain, whereas motor impairment, as seen in high dose MOG EAE, is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
| | - Suzanne M Green Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Julissa Chante Duran-Malle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E W Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Hardik P Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lewis O Harvey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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19
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Bethea JR, Fischer R. Role of Peripheral Immune Cells for Development and Recovery of Chronic Pain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641588. [PMID: 33692810 PMCID: PMC7937804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. It affects ~8% of the general population and negatively impacts a person's level of functioning and quality of life. Its resistance to available pain therapies makes CNP a major unmet medical need. Immune cells have been shown to play a role for development, maintenance and recovery of CNP and therefore are attractive targets for novel pain therapies. In particular, in neuropathic mice and humans, microglia are activated in the dorsal horn and peripheral immune cells infiltrate the nervous system to promote chronic neuroinflammation and contribute to the initiation and progression of CNP. Importantly, immunity not only controls pain development and maintenance, but is also essential for pain resolution. In particular, regulatory T cells, a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with immune regulatory function, and macrophages were shown to be important contributors to pain recovery. In this review we summarize the interactions of the peripheral immune system with the nervous system and outline their contribution to the development and recovery of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Watkins LR, Chavez RA, Landry R, Fry M, Green-Fulgham SM, Coulson JD, Collins SD, Glover DK, Rieger J, Forsayeth JR. Targeted interleukin-10 plasmid DNA therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis: Toxicology and pain efficacy assessments. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:155-166. [PMID: 32800926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis results in chronic pain and loss of function. Proinflammatory cytokines create both osteoarthritis pathology and pain. Current treatments are poorly effective, have significant side effects, and have not targeted the cytokines central to osteoarthritis development and maintenance. Interleukin-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that potently and broadly suppresses proinflammatory cytokine activity. However, interleukin-10 protein has a short half-life in vivo and poor joint permeability. For sustained IL-10 activity, we developed a plasmid DNA-based therapy that expresses a long-acting human interleukin-10 variant (hIL-10var). Here, we describe the 6-month GLP toxicology study of this therapy. Intra-articular injections of hIL-10var pDNA into canine stifle joints up to 1.5 mg bilaterally were well-tolerated and without pathologic findings. This represents the first long-term toxicologic assessment of intra-articular pDNA therapy. We also report results of a small double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of intra-articular hIL-10var pDNA on pain measures in companion (pet) dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. This human IL-10-based targeted therapy reduced pain measures in the dogs, based on veterinary and owner ratings, without any adverse findings. These results with hIL-10var pDNA therapy, well-tolerated and without toxicologic effects, establish the basis for clinical trials of a new class of safe and effective therapies for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | - Robert Landry
- Colorado Center for Animal Pain Management Veterinary Care Center, Westminster, CO, USA
| | - Megan Fry
- Colorado Center for Animal Pain Management Veterinary Care Center, Westminster, CO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Green-Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Coulson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Glial cell activation and altered metabolic profile in the spinal-trigeminal axis in a rat model of multiple sclerosis associated with the development of trigeminal sensitization. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:268-280. [PMID: 32659316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia is often an early symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), and it generally does not correlate with the severity of the disease. Thus, whether it is triggered simply by demyelination in specific central nervous system areas is currently questioned. Our aims were to monitor the development of spontaneous trigeminal pain in an animal model of MS, and to analyze: i) glial cells, namely astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system and satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion, and ii) metabolic changes in the trigeminal system. The subcutaneous injection of recombinant MOG1-125 protein fragment to Dark Agouti male rats led to the development of relapsing-remitting EAE, with a first peak after 13 days, a remission stage from day 16 and a second peak from day 21. Interestingly, orofacial allodynia developed from day 1 post injection, i.e. well before the onset of EAE, and worsened over time, irrespective of the disease phase. Activation of glial cells both in the trigeminal ganglia and in the brainstem, with no signs of demyelination in the latter tissue, was observed along with metabolic alterations in the trigeminal ganglion. Our data show, for the first time, the spontaneous development of trigeminal sensitization before the onset of relapsing-remitting EAE in rats. Additionally, pain is maintained elevated during all stages of the disease, suggesting the existence of parallel mechanisms controlling motor symptoms and orofacial pain, likely involving glial cell activation and metabolic alterations which can contribute to trigger the sensitization of sensory neurons.
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22
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Teixeira NB, Picolo G, Giardini AC, Boumezbeur F, Pottier G, Kuhnast B, Servent D, Benoit E. Alterations of peripheral nerve excitability in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:266. [PMID: 32894170 PMCID: PMC7487851 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used and clinically relevant murine model for human multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to appraise the alterations, poorly documented in the literature, which may occur at the peripheral nervous system (PNS) level. Methods To this purpose, a multiple evaluation of peripheral nerve excitability was undertaken, by means of a minimally invasive electrophysiological method, in EAE mice immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide, an experimental model for MS that reproduces, in animals, the anatomical and behavioral alterations observed in humans with MS, including CNS inflammation, demyelination of neurons, and motor abnormalities. Additionally, the myelin sheath thickness of mouse sciatic nerves was evaluated using transmission electronic microscopy. Results As expected, the mean clinical score of mice, daily determined to describe the symptoms associated to the EAE progression, increased within about 18 days after immunization for EAE mice while it remained null for all control animals. The multiple evaluation of peripheral nerve excitability, performed in vivo 2 and 4 weeks after immunization, reveals that the main modifications of EAE mice, compared to control animals, are a decrease of the maximal compound action potential (CAP) amplitude and of the stimulation intensity necessary to generate a CAP with a 50% maximum amplitude. In addition, and in contrast to control mice, at least 2 CAPs were recorded following a single stimulation in EAE animals, reflecting various populations of sensory and motor nerve fibers having different CAP conduction speeds, as expected if a demyelinating process occurred in the PNS of these animals. In contrast, single CAPs were always recorded from the sensory and motor nerve fibers of control mice having more homogeneous CAP conduction speeds. Finally, the myelin sheath thickness of sciatic nerves of EAE mice was decreased 4 weeks after immunization when compared to control animals. Conclusions In conclusion, the loss of immunological self-tolerance to MOG in EAE mice or in MS patients may not be only attributed to the restricted expression of this antigen in the immunologically privileged environment of the CNS but also of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Bernardes Teixeira
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Denis Servent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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23
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Kwilasz AJ, Todd LS, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Wang X, Van Dam AM, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Barrientos RM. Experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE)-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and memory deficits are prevented with the non-opioid TLR2/TLR4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112896. [PMID: 32905811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with burdensome memory impairments and preclinical literature suggests that these impairments are linked to neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists, such as (+)-naltrexone [(+)-NTX], block neuropathic pain and associated spinal inflammation in rats. Here we extend these findings to first demonstrate that (+)-NTX blocks TLR2 in addition to TLR4. Additionally, we examined in two rat strains whether (+)-NTX could attenuate learning and memory disturbances and associated neuroinflammation using a low-dose experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. EAE is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, MS. This low-dose model avoided motor impairments that would confound learning and memory measurements. Fourteen days later, daily subcutaneous (+)-NTX or saline injections began and continued throughout the study. Contextual and auditory-fear conditioning were conducted at day 21 to assess hippocampal and amygdalar function. With this low-dose model, EAE impaired long-term, but not short-term, contextual fear memory; both long-term and short-term auditory-cued fear memory were spared. This was associated with increased mRNA for hippocampal interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, and IL-17 and elevated expression of the microglial marker Iba1 in CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus, confirming the neuroinflammation observed in higher-dose EAE models. Importantly, (+)-NTX completely prevented the EAE-induced memory impairments and robustly attenuated the associated proinflammatory effects. These findings suggest that (+)-NTX may exert therapeutic effects on memory function by dampening the neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus through blockade of TLR2/TLR4. This study suggests that TLR2 and TLR4 antagonists may be effective at treating MS-related memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laurel S Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julissa C Duran-Malle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anouk E W Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric H Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tracey A Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Madison A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kevin M Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of the Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, Discovery Themes Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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24
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Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. New era of therapy for endocrine autoimmune disorders. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12961. [PMID: 32853446 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The new era of immune and reconstitution therapy of autoimmune disorders is ongoing. However, endocrine autoimmune diseases comprise a group of elaborating pathologies where the development of new treatment strategies remains slow. Substitution of the missing hormones is still standard practice, taking care of the devastating symptoms but not the cause of disease. As our knowledge of the genetic contribution to the aetiology of endocrine disorders increases and early diagnostic tools are available, it is now possible to identify persons at risk before they acquire full-blown disease. This review summarizes current knowledge and treatment of endocrine autoimmune disorders, focusing on type 1 diabetes, Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases and primary ovarian insufficiency. We explore which new therapies might be used in the different stages of the disease, focus on legalized therapy and elaborate on the ongoing clinical studies for these diseases and the research front, before hypothesizing on the way ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Machhi J, Kevadiya BD, Muhammad IK, Herskovitz J, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:32. [PMID: 32503641 PMCID: PMC7275301 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that adaptive immunity influences the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Misfolded aggregated self-proteins can break immune tolerance leading to the induction of autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) with associated decreases in anti-inflammatory neuroprotective regulatory T cells (Tregs). An imbalance between Teffs and Tregs leads to microglial activation, inflammation and neuronal injury. The cascade of such a disordered immunity includes the drainage of the aggregated protein antigens into cervical lymph nodes serving to amplify effector immune responses. Both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate transformation of this altered immunity for therapeutic gain. We posit that the signs and symptoms of common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke can be attenuated by boosting Treg activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94304 USA
| | - Ijaz Khan Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi, 23561 Pakistan
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
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26
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Teixeira NB, Sant'Anna MB, Giardini AC, Araujo LP, Fonseca LA, Basso AS, Cury Y, Picolo G. Crotoxin down-modulates pro-inflammatory cells and alleviates pain on the MOG 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:253-268. [PMID: 31843645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a Central Nervous System inflammatory demyelinating disease that has as primary symptoms losses of sensory and motor functions, including chronic pain. To date, however, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of chronic pain in animal models of MS since locomotor impairments render difficult its evaluation. It was previously demonstrated that in the MOG35-55-induced EAE, an animal model of MS, the hypernociception appears before the onset of motor disability, allowing for the study of these two phenomena separately. Here, we evaluated the effect of crotoxin (CTX), a neurotoxin isolated from the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom that displays, at non-toxic dose, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in the pain and in symptoms progression of EAE. The pain threshold of female C57BL/6 mice decreased at the 4th day after immunization, while the first sign of disease appeared around the 11st-12nd days, coinciding with the onset of motor abnormalities. CTX (40 µg/kg, s.c.) administered in a single dose on the 5th day after immunization, induced a long-lasting analgesic effect (5 days), without interfering with the clinical signs of the disease. On the other hand, when crotoxin was administered for 5 consecutive days, from 5th-9th day after immunization, it induced analgesia and also reduced EAE progression. The antinociceptive effect of crotoxin was blocked by Boc-2 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, by NDGA (30 μg/kg, i.p.), a lipoxygenase inhibitor and by atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, administered 30 min before CTX. CTX was also effective in decreasing EAE clinical signs even when administered after its onset. Regarding the interactions between neurons and immunocompetent cells, CTX, in vitro, was able to reduce T cell proliferation, decreasing Th1 and Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, in EAE model, the treatment with 5 consecutive doses of CTX inhibited IFN-γ-producing T cells, GM-CSF-producing T cells, reduced the frequency of activated microglia/macrophages within the CNS and decreased the number of migrating cell to spinal cord and cerebellum at the peak of the disease. These results suggest that CTX is a potential treatment not only for pain alteration but also for clinical progression induced by the disease as well as an useful tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the multiple sclerosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Giardini
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S Basso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y Cury
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Lee KH, Ahn BS, Cha D, Jang WW, Choi E, Park S, Park JH, Oh J, Jung DE, Park H, Park JH, Suh Y, Jin D, Lee S, Jang YH, Yoon T, Park MK, Seong Y, Pyo J, Yang S, Kwon Y, Jung H, Lim CK, Hong JB, Park Y, Choi E, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by animal studies using gene modulation: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102469. [PMID: 31918027 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are clinical syndromes that result from pathogenic inflammatory responses driven by inadequate immune activation by T- and B-cells. Although the exact mechanisms of autoimmune diseases are still elusive, genetic factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis. Recently, with the advancement of understanding of the immunological and molecular basis of autoimmune diseases, gene modulation has become a potential approach for the tailored treatment of autoimmune disorders. Gene modulation can be applied to regulate the levels of interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), interferon-γ and other inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting these cytokine expressions using short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) or by inhibiting cytokine signaling using small molecules. In addition, gene modulation delivering anti-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine antagonists showed effectiveness in regulating autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize the potential target genes for gene or immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). This article will give a new perspective on understanding immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases not only in animals but also in human. Emerging approaches to investigate cytokine regulation through gene modulation may be a potential approach for the tailored immunomodulation of some autoimmune diseases near in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Soo Ahn
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Cha
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Jang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Oh
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Jung
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeryun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ha Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsong Suh
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Jin
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Jang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tehwook Yoon
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonje Seong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Pyo
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmo Yang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngin Kwon
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjean Jung
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Kwang Lim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Beom Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoeun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Islam MA, Kundu S, Hassan R. Gene Therapy Approaches in an Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease: Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:376-385. [PMID: 32141417 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200306092556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS). It is a multifactorial disease which develops in an immune-mediated way under the influences of both genetic and environmental factors. Demyelination is observed in the brain and spinal cord leading to neuro-axonal damage in patients with MS. Due to the infiltration of different immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, monocytes and macrophages, focal lesions are observed in MS. Currently available medications treating MS are mainly based on two strategies; i) to ease specific symptoms or ii) to reduce disease progression. However, these medications tend to induce different adverse effects with limited therapeutic efficacy due to the protective function of the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, researchers have been working for the last four decades to discover better solutions by introducing gene therapy approaches in treating MS generally by following three strategies, i) prevention of specific symptoms, ii) halt or reverse disease progression and iii) heal CNS damage by promoting remyelination and axonal repair. In last two decades, there have been some remarkable successes of gene therapy approaches on the experimental mice model of MS - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) which suggests that it is not far that the gene therapy approaches would start in human subjects ensuring the highest levels of safety and efficacy. In this review, we summarised the gene therapy approaches attempted in different animal models towards treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shoumik Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rosline Hassan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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29
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Vanderwall AG, Milligan ED. Cytokines in Pain: Harnessing Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Signaling for Improved Pain Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:3009. [PMID: 31921220 PMCID: PMC6935995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and neural cells is integral to the development of pathological pain. Modulation of these communications may hold the key to improved pain management. In this review we first offer an overview of the relationships between pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signaling and pathological pain, with a focus on the actions of cytokines and chemokines in communication between glia (astrocytes and microglia), immune cells (macrophages and T cells), and neurons. These interactions will be discussed in relation to both peripheral and central nervous system locations. Several novel non-neuronal drug targets for controlling pain are emerging as highly promising, including non-viral IL-10 gene therapy, which offer the potential for substantial pain relief through localized modulation of targeted cytokine pathways. Preclinical investigation of the mechanisms underlying the success of IL-10 gene therapy revealed the unexpected discovery of the powerful anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory properties of D-mannose, an adjuvant in the non-viral gene therapeutic formulation. This review will include gene therapeutic approaches showing the most promise in controlling pro-inflammatory signaling via increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, or by directly limiting the bioavailability of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, as with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by the TNF soluble receptor (TNFSR). Approaches that increase endogenous anti-inflammatory signaling may offer additional opportunities for pain therapeutic development in patients not candidates for gene therapy. Promising novel avenues discussed here include the disruption of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) activity, antagonism at the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism. Given the partial efficacy of current drugs, new strategies to manipulate neuroimmune and cytokine interactions hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden G. Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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30
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Castoldi V, Marenna S, d'Isa R, Huang SC, De Battista D, Chirizzi C, Chaabane L, Kumar D, Boschert U, Comi G, Leocani L. Non-invasive visual evoked potentials to assess optic nerve involvement in the dark agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:137-150. [PMID: 31267597 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the primary disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most diffused neurological diseases characterized by fatigue, muscle weakness, vision loss, anxiety and depression. EAE can be induced through injection of myelin peptides to susceptible mouse or rat strains. In particular, EAE elicited by the autoimmune reaction against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) presents the common features of human MS: inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Optic neuritis affects visual pathways in both MS and in several EAE models. Neurophysiological evaluation through visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is useful to check visual pathway dysfunctions and to test the efficacy of innovative treatments against optic neuritis. For this purpose, we investigate the extent of VEP abnormalities in the dark agouti (DA) rat immunized with MOG, which develops a relapsing-remitting disease course. Together with the detection of motor signs, we acquired VEPs during both early and late stages of EAE, taking advantage of a non-invasive recording procedure that allows long follow-up studies. The validation of VEP outcomes was determined by comparison with ON histopathology, aimed at revealing inflammation, demyelination and nerve fiber loss. Our results indicate that the first VEP latency delay in MOG-EAE DA rats appeared before motor deficits and were mainly related to an inflammatory state. Subsequent VEP delays, detected during relapsing EAE phases, were associated with a combination of inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Moreover, DA rats with atypical EAE clinical course tested at extremely late time points, manifested abnormal VEPs although motor signs were mild. Overall, our data demonstrated that non-invasive VEPs are a powerful tool to detect visual involvement at different stages of EAE, prompting their validation as biomarkers to test novel treatments against MS optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Castoldi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marenna
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele d'Isa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Chun Huang
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide De Battista
- INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Chirizzi
- INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Deepak Kumar
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Ares Trading S.A., Affiliate of Merck Serono S.A, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Zhu H, Wang Z, Yu J, Yang X, He F, Liu Z, Che F, Chen X, Ren H, Hong M, Wang J. Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101610. [PMID: 30923023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic treatment for ICH and benefit poorly from this regimen. Inflammatory cytokines are important participants in secondary injury after ICH. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines may aggravate the tissue injury, whereas increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines might be protective in the ICH brain. Inflammatory cytokines have been studied as therapeutic targets in a variety of acute and chronic brain diseases; however, studies on ICH are limited. This review summarizes the roles and functions of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in secondary brain injury after ICH and discusses pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies and directions for treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Jixu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhenchuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Fingolimod reduces neuropathic pain behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1-dependent inhibition of central sensitization in the dorsal horn. Pain 2019; 159:224-238. [PMID: 29140922 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-inflammatory neurodegenerative disease that is often accompanied by a debilitating neuropathic pain. Disease-modifying agents slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis and prevent relapses, yet it remains unclear if they yield analgesia. We explored the analgesic potential of fingolimod (FTY720), an agonist and/or functional antagonist at the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), because it reduces hyperalgesia in models of peripheral inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We used a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35 to 55 (MOG35-55) mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modified to avoid frank paralysis, and thus, allow for assessment of withdrawal behaviors to somatosensory stimuli. Daily intraperitoneal fingolimod reduced behavioral signs of central neuropathic pain (mechanical and cold hypersensitivity) in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Both autoimmune encephalomyelitis and fingolimod changed hyperalgesia before modifying motor function, suggesting that pain-related effects and clinical neurological deficits were modulated independently. Fingolimod also reduced cellular markers of central sensitization of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: glutamate-evoked Ca signaling and stimulus-evoked phospho-extracellular signal-related kinase ERK (pERK) expression, as well as upregulation of astrocytes (GFAP) and macrophage/microglia (Iba1) immunoreactivity. The antihyperalgesic effects of fingolimod were prevented or reversed by the S1PR1 antagonist W146 (1 mg/kg daily, i.p.) and could be mimicked by either repeated or single injection of the S1PR1-selective agonist SEW2871. Fingolimod did not change spinal membrane S1PR1 content, arguing against a functional antagonist mechanism. We conclude that fingolimod behaves as an S1PR1 agonist to reduce pain in multiple sclerosis by reversing central sensitization of spinal nociceptive neurons.
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Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cytokine, Interleukin-35, Reduce Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2326-2346. [PMID: 30651334 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1815-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory problems such as neuropathic pain are common and debilitating symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis, but their role in MS-associated pain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Treg cell ablation is sufficient to trigger experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and facial allodynia in immunized female mice. In EAE-induced female mice, adoptive transfer of Treg cells and spinal delivery of the Treg cell cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) significantly reduced facial stimulus-evoked pain and spontaneous pain independent of disease severity and increased myelination of the facial nociceptive pathway. The effects of intrathecal IL-35 therapy were Treg-cell dependent and associated with upregulated IL-10 expression in CNS-infiltrating lymphocytes and reduced monocyte infiltration in the trigeminal afferent pathway. We present evidence for a beneficial role of Treg cells and IL-35 in attenuating pain associated with EAE independently of motor symptoms by decreasing neuroinflammation and increasing myelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pain is a highly prevalent symptom affecting the majority of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and dramatically affects overall health-related quality of life; however, this is a research area that has been largely ignored. Here, we identify for the first time a role for regulatory T (Treg) cells and interleukin-35 (IL-35) in suppressing facial allodynia and facial grimacing in animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that spinal delivery of Treg cells and IL-35 reduces pain associated with EAE by decreasing neuroinflammation and increasing myelination independently of motor symptoms. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain in EAE and suggest potential treatment strategies for pain relief in MS.
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Zaman RU, Mulla NS, Braz Gomes K, D'Souza C, Murnane KS, D'Souza MJ. Nanoparticle formulations that allow for sustained delivery and brain targeting of the neuropeptide oxytocin. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:698-706. [PMID: 30031864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a promising candidate for the treatment of social-deficit disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, but oxytocin cannot readily pass the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, oxytocin requires frequent dosing as it is rapidly metabolized in blood. We fabricated four polymeric nanoparticle formulations using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the base material. In order to target them to the brain, we then conjugated the materials to either transferrin or rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) as targeting ligands. The formulations were characterized in vitro for size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and release profiles. All formulations showed slightly negative charges and sizes ranging from 100 to 278 nm in diameter, with RVG-conjugated BSA nanoparticles exhibiting the smallest sizes. No formulation was found to be immunogenic or cytotoxic. The encapsulation efficiency was ≥75% for all nanoparticle formulations. Release studies demonstrated that BSA nanoparticle formulation exhibited a faster initial burst of release compared to PLGA particles, in addition to later sustained release. This initial burst release would be favorable for clinical dosing as therapeutic effects could be quickly established, especially in combination with additional sustained release to maintain the therapeutic effects. Our size and release profile data indicate that RVG-conjugated BSA nanoparticles are the most favorable formulation for brain delivery of oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokon Uz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nihal S Mulla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cherilyn D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Sean Murnane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Smith CJ, Allard DE, Wang Y, Howard JF, Montgomery SA, Su MA. IL-10 Paradoxically Promotes Autoimmune Neuropathy through S1PR1-Dependent CD4 + T Cell Migration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1580-1592. [PMID: 29367208 PMCID: PMC5821539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a debilitating condition caused by autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves. CIDP is associated with increased IL-10, a cytokine with well-described anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of IL-10 in CIDP is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-10 paradoxically exacerbates autoimmunity against peripheral nerves. In IL-10-deficient mice, protection from neuropathy was associated with an accrual of highly activated CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes and absence of infiltrating immune cells in peripheral nerves. Accumulated CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes of IL-10-deficient mice expressed lower sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1), a protein important in lymphocyte egress. Additionally, IL-10 stimulation in vitro induced S1pr1 expression in lymph node cells in a STAT3-dependent manner. Together, these results delineate a novel mechanism in which IL-10-induced STAT3 increases S1pr1 expression and CD4+ T cell migration to accelerate T cell-mediated destruction of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin-Jamal Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Denise E Allard
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - James F Howard
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Maureen A Su
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Vanderwall AG, Noor S, Sun MS, Sanchez JE, Yang XO, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. Effects of spinal non-viral interleukin-10 gene therapy formulated with d-mannose in neuropathic interleukin-10 deficient mice: Behavioral characterization, mRNA and protein analysis in pain relevant tissues. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:91-112. [PMID: 29113923 PMCID: PMC5857419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that spinal (intrathecal; i.t.) interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy reverses neuropathic pain in animal models, and co-administration with the mannose receptor (MR; CD206) ligand d-mannose (DM) greatly improves therapeutic efficacy. However, the actions of endogenous IL-10 may be required for enduring pain control observed following i.t. IL-10 gene therapy, potentially narrowing the application of this non-viral transgene delivery approach. Here, we show that i.t. application of naked plasmid DNA expressing the IL-10 transgene co-injected with DM (DM/pDNA-IL-10) for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain in IL-10 deficient (IL-10 KO) mice results in a profound and prolonged bilateral pain suppression. Neuropathic pain is induced by unilateral sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI), and while enduring relief of light touch sensitivity (mechanical allodynia) in both wild type (WT) and IL-10 KO mice was observed following DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy, transient reversal from allodynia was observed following i.t. DM alone. In stably pain-relieved IL-10 KO mice given DM/pDNA-IL-10, mRNA for the IL-10 transgene is detected in the cauda equina and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but not the lumbar spinal cord. Further, DM/pDNA-IL-10 application increases anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 and decreases pro-inflammatory TNF mRNA in the ipsilateral DRG compared to allodynic controls. Additionally, DM/pDNA-IL-10 treated mice exhibit decreased spinal pro-inflammatory mRNA expression for TNF, CCL2 (MCP-1), and for the microglial-specific marker TMEM119. Similarly, DM/pDNA-IL-10 treatment decreases immunoreactivity for the astrocyte activation marker GFAP in lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Despite transient reversal and early return to allodynia in DM-treated mice, lumbar spinal cord revealed elevated TNF, CCL2 and TMEM119 mRNA levels. Both MR (CD206) and IL-10 receptor mRNAs are increased in the DRG following CCI manipulation independent of injection treatment, suggesting that pathological conditions stimulate upregulation and availability of relevant receptors in critical anatomical regions required for the therapeutic actions of the DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy. Taken together, the current report demonstrates that non-viral DM/pDNA-IL-10 gene therapy does not require endogenous IL-10 for enduring relief of peripheral neuropathic pain and does not require direct contact with the spinal cord dorsal horn for robust and enduring relief of neuropathic pain. Spinal non-viral DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy may offer a framework for the development of non-viral gene therapeutic approaches for other diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jacob E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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37
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Insights into the Role of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Mollazadeh H, Cicero AFG, Blesso CN, Pirro M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Immune modulation by curcumin: The role of interleukin-10. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:89-101. [PMID: 28799796 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1358139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by different types of cells with specific effects on cellular signaling and communication via binding to their receptors on the cell surface. IL-10 is known to be a pleiotropic and potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine that is produced by both innate and adaptive immunity cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, and TH1, TH2, and TH17 and regulatory T cells. Both direct and indirect activation of the stress axis promotes IL-10 secretion. IL-10 deregulation plays a role in the development of a large number of inflammatory diseases such as neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergy. Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory compound able to induce the expression and production of IL-10 and enhancing its action on a large number of tissues. In vitro and in pre-clinical models curcumin is able to modulate the disease pathophysiology of conditions such as pain and neurodegenerative diseases, bowel inflammation, and allergy, but also of infections and cancer through its effect on IL-10 secretion. In humans, at least one part of the positive effects of curcumin on health could be related to its ability to enhance IL-10 -mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine , North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences , Bojnurd , Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- b Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Albertoni 15, Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pirro
- d Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- f Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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40
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Biotherapy in Inflammatory Diseases of the CNS: Current Knowledge and Applications. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-017-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Grace PM, Loram LC, Christianson JP, Strand KA, Flyer-Adams JG, Penzkover KR, Forsayeth JR, van Dam AM, Mahoney MJ, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Watkins LR. Behavioral assessment of neuropathic pain, fatigue, and anxiety in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and attenuation by interleukin-10 gene therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:49-54. [PMID: 27189037 PMCID: PMC5108696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is commonly associated with motor impairments, neuropathic pain, fatigue, mood disorders, and decreased life expectancy. However, preclinical pharmacological studies predominantly rely on clinical scoring of motor deficit as the sole behavioral endpoint. Thus, the translational potential of these studies is limited. Here, we have assessed the therapeutic potential of a novel anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) non-viral gene therapy formulation (XT-101-R) in a rat relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. EAE induced motor deficits and neuropathic pain as reflected by induction of low-threshold mechanical allodynia, suppressed voluntary wheel running, decreased social exploration, and was associated with markedly enhanced mortality. We also noted that voluntary wheel running was depressed prior to the onset of motor deficit, and may therefore serve as a predictor of clinical symptoms onset. XT-101-R was intrathecally dosed only once at the onset of motor deficits, and attenuated each of the EAE-induced symptoms and improved survival, relative to vehicle control. This is the first pharmacological assessment of such a broad range of EAE symptoms, and provides support for IL-10 gene therapy as a clinical strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Grace
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lisa C. Loram
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John P. Christianson
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Keith A. Strand
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Johanna G. Flyer-Adams
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Penzkover
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa J. Mahoney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,Xalud Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wolfe D, Krisky D, Goss J, Wechuck J, Mata M, Fink DJ. Translating Gene Therapy for Pain from Animal Studies to the Clinic. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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43
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Male D, Gromnicova R, McQuaid C. Gold Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Transport to the CNS. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 130:155-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Natrajan MS, Komori M, Kosa P, Johnson KR, Wu T, Franklin RJM, Bielekova B. Pioglitazone regulates myelin phagocytosis and multiple sclerosis monocytes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:1071-84. [PMID: 26734659 PMCID: PMC4693592 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Myeloid phagocytes, including blood monocytes recruited to demyelinating lesions, may play a dual role in MS: on one hand, they might enhance CNS damage after differentiating toward a proinflammatory phenotype; on the other, they promote remyelination and repair through effective phagocytosis of myelin debris. We have previously determined that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) plays an important role in monocyte phagocytosis of myelin. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is an RXR binding partner that plays a key role in myeloid cell biology and is targeted by the thiazolidinedione group of antidiabetics such as pioglitazone. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to determine if monocyte functions and differentiation profiles differ in MS patients compared to healthy volunteers (HV) and whether pioglitazone can reverse these differences to promote CNS recovery. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from MS patients and HV (n ≥ 36/group), and their ability to phagocytose myelin and modulate inflammation in the presence/absence of 1 μmol/L pioglitazone (the in vivo achievable concentration) was quantified by flow cytometry, transcriptional profiling, and proteomic assays. RESULTS MS monocytes display impaired phagocytosis of myelin debris and enhanced proinflammatory differentiation. Pioglitazone treatment causes partial normalization of identified monocyte abnormalities in MS and fully reverses the deficit in myelin phagocytosis. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that by inhibiting proinflammatory differentiation of monocytes and enhancing their phagocytosis of myelin, pioglitazone may be a useful adjunct therapy to immunomodulatory agents that target dysregulated adaptive immunity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktha S. Natrajan
- Neuroimmunological Diseases UnitNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Mika Komori
- Neuroimmunological Diseases UnitNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Peter Kosa
- Neuroimmunological Diseases UnitNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Kory R. Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Tianxia Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome Trust‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases UnitNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
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Rodrigues DH, Leles BP, Costa VV, Miranda AS, Cisalpino D, Gomes DA, de Souza DG, Teixeira AL. IL-1β Is Involved with the Generation of Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6540-6547. [PMID: 26614512 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pain is one of the main symptoms of multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects millions of people worldwide. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is considered an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, and besides motor weakness, hypernociception is one of the clinical signs of animals with EAE. In this study, we investigated the influence of some cytokines in the generation of the hypernociceptive response in a mouse model of EAE using MOG35-55. We measured some cytokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), an important anatomical structure involved in pain. We found increased levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and Kc in DRGs of animals with EAE. We used the antibody IL-1ra to antagonize the effects of IL-1β, and animals presented a decrease in the hypernociceptive response. Thus, our results suggest that hypernociception in this experimental model of EAE may be a consequence of the increase in some cytokines in DRGs, especially IL-1β.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics
- NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/metabolism
- Nociception
- Pain/complications
- Pain/genetics
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- TRPV Cation Channels/genetics
- TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David Henrique Rodrigues
- Department of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-campus Governador Valadares, de Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Pereira Leles
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Miranda
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danielle Glória de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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46
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Loram LC, Strand KA, Taylor FR, Sloane E, Van Dam AM, Rieger J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Adenosine 2A receptor agonism: A single intrathecal administration attenuates motor paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalopathy in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:50-4. [PMID: 25653191 PMCID: PMC4447711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A single intrathecal dose of adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist was previously reported to produce a multi-week reversal of allodynia in two different models of neuropathic pain in addition to downregulating glial activation markers in the spinal cord. We aimed to determine whether a single intrathecal administration of an A2AR agonist was able to attenuate motor symptoms induced by experimental autoimmune encephalopathy. Two A2AR agonists (CGS21680 and ATL313) significantly attenuated progression of motor symptoms following a single intrathecal administration at the onset of motor symptoms. OX-42, a marker of microglial activation, was significantly attenuated in the lumbar spinal cord following A2AR administration compared to vehicle. Therefore, A2AR agonists attenuate motor symptoms of EAE by acting on A2AR in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Loram
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Keith A Strand
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frederick R Taylor
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Evan Sloane
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayson Rieger
- Dogwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Forest Labs, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Dept. Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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47
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Kwilasz AJ, Grace PM, Serbedzija P, Maier SF, Watkins LR. The therapeutic potential of interleukin-10 in neuroimmune diseases. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:55-69. [PMID: 25446571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimmune diseases have diverse symptoms and etiologies but all involve pathological inflammation that affects normal central nervous system signaling. Critically, many neuroimmune diseases also involve insufficient signaling/bioavailability of interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine released by immune cells and glia, which drives the regulation of a variety of anti-inflammatory processes. This review will focus on the signaling pathways and function of IL-10, the current evidence for insufficiencies in IL-10 signaling/bioavailability in neuroimmune diseases, as well as the implications for IL-10-based therapies to treating such problems. We will review in detail four pathologies as examples of the common etiologies of such disease states, namely neuropathic pain (nerve trauma), osteoarthritis (peripheral inflammation), Parkinson's disease (neurodegeneration), and multiple sclerosis (autoimmune). A number of methods to increase IL-10 have been developed (e.g. protein administration, viral vectors, naked plasmid DNA, plasmid DNA packaged in polymers to enhance their uptake into target cells, and adenosine 2A agonists), which will also be discussed. In general, IL-10-based therapies have been effective at treating both the symptoms and pathology associated with various neuroimmune diseases, with more sophisticated gene therapy-based methods producing sustained therapeutic effects lasting for several months following a single injection. These exciting results have resulted in IL-10-targeted therapeutics being positioned for upcoming clinical trials for treating neuroimmune diseases, including neuropathic pain. Although further research is necessary to determine the full range of effects associated with IL-10-based therapy, evidence suggests IL-10 may be an invaluable target for the treatment of neuroimmune disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
| | - P M Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - P Serbedzija
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - S F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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48
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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49
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Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PSC. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 49:163-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Day YJ, Liou JT, Lee CM, Lin YC, Mao CC, Chou AH, Liao CC, Lee HC. Lack of interleukin-17 leads to a modulated micro-environment and amelioration of mechanical hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury in mice. Pain 2014; 155:1293-1302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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