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Bataduwaarachchi VR, Hansanie SMN, Rockwood N, D'Cruz LG. Immunomodulatory properties of morphine and the hypothesised role of long-term opioid use in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265511. [PMID: 37942336 PMCID: PMC10628761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence among chronic opioid users. Opioid receptors are found on multiple immune cells and immunomodulatory properties of opioids could be a contributory factor for ensuing immunosuppression and development or reactivation of TB. Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate an immune response against microbial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterial antigens and opioids co-stimulate TLRs 2/4/9 in immune cells, with resulting receptor cross-talk via multiple cytosolic secondary messengers, leading to significant immunomodulatory downstream effects. Blockade of specific immune pathways involved in the host defence against TB by morphine may play a critical role in causing tuberculosis among chronic morphine users despite multiple confounding factors such as socioeconomic deprivation, Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and malnutrition. In this review, we map out immune pathways involved when immune cells are co-stimulated with mycobacterial antigens and morphine to explore a potential immunopathological basis for TB amongst long-term opioid users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipula R. Bataduwaarachchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Research and Innovation Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - SMN Hansanie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Neesha Rockwood
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Gerard D'Cruz
- Research and Innovation Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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2
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Saha A, Kolonin MG, DiGiovanni J. Obesity and prostate cancer - microenvironmental roles of adipose tissue. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:579-596. [PMID: 37198266 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to have important roles in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness and increased mortality. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated for these clinical observations, including effects of diet and lifestyle, systemic changes in energy balance and hormonal regulation and activation of signalling by growth factors and cytokines and other components of the immune system. Over the past decade, research on obesity has shifted towards investigating the role of peri-prostatic white adipose tissue as an important source of locally produced factors that stimulate prostate cancer progression. Cells that comprise white adipose tissue, the adipocytes and their progenitor adipose stromal cells (ASCs), which proliferate to accommodate white adipose tissue expansion in obesity, have been identified as important drivers of obesity-associated cancer progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipocytes are a source of lipids that are used by adjacent prostate cancer cells. However, results of preclinical studies indicate that ASCs promote tumour growth by remodelling extracellular matrix and supporting neovascularization, contributing to the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through paracrine signalling. Because epithelial-mesenchymal transition is associated with cancer chemotherapy resistance and metastasis, ASCs are considered to be potential targets of therapies that could be developed to suppress cancer aggressiveness in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Disease, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Pahan P, Xie JY. Microglial inflammation modulates opioid analgesic tolerance. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1383-1392. [PMID: 37186407 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As we all know, opioids are the drugs of choice for treating severe pain. However, very often, opioid use leads to tolerance, dependence, and hyperalgesia. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance and designing strategies for increasing the efficacy of opioids in chronic pain are important areas of research. Microglia are brain macrophages that remove debris and dead cells from the brain and participate in immune defense of the central nervous system during an insult or injury. However, recent studies indicate that microglial activation and generation of proinflammatory molecules (e.g., cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, etc.) in the brain may contribute to opioid tolerance and other side effects of opioid use. In this review, we will summarize the evidence and possible mechanisms by which proinflammatory molecules produced by activated microglia may antagonize the analgesic effect induced by opioids, and thus, lead to opioid tolerance. We will also delineate specific examples of studies that suggest therapeutic targets to counteract the development of tolerance clinically using suppressors of microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pahan
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
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4
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Karádi DÁ, Galambos AR, Lakatos PP, Apenberg J, Abbood SK, Balogh M, Király K, Riba P, Essmat N, Szűcs E, Benyhe S, Varga ZV, Szökő É, Tábi T, Al-Khrasani M. Telmisartan Is a Promising Agent for Managing Neuropathic Pain and Delaying Opioid Analgesic Tolerance in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7970. [PMID: 37175678 PMCID: PMC10178315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large arsenal of analgesic medications, neuropathic pain (NP) management is not solved yet. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) has been identified as a potential target in NP therapy. Here, we investigate the antiallodynic effect of AT1 blockers telmisartan and losartan, and particularly their combination with morphine on rat mononeuropathic pain following acute or chronic oral administration. The impact of telmisartan on morphine analgesic tolerance was also assessed using the rat tail-flick assay. Morphine potency and efficacy in spinal cord samples of treated neuropathic animals were assessed by [35S]GTPγS-binding assay. Finally, the glutamate content of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured by capillary electrophoresis. Oral telmisartan or losartan in higher doses showed an acute antiallodynic effect. In the chronic treatment study, the combination of subanalgesic doses of telmisartan and morphine ameliorated allodynia and resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve of morphine in the [35S]GTPγS binding assay and increased CSF glutamate content. Telmisartan delayed morphine analgesic-tolerance development. Our study has identified a promising combination therapy composed of telmisartan and morphine for NP and opioid tolerance. Since telmisartan is an inhibitor of AT1 and activator of PPAR-γ, future studies are needed to analyze the effect of each component.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Á. Karádi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Péter P. Lakatos
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.P.L.); (É.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Joost Apenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Sarah K. Abbood
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Mihály Balogh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornél Király
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Pál Riba
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Nariman Essmat
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Zoltán V. Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
| | - Éva Szökő
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.P.L.); (É.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.P.L.); (É.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (D.Á.K.); (A.R.G.); (J.A.); (S.K.A.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (P.R.); (N.E.); (Z.V.V.)
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5
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CircNf1-mediated CXCL12 expression in the spinal cord contributes to morphine analgesic tolerance. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:140-151. [PMID: 36202171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe pain in patients can be alleviated by morphine treatment. However, long-term morphine treatment induces analgesic tolerance and the molecular mechanism of morphine analgesic intolerance is still not fully elucidated. Therefore, a novel target for improving morphine analgesic tolerance is required. Whole-genome sequencing showed that circNf1 is highly expressed in the dorsal horns of morphine-treated rats. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are known to be unique and conserved cellular molecules that are mostly present in cytoplasm and participate in various biochemical processes with different functions. Therefore, we focused on exploring the molecular mechanism by which circNf1 contributes to morphine analgesic tolerance. METHODS CircRNA sequencing revealed differential expression of circRNAs after morphine treatment, and bioinformatics software programs (miRNAda, PicTar, and RNAhybrid) were used to predict possible mRNAs and binding sites. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), western blotting, biotin-coupled probe pull-down assay, luciferase assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were conducted to detect and measure the expression levels of circRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. Intrathecal injections of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA (miRNA) agomirs, and functional virus microinjections were administered to artificially mediate the expression of molecules. Tail immersion and hotplate tests were performed to evaluate morphine analgesic tolerance. RESULTS Morphine-induced circNf1 expression was high in the spinal cord. RIP-PCR and luciferase assay data showed that circNf1 could combine with both miR-330-3p and miR-665, and FISH showed that circNf1 co-localized with miR-330-3p and miR-665. qRT-PCR assay showed downregulation of miR-330-3p and miR-665 in morphine-treated rats; western blotting results showed that CXCL12 increased after morphine treatment, however, the upregulation of CXCL12 could be alleviated after the intrathecal injection of miR-330-3p as well as miR-665 agomir. qRT-PCR indicated that circNf1 can bind to CXCL12 promoter, the increased circNf1 can enhance CXCL12 mRNA in naïve rats, and inhibition of circNf1 can alleviate the upregulation of CXCL12 mRNA in morphine-treated rats. Behavioral tests revealed that inhibition of circNf1 and CXCL12 and the enhancement of miR-330-3p and miR-665 can alleviate morphine analgesic tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a novel pathway that can contribute to morphine analgesic tolerance, the circRNA to cytokine pathway, in which circNf1 functions as a sponge for miR-330-3p and miR-665 and induces the upregulation of CXCL12 at both transcriptional and translational levels in morphine-treated rats.
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6
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Saha A, Hamilton-Reeves J, DiGiovanni J. White adipose tissue-derived factors and prostate cancer progression: mechanisms and targets for interventions. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:649-671. [PMID: 35927363 PMCID: PMC9474694 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents an important risk factor for prostate cancer, driving more aggressive disease, chemoresistance, and increased mortality. White adipose tissue (WAT) overgrowth in obesity is central to the mechanisms that lead to these clinical observations. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs), the progenitors to mature adipocytes and other cell types in WAT, play a vital role in driving PCa aggressiveness. ASCs produce numerous factors, especially chemokines, including the chemokine CXCL12, which is involved in driving EMT and chemoresistance in PCa. A greater understanding of the impact of WAT in obesity-induced progression of PCa and the underlying mechanisms has begun to provide opportunities for developing interventional strategies for preventing or offsetting these critical events. These include weight loss regimens, therapeutic targeting of ASCs, use of calorie restriction mimetic compounds, and combinations of compounds as well as specific receptor targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- Departments of Urology and Dietetics & Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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7
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Inan S, Chen X, Eisenstein EM, Meissler JJ, Geller EB, Tallarida C, Watson M, Doura M, Barrett JE, Cowan A, Rawls SM, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. Chemokine receptor antagonists enhance morphine's antinociceptive effect but not respiratory depression. Life Sci 2021; 285:120014. [PMID: 34619167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We have shown that chemokines injected into the periaqueductal gray region of the brain blocks opioid-induced analgesia in the rat cold-water tail flick test (CWTF). The present experiments tested whether chemokine receptor antagonists (CRAs), in combination with sub-analgesic doses of morphine, would provide maximal analgesia in the CWTF test and the mouse formalin pain assay. The effect of CRAs on respiratory depression was also evaluated. MAIN METHODS One, two or four CRAs (AMD3100/CXCR4, maraviroc/CCR5, RS504393/CCR2 orAZD8797/CX3CR1) were used in combination with sub-analgesic doses of morphine, all given systemically. Pain was assessed using the rat CWTF test or formalin injection into the paw of mice scored by licking. Respiration and oxygen saturation were measured in rats using a MouseOX® Plus - pulse oximeter. KEY FINDINGS In the CWTF test, a sub-maximal dose of morphine in combination with maraviroc alone, maraviroc plus AMD3100, or with the four chemokine receptor antagonists, produced synergistic increases in antinociception. In the formalin test, the combination of four CRAs plus a sub-maximal dose of morphine resulted in increased antinociception in both male and female mice. AMD3100 had an additive effect with morphine in both sexes. Coadministration of CRAs with morphine did not potentiate the opioid respiratory depressive effect. SIGNIFICANCE These results support the conclusion that combinations of CRAs can increase the potency of sub-analgesic doses of morphine analgesia without increasing respiratory depression. The results support an "opioid sparing" strategy for alleviation of pain using reduced doses of opioids in combination with CRAs to achieve maximal analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Eric M Eisenstein
- Departments of Statistical Science and Marketing, Fox School of Business at Temple University,1810 Liacouras Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen B Geller
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Christopher Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mia Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Menahem Doura
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James E Barrett
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Alan Cowan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Martin W Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Hu XM, Yang W, Zhang MT, Du LX, Tian JH, Zhu JY, Chen Y, Hai F, Liu SB, Mao-Ying QL, Chu YX, Zhou H, Wang YQ, Mi WL. Glial IL-33 signaling through an ST2-to-CXCL12 pathway in the spinal cord contributes to morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabe3773. [PMID: 34516755 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Encephalopathy, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, China
| | - Li-Xia Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-He Tian
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Yu Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Hai
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shen-Bin Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Mao-Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Li Mi
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Li Y, Bao Y, Zheng H, Qin Y, Hua B. Can Src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors be combined with opioid analgesics? Src and opioid-induced tolerance, hyperalgesia and addiction. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111653. [PMID: 34243625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of opioids may be accompanied by a series of adverse consequences, such as opioid tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, opioid dependence or addiction. In view of this issue, clinicians are faced with the dilemma of treating various types of pain with or without opioids. In this review, we discuss that Src protein tyrosine kinase plays an important role in these adverse consequences, and Src inhibitors can solve these problems well. Therefore, Src inhibitors have the potential to be used in combination with opioids to achieve synergy. How to combine them together to maximize the analgesic effect while avoiding unnecessary trouble provides a topic for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Mitchell R, Mikolajczak M, Kersten C, Fleetwood-Walker S. ErbB1-dependent signalling and vesicular trafficking in primary afferent nociceptors associated with hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Jiang BC, Liu T, Gao YJ. Chemokines in chronic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Ge MM, Zhou YQ, Tian XB, Manyande A, Tian YK, Ye DW, Yang H. Src-family protein tyrosine kinases: A promising target for treating chronic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were enhancing HIV progression. The majority of experiments administering opioid alkaloids (morphine and heroin) in vivo, or adding these drugs to cell cultures in vitro, showed that they were immunosuppressive. Immunosuppression was reported as down-regulation: of Natural Killer cell activity; of responses of T and B cells to mitogens; of antibody formation in vivo and in vitro; of depression of phagocytic and microbicidal activity of neutrophils and macrophages; of cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes; by sensitization to various infections using animal models; and by enhanced replication of HIV in vitro. The specificity of the receptor involved in the immunosuppression was shown to be the mu opioid receptor (MOR) by using pharmacological antagonists and mice genetically deficient in MOR. Beginning with a paper published in 2005, evidence was presented that morphine is immune-stimulating via binding to MD2, a molecule associated with Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), the receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This concept was pursued to implicate inflammation as a mechanism for the psychoactive effects of the opioid. This review considers the validity of this hypothesis and concludes that it is hard to sustain. The experiments demonstrating immunosuppression were carried out in vivo in rodent strains with normal levels of TLR4, or involved use of cells taken from animals that were wild-type for expression of TLR4. Since engagement of TLR4 is universally accepted to result in immune activation by up-regulation of NF-κB, if morphine were binding to TLR4, it would be predicted that opioids would have been found to be pro-inflammatory, which they were not. Further, morphine is immunosuppressive in mice with a defective TLR4 receptor. Morphine and morphine withdrawal have been shown to permit leakage of Gram-negative bacteria and LPS from the intestinal lumen. LPS is the major ligand for TLR4. It is proposed that an occult variable in experiments where morphine is being proposed to activate TLR4 is actually underlying sepsis induced by the opioid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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14
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Zortea M, Ramalho L, Alves RL, Alves CFDS, Braulio G, Torres ILDS, Fregni F, Caumo W. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Improve the Dysfunction of Descending Pain Modulatory System Related to Opioids in Chronic Non-cancer Pain: An Integrative Review of Neurobiology and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1218. [PMID: 31803005 PMCID: PMC6876542 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioid long-term therapy can produce tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), and it induces dysfunction in pain descending pain inhibitory system (DPIS). Objectives: This integrative review with meta-analysis aimed: (i) To discuss the potential mechanisms involved in analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). (ii) To examine how the opioid can affect the function of DPIS. (ii) To show evidence about the tDCS as an approach to treat acute and chronic pain. (iii) To discuss the effect of tDCS on DPIS and how it can counter-regulate the OIH. (iv) To draw perspectives for the future about the tDCS effects as an approach to improve the dysfunction in the DPIS in chronic non-cancer pain. Methods: Relevant published randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing active (irrespective of the stimulation protocol) to sham tDCS for treating chronic non-cancer pain were identified, and risk of bias was assessed. We searched trials in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane trials databases. tDCS protocols accepted were application in areas of the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or occipital area. Results: Fifty-nine studies were fully reviewed, and 24 with moderate to the high-quality methodology were included. tDCS improved chronic pain with a moderate effect size [pooled standardized mean difference; -0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.91 to -0.41]. On average, active protocols led to 27.26% less pain at the end of treatment compared to sham [95% CI; 15.89-32.90%]. Protocol varied in terms of anodal or cathodal stimulation, areas of stimulation (M1 and DLPFC the most common), number of sessions (from 5 to 20) and current intensity (from 1 to 2 mA). The time of application was 20 min in 92% of protocols. Conclusion: In comparison with sham stimulation, tDCS demonstrated a superior effect in reducing chronic pain conditions. They give perspectives that the top-down neuromodulator effects of tDCS are a promising approach to improve management in refractory chronic not-cancer related pain and to enhance dysfunctional neuronal circuitries involved in the DPIS and other pain dimensions and improve pain control with a therapeutic opioid-free. However, further studies are needed to determine individualized protocols according to a biopsychosocial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxciel Zortea
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ramalho
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rael Lopes Alves
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernanda da Silveira Alves
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Braulio
- Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Service of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Investigations Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pain Treatment and Palliative Medicine Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Opioids are very potent and efficacious drugs, traditionally used for both acute and chronic pain conditions. However, the use of opioids is frequently associated with the occurrence of adverse effects or clinical problems. Other than adverse effects and dependence, the development of tolerance is a significant problem, as it requires increased opioid drug doses to achieve the same effect. Mechanisms of opioid tolerance include drug-induced adaptations or allostatic changes at the cellular, circuitry, and system levels. Dose escalation in long-term opioid therapy might cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which is a state of hypersensitivity to painful stimuli associated with opioid therapy, resulting in exacerbation of pain sensation rather than relief of pain. Various strategies may provide extra-opioid analgesia. There are drugs that may produce independent analgesic effects. A tailored treatment provided by skilled personnel, in accordance with the individual condition, is mandatory. Any treatment aimed at reducing opioid consumption may be indicated in these circumstances. Interventional techniques able to decrease the pain input may allow a decrease in the opioid dose, thus reverting the mechanisms producing tolerance of OIH. Intrathecal therapy with local anesthetics and a sympathetic block are the most common techniques utilized in these circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Mercadante
- Main Regional Center of Supportive/Palliative Care, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy. .,Palliative/Supportive Care and Rehabilitation, MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Bu HL, Xia YZ, Liu PM, Guo HM, Yuan C, Fan XC, Huang C, Wen YY, Kong CL, Wang T, Ma LT, Li XX, Zhang HW, Zhang LR, Ma MY, Ai YQ, Zhang W. The Roles of Chemokine CXCL13 in the Development of Bone Cancer Pain and the Regulation of Morphine Analgesia in Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 406:62-72. [PMID: 30826523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are important regulators of immune, inflammatory, and neuronal responses in peripheral and central pain pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its receptor (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5, CXCR5) involve in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) and the regulation of morphine analgesia in rats. The change of pain behaviors in BCP rats were measured by testing paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). The levels of CXCL13, CXCR5 and signal pathway proteins (p-p38, p-ERK and p-AKT etc.) in the spinal cord were measured via western blots. The expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in spinal cord was increased in BCP rats. The BCP rats showed decrease of PWTs, which was relieved by CXCR5i. Intrathecally injection of murine recombinant CXCL13 (mrCXCL13) decreased the PWTs of BCP rats and opposed morphine-induced analgesia in BCP rats. In BCP rats, the signal pathway proteins (p38, ERK and AKT) in the spinal cord were activated. CXCL13 and morphine had contrary effect on the phosphorylation of these proteins. MrCXCL13 directly increased the levels of p-p38, p-ERK and p-AKT in BCP rats. However, morphine decreased the levels of these proteins in BCP rats. While blocking the activation of p-p38, p-ERK and p-AKT, morphine analgesia was enhanced. These results suggest CXCL13 participated in bone cancer pain and opposed morphine analgesia via p38, ERK and AKT pathways. It may be a target to enhance pain management in cancer pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lian Bu
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pan-Mei Liu
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chang Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Fan
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wen
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Cun-Long Kong
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Le-Tian Ma
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Min-Yu Ma
- Department of Pain management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Yan-Qiu Ai
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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17
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Liu DQ, Zhou YQ, Gao F. Targeting Cytokines for Morphine Tolerance: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:366-376. [PMID: 29189168 PMCID: PMC6482476 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171128144441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its various side effects, morphine has been widely used in clinics for decades due to its powerful analgesic effect. Morphine tolerance is one of the major side effects, hindering its long-term usage for pain therapy. Currently, the thorough cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying morphine tolerance remain largely uncertain. METHODS We searched the PubMed database with Medical subject headings (MeSH) including 'morphine tolerance', 'cytokines', 'interleukin 1', 'interleukin 1 beta', 'interleukin 6', 'tumor necrosis factor alpha', 'interleukin 10', 'chemokines'. Manual searching was carried out by reviewing the reference lists of relevant studies obtained from the primary search. The searches covered the period from inception to November 1, 2017. RESULTS The expression levels of certain chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in animal models of morphine tolerance. Cytokines and cytokine receptor antagonist showed potent effect of alleviating the development of morphine tolerance. CONCLUSION Cytokines play a fundamental role in the development of morphine tolerance. Therapeutics targeting cytokines may become alternative strategies for the management of morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Gao
- Address correspondence to this author at the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Tel: +86 27 83662853; E-mail:
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18
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Proinflammatory Markers, Chemokines, and Enkephalin in Patients Suffering from Dry Eye Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041221. [PMID: 29673232 PMCID: PMC5979502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye symptoms are among the leading complaints in ophthalmology. Dry eye disease (DED) is associated with significant pain affecting quality of life. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ocular pain associated with DED are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the ocular surface of patients with DED using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) to quantify corneal nerve density and its relation with corneal inflammation. Gene expression of the proinflammatory markers HLA-DR, IL-6, CXCL12, and CCL2 and the receptors CXCR4 and CCR2, as well as PENK (enkephalin precursor), was therefore quantified in conjunctival impression cytology specimens. Thirty-two patients with DED and 15 age-matched controls were included. Subbasal nerve density was significantly lower in DED patients compared to controls. IVCM analysis revealed that DED patients had a significantly higher corneal dendritic cell density compared to controls. Conjunctival impression cytology analysis revealed that HLA-DR, IL-6, CXCR4, and CCL2/CCR2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in DED patients compared to controls, whereas PENK mRNA levels were significantly decreased. Similar results were obtained in vitro on immortalized human conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells challenged with osmotic stress that mimics the DED condition. These results demonstrate that proinflammatory molecules and endogenous enkephalin have opposite gene regulation during DED.
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19
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Socodato R, Portugal CC, Rodrigues A, Henriques J, Rodrigues C, Figueira C, Relvas JB. Redox tuning of Ca 2+ signaling in microglia drives glutamate release during hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:137-149. [PMID: 29501565 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, culminating in neuronal damage during brain ischemia. Hypoxia also activates microglia, the myeloid resident cells of the brain parenchyma. Upon activation, microglia release high amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate, contributing for neuronal excitotoxicity during brain insults. Here, we reveal a signaling pathway controlling glutamate release from human microglia during hypoxia. We show that hypoxia-mediated redox imbalance promotes the activation of endoplasmic reticulum inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors leading to Ca2+ mobilization into the cytosol. Increasing cytosolic Ca2+ signaling in microglia activates the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Src at the plasma membrane. Src activation enhances the permeability of microglial gap junctions promoting the release of glutamate during hypoxia. Preventing the hypoxia-triggered redox imbalance, using the dietary antioxidants neochlorogenic acid or vitamin C, inhibits InsP3-dependent Ca2+ signaling and abrogates the release of glutamate. Overall, modulating microglial Ca2+ signaling in response to changes in the redox microenvironment might be critical for controlling glutamate excitotoxicity during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine - Porto campus, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine - Porto campus, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine - Porto campus, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine - Porto campus, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Rodrigues
- Diverge, Grupo Nabeiro Innovation Center, Alameda dos Oceanos 65, 1.1, 1900-208 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Figueira
- Diverge, Grupo Nabeiro Innovation Center, Alameda dos Oceanos 65, 1.1, 1900-208 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine - Porto campus, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Kwiatkowski K, Mika J. The importance of chemokines in neuropathic pain development and opioid analgesic potency. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:821-830. [PMID: 30122168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of neuropathic pain resulting from nervous system malfunction remains a challenging problem for doctors and scientists. The lower effectiveness of conventionally used analgesics in neuropathic pain is associated with complex and not fully understood mechanisms of its development. Undoubtedly, interactions between immune and nervous system are crucial for maintenance of painful neuropathy. Nerve injury induces glial cell activation and thus enhances the production of numerous pronociceptive factors by these cells, including interleukins and chemokines. Increased release of those factors reduces the analgesic efficacy of opioids, which is significantly lower in neuropathic pain than in other painful conditions. This review discusses the role of chemokines from all four subfamilies as essential mediators of neuron-glia interactions occurring under neuropathic pain conditions. Based on available data, we analyse the influence of chemokines on opioid properties. Finally, we identify new direct and indirect pharmacological targets whose modulation may result in effective therapy of neuropathic pain, possibly in combination with opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland.
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21
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Lin CP, Lu DH. Role of Neuroinflammation in Opioid Tolerance: Translational Evidence from Human-to-Rodent Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1099:125-139. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1756-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Src Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Morphine Tolerance without Affecting Reinforcement or Psychomotor Stimulation. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:878-889. [PMID: 28820778 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged opioid administration leads to tolerance characterized by reduced analgesic potency. Pain management is additionally compromised by the hedonic effects of opioids, the cause of their misuse. The multifunctional protein β-arrestin2 regulates the hedonic effects of morphine and participates in tolerance. These actions might reflect µ opioid receptor up-regulation through reduced endocytosis. β-Arrestin2 also recruits kinases to µ receptors. We explored the role of Src kinase in morphine analgesic tolerance, locomotor stimulation, and reinforcement in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Analgesic (tail withdrawal latency; percentage of maximum possible effect, n = 8 to 16), locomotor (distance traveled, n = 7 to 8), and reinforcing (conditioned place preference, n = 7 to 8) effects of morphine were compared in wild-type, µ, µ, and β-arrestin2 mice. The influence of c-Src inhibitors dasatinib (n = 8) and PP2 (n = 12) was examined. RESULTS Analgesia in morphine-treated wild-type mice exhibited tolerance, declining by day 10 to a median of 62% maximum possible effect (interquartile range, 29 to 92%). Tolerance was absent from mice receiving dasatinib. Tolerance was enhanced in µ mice (34% maximum possible effect; interquartile range, 5 to 52% on day 5); dasatinib attenuated tolerance (100% maximum possible effect; interquartile range, 68 to 100%), as did PP2 (91% maximum possible effect; interquartile range, 78 to 100%). By contrast, c-Src inhibition affected neither morphine-evoked locomotor stimulation nor reinforcement. Remarkably, dasatinib not only attenuated tolerance but also reversed established tolerance in µ mice. CONCLUSIONS The ability of c-Src inhibitors to inhibit tolerance, thereby restoring analgesia, without altering the hedonic effect of morphine, makes c-Src inhibitors promising candidates as adjuncts to opioid analgesics.
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23
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Wang W, Peng Y, Yang H, Bu H, Guo G, Liu D, Shu B, Tian X, Luo A, Zhang X, Gao F. Potential role of CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling in the development of morphine tolerance in periaqueductal gray. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:120-127. [PMID: 28755808 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to morphine antinociception hinders its long-term use in clinical practice. Interaction between neuron and microglia has been proved to play critical role in the mechanism of morphine tolerance, while CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling has been implicated in neuron-glia signaling and morphine analgesia. This study aims to investigate whether CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling in periaqueductal gray (PAG) contributes to the development of morphine tolerance by modulating neuron-microglia interaction. The results showed that the expressions of CXCR3 and CXCL10 were gradually increased in parallel with repeated morphine administration and activation of microglia. CXCR3 was co-localized with neuronal marker NeuN, while CXCL10 was derived from microglia. Microglia inhibitor minocycline significantly attenuated the expression of CXCL10, besides, both minocycline and CXCR3 inhibitor alleviated the development of morphine tolerance. Taken together, our study provided the evidence that CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling in PAG is involved in the development of morphine analgesic tolerance via neuron-microglia interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yawen Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huilian Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Genhua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Site-Specific Regulation of P2X7 Receptor Function in Microglia Gates Morphine Analgesic Tolerance. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10154-10172. [PMID: 28924009 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0852-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids is a major problem in chronic pain management. Microglia are implicated in opioid tolerance, but the core mechanisms regulating their response to opioids remain obscure. By selectively ablating microglia in the spinal cord using a saporin-conjugated antibody to Mac1, we demonstrate a causal role for microglia in the development, but not maintenance, of morphine tolerance in male rats. Increased P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activity is a cardinal feature of microglial activation, and in this study we found that morphine potentiates P2X7R-mediated Ca2+ responses in resident spinal microglia acutely isolated from morphine tolerant rats. The increased P2X7R function was blocked in cultured microglia by PP2, a Src family protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We identified Src family kinase activation mediated by μ-receptors as a key mechanistic step required for morphine potentiation of P2X7R function. Furthermore, we show by site-directed mutagenesis that tyrosine (Y382-384) within the P2X7R C-terminus is differentially modulated by repeated morphine treatment and has no bearing on normal P2X7R function. Intrathecal administration of a palmitoylated peptide corresponding to the Y382-384 site suppressed morphine-induced microglial reactivity and preserved the antinociceptive effects of morphine in male rats. Thus, site-specific regulation of P2X7R function mediated by Y382-384 is a novel cellular determinant of the microglial response to morphine that critically underlies the development of morphine analgesic tolerance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Controlling pain is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine and its management is a requirement of a large diversity of illnesses. Although morphine and other opioids offer dramatic and impressive relief of pain, their impact is truncated by loss of efficacy (analgesic tolerance). Understanding why this occurs and how to prevent it are of critical importance in improving pain therapies. We uncovered a novel site (Y382-384) within the P2X7 receptor that can be targeted to blunt the development of morphine analgesic tolerance, without affecting normal P2X7 receptor function. Our findings provide a critical missing mechanistic piece, site-specific modulation by Y382-384, that unifies P2X7R function to the activation of spinal microglia and the development of morphine tolerance.
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Liu X, Liu H, Dai L, Ma B, Ma K. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 elicits analgesic effect and restores the GlyRα3 expression against neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2205-2212. [PMID: 28919816 PMCID: PMC5593393 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s139619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 have been reported to play a critical role in neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. Recently, some reports have implicated this chemokine signaling in the pathogenesis of many kinds of pain. However, its role in neuropathic pain (NP) is still largely unclear. This study explored the distribution and function of CXCR4 in spinal cord (SC) dorsal horn (DH) in a rat L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Methods Rats received repeated intrathecal injection of CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Behavioral assessments were conducted using a traditional “up–down” method. The spinal CXCL12 contents were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expression and distribution of CXCR4 in the SC were determined by immunoflurescence and Western blot. GlyRα3 expressions were also measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence. Results SNL induced CXCL12–CXCR4 activation in the spinal DH. Intrathecal administration of AMD3100 alleviated the chronic NP against SNL (P<0.01). CXCR4 was colocalized with GlyRα3-positive neurons in the spinal DH at ratio >97%. Meanwhile, AMD3100 rescued the decrease of GlyRα3 expression (P<0.01 vs the SNL group on Day 14 and Day 21). Conclusion CXCR4 antagonist can elicit analgesic effects and restore the inhibitory neurotransmission such as GlyRα3 against NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Ma
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Ma
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Lin CP, Kang KH, Tu HJ, Wu MY, Lin TH, Liou HC, Sun WZ, Fu WM. CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Opioid Tolerance: A Translational Study. Anesth Analg 2017; 124:972-979. [PMID: 28212183 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain may lead to analgesic tolerance, especially when administered intrathecally, thus preventing adequate pain relief. Discovering drug targets to treat opioid tolerance using a mechanism-based approach targeting opioid-induced neuroinflammation provides new therapeutic opportunities. In this study, we provide translational evidence that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of opioid tolerance. METHODS The CXCL12 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of opioid-tolerant patients were compared with those of opioid-naive subjects. For further investigation, a rodent translational study was designed using 2 clinically relevant opioid delivery paradigms: daily intraperitoneal morphine injections and continuous intrathecal morphine infusion. We measured rats' tail flick responses and calculated the percentage of maximum possible effects (%MPE) to demonstrate opioid acute antinociception and the development of analgesic tolerance. The effects of exogenous CXCL12, CXCL12 neutralizing antibody, and receptor antagonist AMD3100 were investigated by intrathecal administration. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. RESULTS CXCL12 was significantly upregulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of opioid-tolerant patients for 892 ± 34 pg/mL (n = 27) versus 755 ± 33 pg/mL (n = 10) in naive control subjects (P = .03). Furthermore, after 2 and 5 days of intrathecal morphine infusion, rat lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn CXCL12 messenger RNA levels were significantly upregulated by 3.2 ± 0.7 (P = .016) and 3.4 ± 0.3 (P = .003) fold, respectively. Results from the daily intraperitoneal morphine injection experiments revealed that administering an intrathecal infusion of CXCL12 for 24 hours before the first morphine injection did not decrease antinociception efficacy on day 1 but accelerated tolerance after day 2 (%MPE 49.5% vs 88.1%, P = .0003). In the intrathecal morphine coinfusion experiments, CXCL12 accelerated tolerance development (%MPE 9.4% vs 43.4% on day 1, P < .0001), whereas coadministration with CXCL12 neutralizing antibody attenuated tolerance (72.5% vs 43.4% on day 1, P < .0001; 47.6% vs 17.5% on day 2, P < .0001). Coadministration of receptor antagonist AMD 3100 can persistently preserve morphine analgesic effects throughout the study period (27.9% ± 4.1% vs 0.9% ± 1.6% on day 5, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of opioid tolerance. Our study indicates that intervening with CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling has therapeutic potential for opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Peng Lin
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; †Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; ‡Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan; and §Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in cancer-induced bone pain by activating spinal neurons and glial cells. However, the specific neuronal mechanism of CXCR4 signaling is not clear. We further report that CXCR4 contributes to the activation of the neuronal CaMKII/CREB pathway in cancer-induced bone pain. We used a tumor cell implantation (TCI) model and observed that CXCR4, p-CaMKII and p-CREB were persistently up-regulated in spinal neurons. CXCR4 also co-expressed with p-CaMKII and p-CREB, and mediated p-CaMKII and p-CREB expression after TCI. Intrathecal delivery of CXCR4 siRNA or CaMKII inhibitor AIP2 abrogated TCI-induced pain hypersensitivity and TCI-induced increase in p-CaMKII and p-CREB expression. Intrathecal injection of the principal ligand for CXCR4, SDF-1, promoted p-CaMKII and p-CREB expression in naive rats, which was prevented by post-administration of CXCR4 inhibitor Plerixafor or PLC inhibitor U73122. Plerixafor, U73122, or AIP2 also alleviated SDF-1-elicited pain behaviors. Intrathecal injection of CXCR4 siRNA significantly suppressed TCI-induced up-regulation of NMDAR1 mRNA and protein, which is a known gene target of CREB. Collectively, these results suggest that the CaMKII/CREB pathway in spinal neurons mediates CXCR4-facilitated pain hypersensitivity in cancer rats.
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Abstract
Acute and chronic pain complaints, although common, are generally poorly served by existing therapies. This unmet clinical need reflects a failure to develop novel classes of analgesics with superior efficacy, diminished adverse effects and a lower abuse liability than those currently available. Reasons for this include the heterogeneity of clinical pain conditions, the complexity and diversity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the unreliability of some preclinical pain models. However, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain are beginning to offer opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies and revisiting existing targets, including modulating ion channels, enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Portugal CC, Socodato R, Canedo T, Silva CM, Martins T, Coreixas VSM, Loiola EC, Gess B, Röhr D, Santiago AR, Young P, Minshall RD, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Ambrósio AF, Relvas JB. Caveolin-1-mediated internalization of the vitamin C transporter SVCT2 in microglia triggers an inflammatory phenotype. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/472/eaal2005. [PMID: 28351945 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is essential for the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). The plasma membrane sodium-vitamin C cotransporter 2 (SVCT2) is the primary mediator of vitamin C uptake in neurons. SVCT2 specifically transports ascorbate, the reduced form of vitamin C, which acts as a reducing agent. We demonstrated that ascorbate uptake through SVCT2 was critical for the homeostasis of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS that are essential for proper functioning of the nervous tissue. We found that depletion of SVCT2 from the plasma membrane triggered a proinflammatory phenotype in microglia and resulted in microglia activation. Src-mediated phosphorylation of caveolin-1 on Tyr14 in microglia induced the internalization of SVCT2. Ascorbate treatment, SVCT2 overexpression, or blocking SVCT2 internalization prevented the activation of microglia. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of the ascorbate transport system for microglial homeostasis and hints that dysregulation of ascorbate transport might play a role in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Canedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Martins
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vivian S M Coreixas
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Outeiro São João Batista, 24020-971 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick C Loiola
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Outeiro São João Batista, 24020-971 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Röhr
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ana R Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Outeiro São João Batista, 24020-971 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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The dark side of opioids in pain management: basic science explains clinical observation. Pain Rep 2016; 1:e570. [PMID: 29392193 PMCID: PMC5741356 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is no doubt about opioids' ability to relieve pain in the short term, it is not always clear why longer-term analgesic efficacy seems to be impaired. Tolerance and hyperalgesia have been suggested as mechanisms for opioid analgesic deterioration. But could there also be an effect of opioids on pain itself? Introduction: In the past 2 decades, opioids have been used increasingly for the treatment of persistent pain, and doses have tended to creep up. As basic science elucidates mechanisms of pain and analgesia, the cross talk between central pain and opioid actions becomes clearer. Objectives: We aimed to examine the published literature on basic science explaining pronociceptive opioid actions, and apply this knowledge to clinical observation. Methods: We reviewed the existing literature on the pronociceptive actions of opioids, both preclinical and clinical studies. Results: Basic science provides a rationale for the clinical observation that opioids sometimes increase rather than decrease pain. Central sensitization (hyperalgesia) underlies pain chronification, but can also be produced by high dose and high potency opioids. Many of the same mechanisms account for both central pain and opioid hyperalgesia. Conclusion: Newly revealed basic mechanisms suggest possible avenues for drug development and new drug therapies that could alter pain sensitization through endogenous and exogenous opioid mechanisms. Recent changes in practice such as the introduction of titration-to-effect for opioids have resulted in higher doses used in the clinic setting than ever seen previously. New basic science knowledge hints that these newer dosing practices may need to be reexamined. When pain worsens in a patient taking opioids, can we be assured that this is not because of the opioids, and can we alter this negative effect of opioids through different dosing strategies or new drug intervention?
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Roeckel LA, Le Coz GM, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Simonin F. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Neuroscience 2016; 338:160-182. [PMID: 27346146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids produce strong analgesia but their use is limited by a paradoxical hypersensitivity named opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) that may be associated to analgesic tolerance. In the last decades, a significant number of preclinical studies have investigated the factors that modulate OIH development as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying OIH. Several factors have been shown to influence OIH including the genetic background and sex differences of experimental animals as well as the opioid regimen. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) variants and interactions of MOR with different proteins were shown important. Furthermore, at the cellular level, both neurons and glia play a major role in OIH development. Several neuronal processes contribute to OIH, like activation of neuroexcitatory mechanisms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and descending pain facilitation. Increased nociception is also mediated by neuroinflammation induced by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Neurons and glial cells exert synergistic effects, which contribute to OIH. The molecular actors identified include the Toll-like receptor 4 and the anti-opioid systems as well as some other excitatory molecules, receptors, channels, chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines or lipids. This review summarizes the intracellular and intercellular pathways involved in OIH and highlights some mechanisms that may be challenged to limit OIH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Roeckel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Glenn-Marie Le Coz
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Claire Gavériaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Qiu F, Li Y, Fu Q, Fan YY, Zhu C, Liu YH, Mi WD. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 Increases Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Currents Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons via Different Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1587-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Luo X, Tai WL, Sun L, Pan Z, Xia Z, Chung SK, Cheung CW. Crosstalk between astrocytic CXCL12 and microglial CXCR4 contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916636385. [PMID: 27030717 PMCID: PMC4956184 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916636385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine axis chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCL12/CXCR4) is an emerging pain modulator, but mechanisms for its involvement in neuropathic pain remain unclear. Here, we aimed to study whether CXCL12/CXCR4 axis modulated the development of neuropathic pain via glial mechanisms. In this study, two mouse models of neuropathic pain, namely partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) model and chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) model, were used. RESULTS In the dorsal horn of L3-L5 segment of spinal cord, CXCL12 and CXCR4 were expressed in both astrocyte and microglia in normal mice. In the pSNL or CPIP model, the expression level of CXCL12 in the ipsilateral L3-L5 segment of mice spinal cord was increased in an astrocyte-dependent manner on post-operative day (POD) 3. Intrathecal administration of CXCL12 with AMD3100 (CXCR4 antagonist) or minocycline (microglia activation inhibitor), but not fluorocitrate (astrocyte activation inhibitor), reversed CXCL12-indued mechanical allodynia in naïve mice. In these models, AMD3100 and AMD3465 (CXCR4 antagonist), administered daily from 1 h before surgery and up to POD 3, attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia. Moreover, AMD3100 administered daily from 1 h before surgery and up to POD 3 downregulated mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in the ipsilateral L3-L5 segment of spinal cord in the pSNL and CPIP models on POD 3. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the crosstalk between astrocytic CXCL12 and microglial CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain using pSNL and CPIP models. Our results offer insights for the future research on CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and neuropathic pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai L Tai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Liting Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Luo X, Wang X, Xia Z, Chung SK, Cheung CW. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis: an emerging neuromodulator in pathological pain. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:83-92. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe roles of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) reveal this chemokine axis as an emerging neuromodulator in the nervous system. In the peripheral and central nervous systems, both CXCL12 and CXCR4 are expressed in various kinds of nociceptive structures, and CXCL12/CXCR4 axis possesses pronociceptive property. Recent studies have demonstrated its critical roles in the development and maintenance of pathological pain, and both neuronal and glial mechanisms are involved in this CXCL12/CXCR4 axis-mediated pain processing. In this review, we summarize the recent development of the roles and mechanisms of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the pathogenesis of chronic pain by sciatic nerve injury, human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, spinal cord injury, bone cancer, opioid tolerance, or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The potential targeting of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as an effective and broad-spectrum pharmacological approach for chronic pain therapy was also discussed.
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Grace PM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Opioid-induced central immune signaling: implications for opioid analgesia. Headache 2015; 55:475-89. [PMID: 25833219 DOI: 10.1111/head.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being the mainstay of pain management, opioids are limited in their clinical utility by adverse effects, such as tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia. Research of the past 15 years has extended beyond neurons, to implicate central nervous system immune signaling in these adverse effects. This article will provide an overview of these central immune mechanisms in opioid tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia, including those mediated by Toll-like receptor 4, purinergic, ceramide, and chemokine signaling. Challenges for the future, as well as new lines of investigation will be highlighted.
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37
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Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Rivat C, Rostène W, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Opioid and chemokine receptor crosstalk: a promising target for pain therapy? Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:69-78. [PMID: 25588373 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and opioids are important regulators of immune, inflammatory and neuronal responses in peripheral and central pain pathways. Recent studies have provided insights into the functional interactions between chemokine receptors and opioid receptors, and their role in pain modulation. In this Progress article, we discuss how crosstalk between these two systems might provide a molecular and cellular framework for the development of novel analgesic therapies for the management of acute and/or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Rivat
- Université de Montpellier 2, F-34091, Montpellier, France; and INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - William Rostène
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
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38
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Sapienza A, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Rostène W, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S. [Chemokines and attraction of myeloid cells in peripheral neuropathic pains]. Biol Aujourdhui 2014; 208:31-44. [PMID: 24948017 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/20140011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain has become a real social issue, due to the difficulty of its treatment and by the major impairment to quality of life that it causes in every day behavior. Understanding neurobiological basis and pathophysiological causes of diverse painful syndromes constantly evolves and reports the complexity of its mechanisms. Unfortunately this complexity makes it difficult to discover effective treatments against chronic pain syndromes, in particular as regards peripheral neuropathic pains. Recent studies reveal that, during chronic peripheral neuropathy, inflammatory mediators (in particular chemokines), besides their implications in the modulation of nociceptive messages and central neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play a critical role in the orchestration of the immune response induced by a peripheral nerve lesion. In this review, after a brief introduction about chemokines and their role in neuromodulation of the nociceptive message, we will attempt to define their functions and implications in the immune response associated to peripheral neuropathies. Thus, perfectly understanding the molecular and cellular communications between the nervous system and the immune system will be useful for the future development of novel and innovative therapeutic strategies against these highly disabling pathologies.
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Mattioli TA, Leduc-Pessah H, Skelhorne-Gross G, Nicol CJB, Milne B, Trang T, Cahill CM. Toll-like receptor 4 mutant and null mice retain morphine-induced tolerance, hyperalgesia, and physical dependence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97361. [PMID: 24824631 PMCID: PMC4019634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system modulates opioid-induced effects within the central nervous system and one target that has received considerable attention is the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here, we examined the contribution of TLR4 in the development of morphine tolerance, hyperalgesia, and physical dependence in two inbred mouse strains: C3H/HeJ mice which have a dominant negative point mutation in the Tlr4 gene rendering the receptor non-functional, and B10ScNJ mice which are TLR4 null mutants. We found that neither acute antinociceptive response to a single dose of morphine, nor the development of analgesic tolerance to repeated morphine treatment, was affected by TLR4 genotype. Likewise, opioid induced hyperalgesia and opioid physical dependence (assessed by naloxone precipitated withdrawal) were not altered in TLR4 mutant or null mice. We also examined the behavioural consequence of two stereoisomers of naloxone: (-) naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, and (+) naloxone, a purported antagonist of TLR4. Both stereoisomers of naloxone suppressed opioid induced hyperalgesia in wild-type control, TLR4 mutant, and TLR4 null mice. Collectively, our data suggest that TLR4 is not required for opioid-induced analgesic tolerance, hyperalgesia, or physical dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Leduc-Pessah
- Departments of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham Skelhorne-Gross
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J. B. Nicol
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Milne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Departments of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Cahill
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Eijkelkamp N. Losing touch with opioids: New insights into a chemokine signaling cascade controlling morphine analgesia. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:36-7. [PMID: 24495526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Eijkelkamp
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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