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Ma Y, Qiao Y, Gao X. Potential role of hippocampal neurogenesis in spinal cord injury induced post-trauma depression. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2144-2156. [PMID: 38488549 PMCID: PMC11034606 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been reported both in clinic and rodent models that beyond spinal cord injury directly induced symptoms, such as paralysis, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, and loss of sexual function, there are a variety of secondary complications, including memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. The large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that post-trauma depression is highly prevalent in spinal cord injury patients. Yet, few basic studies have been conducted to address the potential molecular mechanisms. One of possible factors underlying the depression is the reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis which may come from less physical activity, social isolation, chronic pain, and elevated neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury. However, there is no clear consensus yet. In this review, we will first summarize the alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis post-spinal cord injury. Then, we will discuss possible mechanisms underlie this important spinal cord injury consequence. Finally, we will outline the potential therapeutic options aimed at enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis to ameliorate depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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DeVeaux SA, Vyshnya S, Propsom K, Gbotosho OT, Singh AS, Horning RZ, Sharma M, Jegga AG, Niu L, Botchwey EA, Hyacinth HI. Neuroinflammation underlies the development of social stress induced cognitive deficit in sickle cell disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577074. [PMID: 38328164 PMCID: PMC10849745 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive deficit is a debilitating complication of SCD with multifactorial pathobiology. Here we show that neuroinflammation and dysregulation in lipidomics and transcriptomics profiles are major underlying mechanisms of social stress-induced cognitive deficit in SCD. Townes sickle cell (SS) mice and controls (AA) were exposed to social stress using the repeat social defeat (RSD) paradigm concurrently with or without treatment with minocycline. Mice were tested for cognitive deficit using novel object recognition (NOR) and fear conditioning (FC) tests. SS mice exposed to RSD without treatment had worse performance on cognitive tests compared to SS mice exposed to RSD with treatment or to AA controls, irrespective of their RSD or treatment disposition. Additionally, compared to SS mice exposed to RSD with treatment, SS mice exposed to RSD without treatment had significantly more cellular evidence of neuroinflammation coupled with a significant shift in the differentiation of neural progenitor cells towards astrogliogenesis. Additionally, brain tissue from SS mice exposed to RSD was significantly enriched for genes associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction, neuron excitotoxicity, inflammation, and significant dysregulation in sphingolipids important to neuronal cell processes. We demonstrate in this study that neuroinflammation and lipid dysregulation are potential underlying mechanisms of social stress-related cognitive deficit in SS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S’Dravious A. DeVeaux
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sofiya Vyshnya
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Propsom
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Oluwabukola T. Gbotosho
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Asem S. Singh
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Z. Horning
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mihika Sharma
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Liang Niu
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edward A. Botchwey
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyacinth I. Hyacinth
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Xia Y, Wehrli J, Abivardi A, Hostiuc M, Kleim B, Bach DR. Attenuating human fear memory retention with minocycline: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:28. [PMID: 38233395 PMCID: PMC10794420 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pavlovian fear conditioning is widely used as a pre-clinical model to investigate methods for prevention and treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders. In this model, fear memory consolidation is thought to require synaptic remodeling, which is induced by signaling cascades involving matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Here we investigated the effect of the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, an inhibitor of MMP-9, on fear memory retention. We conducted a pre-registered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in N = 105 healthy humans (N = 70 female), using a configural fear conditioning paradigm. We administered a single dose of minocycline before configural fear memory acquisition and assessed fear memory retention seven days later in a recall test. To index memory retention, we pre-registered fear-potentially startle (FPS) as our primary outcome, and pupil dilation as the secondary outcome. As control indices of memory acquisition, we analyzed skin conductance responses (SCR) and pupil dilation. We observed attenuated retention of configural fear memory in individuals treated with minocycline compared to placebo, as measured by our primary outcome. In contrast, minocycline did not affect fear memory acquisition or declarative contingency memory. Our findings provide in-vivo evidence for the inhibition of fear memory consolidation by minocycline. This could motivate further research into primary prevention, and given the short uptake time of minocycline, potentially also secondary prevention of PTSD after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Xia
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jelena Wehrli
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aslan Abivardi
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madalina Hostiuc
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging & Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
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Šimončičová E, Henderson Pekarik K, Vecchiarelli HA, Lauro C, Maggi L, Tremblay MÈ. Adult Neurogenesis, Learning and Memory. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:221-242. [PMID: 39207695 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Neural plasticity can be defined as the ability of neural circuits to be shaped by external and internal factors. It provides the brain with a capacity for functional and morphological remodelling, with many lines of evidence indicating that these changes are vital for learning and memory formation. The basis of this brain plasticity resides in activity- and experience-driven modifications of synaptic strength, including synaptic formation, elimination or weakening, as well as of modulation of neuronal population, which drive the structural reorganization of neural networks. Recent evidence indicates that brain-resident glial cells actively participate in these processes, suggesting that mechanisms underlying plasticity in the brain are multifaceted. Establishing the 'tripartite' synapse, the role of astrocytes in modulating synaptic transmission in response to neuronal activity was recognized first. Further redefinition of the synapse as 'quad-partite' followed to acknowledge the contribution of microglia which were revealed to affect numerous brain functions via dynamic interactions with synapses, acting as 'synaptic sensors' that respond to neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, as well as crosstalk with astrocytes. Early studies identified microglial ability to dynamically survey their local brain environment and established their integral role in the active interfacing of environmental stimuli (both internal and external), with brain plasticity and remodelling. Following the introduction to neurogenesis, this chapter details the role that microglia play in regulating neurogenesis in adulthood, specifically as it relates to learning and memory, as well as factors involved in modulation of microglia. Further, a microglial perspective is introduced for the context of environmental enrichment impact on neurogenesis, learning and memory across states of stress, ageing, disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Myers SJ, Agapova V, Patel SV, Hayes SH, Sposato LA, Allman BL, Whitehead SN. Acute minocycline treatment inhibits microglia activation, reduces infarct volume, and has domain-specific effects on post-ischemic stroke cognition in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 455:114680. [PMID: 37742808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke affects millions of individuals worldwide and a high prevalence of survivors experience cognitive deficits. At present, the underlying mechanisms that drive post-stroke cognitive decline are not well understood. Microglia play a critical role in the post-stroke inflammatory response, but experimental studies show that an accumulation of chronically activated microglia can be harmful and associates with cognitive impairment. This study assessed the effect of acute post-stroke minocycline treatment on chronic microglia and astrocyte expression within the infarct and remote white matter regions, as well as its effect on various domains of cognitive function post-stroke. Nine-month-old male rats received an injection of endothelin-1 into the right dorsal striatum to induce transient focal ischemia, and then were treated with minocycline or saline for 4 days post-stroke. Rats were tested using a series of lever-pressing tasks and the Morris water maze to assess striatal-based learning, cognitive flexibility, and spatial learning and reference memory. We found that minocycline-treated rats had smaller stroke-induced infarcts and less microglia activation in the infarct area and remote white matter regions compared to saline-treated rats at 28 days post-stroke. The behavioural testing results differed according to the cognitive domain; whereas minocycline-treated rats trended towards improved striatal-based learning in a lever-pressing task, but cognitive flexibility was unaffected during the subsequent set-shifting task. Furthermore, minocycline treatment unexpectedly impaired spatial learning, yet it did not alter reference memory. Collectively, we show that post-stroke minocycline treatment can reduce chronic microglia activation even in remote brain regions, with domain-specific effects on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Myers
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - V Agapova
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S V Patel
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S H Hayes
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - L A Sposato
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - B L Allman
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Minocycline treatment improves cognitive and functional plasticity in a preclinical mouse model of major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114295. [PMID: 36641083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and potentially life-threatening illness, which affects over 300 million people worldwide. MDD affects not only the emotional and social domains but also cognition. However, the currently available treatments targeting cognitive deficits in MDD are limited. Minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties recently identified as a potential antidepressant, has been shown to attenuate learning and memory deficits in animal models of cognitive impairment. Here, we explored whether minocycline recovers the deficits in cognition in a mouse model of depression. C57BL6/J adult male mice were exposed to two weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress to induce a depressive-like phenotype. Immediately afterward, mice received either vehicle or minocycline for three weeks in standard housing conditions. We measured anhedonia as a depressive-like response, and place learning to assess cognitive abilities. We also recorded long-term potentiation (LTP) as an index of hippocampal functional plasticity and ran immunohistochemical assays to assess microglial proportion and morphology. After one week of treatment, cognitive performance in the place learning test was significantly improved by minocycline, as treated mice displayed a higher number of correct responses when learning novel spatial configurations. Accordingly, minocycline-treated mice displayed higher LTP compared to controls. However, after three weeks of treatment, no difference between treated and control animals was found for behavior, neural plasticity, and microglial properties, suggesting that minocycline has a fast but short effect on cognition, without lasting effects on microglia. These findings together support the usefulness of minocycline as a potential treatment for cognitive impairment associated with MDD.
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7
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Tang XQ, Liao RY, Zheng LJ, Yang LL, Ma ZL, Yi C, Liu J, Liu JC, Kuang YJ, Cai HA, Huang L. Aerobic exercise reverses the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome/5-HT pathway by upregulating irisin to alleviate post-stroke depression. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1350. [PMID: 36660693 PMCID: PMC9843332 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common and serious sequelae of stroke. The pathogenesis of PSD involves both psychosocial and biological mechanisms, and aerobic exercise is a potential therapeutic target. We conducted an in-depth exploration of the protective mechanisms of aerobic exercise in a PSD mouse model. Methods In this study, C57BL/6 mice were used as the research objects, and a PSD mouse model was established by combining middle cerebral artery occlusion and chronic unpredictable mild stimulation. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, adeno-associated virus microinjection technology, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and western blotting were performed. A moderate-load treadmill exercise was used for aerobic exercise intervention. The moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training method adopted 0 slopes and treadmill adaptation training for 5 days. We verified the effects of aerobic exercise on the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain--like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway. Results Aerobic exercise effectively alleviated the neurological damage caused by PSD (P<0.01). The results from the PSD mouse model in vivo were consistent with those of the cell experiments. Moreover, overexpression of irisin improves depression-like behavior in PSD mice. We confirmed that aerobic exercise is involved in PSD through 5-HT, which inhibits NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome initiation through irisin and alleviates mitochondrial damage under stress by reducing calcium overload, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions Aerobic exercise reversed the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome/5-HT pathway by upregulating irisin expression to alleviate PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Ruo-Yi Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Jun Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Chan Yi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Can Liu
- College of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Jin Kuang
- College of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hua-An Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
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Amirahmadi S, Farimani FD, Akbarian M, Mirzavi F, Eshaghi Ghalibaf MH, Rajabian A, Hosseini M. Minocycline attenuates cholinergic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation-mediated cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's rat model. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2385-2397. [PMID: 36138304 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline-derived antibiotic, has various pharmacological effect such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic effects. The current study investigated the involvement of neuro-inflammatory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic markers in neuroprotection by minocycline against scopolamine-induced brain damage. METHODS Minocycline was administered (oral, 10, 15, and 30 mg/kg, daily) to groups of amnesic rats for 21 days. Passive avoidance memory and spatial learning and memory were assessed. Following that, oxidative stress, cholinergic function, and neuro-inflammation markers were evaluated in the brain tissue. RESULTS According to our biochemical data, treatment of the scopolamine-injured rats with minocycline decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as mRNA expression of AChE and neuro-inflammation markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6). It also increased the total thiol levels and superoxide dismutase activity as well as mRNA expression of cholinergic receptor M1 (ChRM1). Moreover, minocycline modified distance and latencies in Morris water maze, prolonged latency to enter the black zone and light time while decreasing time spent and frequency of entries to darkness. CONCLUSION Taken together, the data indicate that treatment with minocycline improved memory dysfunction mediated possibly through restoring AChE and ChRM1 levels, oxidant/antioxidant balance, as well as inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiheh Amirahmadi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahsan Akbarian
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Mirzavi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhao Y, Wang C, He W, Cai Z. Ameliorating Alzheimer's-like Pathology by Minocycline via Inhibiting Cdk5/p25 Signaling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1783-1792. [PMID: 34856907 PMCID: PMC9881058 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211202124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minocycline has multiple neuroprotective roles in abundant brain diseases, including the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cdk5/p25 signaling plays an important role in the onset and development of Alzheimer's-like pathology. The aim of the present work was to further explore the underlying mechanism which minocycline effects on Cdk5/p25 signaling related to Alzheimer's-like pathology. METHODS The cognitive function of animals was measured by the Morris water maze test. The levels of Aβ were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of APP, β- and γ- secretases, and the biomarkers of tau (total tau and hyperphosphorylated tau), inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and biomarkers of synapse and Cdk5/p25 signaling, were detected by the Western blotting. The biomarkers of the synapse, inflammatory cytokine, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were also determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Minocycline improved learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. It limited the production of Aβ and hyperphosphorylation of tau in the hippocampus and ameliorated synaptic deficit. Moreover, it also inhibited the activation of Cdk5/p25 signaling, inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinases. CONCLUSION Minocycline mitigates Alzheimer's-like pathology via limiting the activation of Cdk5/p25 signaling pathway and improves cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China. 400013, Tel: +86-23-63515796; Fax: +86-23-63515796; E-mail: , Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 518112; Tel: +86-755- 61238932l; Fax: +86- 755-61238928; E-mail:
| | - Chuanling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China; ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China; ,Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China; ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China. 400013, Tel: +86-23-63515796; Fax: +86-23-63515796; E-mail: , Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 518112; Tel: +86-755- 61238932l; Fax: +86- 755-61238928; E-mail:
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10
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Neuroprotective Properties of Minocycline Against Methylphenidate-Induced Neurodegeneration: Possible Role of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 Signaling Pathways in Rat Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:689-713. [PMID: 35446003 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a side effect of methylphenidate (MPH), and minocycline possesses neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of minocycline against methylphenidate-induced neurodegeneration mediated by signaling pathways of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3. Seven groups of seventy male rats were randomly distributed in seven groups (n = 10). Group 1 received 0.7 ml/rat of normal saline (i.p.), and group 2 was treated with MPH (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were simultaneously administered MPH (10 mg/kg) and minocycline (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days. Minocycline alone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated to group 7. Open field test (OFT) (on day 22), forced swim test (FST) (on day 24), and elevated plus maze (on day 26) were conducted to analyze the mood-related behaviors; hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic parameters, as well as the levels of protein kinase B (Akt-1), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were also assessed. Furthermore, localization of total CREB, Akt, and GSK3 in the DG and CA1 areas of the hippocampus were measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histological changes in the mentioned areas were also evaluated. Minocycline treatment inhibited MPH-induced mood disorders and decreased lipid peroxidation, oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Bax, and GSK3 levels. In the contrary, it increased the levels of reduced form of glutathione (GSH), Bcl-2, CREB, BDNF, and Akt-1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the experimental animals' hippocampus. IHC data showed that minocycline also improved the localization and expression of CREB and Akt positive cells and decreased the GSK3 positive cells in the DG and CA1 regions of the hippocampus of MPH-treated rats. Minocycline also inhibited MPH-induced changes of hippocampal cells' density and shape in both DG and CA1 areas of the hippocampus. According to obtained data, it can be concluded that minocycline probably via activation of the P-CREB/BDNF or Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway can confer its neuroprotective effects against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Shahid Hemmat High way, Iran Univ. Med. Sci., P.O. Box 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Shahid Hemmat High way, Iran Univ. Med. Sci., P.O. Box 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat High way, Iran Univ. Med. Sci., P.O. Box 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Connolly MG, Potter OV, Sexton AR, Kohman RA. Effects of Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition on spatial memory and cell proliferation in male and female adult and aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:383-393. [PMID: 34343615 PMCID: PMC8453097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in the response to infection, stress, and injury by initiating an innate immune response. In addition, these receptors are expressed in many neural cell types and under physiological conditions are implicated in modulating cognitive function and neural plasticity in the adult and aged brain. Knockout of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) subtype enhances spatial memory and adult hippocampal neurogenesis through increasing proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Currently unknown is whether pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 produces similar enhancements in cognitive function and cell proliferation. The present study evaluated water maze performance, cytokine expression, and cell proliferation in the hippocampus of young and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice following treatment with the TLR4 antagonist, TAK-242. Further, alterations in the response to an acute stressor were evaluated in TAK-242-treated mice. Results showed that TAK-242 selectively enhanced spatial learning and memory in young females. Additionally, TAK-242 treatment reduced thigmotaxis in the water maze and lowered corticosterone levels following acute stress in females. TAK-242 decreased hippocampal interleukin (IL)-1β expression but had no effect on IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Aged mice showed decreased cell proliferation compared to young mice, but TAK-242 administration had minimal effects on estimated Ki67 positive cell numbers. Findings indicate that pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 improves cognitive function in young females likely through attenuating stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan G. Connolly
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Opal V. Potter
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Ashley R. Sexton
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Rachel A. Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA
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12
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Kotah JM, Hoeijmakers L, Nutma E, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early-life stress does not alter spatial memory performance, hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, or telomere length in 20-month-old male mice. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100379. [PMID: 34430678 PMCID: PMC8369064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ES) increases the risk for psychopathology and cognitive decline later in life. Because the neurobiological substrates affected by ES (i.e., cognition, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation) are also altered in aging, we set out to investigate if and how ES in the first week of life affects these domains at an advanced age, and how ES modulates the aging trajectory per se. We subjected C57BL/6j mice to an established ES mouse model from postnatal days 2–9. Mice underwent behavioral testing at 19 months of age and were sacrificed at 20 months to investigate their physiology, hippocampal neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and telomere length. ES mice, as a group, did not perform differently from controls in the open field or Morris water maze (MWM). Hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic marker gene expression were not different in ES mice at this age. While we find aging-associated alterations to neuroinflammatory gene expression and telomere length, these were unaffected by ES. When integrating the current data with those from our previously reported 4- and 10-month-old cohorts, we conclude that ES leads to a ‘premature’ shift in the aging trajectory, consisting of early changes that do not further worsen at the advanced age of 20 months. This could be explained e.g. by a ‘floor’ effect in ES-induced impairments, and/or age-induced impairments in control mice. Future studies should help understand how exactly ES affects the overall aging trajectory. Early-life stress (ES) exposure does not worsen water maze learning in aged male mice. ES does not affect brain plasticity markers at 20 months of age. Hippocampal telomere length is reduced by aging but unaffected by ES. ES leads to a premature aging trajectory that does not worsen with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janssen M Kotah
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Sefiani A, Geoffroy CG. The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682259. [PMID: 34220440 PMCID: PMC8249862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are approximately 291,000 people suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. SCI is associated with traumatic changes in mobility and neuralgia, as well as many other long-term chronic health complications, including metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Due to medical advances, patients with SCI survive much longer than previously. This increase in life expectancy exposes them to novel neurological complications such as memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these usually age-associated disorders are more prevalent in people living with SCI. A common factor of these disorders is the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Inflammation, which is elevated after SCI, plays a major role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. While there is no clear consensus on the mechanism of the decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition after SCI, we will examine in this review how SCI-induced inflammation could modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and provoke age-associated neurological disorders. Thereafter, we will discuss possible therapeutic options which may mitigate the influence of SCI associated complications on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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14
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Haan N, Westacott LJ, Carter J, Owen MJ, Gray WP, Hall J, Wilkinson LS. Haploinsufficiency of the schizophrenia and autism risk gene Cyfip1 causes abnormal postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis through microglial and Arp2/3 mediated actin dependent mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:313. [PMID: 34031371 PMCID: PMC8144403 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors can significantly increase chances of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biological processes through which this risk is effected remain largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1, a candidate risk gene present in the pathogenic 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion may impact on psychopathology via abnormalities in cell survival and migration of newborn neurons during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 leads to increased numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons due to reduced apoptosis, without altering proliferation. We show this is due to a cell autonomous failure of microglia to induce apoptosis through the secretion of the appropriate factors, a previously undescribed mechanism. Furthermore, we show an abnormal migration of adult-born neurons due to altered Arp2/3 mediated actin dynamics. Together, our findings throw new light on how the genetic risk candidate Cyfip1 may influence the hippocampus, a brain region with strong evidence for involvement in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intercranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Liu L, Wang EQ, Du C, Chen HS, Lv Y. Minocycline alleviates Gulf War Illness rats via altering gut microbiome, attenuating neuroinflammation and enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113366. [PMID: 34000339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that deficits in neurogenesis, chronic inflammation and gut microbiome dysregulation contribute to the pathophysiology of Gulf War Illness (GWI). Minocycline has been demonstrated to be a potent neuroprotective agent and could regulate neuroinflammation. The present study intends to investigate whether the treatment of minocycline maintains better cognition and mood function in a rat model of GWI and the potential mechanism. Rats received 28 days of GWI-related chemical exposure and restraint stress, along with daily minocycline or vehicle treatment. Cognitive and mood function, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and gut microbiota were detected. We found that minocycline treatment induces better cognitive and mood function in the GWI rat model, as indicated by open-field test, elevated plus maze test, novel object recognition test and forced swim test. Moreover, minocycline treatment reversed the altered gut microbiome, neuroinflammation and the decreased hippocampal neurogenesis of rats with GWI. Taken together, our study indicated that minocycline treatment exerts better cognitive and mood function in GWI rat model, which is possibly related to gut microbiota remodeling, restrained inflammation and enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. These results may establish minocycline as a potential prophylactic or therapeutic agent for the treatment of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Er-Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Fuqing City, Fuqing, Fujian, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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16
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Decreasing auditory input induces neurogenesis impairment in the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:423. [PMID: 33432038 PMCID: PMC7801596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is associated with cognitive decline and dementia risk. Sensorineural hearing loss suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis, resulting in cognitive decline. However, the underlying mechanism of impaired neurogenesis and the role of microglial activation and stress responses related to hearing loss in the hippocampus remains unknown. Using a conductive hearing loss (CHL) model, we investigated whether a decrease in sound level could induce impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and examined the differences between unilateral CHL (uCHL) and bilateral CHL (bCHL). To establish the CHL mouse model, ears were unilaterally or bilaterally occluded for five weeks by auditory canal ligation. Although hearing thresholds were significantly increased following CHL, CHL mice exhibited no significant loss of spiral ganglion or hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurogenesis was significantly and equally decreased in both sides following uCHL. More severe decreases in hippocampal neurogenesis were observed in both sides in bCHL mice compared with that in uCHL mice. Furthermore, microglial invasion significantly increased following CHL. Serum cortisol levels, which indicate stress response, significantly increased following bCHL. Therefore, auditory deprivation could lead to increased microglial invasion and stress responses and might be a risk factor for hippocampal neurogenesis impairment.
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17
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Perkins AE, Piazza MK, Vore AS, Deak MM, Varlinskaya EI, Deak T. Assessment of neuroinflammation in the aging hippocampus using large-molecule microdialysis: Sex differences and role of purinergic receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:546-555. [PMID: 33166661 PMCID: PMC8454272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an enhanced neuroinflammatory response to acute immune challenge, often termed "inflammaging." However, there are conflicting reports about whether baseline levels of inflammatory markers are elevated under ambient conditions in the aging brain, or whether such changes are observed predominantly in response to acute challenge. The present studies utilized two distinct approaches to assess inflammatory markers in young and aging Fischer 344 rats. Experiment 1 examined total tissue content of inflammatory markers from hippocampus of adult (3 month), middle-aged (12 month), and aging (18 month) male Fischer (F) 344 rats using multiplex analysis (23-plex). Though trends emerged for several cytokines, no significant differences in basal tissue content were observed across the 3 ages examined. Experiment 2 measured extracellular concentrations of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus from adult (3 month) and aging (18 month) males and females using large-molecule in vivo microdialysis. Although few significant aging-related changes were observed, robust sex differences were observed in extracellular concentrations of CCL3, CCL20, and IL-1α. Experiment 2 also evaluated the involvement of the P2X7 purinergic receptor in neuroinflammation using reverse dialysis of the selective agonist BzATP. BzATP produced an increase in IL-1α and IL-1β release and rapidly suppressed the release of CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, and IL-6. Other noteworthy sex by aging trends were observed in CCL3, IL-1β, and IL-6. Together, these findings provide important new insight into late-aging and sex differences in neuroinflammation, and their regulation by the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Perkins
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000,Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805
| | - Michelle K. Piazza
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000,Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805
| | - Andrew S. Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Molly M. Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Elena I. Varlinskaya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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18
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Berens SC, Bird CM, Harrison NA. Minocycline differentially modulates human spatial memory systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2162-2169. [PMID: 32839527 PMCID: PMC7784680 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in many processes fundamental to learning and memory in health and are implicated in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Minocycline, a centrally-penetrant tetracycline antibiotic, inhibits microglial activation and enhances long-term potentiation, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and hippocampal-dependent spatial memory in rodents, leading to clinical trials in human neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of minocycline on human memory have not previously been investigated. Utilising a double-blind, randomised crossover study design, we recruited 20 healthy male participants (mean 24.6 ± 5.0 years) who were each tested in two experimental sessions: once after 3 days of Minocycline 150 mg (twice daily), and once 3 days of placebo (identical administration). During each session, all completed an fMRI task designed to tap boundary- and landmark-based navigation (thought to rely on hippocampal and striatal learning mechanisms respectively). Given the rodent literature, we hypothesised that minocycline would selectively modulate hippocampal learning. In line with this, minocycline biased use of boundary- compared to landmark-based information (t980 = 3.140, p = 0.002). However, though this marginally improved performance for boundary-based objects (t980 = 1.972, p = 0.049), it was outweighed by impaired landmark-based navigation (t980 = 6.374, p < 0.001) resulting in an overall performance decrease (t980 = 3.295, p = 0.001). Furthermore, against expectations, minocycline significantly reduced activity during memory encoding in the right caudate (t977 = 2.992, p = 0.003) and five other cortical regions, with no significant effect in the hippocampus. In summary, minocycline impaired human spatial memory performance, likely through disruption of striatal processing resulting in greater biasing towards reliance on boundary-based navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Chris M Bird
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RR, UK.
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19
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Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S, Kim HJ. The Role of Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548283. [PMID: 33262983 PMCID: PMC7686475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and glial cells is widely known to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and glia is known as a key feature of α-syn toxicity. Studies aimed at understanding α-syn-induced toxicity and its role in neurodegenerative diseases have primarily focused on neurons. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in the initial pathogenesis and the progression of α-Synucleinopathy. Glial cells are important for supporting neuronal survival, synaptic functions, and local immunity. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the normal function of glial cells. In this work, we review the complex relationship between glial mitochondria and α-syn-mediated neurodegeneration, which may provide novel insights into the roles of glial cells in α-syn-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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20
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Hardy RA, Rached NA, Jones JA, Archer DR, Hyacinth HI. Role of age and neuroinflammation in the mechanism of cognitive deficits in sickle cell disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:106-120. [PMID: 32962408 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220958011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study provides crucial information that could be helpful in the development of new or repurposing of existing therapies for the treatment of cognitive deficit in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). Its impact is in demonstrating for the first time that neuroinflammation and along with abnormal neuroplasticity are among the underlying mechanism of cognitive and behavioral deficits in SCD and that drugs such as minocycline which targets these pathophysiological mechanisms could be repurposed for the treatment of this life altering complication of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven A Hardy
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Atlanta Sickle Cell Disease Consortium, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Noor Abi Rached
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jayre A Jones
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David R Archer
- Atlanta Sickle Cell Disease Consortium, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyacinth I Hyacinth
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Atlanta Sickle Cell Disease Consortium, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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21
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Niu L, Luo SS, Xu Y, Wang Z, Luo D, Yang H, Li W, He J, Zhong XL, Liu ZH, Zeng JY, Cao WY, Wan W. The critical role of the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome in social isolation-induced cognitive impairment in male mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107301. [PMID: 32882398 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress exerts detrimental effects on cognitive function, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. The NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response has emerged as a prominent contributor to cognitive impairment induced by chronic stress. In the present study, we showed that 8-week chronic social isolation (SI) led to cognitive impairment in mice, remarkably increasing expression of the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, the 8-week SI procedure significantly increased the levels of hippocampal IL-1β and IL-18 without significant alteration of the level of serum IL-1β, suggesting a central mechanism for IL-1β-related CNS inflammation. Moreover, inflammatory microglial and expression of AMPAR were reduced in the hippocampus of SI mice. Minocycline is an antibiotic that limits microglia responses, and previous study also showed that minocycline could prevent stress-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain. Our experiment found that minocycline improved cognitive behavior in SI mice. Minocycline also prevented expression of the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome, indicating that microglia might be the primary contributor to SI-induced hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, alterations in SI mice were also restored by chronic treatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. These results indicate that the microglia-derived NLRP3 inflammasome may be primarily involved in the inflammatory response to social isolation and that specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition using MCC950 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for early stress induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Niu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China; Liuyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 421001 Liuyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shi Shi Luo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pathology, In Tropical Environment Of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Lin Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Hai Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Yu Zeng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Yu Cao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Wan
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory Of Brain Science Research & Transformation In Tropical Environment Of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
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22
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Chan SY, Capitão L, Probert F, Klinge C, Hoeckner S, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ, Anthony DC, Burnet PWJ. A single administration of the antibiotic, minocycline, reduces fear processing and improves implicit learning in healthy volunteers: analysis of the serum metabolome. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:148. [PMID: 32404908 PMCID: PMC7220900 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline has shown therapeutic promise in pre-clinical animal models and early phase clinical trials for a variety of psychiatric disorders. Previous studies on minocycline have shown its ability to suppress microglia activity and reduce inflammatory cytokine levels, and its amelioration of depressive-like behaviour in animals and humans. However, the underlying mechanisms that lead to minocycline's psychotropic effects are not clear. In this study, we investigated the psychological and biochemical effects of an acute dose of minocycline or placebo in 40 healthy adult volunteers. Psychological changes in emotional processing, implicit learning, and working memory were assessed. Plasma inflammatory markers, measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and serum metabolites, measured with proton nuclear magnetic resonance combined with multi-variate analysis techniques, were also studied. Results showed that minocycline administration decreased fear misclassification and increased contextual learning, which suggested that reducing negative biases and improving cognition, respectively, may underlie the antidepressant actions of this agent. An examination of serum metabolites revealed higher levels of lipoproteins, particularly cholesterol, in the minocycline group. Minocycline also decreased circulating concentrations of the inflammatory marker C-Reactive Peptide, which is consistent with previous research. These effects highlight two important psychological mechanisms that may be relevant to the efficacy of minocycline reported in clinical trials, and also suggest a possible largely unexplored lipid-related biochemical pathway for the action of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yu Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Psychosis Neurobiology Lab, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Liliana Capitão
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Corinna Klinge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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23
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Minocycline-induced microbiome alterations predict cafeteria diet-induced spatial recognition memory impairments in rats. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:92. [PMID: 32170156 PMCID: PMC7069973 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in sugar and saturated fat are associated with cognitive impairments in both humans and rodents with several potential mechanisms proposed. To test the involvement of diet-induced pro-inflammatory signaling, we exposed rats to a high-fat, high-sugar cafeteria diet, and administered the anti-inflammatory antibiotic minocycline. In the first experiment minocycline was coadministered across the diet, then in a second, independent cohort it was introduced following 4 weeks of cafeteria diet. Cafeteria diet impaired novel place recognition memory throughout the study. Minocycline not only prevented impairment in spatial recognition memory but also reversed impairment established in rats following 4 weeks cafeteria diet. Further, minocycline normalized diet-induced increases in hippocampal pro-inflammatory gene expression. No effects of minocycline were seen on adiposity or dietary intake across the experiments. Cafeteria diet and minocycline treatment significantly altered microbiome composition. The relative abundance of Desulfovibrio_OTU31, uniquely enriched in vehicle-treated cafeteria-fed rats, negatively and significantly correlated with spatial recognition memory. We developed a statistical model that accurately predicts spatial recognition memory based on Desulfovibrio_OTU31 relative abundance and fat mass. Thus, our results show that minocycline prevents and reverses a dietary-induced diet impairment in spatial recognition memory, and that spatial recognition performance is best predicted by changes in body composition and Desulfovibrio_OTU31, rather than changes in pro-inflammatory gene expression.
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24
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Kozareva DA, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Born this way: Hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13007. [PMID: 31298475 PMCID: PMC6718573 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of the mammalian brain to generate new neurons through the lifespan has gained much attention for the promise of new therapeutic possibilities especially for the aging brain. One of the brain regions that maintains a neurogenesis-permissive environment is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Here, new neurons are generated from a pool of multipotent neural progenitor cells to become fully functional neurons that are integrated into the brain circuitry. A growing body of evidence points to the fact that neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is necessary for certain memory processes, and in mood regulation, while alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis have been associated with a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. More recently, evidence has come to light that new neurons may differ in their vulnerability to environmental and disease-related influences depending on the time during the life course at which they are exposed. Thus, it has been the topic of intense research in recent years. In this review, we will discuss the complex process and associated functional relevance of hippocampal neurogenesis during the embryonic/postnatal period and in adulthood. We consider the implications of hippocampal neurogenesis during the developmentally critical periods of adolescence and older age. We will further consider the literature surrounding hippocampal neurogenesis and its functional role during these critical periods with a view to providing insight into the potential of harnessing neurogenesis for health and therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka A. Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Yvonne M. Nolan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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25
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Faiq MA, Sidhu T, Sofi RA, Singh HN, Qadri R, Dada R, Bhartiya S, Gagrani M, Dada T. A Novel Mathematical Model of Glaucoma Pathogenesis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019; 13:3-8. [PMID: 31496554 PMCID: PMC6710931 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional experimental approaches to understand glaucoma etiology and pathogenesis and, consequently, predict its course of progression have not seen much success due to the involvement of numerous molecular, cellular, and other moieties. An overwhelming number of these moieties at different levels combined with numerous environmental factors further complicate the intricacy. Interaction patterns between these factors are important to understand yet difficult to probe with conservative experimental approaches. Methods We performed a system-level analysis with mathematical modeling by developing and analyzing rate equations with respect to the cellular events in glaucoma pathogenesis. Twenty-two events were enlisted from the literature survey and were analyzed in terms of the sensitivity coefficient of retinal ganglion cells. A separate rate equation was developed for cellular stress also. The results were analyzed with respect to time, and the time course of the events with respect to various cellular moieties was analyzed. Results Our results suggest that microglia activation is among the earliest events in glaucoma pathogenesis. This modeling method yields a wealth of useful information which may serve as an important guide to better understand glaucoma pathogenesis and design experimental approaches and also identify useful diagnostic/predictive methods and important therapeutic targets. Conclusion We here report the first mathematical model for glaucoma pathogenesis which provides important insight into the sensitivity coefficient and glia-mediated pathology of glaucoma. How to cite this article Faiq MA, Sidhu T, et al. A Novel Mathematical Model of Glaucoma Pathogenesis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019; 13(1):3–8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Talvir Sidhu
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rayees A Sofi
- J&K Health Services Department, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Himanshu N Singh
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), New Delhi, India; Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, UMR 1090, Marseille, France
| | - Rizwana Qadri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shibal Bhartiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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26
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Martín‐Suárez S, Valero J, Muro‐García T, Encinas JM. Phenotypical and functional heterogeneity of neural stem cells in the aged hippocampus. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12958. [PMID: 30989815 PMCID: PMC6612636 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists in the hippocampus of most mammal species during postnatal and adult life, including humans, although it declines markedly with age. The mechanisms driving the age‐dependent decline of hippocampal neurogenesis are yet not fully understood. The progressive loss of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a main factor, but the true neurogenic output depends initially on the actual number of activated NSCs in each given time point. Because the fraction of activated NSCs remains constant relative to the total population, the real number of activated NSCs declines in parallel to the total NSC pool. We investigated aging‐associated changes in NSCs and found that there are at least two distinct populations of NSCs. An alpha type, which maintains the classic type‐1 radial morphology and accounts for most of the overall NSC mitotic activity; and an omega type characterized by increased reactive‐like morphological complexity and much lower probability of division even under a pro‐activation challenge. Finally, our results suggest that alpha‐type NSCs are able to transform into omega‐type cells overtime and that this phenotypic and functional change might be facilitated by the chronic inflammation associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Valero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Leioa Spain
- The Basque Foundation for Science IKERBASQUE Bilbao Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Leioa Spain
- The Basque Foundation for Science IKERBASQUE Bilbao Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
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27
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Marques BL, Carvalho GA, Freitas EMM, Chiareli RA, Barbosa TG, Di Araújo AGP, Nogueira YL, Ribeiro RI, Parreira RC, Vieira MS, Resende RR, Gomez RS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Pinto MCX. The role of neurogenesis in neurorepair after ischemic stroke. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:98-110. [PMID: 30550812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke consists of an abrupt reduction of cerebral blood flow resulting in hypoxia that triggers an excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. After the ischemic process, neural precursor cells present in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus proliferate and migrate towards the lesion, contributing to the brain repair. The neurogenesis is induced by signal transduction pathways, growth factors, attractive factors for neuroblasts, transcription factors, pro and anti-inflammatory mediators and specific neurotransmissions. However, this endogenous neurogenesis occurs slowly and does not allow a complete restoration of brain function. Despite that, understanding the mechanisms of neurogenesis could improve the therapeutic strategies for brain repair. This review presents the current knowledge about brain repair process after stroke and the perspectives regarding the development of promising therapies that aim to improve neurogenesis and its potential to form new neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Marques
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Carvalho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elis M M Freitas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Raphaela A Chiareli
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thiago G Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Armani G P Di Araújo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yanley L Nogueira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Raul I Ribeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Parreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato S Gomez
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Onésia C Oliveira-Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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Potential Application of Yokukansan as a Remedy for Parkinson’s Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1875928
expr 870091642 + 807102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by complex motor and nonmotor symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of PD is defined by bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, although several nonmotor symptoms are also related to disability, an impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. Levodopa, which is used as a standard pharmacotherapy for PD, has limitations including a short half-life, fluctuations in efficacy, and dyskinesias with long-term use. There have been efforts to develop complementary and alternative therapies for incurable PD. Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for treating neurosis, insomnia, and night crying in children. The clinical efficacy of YKS for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and impaired agitation/aggression subscale and activities of daily living scores, has mainly been investigated in the context of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, YKS has previously been found to improve clinical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, pain, and tardive dyskinesia. Preclinical studies have reported that the broad efficacy of YKS for various symptoms involves its regulation of neurotransmitters including GABA, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine, as well as the expression of dynamin and glutamate transporters, and changes in glucocorticoid hormones and enzymes such as choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, YKS has neuroprotective effects at various cellular levels via diverse mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the clinical efficacy and neuropharmacological effects of YKS. We discuss the possible mechanisms underpinning the effects of YKS on neuropathology and suggest that the multiple actions of YKS may be beneficial as a treatment for PD. We highlight the potential that YKS may serve as a complementary and alternative strategy for the treatment of PD.
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29
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Jang JH, Jung K, Kim JS, Jung I, Yoo H, Moon C. Potential Application of Yokukansan as a Remedy for Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:1875928. [PMID: 30671124 PMCID: PMC6317124 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1875928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by complex motor and nonmotor symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of PD is defined by bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, although several nonmotor symptoms are also related to disability, an impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. Levodopa, which is used as a standard pharmacotherapy for PD, has limitations including a short half-life, fluctuations in efficacy, and dyskinesias with long-term use. There have been efforts to develop complementary and alternative therapies for incurable PD. Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for treating neurosis, insomnia, and night crying in children. The clinical efficacy of YKS for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and impaired agitation/aggression subscale and activities of daily living scores, has mainly been investigated in the context of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer's disease, and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, YKS has previously been found to improve clinical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, pain, and tardive dyskinesia. Preclinical studies have reported that the broad efficacy of YKS for various symptoms involves its regulation of neurotransmitters including GABA, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine, as well as the expression of dynamin and glutamate transporters, and changes in glucocorticoid hormones and enzymes such as choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, YKS has neuroprotective effects at various cellular levels via diverse mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the clinical efficacy and neuropharmacological effects of YKS. We discuss the possible mechanisms underpinning the effects of YKS on neuropathology and suggest that the multiple actions of YKS may be beneficial as a treatment for PD. We highlight the potential that YKS may serve as a complementary and alternative strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Jung
- Department of Korean Neuropsychology, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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30
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Gilman TL, Mitchell NC, Daws LC, Toney GM. Neuroinflammation Contributes to High Salt Intake-Augmented Neuronal Activation and Active Coping Responses to Acute Stress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:137-142. [PMID: 30535261 PMCID: PMC6368371 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High dietary salt intake increases risk of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we explored the contribution of high dietary salt intake-induced neuroinflammation in key stress-responsive brain regions, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and basolateral amygdala, in promoting exaggerated neuronal activation and coping behaviors in response to acute psychogenic stress. Mice that underwent high dietary salt intake exhibited increased active stress coping behaviors during and after an acute swim stress, and these were reduced by concurrent administration of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, without affecting body fluid hyperosmolality caused by high dietary salt intake. Moreover, minocycline attenuated high dietary salt intake-induced increases of paraventricular nucleus tumor necrosis factor-α, activated microglia (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), and acute swim stress-induced neuronal activation (c-Fos). In the basolateral amygdala, similar effects were observed on ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1+ and c-Fos+ counts, but not tumor necrosis factor-α levels. These data indicate that high dietary salt intake promotes neuroinflammation, increasing recruitment of neurons in key stress-associated brain regions and augmenting behavioral hyper-responsivity to acute psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lee Gilman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Correspondence: T. Lee Gilman, PhD, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology – MC7756, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 ()
| | - Nathan C Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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31
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Cope EC, Opendak M, LaMarca EA, Murthy S, Park CY, Olson LB, Martinez S, Leung JM, Graham AL, Gould E. The effects of living in an outdoor enclosure on hippocampal plasticity and anxiety-like behavior in response to nematode infection. Hippocampus 2018; 29:366-377. [PMID: 30252982 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus of rodents undergoes structural remodeling throughout adulthood, including the addition of new neurons. Adult neurogenesis is sensitive to environmental enrichment and stress. Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, are involved in adult neurogenesis by engulfing dying new neurons. While previous studies using laboratory environmental enrichment have investigated alterations in brain structure and function, they do not provide an adequate reflection of living in the wild, in which stress and environmental instability are common. Here, we compared mice living in standard laboratory settings to mice living in outdoor enclosures to assess the complex interactions among environment, gut infection, and hippocampal plasticity. We infected mice with parasitic worms and studied their effects on adult neurogenesis, microglia, and functions associated with the hippocampus, including cognition and anxiety regulation. We found an increase in immature neuron numbers of mice living in outdoor enclosures regardless of infection. While outdoor living prevented increases in microglial reactivity induced by infection in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, outdoor mice with infection had fewer microglia and microglial processes in the ventral hippocampus. We observed no differences in cognitive performance on the hippocampus-dependent object location task between infected and uninfected mice living in either setting. However, we found that infection caused an increase in anxiety-like behavior in the open field test but only in outdoor mice. These findings suggest that living conditions, as well as gut infection, interact to produce complex effects on brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Cope
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Maya Opendak
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth A LaMarca
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sahana Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Christin Y Park
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Lyra B Olson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Susana Martinez
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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32
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Yan BC, Jiang D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Xu P, Yu X, Won MH, Su PQ. Both decreased Akt expression and mTOR phosphorylation are related to decreased neuronal differentiation in the hippocampal alveus of aged mice. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:737-743. [PMID: 29027613 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is an inevitable process which results in many changes. These changes are closely related to the hippocampus which is in charge of long-term learning and episodic memory. AIM This study was to investigate age-related changes of the cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and Akt/mTOR signaling in the hippocampal alveus of aged mice. METHODS In the present study, we compared the differences of neurogenesis in the hippocampal alveus between adult (postnatal month 6) and aged (postnatal month 24) mice using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS The cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and the increased astrocyte activation in the hippocampal alveus of mice were decreased in an age-dependent manner. In addition, during normal aging, the protein level of AKT, mTOR and the phosphorylation of mTOR were all decreased. However, the protein level of AKT was increased. DISCUSSION These results indicate the neurogenesis in the immature neurons in the hippocampal alveus of aged mice was closely related to the normal aging process. In addition, during normal aging, the increased AKT phosphorylation and decreased mTOR phosphorylation in the hippocampus may play a role in aging development. CONCLUSION The result indicates that increased activation of astrocyte, increased phosphorylation of AKT and decreased phosphorylation of mTOR may be involved in the decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the alveus of hippocampus of aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yangzhou Maternal and Child Care Service Center, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Pei Qing Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
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Perkins AE, Piazza MK, Deak T. Stereological Analysis of Microglia in Aged Male and Female Fischer 344 Rats in Socially Relevant Brain Regions. Neuroscience 2018; 377:40-52. [PMID: 29496632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a substantial decline in the expression of social behavior as well as increased neuroinflammation. Since immune activation and subsequent increased expression of cytokines can suppress social behavior in young rodents, we examined age and sex differences in microglia within brain regions critical to social behavior regulation (PVN, BNST, and MEA) as well as in the hippocampus. Adult (3-month) and aged (18-month) male and female F344 (N = 26, n = 5-8/group) rats were perfused and Iba-1 immunopositive microglia were assessed using unbiased stereology and optical density. For stereology, microglia were classified based on the following criteria: (1) thin ramified processes, (2) thick long processes, (3) stout processes, or (4) round/ameboid shape. Among the structures examined, the highest density of microglia was evident in the BNST and MEA. Aged rats of both sexes displayed increased total number of microglia number exclusively in the MEA. Sex differences also emerged, whereby aged females (but not males) displayed greater total number of microglia in the BNST relative to their young adult counterparts. When morphological features of microglia were assessed, aged rats exhibited increased soma size in the BNST, MEA, and CA3. Together, these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of microglia number and morphology under ambient conditions in CNS sites critical for the normal expression of social processes. To the extent that microglia morphology is predictive of reactivity and subsequent cytokine release, these data suggest that the expression of social behavior in late aging may be adversely influenced by heightened inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Perkins
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Michelle K Piazza
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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Shohayeb B, Diab M, Ahmed M, Ng DCH. Factors that influence adult neurogenesis as potential therapy. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:4. [PMID: 29484176 PMCID: PMC5822640 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis involves persistent proliferative neuroprogenitor populations that reside within distinct regions of the brain. This phenomenon was first described over 50 years ago and it is now firmly established that new neurons are continually generated in distinct regions of the adult brain. The potential of enhancing the neurogenic process lies in improved brain cognition and neuronal plasticity particularly in the context of neuronal injury and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, adult neurogenesis might also play a role in mood and affective disorders. The factors that regulate adult neurogenesis have been broadly studied. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of regulating neurogenesis are still not fully defined. In this review, we will provide critical analysis of our current understanding of the factors and molecular mechanisms that determine neurogenesis. We will further discuss pre-clinical and clinical studies that have investigated the potential of modulating neurogenesis as therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Shohayeb
- 1School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
| | - Mohamed Diab
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, P.O. Box Sidi Gaber, Alexandria, 21311 Egypt
| | - Mazen Ahmed
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, P.O. Box Sidi Gaber, Alexandria, 21311 Egypt
| | - Dominic Chi Hiung Ng
- 1School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
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Mansour HA, Hassan WA, Georgy GS. Neuroinflammatory reactions in sickness behavior induced by bacterial infection: Protective effect of minocycline. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [PMID: 29243859 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurological changes elicited by bacterial infection are called sickness behavior. Minocycline (MIN) is neuroprotective with a remarkable brain tissue penetration. MIN was orally administered at a dose 90 mg/kg for 3 days, whereas Escherichia coli was given as a single intraperitoneal injection (0.2 mL of 24 h growth) on the third day. After 24 h of bacterial infection, behavioral tests namely open field and forced swimming were carried out, then animals were decapitated. Rats infected with E. coli displayed reduced struggling time in forced swimming test, as well as, exploration and locomotion in open field test with reduction in neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) versus elevation in the inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma) and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, reduced glutathione) biomarkers. Inflammatory infiltrates of nuclear cells were observed in brains of infected rats. MIN administration prevented the deleterious effects of E. coli infection, thus protects against sickness behavior possibly via defending from neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wedad A Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehan S Georgy
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
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Skvarc DR, Berk M, Byrne LK, Dean OM, Dodd S, Lewis M, Marriott A, Moore EM, Morris G, Page RS, Gray L. Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction: An exploration of the inflammatory hypothesis and novel therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:116-133. [PMID: 29180259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a highly prevalent condition with significant clinical, social and financial impacts for patients and their communities. The underlying pathophysiology is becoming increasingly understood, with the role of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress secondary to surgery and anaesthesia strongly implicated. This review aims to describe the putative mechanisms by which surgery-induced inflammation produces cognitive sequelae, with a focus on identifying potential novel therapies based upon their ability to modify these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Skvarc
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Linda K Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Matthew Lewis
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, Caulfield, Australia
| | - Andrew Marriott
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine & Pain Management, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine & Pain Management, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Richard S Page
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia.
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Wang G, He F, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhou C, Huang Y, Zou J. Immunopotentiator Thymosin Alpha-1 Promotes Neurogenesis and Cognition in the Developing Mouse via a Systemic Th1 Bias. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:675-684. [PMID: 28780644 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In early life, the immune system plays an essential role in brain development. In our study, the immunopotentiator thymosin alpha-1 (Ta1) was peripherally administered to neonatal mice to explore whether the peripheral immunopotentiator affects neurodevelopment and cognition, and to further investigate the relevant mechanism. Compared with the control group, the Ta1 mice displayed better cognitive abilities in early life. The numbers of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)+, nestin+, T-box transcription factor 2 (Tbr2)+, BrdU+/doublecortin (DCX)+, BrdU+/ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)+, and BrdU+/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)+ cells in the hippocampus were increased in the Ta1 group, accompanied by increased interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 as well as decreased IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, the Ta1-group showed a Th1-polarized immune response, and the neurotrophic factors were positively associated with the Th1/Th2 ratio. More importantly, administration of Ta1 blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis in early life. These findings suggest that peripheral Ta1 contributes to neurogenesis and cognition probably through a systemic Th1 bias, as well as neuroprotection against LPS infection by Ta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yunlong Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yihong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China.
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
Millions of individuals suffer from age-related cognitive decline, defined by impaired memory precision. Increased understanding of hippocampal circuit mechanisms underlying memory formation suggests a role for computational processes such as pattern separation and pattern completion in memory precision. We describe evidence implicating the dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit in pattern separation and completion, and examine alterations in dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit structure and function with aging. We discuss the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in memory precision in adulthood and aging, as well as the circuit mechanisms underlying the integration and encoding functions of adult-born dentate granule cells. We posit that understanding these circuit mechanisms will permit generation of circuit-based endophenotypes that will edify new therapeutic strategies to optimize hippocampal encoding during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAvoy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- BROAD Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Pharmaceutical Rejuvenation of Age-Associated Decline in Spatial Memory. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 19:521-524. [PMID: 27881050 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial memory and cognition decline during aging. Montelukast, an FDA approved drug for the treatment of asthma, can restore spatial memory in old rats to levels similar to those of young animals. Treatment improves three hallmarks of aging in the brain: reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and increasing neurogenesis in the hippocampus although not completely to youthful levels. Other aging-associated parameters, such as reduced synaptic density, are not affected, suggesting that anti-aging therapeutics may be further optimized. Montelukast targets leukotriene receptors GPR17 and CysLTR1 and appears to invert leukotriene signaling, converting an inflammatory signal into an anti-inflammatory signal. This acts as a dominant factor to overcome the dysfunctional effects of aging reportedly mediated, in part, by blood-borne factors such as beta-2 microglobulin that inhibit neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The key mechanism for cognitive improvement by montelukast may be restoration of BBB integrity, which would presumably decrease the amount of deleterious blood-borne factors to enter the brain. Whether or not this hypothesis is true for montelukast, drugs that restore or maintain BBB integrity may be useful in combating age-related loss of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mendelsohn
- 1 Panorama Research Institute , Sunnyvale, California.,2 Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
| | - James W Larrick
- 1 Panorama Research Institute , Sunnyvale, California.,2 Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
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Li SW, Chen YC, Sheen JM, Hsu MH, Tain YL, Chang KA, Huang LT. Minocycline restores cognitive-relative altered proteins in young bile duct-ligated rat prefrontal cortex. Life Sci 2017; 180:75-82. [PMID: 28366719 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bile duct ligation (BDL) model is used to study hepatic encephalopathy accompanied by cognitive impairment. We employed the proteomic analysis approach to evaluate cognition-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex of young BDL rats and analyzed the effect of minocycline on these proteins and spatial memory. MAIN METHODS BDL was induced in young rats at postnatal day 17. Minocycline as a slow-release pellet was implanted into the peritoneum. Morris water maze test and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to evaluate spatial memory and prefrontal cortex protein expression, respectively. We used 2D/LC-MS/MS to analyze for affected proteins in the prefrontal cortex of young BDL rats. Results were verified with Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time PCR. The effect of minocycline in BDL rats was assessed. KEY FINDINGS BDL induced spatial deficits, while minocycline rescued it. Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were upregulated and nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NME2) was downregulated in young BDL rats. BDL rats exhibited decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA as compared with those by the control. However, minocycline treatment restored CRMP2 and NME2 protein expression, BDNF mRNA level, and MnSOD activity to control levels. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that BDL altered the expression of CRMP2, NME2, MnSOD, and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex of young BDL rats. However, minocycline treatment restored the expression of the affected mediators that are implicated in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kow-Aung Chang
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan.
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Perez SD, Du K, Rendeiro C, Wang L, Wu Q, Rubakhin SS, Vazhappilly R, Baxter JH, Sweedler JV, Rhodes JS. A unique combination of micronutrients rejuvenates cognitive performance in aged mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:97-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Littlefield A, Kohman RA. Differential response to intrahippocampal interleukin-4/interleukin-13 in aged and exercise mice. Neuroscience 2016; 343:106-114. [PMID: 27916728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with low-grade neuroinflammation that results from age-related priming of microglial cells. Further, aging alters the response to several anti-inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. One intervention that has been shown to modulate microglia activation in the aged brain, both basally and following an immune challenge, is exercise. However, whether engaging in exercise can improve responsiveness to anti-inflammatory cytokines is presently unknown. The current study evaluated whether prior exercise training increases sensitivity to anti-inflammatory cytokines that promote the M2 (alternative) microglia phenotype in adult (5-month-old) and aged (23-month-old) C57BL/6J mice. After 8weeks of exercise or control housing, mice received bilateral hippocampal injections of an IL-4/IL-13 cocktail or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later hippocampal samples were collected and analyzed for expression of genes associated with the M1 (inflammatory) and M2 microglia phenotypes. Results show that IL-4/IL-13 administration increased expression of the M2-associated genes found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1), chitinase-like 3 (Ym1), Arginase-1 (Arg1), SOCS1, IL-1ra, and CD206. In response to IL-4/IL-13 administration, aged mice showed increased hippocampal expression of the M2-related genes Arg1, SOCS1, Ym1, and CD206 relative to adult mice. Aged mice also showed increased expression of IL-1β relative to adults, which was unaffected by wheel running or IL-4/IL-13. Wheel running was found to have modest effects on expression of Ym1 and Fizz1 in aged and adult mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that aged mice show a differential response to anti-inflammatory cytokines relative to adult mice and that exercise has limited effects on modulating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Littlefield
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Neuroscience, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
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Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, Challis C, Schretter CE, Rocha S, Gradinaru V, Chesselet MF, Keshavarzian A, Shannon KM, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Wittung-Stafshede P, Knight R, Mazmanian SK. Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell 2016; 167:1469-1480.e12. [PMID: 27912057 PMCID: PMC5718049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2126] [Impact Index Per Article: 265.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota influence neurodevelopment, modulate behavior, and contribute to neurological disorders. However, a functional link between gut bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases remains unexplored. Synucleinopathies are characterized by aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (αSyn), often resulting in motor dysfunction as exemplified by Parkinson's disease (PD). Using mice that overexpress αSyn, we report herein that gut microbiota are required for motor deficits, microglia activation, and αSyn pathology. Antibiotic treatment ameliorates, while microbial re-colonization promotes, pathophysiology in adult animals, suggesting that postnatal signaling between the gut and the brain modulates disease. Indeed, oral administration of specific microbial metabolites to germ-free mice promotes neuroinflammation and motor symptoms. Remarkably, colonization of αSyn-overexpressing mice with microbiota from PD-affected patients enhances physical impairments compared to microbiota transplants from healthy human donors. These findings reveal that gut bacteria regulate movement disorders in mice and suggest that alterations in the human microbiome represent a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Justine W Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Taren Thron
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Rocha
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shannon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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de Oliveira CC, Gouveia FV, de Castro MC, Kuroki MA, Dos Santos LCT, Fonoff ET, Teixeira MJ, Otoch JP, Martinez RCR. A Window on the Study of Aversive Instrumental Learning: Strains, Performance, Neuroendocrine, and Immunologic Systems. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:162. [PMID: 27605910 PMCID: PMC4995215 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avoidance response is present in pathological anxiety and interferes with normal daily functions. The aim of this article is to shed light on performance markers of active avoidance (AA) using two different rat strains, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar. Specifically, good and poor performers were evaluated regarding anxiety traits exhibited in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and corticosterone levels and motor activity in the open field test. In addition, the plasma levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1Beta (IL-1beta), Nerve Growth Factor Beta (NGF-beta), Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) were compared in the good and poor performers to better understand the role of the immunologic system in aversive learning. Behavioral criteria were employed to identify subpopulations of SD and Wistar rats based on their behavioral scores during a two-way AA test. The animals were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and motor activity in the open-field test. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured at the end of the avoidance test. Cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, NGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and CINC-1 were measured in the plasma of the Wistar rats. Sixty-six percent of the Wistar rats and 35% of the SD rats exhibited a poor performance. This feature was associated with a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in the EPM. The poor and good performers exhibited lower levels of corticosterone compared with the control animals, which suggests that training alters corticosterone levels, thereby leading to hypocortisolism, independent of the performance. The CINC-1 levels were increased in the poor performers, which reinforces the role of immunologic system activation in learning deficits. Our study provides a better understanding of the complex interactions that underlie neuroimmune consequences and their implications for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Gouveia
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina C de Castro
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Kuroki
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lennon C T Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich T Fonoff
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel J Teixeira
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Surgery Techniques, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel C R Martinez
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
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De Lucia C, Rinchon A, Olmos-Alonso A, Riecken K, Fehse B, Boche D, Perry VH, Gomez-Nicola D. Microglia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis during chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:179-190. [PMID: 26541819 PMCID: PMC4907582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is altered in neurodegenerative disorders, partly regulated by inflammatory factors. We have investigated whether microglia, the innate immune brain cells, regulate hippocampal neurogenesis in neurodegeneration. Using the ME7 model of prion disease we applied gain- or loss-of CSF1R function, as means to stimulate or inhibit microglial proliferation, respectively, to dissect the contribution of these cells to neurogenesis. We found that increased hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with the expansion of the microglia population. The selective inhibition of microglial proliferation caused a reduction in neurogenesis and a restoration of normal neuronal differentiation, supporting a pro-neurogenic role for microglia. Using a gene screening strategy, we identified TGFβ as a molecule controlling the microglial pro-neurogenic response in chronic neurodegeneration, supported by loss-of-function mechanistic experiments. By the selective targeting of microglial proliferation we have been able to uncover a pro-neurogenic role for microglia in chronic neurodegeneration, suggesting promising therapeutic targets to normalise the neurogenic niche during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Lucia
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Rinchon
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - V. Hugh Perry
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Shetty AK, Hattiangady B. Grafted Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells Display Robust Engraftment and Similar Differentiation Properties and Form New Neurogenic Niches in the Young and Aged Hippocampus. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1204-15. [PMID: 27194744 PMCID: PMC4996439 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The engraftment and differentiation of alkaline phosphatase-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) expanded from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), 3 months after grafting into the intact young or aged rat hippocampus, were examined. Both young and aged hippocampi supported robust engraftment and similar differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells. As clinical application of neural stem cell (NSC) grafting into the brain would also encompass aged people, critical evaluation of engraftment of NSC graft-derived cells in the aged hippocampus has significance. We examined the engraftment and differentiation of alkaline phosphatase-positive NSCs expanded from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), 3 months after grafting into the intact young or aged rat hippocampus. Graft-derived cells engrafted robustly into both young and aged hippocampi. Although most graft-derived cells pervasively migrated into different hippocampal layers, the graft cores endured and contained graft-derived neurons expressing neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) and γ-amino butyric acid in both groups. A fraction of migrated graft-derived cells in the neurogenic subgranular zone-granule cell layer also expressed NeuN. Neuronal differentiation was, however, occasionally seen amid graft-derived cells that had migrated into non-neurogenic regions, where substantial fractions differentiated into S-100β+ astrocytes, NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors, or Olig2+ putative oligodendrocytes. In both age groups, graft cores located in non-neurogenic regions displayed many doublecortin-positive (DCX+) immature neurons at 3 months after grafting. Analyses of cells within graft cores using birth dating and putative NSC markers revealed that DCX+ neurons were newly born neurons derived from engrafted cells and that putative NSCs persisted within the graft cores. Thus, both young and aged hippocampi support robust engraftment and similar differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells. Furthermore, some grafted NSCs retain the “stemness” feature and produce new neurons even at 3 months after grafting, implying that grafting of SVZ-NSCs into the young or aged hippocampus leads to establishment of new neurogenic niches in non-neurogenic regions. Significance The results demonstrate that advanced age of the host at the time of grafting has no major adverse effects on engraftment, migration, and differentiation of grafted subventricular zone-neural stem cells (SVZ-NSCs) in the intact hippocampus, as both young and aged hippocampi promoted excellent engraftment, migration, and differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells in the present study. Furthermore, SVZ-NSC grafts showed ability for establishing neurogenic niches in non-neurogenic regions, generating new neurons for extended periods after grafting. This phenomenon will be beneficial if these niches can continuously generate new neurons and glia in the grafted hippocampus, as newly generated neurons and glia are expected to improve, not only the microenvironment, but also the plasticity and function of the aged hippocampus. Overall, these results have significance because the potential application of NSC grafting for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders at early stages of disease progression and age-related impairments would mostly involve aged persons as recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USAResearch Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USADivision of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USAResearch and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USAResearch Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USADivision of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USAResearch and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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A Common Language: How Neuroimmunological Cross Talk Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1681590. [PMID: 27143977 PMCID: PMC4842066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1681590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of the brain is generally studied in the context of injury or disease. Less is known about how the immune system regulates the brain during normal brain function. Recent work has redefined the field of neuroimmunology and, as long as their recruitment and activation are well regulated, immune cells are now known to have protective properties within the central nervous system in maintaining brain health. Adult neurogenesis, the process of new neuron generation in the adult brain, is highly plastic and regulated by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Emerging research has shown that immune cells and their secreted factors can influence adult neurogenesis, both under baseline conditions and during conditions known to change neurogenesis levels, such as aging and learning in an enriched environment. This review will discuss how, under nonpathological conditions, the immune system can interact with the neural stem cells to regulate adult neurogenesis with particular focus on the hippocampus—a region crucial for learning and memory.
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von Bernhardi R, Heredia F, Salgado N, Muñoz P. Microglia Function in the Normal Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:67-92. [PMID: 27714685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of microglia has been recognized for over a century by their morphological changes. Long slender microglia acquire a short sturdy ramified shape when activated. During the past 20 years, microglia have been accepted as an essential cellular component for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of many brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, functional studies and imaging in mouse models indicate that microglia are active in the healthy central nervous system. It has become evident that microglia release several signal molecules that play key roles in the crosstalk among brain cells, i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with neurons, as well as with regulatory immune cells. Recent studies also reveal the heterogeneous nature of microglia diverse functions depending on development, previous exposure to stimulation events, brain region of residence, or pathological state. Subjects to approach by future research are still the unresolved questions regarding the conditions and mechanisms that render microglia protective, capable of preventing or reducing damage, or deleterious, capable of inducing or facilitating the progression of neuropathological diseases. This novel knowledge will certainly change our view on microglia as therapeutic target, shifting our goal from their general silencing to the generation of treatments able to change their activation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Florencia Heredia
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Salgado
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Muñoz
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
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Russmann V, Goc J, Boes K, Ongerth T, Salvamoser JD, Siegl C, Potschka H. Minocycline fails to exert antiepileptogenic effects in a rat status epilepticus model. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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