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Osiak-Wicha C, Kras K, Tomaszewska E, Muszyński S, Arciszewski MB. Examining the Potential Applicability of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides in Veterinary Medicine for the Management of Obesity in Companion Animals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6725-6745. [PMID: 39057043 PMCID: PMC11275339 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article comprehensively explores the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the management of obesity in companion animals, with a focus on clinical applications. Obesity in domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, is prevalent, with significant implications for their health and well-being. Factors contributing to obesity include overfeeding, poor-quality diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic predispositions. Despite the seriousness of this condition, it is often underestimated, with societal perceptions sometimes reinforcing unhealthy behaviors. Understanding the regulation of food intake and identifying factors affecting the function of food intake-related proteins are crucial in combating obesity. Dysregulations in these proteins, whether due to genetic mutations, enzymatic dysfunctions, or receptor abnormalities, can have profound health consequences. Molecular biology techniques play a pivotal role in elucidating these mechanisms, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions. The review categorizes food intake-related proteins into anorexigenic peptides (inhibitors of food intake) and orexigenic peptides (enhancers of food intake). It thoroughly examines current research on regulating energy balance in companion animals, emphasizing the clinical application of various peptides, including ghrelin, phoenixin (PNX), asprosin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leptin, and nesfatin-1, in veterinary obesity management. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between peptides, energy balance regulation, and obesity in companion animals. It underscores the importance of targeted interventions and highlights the potential of peptide-based therapies in improving the health outcomes of obese pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Osiak-Wicha
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
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McIlwraith EK, Loganathan N, Mak KWY, He W, Belsham DD. Phoenixin knockout mice show no impairment in fertility or differences in metabolic response to a high-fat diet, but exhibit behavioral differences in an open field test. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13398. [PMID: 38733120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a conserved secreted peptide that was identified 10 years ago with numerous studies published on its pleiotropic functions. PNX is associated with estrous cycle length, protection from a high-fat diet, and reduction of anxiety behavior. However, no study had yet evaluated the impact of deleting PNX in the whole animal. We sought to evaluate a mouse model lacking the PNX parent gene, small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20), and the resulting effect on reproduction, energy homeostasis, and anxiety. We found that the Smim20 knockout mice had normal fertility and estrous cycle lengths. Consistent with normal fertility, the hypothalamii of the knockout mice showed no changes in the levels of reproduction-related genes, but the male mice had some changes in energy homeostasis-related genes, such as melanocortin receptor 4 (Mc4r). When placed on a high-fat diet, the wildtype and knockout mice responded similarly, but the male heterozygous mice gained slightly less weight. When placed in an open field test box, the female knockout mice traveled less distance in the outer zone, indicating alterations in anxiety or locomotor behavior. In summary, the homozygous knockout of PNX did not alter fertility and modestly alters a few neuroendocrine genes in response to a high-fat diet, especially in the female mice. However, it altered the behavior of mice in an open field test. PNX therefore may not be crucial for reproductive function or weight, however, we cannot rule out possible compensatory mechanisms in the knockout model. Understanding the role of PNX in physiology may ultimately lead to an enhanced understanding of neuroendocrine mechanisms involving this enigmatic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly W Y Mak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenyuan He
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lipiec-Borowicz A, Pałasz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Filipczyk Ł, Della Vecchia A, Worthington JJ, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A. Neuropeptides in the rat claustrum - An immunohistochemical detection. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152156. [PMID: 38518508 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities and are responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The main purpose of this outline structural qualitative study was to identify the possible immunoreactivity of classical neuropeptides, as well as novel ones such as nesfatin-1, phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), neuromedin U (NMU) and respective receptors within the rat claustrum for the first time. The study shows the novel identification of peptidergic neurotransmission in the rat claustrum which potentially implicates a contribution of this neuropeptide to numerous central neurosecretory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lipiec-Borowicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67, Via Roma, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
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Cichoń L, Pałasz A, Wilczyński KM, Suszka-Świtek A, Żmijowska A, Jelonek I, Janas-Kozik M. Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Concentrations of Phoenixin, Spexin, Nesfatin-1 and Kisspeptin as Potential Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in the Pediatric Population. Biomedicines 2023; 12:84. [PMID: 38255190 PMCID: PMC10813295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
There are some initial suggestions in the literature that phoenixin, spexin, nesfatin-1 and kisspeptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Therefore, they may also be cautiously considered as potential diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of BD. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of the aforementioned neuropeptides in the peripheral blood of children and adolescents with bipolar. This study included 122 individuals: 67 persons with diagnosed bipolar disorder types I and II constituted the study group, and 55 healthy persons were included in the control group. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of neuropeptides between the control and study groups were noted in relation to nesfatin-1 and spexin (although spexin lost statistical significance after introducing the Bonferroni correction). In a logistic regression analysis, an increased risk of bipolar disorder was noted for a decrease in nesfatin-1 concentration. Lower levels of nesfatin-1 seemed to be a significant risk factor for the development of bipolar disorder types I and II. Furthermore, the occurrence of bipolar disorder was associated with significantly elevated levels of spexin. None of the analyzed neuropeptides was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cichoń
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M. Wilczyński
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Żmijowska
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Jelonek
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janas-Kozik
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Cong K, Qi J, Sun L. Phoenixin-20 ameliorates Sevoflurane inhalation-induced post-operative cognitive dysfunction in rats via activation of the PKA/CREB signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14666-14676. [PMID: 38103264 PMCID: PMC10781492 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication after surgery due to the usage of anesthetics, such as Sevoflurane, which severely impacts the life quality of patients. Currently, the pathogenesis of Sevoflurane-induced POCD has not been fully elucidated but is reportedly involved with oxidative stress (OS) injury and aggravated inflammation. Phoenixin-20 (PNX-20) is a PNX peptide consisting of 20 amino acids with promising inhibitory effects on OS and inflammation. Herein, we proposed to explore the potential protective function of PNX-20 on Sevoflurane inhalation-induced POCD in rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 100 ng/g PNX-20 for 7 days with or without pre-inhalation with 2.2% Sevoflurane. Markedly increased escape latency and decreased time in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze (MWM) test, and aggravated pathological changes and apoptosis in the hippocampus tissue were observed in Sevoflurane-treated rats, which were markedly attenuated by PNX-20. Furthermore, the aggravated inflammation and OS in the hippocampus observed in Sevoflurane-treated rats were notably abolished by PNX-20. Moreover, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), protein kinase A (PKA), and phospho-cAMP response element binding protein/cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB/CREB) levels were markedly decreased in Sevoflurane-treated rats, which were memorably increased by PNX-20. Our results indicated that PNX-20 ameliorated Sevoflurane inhalation-induced POCD in rats via the activation of PKA/CREB signaling, which might supply a new treatment approach for POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Cong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Lining Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
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Yan J, Yao L, Tan Y, Wang Y. The protective effects of Phoenixin-20 in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced cell senescence of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14607-14616. [PMID: 38112587 PMCID: PMC10781454 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an age-related joint destruction disease that markedly impacts the normal life of patients. Currently, the clinical treatment strategies are far from satisfactory with severe side effects. Cellular senescence of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) has been reported to be involved in the pathological process of arthritis, which may provide an important research direction for RA treatment. Phoenixin-20 (PNX-20) is a peptide targeting G-protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) with promising anti-inflammatory properties. Our study will probe into the function of PNX-20 on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)- induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) FLS cell senescence to provide a theoretical basis for treating RA with PNX-20. RA-FLSs were handled with 10 ng/mL TNF-α, followed by introducing Phoenixin-20 (10, 20 nM) or not for 7 days. Enhanced release of inflammatory cytokines, increased proportion of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) positive cells, and declined telomerase activity were all observed in TNF-α-treated RA-FLSs, accompanied by a noticeable decline in the p21 and p53 level, which were notably reversed by 10 and 20 nM PNX-20. Furthermore, the increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) level observed in TNF-α-treated RA-FLSs were signally repressed by PNX-20. Moreover, the impact of PNX-20 on TNF-α-induced cellular senescence in RA-FLSs was abrogated by the overexpression of STAT6. Collectively, PNX-20 protected the TNF-α-induced cell senescence in RA-FLSs by downregulating STAT6. Based on these findings, we speculate that PNX-20 might be a promising agent for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yan
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
| | - Ling Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Gerontology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
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Schalla MA, Oerter S, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Appelt-Menzel A, Stengel A. Locked Out: Phoenixin-14 Does Not Cross a Stem-Cell-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 37508911 PMCID: PMC10377091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 is a recently discovered peptide regulating appetite. Interestingly, it is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract; however, its supposed receptor, GPR173, is predominantly found in hypothalamic areas. To date, it is unknown how peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 is able to reach its centrally located receptor. To investigate whether phoenixin is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, we used an in vitro mono-culture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model consisting of brain capillary-like endothelial cells derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BCECs). The passage of 1 nMol and 10 nMol of phoenixin-14 via the mono-culture was measured after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min using a commercial ELISA kit. The permeability coefficients (PC) of 1 nMol and 10 nMol phoenixin-14 were 0.021 ± 0.003 and 0.044 ± 0.013 µm/min, respectively. In comparison with the PC of solutes known to cross the BBB in vivo, those of phoenixin-14 in both concentrations are very low. Here, we show that phoenixin-14 alone is not able to cross the BBB, suggesting that the effects of peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 depend on a co-transport mechanism at the BBB in vivo. The mechanisms responsible for phoenixin-14's orexigenic property along the gut-brain axis warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, 78628 Rottweil, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Liu T, Yang M, Wu Y, Bu G, Han X, Du X, Liang Q, Cao X, Huang A, Zeng X, Meng F. PNX14 but not PNX20 as a novel regulator of preadipocyte differentiation via activating Epac-ERK signaling pathway in Gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 335:114232. [PMID: 36774983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Small integral membrane protein 20 (SMIM20) could generate two main peptides, PNX14 and PNX20, which participate in multiple biological roles such as reproduction, inflammation and energy metabolism in mammals. However, little is known about their physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates. Using chicken (c-) as an animal model, we found cSMIM20 was moderately expressed in adipose tissues, and its expression was gradually increased during the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes, suggesting that it may play an important role in chicken adipogenesis. Further research showed cPNX14 could facilitate the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes into mature adipocytes by enhancing expression of adipogenic genes including PPARγ, CEBPα and FABP4, and promoting the formation of lipid droplets. This pro-adipogenic effect of cPNX14 was completely attenuated by Epac-specific and ERK inhibitor. Interestingly, cPNX20 failed to regulate the adipogenic genes and lipid droplet content. Collectively, our findings reveal that cPNX14 but not cPNX20 can serve as a novel adipogenesis mediator by activating the Epac-ERK signaling pathway in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Yuping Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Guixian Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Anqi Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China.
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Friedrich T, Stengel A. Current state of phoenixin-the implications of the pleiotropic peptide in stress and its potential as a therapeutic target. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1076800. [PMID: 36860304 PMCID: PMC9968724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1076800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a pleiotropic peptide, whose known functions have broadened significantly over the last decade. Initially first described as a reproductive peptide in 2013, phoenixin is now recognized as being implicated in hypertension, neuroinflammation, pruritus, food intake, anxiety as well as stress. Due to its wide field of involvement, an interaction with physiological as well as psychological control loops has been speculated. It has shown to be both able to actively reduce anxiety as well as being influenced by external stressors. Initial rodent models have shown that central administration of phoenixin alters the behavior of the subjects when confronted with stress-inducing situations, proposing an interaction with the perception and processing of stress and anxiety. Although the research on phoenixin is still in its infancy, there are several promising insights into its functionality, which might prove to be of value in the pharmacological treatment of several psychiatric and psychosomatic illnesses such as anorexia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder as well as the increasingly prevalent stress-related illnesses of burnout and depression. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of phoenixin, its interactions with physiological processes as well as focus on the recent developments in stress response and the possible novel treatment options this might entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: A. Stengel,
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Friedrich T, Goebel-Stengel M, Schalla MA, Kobelt P, Rose M, Stengel A. Abdominal surgery increases activity in several phoenixin immunoreactive nuclei. Neurosci Lett 2023; 792:136938. [PMID: 36341925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the peptide phoenixin has increased in recent years and greatly widened the known scope of its functions since its discovery in 2013. Involvement of phoenixin has since been shown in anxiety, food intake, reproduction as well as emotional and immunological stress. To further evaluate its involvement in stress reactions, this study aims to investigate the effects of abdominal surgery, a well-established physical stressor, on the activity of phoenixin-immunoreactive brain nuclei. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were subjected to either an abdominal surgery stress protocol or a sham operation. Animals in the verum group were anesthetized, the abdominal cavity opened and the cecum palpated, followed by closing of the abdomen and recovery. Sham operated animals only received inhalation anesthesia and time for recovery. All animals were subsequently sacrificed and brains processed and evaluated for c-Fos activity as well as phoenixin density. RESULTS Compared to control, abdominal surgery significantly increased c-Fos activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN, 6.4-fold, p < 0.001), the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS, 3.8-fold, p < 0.001), raphe pallidus (RPa, 3.6-fold, p < 0.001), supraoptic nucleus (SON, 3.2-fold, p < 0.001), ventrolateral medulla (VLM, also called A1C1, 3.0-fold, p < 0.001), dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMN, 2.9-fold, p < 0.001), locus coeruleus (LC, 1.8-fold, p < 0.01) and Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW, 1.6-fold, p < 0.05), while not significantly altering c-Fos activity in the amygdala (CeM, 1.3-fold, p > 0.05). Phoenixin immunoreactivity was not significantly affected by abdominal surgery (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The observed abdominal surgery-related increase in activity in phoenixin immunoreactive nuclei compared to sham surgery controls supports the hypothesis of an involvement of phoenixin in stress reactions. Interestingly, various psychological and physical stressors lead to specific changes in activity and immunoreactivity in phoenixin-containing nuclei, giving rise to a stressor-specific involvement of phoenixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemo Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Helios Kliniken GmbH, Rottweil, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martha Anna Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Ozdemir-Kumral ZN, Sen E, Yapici HB, Atakul N, Domruk OF, Aldag Y, Sen LS, Kanpalta Mustafaoğlu F, Yuksel M, Akakin D, Erzik C, Haklar G, Imeryuz N. Phoenixin 14 ameloriates pancreatic injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by alleviating oxidative burden. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1651-1659. [PMID: 36130115 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a neuropeptide that has been shown to prevent oxidative damage and stimulates insulin secretion. We investigated the effects of PNX on pancreatic injury induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and nicotinamide (NAD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats, in control (C) and diabetic (STZ) groups, were treated with either saline, or PNX (0.45 nmol/kg, or 45 nmol/kg) daily for 3 days 1 week after STZ injection. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and gastric emptying rate (GER) were measured. Tissue and blood samples were collected. PNX treatments prevented pancreatic damage and β cell loss. Increased luminol and lucigenin levels in the pancreas, ileum and liver tissues of STZ groups were alleviated by PNX treatment in pancreatic and ileal tissues. PNX0.45 decreased FBG without any change in insulin blood level and pancreatic mRNA. GER increased in all diabetic rats while PNX0.45 delayed GER only in the C group. PNX diminishes pancreatic damage and lowers FBG by reducing oxidative load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eminenur Sen
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Yusra Aldag
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Semiha Sen
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of General Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Yuksel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagul Haklar
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neşe Imeryuz
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Liang H, Zhao Q, Lv S, Ji X. Regulation and physiological functions of phoenixin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:956500. [PMID: 36090042 PMCID: PMC9456248 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.956500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a newly discovered neuropeptide generated from small integral membrane protein 20. Phoenixin is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) and has been detected in central and peripheral tissues of human, rats, mice, bovine, and zebrafish. It was initially involved in regulating reproductive function by stimulating the luteinizing hormone release from pituitary cells by increasing the level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Recently, many functions of phoenixin have been generalized, including regulation of food intake, memory, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, inflammation, neuronal and microglial activity, energy metabolism and body fluid balance, cardiovascular function, and endocrine activity. In addition, the interaction between phoenixin and nesfatin-1 have been revealed. The present article summarized the latest research progress on physiological function of phoenixin, suggesting that it is a potential target for novel drug development and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
| | - Xinying Ji
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
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13
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Basha EH, Eltokhy AKB, Eltantawy AF, Heabah NAE, Elshwaikh SL, El-Harty YM. Linking mitochondrial dynamics and fertility: promoting fertility by phoenixin through modulation of ovarian expression of GnRH receptor and mitochondrial dynamics proteins DRP-1 and Mfn-2. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1107-1119. [PMID: 35972578 PMCID: PMC9492611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to reproductive disorders. Novel neuropeptide phoenixin demonstrated many therapeutic actions. In this study, we aim to evaluate phoenixin’s potential effect in obesity-induced infertility through modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Ninety adult female rats were divided to 4 groups: (I), fed with normal pellet diet; (II), given phoenixin; (III), fed with high-fat diet. Rats that developed obesity and infertility were divided to 2 groups: (III-A), received no further treatment; (III-B), given phoenixin. Our results showed that phoenixin treatment in obese infertile rats significantly decreased serum levels of insulin and testosterone and ovarian levels of dynamin-related protein1(Drp1),reactive oxygen species ROS, TNF-α, MDA, and caspase-3. Phoenixin treatment also significantly increased serum estrogen progesterone, LH, and FSH together with ovarian levels of GnRH receptor (GnRHR), mitofusin2(Mfn2), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and electron transport chain (ETC) complex-I significantly when compared with obese group. Ovarian histopathological changes were similarly improved by phoenixin. Our data demonstrate phoenixin’s role in improving obesity-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Basha
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira K B Eltokhy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehal A E Heabah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmeen M El-Harty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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14
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
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15
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Breton TS, Murray CA, Huff SR, Phaneuf AM, Tripp BM, Patuel SJ, Martyniuk CJ, DiMaggio MA. Phoenixin-14 alters transcriptome and steroid profiles in female green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:9454. [PMID: 35676522 PMCID: PMC9177834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a highly conserved, novel hormone with diverse functions, including hypothalamic control of reproduction, appetite modulation, and regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation. While some functions appear conserved across vertebrates, additional research is required to fully characterize these complex pleiotropic effects. For instance, very little is known about transcriptome level changes associated with PNX exposure, including responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is critical in vertebrate reproduction. In addition, the PNX system may be especially complex in fish, where an additional receptor is likely present in some species. The purpose of this study was to assess hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptomes after PNX-14 administration in female vitellogenic green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Steroid-related changes were also assessed in the liver and blood plasma. Hypothalamic responses included pro-inflammatory signals such as interleukin 1β, possibly related to gut-brain axis functions, as well as suppression of cell proliferation. Ovarian responses were more widely downregulated across all identified pathways, which may reflect progression to a less transcriptionally active state in oocytes. Both organs shared regulation in transforming growth factor-β and extracellular matrix remodeling (periostin) pathways. Reproductive processes were in general downregulated, but both inhibiting (bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follistatin) and promoting (17-hydroxyprogesterone) factors for oocyte maturation were identified. Select genes involved in reproduction (vitellogenins, estrogen receptors) in the liver were unresponsive to PNX-14 and higher doses may be needed to induce reproductive effects in D. nigroviridis. These results reinforce the complexity of PNX actions in diverse tissues and highlight important roles for this hormone in regulating the immune response, energy metabolism, and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Breton
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Casey A. Murray
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
| | - Sierra R. Huff
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Anyssa M. Phaneuf
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Bethany M. Tripp
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Sarah J. Patuel
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Matthew A. DiMaggio
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
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16
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Hu Y, Shen X, Liu F, Zhu W. Phoenixin-14 Ameliorates Cellular Senescence Against Morphine in M17 Neuronal Cells. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:498-507. [PMID: 35298792 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug dependence on morphine is commonly accompanied by neurodegenerative disorders. A previous study showed that prolonged exposure to morphine induces cellular senescence in neuronal cells by reducing telomere length. Phoenixin-14 is a newly discovered brain peptide with pleiotropic roles. However, it is unknown whether phoenixin-14 possesses a beneficial property against morphine-induced cellular senescence. Our results show that morphine reduced the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) in M17 neuronal cells. Therefore, we speculated that phoenixin-14, as a ligand for GPR173, may be involved in the morphine-mediated response in M17 cells. Further, we found that phoenixin-14 mitigated morphine-induced oxidative stress by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in M17 neuronal cells. The morphine-induced cellular senescence in M17 neuronal cells was prevented by phoenixin-14. Phoenixin-14 resolved the morphine-caused cell cycle arrest with significant changes in the expression levels of p21, cyclin-dependent kinases 6 (CDK6), and p-Rb. It also elevated the telomerase activity and restored the expressions of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and TERF2 in morphine-induced M17 neuronal cells. Furthermore, phoenixin-14 restored the yes-associated protein (YAP) expression against morphine in M17 neuronal cells. Knockdown of YAP abolished the beneficial effects of phoenixin-14 on cellular senescence against morphine induction. Taken together, these aggregate data demonstrate that phoenixin-14 prevented cellular senescence against morphine induction in M17 neuronal cells via regulating YAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China
| | - Xinxin Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China
| | - Feifan Liu
- Department of Rheumatism, Huzhou Third People's Hospital, 2088 Tiaoxi East RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313002, No, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China.
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signaling molecules in metazoans. They occur in all animals with a nervous system and also in neuron-less placozoans. However, their origin has remained unclear because no neuropeptide shows deep homology across lineages, and none have been found in sponges. Here, we identify two neuropeptide precursors, phoenixin (PNX) and nesfatin, with broad evolutionary conservation. By database searches, sequence alignments, and gene-structure comparisons, we show that both precursors are present in bilaterians, cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges. We also found PNX and a secreted nesfatin precursor homolog in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. PNX, in particular, is highly conserved, including its cleavage sites, suggesting that prohormone processing occurs also in choanoflagellates. In addition, based on phyletic patterns and negative pharmacological assays, we question the originally proposed GPR-173 (SREB3) as a PNX receptor. Our findings revealed that secreted neuropeptide homologs derived from longer precursors have premetazoan origins and thus evolved before neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Thiel
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
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New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
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Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E, Zieliński M. Neuropeptides as regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity and their putative roles in stress-induced fertility disorders. Neuropeptides 2022; 91:102216. [PMID: 34974357 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides being regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, also affect the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by regulating gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from hypothalamic neurons. Here, we review the available data on how neuropeptides affect HPG axis activity directly or indirectly via their influence on the HPA axis. The putative role of neuropeptides in stress-induced infertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, is also described. This review discusses both well-known neuropeptides (i.e., kisspeptin, Kp; oxytocin, OT; arginine-vasopressin, AVP) and more recently discovered peptides (i.e., relaxin-3, RLN-3; nesfatin-1, NEFA; phoenixin, PNX; spexin, SPX). For the first time, we present an up-to-date review of all published data regarding interactions between the aforementioned neuropeptide systems. The reviewed literature suggest new pathophysiological mechanisms leading to fertility disturbances that are induced by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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Inflammatory Stress Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of LPS Increases Phoenixin Expression and Activity in Distinct Rat Brain Nuclei. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020135. [PMID: 35203899 PMCID: PMC8870310 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to phoenixin’s role in restraint stress and glucocorticoid stress, as well as its recently shown effects on the inflammasome, we aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory stress on the activity of brain nuclei-expressing phoenixin. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were intraperitoneally injected with either LPS or control (saline). Brains were processed for c-Fos and phoenixin immunohistochemistry and the resulting slides were evaluated using ImageJ software. c-Fos was counted and phoenixin was evaluated using densitometry. LPS stress significantly increased c-Fos expression in the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeM, 7.2-fold), supraoptic nucleus (SON, 34.8 ± 17.3 vs. 0.0 ± 0.0), arcuate nucleus (Arc, 4.9-fold), raphe pallidus (RPa, 5.1-fold), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSt, 5.9-fold), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMN, 89-fold), and medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS, 121-fold) compared to the control-injected group (p < 0.05). Phoenixin expression also significantly increased in the CeM (1.2-fold), SON (1.5-fold), RPa (1.3-fold), DMN (1.3-fold), and mNTS (1.9-fold, p < 0.05), leading to a positive correlation between c-Fos and phoenixin in the RPa, BSt, and mNTS (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LPS stress induces a significant increase in activity in phoenixin immunoreactive brain nuclei that is distinctively different from restraint stress.
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Rajaei S, Zendehdel M, Rahnema M, Hassanpour S, Asle-Rousta M. Mediatory role of the central NPY, melanocortine and corticotrophin systems on phoenixin-14 induced hyperphagia in neonatal chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113930. [PMID: 34673032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal research indicates the neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticotrophin and melanocortin systems have a mediatory role in reward, however, how these substances interact with phenytoin-14 (PNX-14) induced food intake in birds remains to be identified. Accordingly, in this research eight tests were carried out to investigate the potential interactions of the NPY, melanocortin, as well as corticotrophin systems with PNX-14 on food consumption in neonatal chickens. In the first experiment, chickens were intracerebroventricular (ICV) injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and PNX-14 (0.8, 0.16, and 3.2 nmol). In second experiment, PBS, the antagonist of CRF1/CRF2 receptors (astressin-B, 30 μg) and PNX-14 + astressin-B were injected. In the rest of the experiments chicken received astressin2-B (CRF2 receptor antagonist; 30 µg), SHU9119 (MCR3/MCR4 receptor antagonist, 0.5nomol), MCL0020 (MCR4 receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol), B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist, 1.25 μg), SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist, 1.25 μg) and SML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist, 1.25 μg) rather than astressin-B. Then, cumulative intake of food was recorded for 2 h. Based on the findings, PNX-14 (0.16 and 3.2 nmol) led to increment in food consumption compared with the control (P < 0.05). Co-administration of the PNX-14 and astressin-B promoted PNX-14-induced hyperphagia (P < 0.05). Co-injection of the PNX-14 + astressin2-B potentiated hyperphagia PNX-14 (P < 0.05). Co-injection of PNX-14 + B5063 inhibited the effects of the PNX-14 (P < 0.05). The co-administration of the PNX-14 and SML0891 potentiated hypophagic effects of the PNX-14 (P < 0.05). The results showed that PNX-14-induced hyperphagia mediates via NPY1, NPY5, and CRF1/CRF2 receptors in neonatal chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Rajaei
- Department of Physiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Rahnema
- Department of Physiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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McIlwraith EK, Zhang N, Belsham DD. The Regulation of Phoenixin: A Fascinating Multidimensional Peptide. J Endocr Soc 2021; 6:bvab192. [PMID: 35059547 PMCID: PMC8763610 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phoenixin (PNX) peptide is linked to the control of reproduction, food intake, stress, and inflammation. However, little is known about what regulates its gene and protein expression, information that is critical to understand the physiological role of PNX. In this review, we summarize what is known about the transcriptional control of Pnx and its receptor Gpr173. A main function of PNX is as a positive regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but there is a lack of research on its control by reproductive hormones and peptides. PNX is also associated with food intake, and its expression is linked to feeding status, fatty acids, and glucose. It is influenced by environmental and hormonal-induced stress. The regulation of Pnx in most contexts remains an enigma, in part due to conflicting and negative results. An extensive analysis of the response of the Pnx gene to factors related to reproduction, metabolism, stress, and inflammation is required. Analysis of the Pnx promoter and epigenetic regulation must be considered to understand how this level of control contributes to its pleiotropic effects. PNX is now linked to a broad range of functions, but more research on its gene regulation is required to understand its place in overall physiology and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ningtong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Role of the Novel Peptide Phoenixin in Stress Response and Possible Interactions with Nesfatin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179156. [PMID: 34502065 PMCID: PMC8431171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel peptide phoenixin was shown to be involved in several physiological processes ranging from reproduction to food intake. Interest in this protein has steadily increased over the last few years and its known implications have become much broader, playing a role in glucose homeostasis, anxiety, nociception, and pruritus. Phoenixin is expressed in a multitude of organs such as the small intestine, pancreas, and in the hypothalamus, as well as several other brain nuclei influencing numerous physiological functions. Its highly conserved amino-acid sequence amongst species leads to the assumption, that phoenixin might be involved in essential physiological functions. Its co-expression and opposing functionality to the extensively studied peptide nesfatin-1 has given rise to the idea of a possible counterbalancing role. Several recent publications focused on phoenixin’s role in stress reactions, namely restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation response, in which also nesfatin-1 is known to be altered. This review provides an overview on the phoenixins and nesfatin-1 properties and putative effects, and especially highlights the recent developments on their role and interaction in the response to response.
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24
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Breton TS, Sampson WGB, Clifford B, Phaneuf AM, Smidt I, True T, Wilcox AR, Lipscomb T, Murray C, DiMaggio MA. Characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor family SREB across fish evolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12066. [PMID: 34103644 PMCID: PMC8187511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SREB (Super-conserved Receptors Expressed in Brain) family of G protein-coupled receptors is highly conserved across vertebrates and consists of three members: SREB1 (orphan receptor GPR27), SREB2 (GPR85), and SREB3 (GPR173). Ligands for these receptors are largely unknown or only recently identified, and functions for all three are still beginning to be understood, including roles in glucose homeostasis, neurogenesis, and hypothalamic control of reproduction. In addition to the brain, all three are expressed in gonads, but relatively few studies have focused on this, especially in non-mammalian models or in an integrated approach across the entire receptor family. The purpose of this study was to more fully characterize sreb genes in fish, using comparative genomics and gonadal expression analyses in five diverse ray-finned (Actinopterygii) species across evolution. Several unique characteristics were identified in fish, including: (1) a novel, fourth euteleost-specific gene (sreb3b or gpr173b) that likely emerged from a copy of sreb3 in a separate event after the teleost whole genome duplication, (2) sreb3a gene loss in Order Cyprinodontiformes, and (3) expression differences between a gar species and teleosts. Overall, gonadal patterns suggested an important role for all sreb genes in teleost testicular development, while gar were characterized by greater ovarian expression that may reflect similar roles to mammals. The novel sreb3b gene was also characterized by several unique features, including divergent but highly conserved amino acid positions, and elevated brain expression in puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis) that more closely matched sreb2, not sreb3a. These results demonstrate that SREBs may differ among vertebrates in genomic structure and function, and more research is needed to better understand these roles in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Breton
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA.
| | - William G B Sampson
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin Clifford
- Science Department, Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME, USA
| | - Anyssa M Phaneuf
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Ilze Smidt
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | - Tamera True
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Andrew R Wilcox
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Taylor Lipscomb
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA.,Livingston Stone National Fish Hatchery, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Shasta Lake, CA, USA
| | - Casey Murray
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A DiMaggio
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
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25
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Pałasz A, Żarczyński P, Bogus K, Mordecka-Chamera K, Della Vecchia A, Skałbania J, Worthington JJ, Krzystanek M, Żarczyńska M. Modulatory effect of olanzapine on SMIM20/phoenixin, NPQ/spexin and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 gene expressions in the rat brainstem. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1188-1194. [PMID: 33928538 PMCID: PMC8413215 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Phoenixin, spexin and nesfatin-1 belong to a family of newly discovered multifunctional neuropeptides that play regulatory roles in several brain structures and modulate the activity of important neural networks. However, little is known about their expression and action at the level of brainstem. The present work was, therefore, focused on gene expression of the aforementioned peptides in the brainstem of rats chronically treated with olanzapine, a second generation antipsychotic drug. Methods Studies were carried out on adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats that were divided into 2 groups: control and experimental animals treated with olanzapine (28-day-long intraperitoneal injection, at dose 5 mg/kg daily). All individuals were killed under anesthesia and the brainstem excised. Total mRNA was isolated from homogenized samples of both structures and the RT-PCR method was used for estimation of related SMIM20/phoenixin, NPQ/spexin and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 gene expression. Results Long-term treatment with olanzapine is reflected in qualitatively different changes in expression of examined neuropeptides mRNA in the rat brainstem. Olanzapine significantly decreased NPQ/spexin mRNA expression, but increased SMIM20/phoenixin mRNA level in the rat brainstem; while NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA expression remained unchanged. Conclusions Olanzapine can affect novel peptidergic signaling in the rat brainstem. This may cautiously suggest the presence of an alternative mode of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Piotr Żarczyński
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67, Via Roma, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jakub Skałbania
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Marek Krzystanek
- Clinic of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Ziolowa 45/47, 40-635, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Żarczyńska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków Street 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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26
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Schalla MA, Goebel-Stengel M, Friedrich T, Kühne SG, Kobelt P, Rose M, Stengel A. Restraint stress affects circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin levels in male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104906. [PMID: 33059202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The two peptides phoenixin and nesfatin-1 are colocalized in hypothalamic nuclei involved in the mediation of food intake and behavior. Phoenixin stimulates food intake and is anxiolytic, while nesfatin-1 is an anorexigenic peptide shown to increase anxiety and anhedonia. Interestingly, central activation of both peptides can be stimulated by restraint stress giving rise to a role in the mediation of stress. Thus, the aim of the study was to test whether also peripheral circulating levels of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin are altered by restraint stress. Male ad libitum fed Sprague Dawley rats equipped with a chronic intravenous catheter were subjected to restraint stress and plasma levels of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, phoenixin and cortisol were measured over a period of 240 min and compared to levels of freely moving rats. Peripheral cortisol levels were significantly increased in restrained rats at 30, 60, 120 and 240 min compared to controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, restraint stress decreased plasma phoenixin levels at 15 min compared to unstressed conditions (0.8-fold, p < 0.05). Circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels were increased only at 240 min in restrained rats compared to those in unstressed controls (1.3-fold, p < 0.05). In addition, circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels correlated positively with phoenixin levels (r = 0.378, p < 0.001), while neither phoenixin nor nesfatin-1 were associated with cortisol levels (r = 0.0275, and r=-0.143, p> 0.05). These data suggest that both peptides, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin, are affected by restraint stress, although less pronounced than circulating cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, Rottweil, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - S G Kühne
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - A Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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Billert M, Rak A, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Phoenixin: More than Reproductive Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218378. [PMID: 33171667 PMCID: PMC7664650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) neuropeptide is a cleaved product of the Smim20 protein. Its most common isoforms are the 14- and 20-amino acid peptides. The biological functions of PNX are mediated via the activation of the GPR173 receptor. PNX plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the female reproductive system where it potentiates LH secretion and controls the estrus cycle. Moreover, it stimulates oocyte maturation and increases the number of ovulated oocytes. Nevertheless, PNX not only regulates the reproduction system but also exerts anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective effects. Furthermore, it is involved in behavior, food intake, sensory perception, memory, and energy metabolism. Outside the CNS, PNX exerts its effects on the heart, ovaries, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets. This review presents all the currently available studies demonstrating the pleiotropic effects of PNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof W. Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6184-637-24
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28
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Nguyen XP, Nakamura T, Osuka S, Bayasula B, Nakanishi N, Kasahara Y, Muraoka A, Hayashi S, Nagai T, Murase T, Goto M, Iwase A, Kikkawa F. Effect of the neuropeptide phoenixin and its receptor GPR173 during folliculogenesis. Reproduction 2020; 158:25-34. [PMID: 30933929 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Folliculogenesis is a complex process, defined by the growth and development of follicles from the primordial population. Granulosa cells (GCs) play a vital role in every stage of follicular growth through proliferation, acquisition of gonadotropic responsiveness, steroidogenesis and production of autocrine/paracrine factors. A recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptide phoenixin is involved in the regulation of the reproductive system. Phoenixin acts through its receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173), to activate the cAMP/PKA pathway leading to the phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB). Here, we demonstrated the expression patterns of phoenixin and GPR173 in human ovary and explored its role in folliculogenesis. Phoenixin and GPR173 were both expressed in the human ovarian follicle, with increased expression in GCs as the follicle grows. Phoenixin treatment at 100 nM for 24 h induced the proliferation of human non-luteinized granulosa cell line, HGrC1 and significantly increased the expression levels of CYP19A1, FSHR, LHR and KITL, but decreased NPPC expression levels. These effects were suppressed by GPR173 siRNA. The expression level of CREB1, pCREB and estradiol (E2) production in the culture medium was significantly enhanced by phoenixin treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Phoenixin also significantly increased the follicular area in a murine ovarian tissue culture model, leading to an increased number of ovulated oocytes with a higher level of maturation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that phoenixin is an intraovarian factor that promotes follicular growth through its receptor GPR173 by accelerating proliferation of GCs, inducing E2 production and increasing the expression of genes related to follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoko Osuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Maternal and Perinatal Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bayasula Bayasula
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nakanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Kasahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Muraoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Murase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Newly Identified Regulators of Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Ovulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124565. [PMID: 32604954 PMCID: PMC7349727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each follicle represents the basic functional unit of the ovary. From its very initial stage of development, the follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by somatic cells. The oocyte grows and matures to become fertilizable and the somatic cells proliferate and differentiate into the major suppliers of steroid sex hormones as well as generators of other local regulators. The process by which a follicle forms, proceeds through several growing stages, develops to eventually release the mature oocyte, and turns into a corpus luteum (CL) is known as “folliculogenesis”. The task of this review is to define the different stages of folliculogenesis culminating at ovulation and CL formation, and to summarize the most recent information regarding the newly identified factors that regulate the specific stages of this highly intricated process. This information comprises of either novel regulators involved in ovarian biology, such as Ube2i, Phoenixin/GPR73, C1QTNF, and α-SNAP, or recently identified members of signaling pathways previously reported in this context, namely PKB/Akt, HIPPO, and Notch.
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30
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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31
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Lepiarczyk E, Bossowska A, Majewska M, Skowrońska A, Kaleczyc J, Majewski M. Distribution and chemical coding of phoenixin-immunoreactive nerve structures in the spinal cord of the pig. Ann Anat 2020; 232:151559. [PMID: 32569824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly described peptide found in both neural and non-neural tissues. Until now, no attempts have been made to investigate the expression of PNX in the nervous system of animals other than laboratory rodents, in which an enzyme immunoassay revealed the highest quantity of the substance in the spinal cord. Since the domestic pig, due to its anatomical and histological resemblance to humans, is often used as an animal model in biomedical investigations, the present study was designed to examine PNX-immunoreactivity in the spinal cords of female pigs (n=5). The spinal cords were dissected and divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments, which were sectioned transversally into 10-μm-thick serial sections. The sections from each spinal cord segment were processed for double-labelling immunohistochemistry using antibodies against PNX in a mixture with those against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) or choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). The PNX-immunoreactivity had a similar distribution in the grey matter of all the spinal cord sections examined and was mainly observed in varicose nerve fibres (NF) that formed a dense plexus in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn. Nearly all of the PNX-immunoreactive NF stained also for CGRP or SP and, interestingly, many of them were CHAT-positive. The present study has provided for the first time the detailed information on the arrangement and chemical features of nerve structures expressing PNX-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of a large mammal. The exact function of PNX in the spinal cord is not known yet. However, the distribution pattern and immunohistochemical characteristics of PNX-IR NF clearly suggest that this peptite most likely plays a role in spinal noxious signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bossowska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Skowrońska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Grover HM, Smith PM, Ferguson AV. Phoenixin influences the excitability of nucleus of the solitary tract neurones, effects which are modified by environmental and glucocorticoid stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12855. [PMID: 32436241 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a neuropeptide shown to play roles in the control of reproduction. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a critical autonomic integrating centre in the hindbrain, is one of many areas with dense expression of PNX. Using coronal NTS slices obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats, the present study characterised the effects of PNX on both spike frequency and membrane potential of NTS neurones. Extracellular recordings demonstrated that bath-applied 10 nmol L-1 PNX increased the firing frequency in 32% of NTS neurones, effects which were confirmed with patch-clamp recordings showing that 50% of NTS neurones tested depolarised in response to application of the peptide. Surprisingly, the responsiveness to PNX in NTS neurones then declined suddenly to 9% (P < 0.001). This effect was subsequently attributed to stress associated with construction in our animal care facility because PNX responsiveness was again observed in slices from rats delivered and maintained in a construction-free facility. We then examined whether this loss of PNX responsiveness could be replicated in rats placed on a chronic stress regimen involving ongoing corticosterone (CORT) treatment in the construction-free facility. Slices from animals treated in this way showed a similar lack of neuronal responsiveness to PNX (9.1 ± 3.9%) within 2 weeks of CORT treatment. These effects were specific to PNX responsiveness because CORT treatment had no effect on the responsiveness of NTS neurones to angiotensin II. These results are the first to implicate PNX with respect to directly controlling the excitability of NTS neurones and also provide intriguing data showing the plasticity of these effects associated with environmental and glucocorticoid stress levels of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Grover
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Pauline M Smith
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Friedrich T, Schalla MA, Lommel R, Goebel-Stengel M, Kobelt P, Rose M, Stengel A. Restraint stress increases the expression of phoenixin immunoreactivity in rat brain nuclei. Brain Res 2020; 1743:146904. [PMID: 32474019 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin is a recently discovered peptide, which has been associated with reproduction, anxiety and food intake. Based on a considerable co-localization it has been linked to nesfatin-1, with a possible antagonistic mode of action. Since nesfatin-1 is known to play a role in anxiety and the response to stress, this study aims to investigate the effects of a well-established psychological stress model, restraint stress, on phoenixin-expressing brain nuclei and phoenixin expression in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to restraint stress (n = 8) or left undisturbed (control, n = 6) and the brains processed for c-Fos- and phoenixin immunohistochemistry. The number of c-Fos expressing cells was counted and phoenixin expression assessed semiquantitatively. Restraint stress significantly increased c-Fos expression in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMN, 52-fold, p < 0.001), raphe pallidus (RPa, 15-fold, p < 0.001), medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS, 16-fold, p < 0.001), central amygdaloid nucleus, medial division (CeM, 9-fold, p = 0.01), supraoptic nucleus (SON, 9-fold, p < 0.001) and the arcuate nucleus (Arc, 2.5-fold, p < 0.03) compared to control animals. Also phoenixin expression significantly increased in the DMN (17-fold, p < 0.001), RPa (2-fold, p < 0.001) and mNTS (1.6-fold, p < 0.001) with positive correlations between c-Fos and phoenixin (r = 0.74-0.85; p < 0.01) in these nuclei. This pattern of activation suggests an involvement of phoenixin in response to restraint stress. Whether phoenixin mediates stress effects or is activated in a counterbalancing fashion will have to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Lommel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Helios Kliniken GmbH, Rottweil, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ma H, Su D, Wang Q, Chong Z, Zhu Q, He W, Wang W. Phoenixin 14 inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced cytotoxicity in microglia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108411. [PMID: 32450066 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The process of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in ischemic stroke often leads to significant cell death and permanent neuronal damage. Safe and effective treatments are urgently needed to mitigate the damage caused by IR injury. The naturally occurring pleiotropic peptide phoenixin 14 (PNX-14) has recently come to light as a potential treatment for IR injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of PNX-14 on several key processes involved in ischemic injury, such as pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, oxidative stress, and the related cascade mediated through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, using BV2 microglia exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Our results demonstrate an acute ability of PNX-14 to regulate the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). PNX-14 also prevented oxidative stress by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the level of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Importantly, PNX-14 inhibited high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/TLR4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 and preventing the nuclear translocation of p65 protein. We further confirmed the cerebroprotective effects of PNX-14 in an MCAO rat model, which resulted in reduced infarct volume and decreased microglia activation. Together, the results of this study implicate a possible protective role of PNX-14 against various aspects of IR injury in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Ma
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Daoqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Zonglei Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Qiushi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Weibin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China.
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The protective effects of phoenixin-14 against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and inflammasome activation in astrocytes. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:779-787. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Phoenixin-20 Stimulates mRNAs Encoding Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones, is Pro-Vitellogenic, and Promotes Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6264. [PMID: 32286445 PMCID: PMC7156445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-20 (PNX-20) is a bioactive peptide with hormone-like actions in vertebrates. In mammals, PNX stimulates hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal hormones and regulate reproductive processes. Our immunohisto/cytochemical studies show PNX-like and the putative PNX receptor, SREB3-like immunoreactivity in the gonads of zebrafish, and in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells. Intraperitoneal injection of zebrafish PNX-20 upregulates mRNAs encoding both salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and chicken GnRH-II and kisspeptin and its receptor in zebrafish hypothalamus. Similarly, luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA expression in the testis, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in the ovary, and the kisspeptin system were upregulated in the gonads of PNX-20 injected fish. We also observed the upregulation of genes involved in the sex steroidogenic pathway (cyp11a1, cyp17a1, 17βhsd, cyp19a1a) in the gonads of PNX-20 administered fish. PNX-20 upregulates the expression of vitellogenin isoforms and estrogen receptor (esr2a and 2b) mRNAs in ZFL cells in vitro. Meanwhile, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PNX-20 resulted in the downregulation of all vitellogenin transcripts, further suggesting its possible role in vitellogenesis. PNX-20 treatment resulted in a significant increase in germinal vesicle breakdown in zebrafish follicles in vitro. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence for PNX-20 effects on the HPG axis and liver to promote reproduction in zebrafish.
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Rajeswari JJ, Blanco AM, Unniappan S. Phoenixin-20 suppresses food intake, modulates glucoregulatory enzymes, and enhances glycolysis in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R917-R928. [PMID: 32208925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin is a 20-amino acid peptide (PNX-20) cleaved from the small integral membrane protein 20 (SMIM20), with multiple biological roles in mammals. However, its role in nonmammalian vertebrates is poorly understood. This research aimed to determine whether PNX-20 influences feeding and metabolism in zebrafish. The mRNAs encoding SMIM20 and its putative receptor, super conserved receptor expressed in brain 3 (SREB3), are present in both central and peripheral tissues of zebrafish. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of PNX-like immunoreactivity in the gut and in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cell line. We also found that short-term fasting (7 days) significantly decreased smim20 mRNA expression in the brain, gut, liver, gonads, and muscle, which suggests a role for PNX-20 in food intake regulation. Indeed, single intraperitoneal injection of 1,000 ng/g body wt PNX-20 reduced feeding in both male and female zebrafish, likely in part by enhancing hypothalamic cart and reducing hypothalamic/gut preproghrelin mRNAs. Furthermore, the present results demonstrated that PNX-20 modulates the expression of genes involved in glucose transport and metabolism in ZFL cells. In general terms, such PNX-induced modulation of gene expression was characterized by the upregulation of glycolytic genes and the downregulation of gluconeogenic genes. A kinetic study of the ATP production rate from both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways demonstrated that PNX-20-treated ZFL cells exhibited significantly higher ATP production rate associated with glycolysis than control cells. This confirms a positive role for PNX-20 on glycolysis. Together, these results indicate that PNX-20 is an anorexigen with important metabolic roles in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wei P, Keller C, Li L. Neuropeptides in gut-brain axis and their influence on host immunity and stress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:843-851. [PMID: 32322366 PMCID: PMC7160382 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, neuropeptides have been found to play a major role in communication along the gut-brain axis. Various neuropeptides are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they facilitate the crosstalk between the nervous systems and other major body systems. In addition to being critical to communication from the brain in the nervous systems, neuropeptides actively regulate immune functions in the gut in both direct and indirect ways, allowing for communication between the immune and nervous systems. In this mini review, we discuss the role of several neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and phoenixin (PNX), in the gut-brain axis and summarize their functions in immunity and stress. We choose these neuropeptides to highlight the diversity of peptide communication in the gut-brain axis.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- Antimicrobial peptides
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone
- CRLR, calcitonin receptor like receptor
- Gut-brain axis
- HPA axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- Immunity
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- Neuropeptide
- PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- PNX, phoenixin
- RAMP1, receptor activity-modifying protein1
- SP, substance P
- Stress
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author at: School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Phoenixin-14 protects human brain vascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced inflammation and permeability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lei Z, Lu Y, Bai X, Jiang Z, Yu Q. Chemerin-9 Peptide Enhances Memory and Ameliorates Aβ 1–42-Induced Object Memory Impairment in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:272-283. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ZeLin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - YaQin Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - ZhenXiu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - Qin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
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Billert M, Kołodziejski PA, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Phoenixin-14 stimulates proliferation and insulin secretion in insulin producing INS-1E cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pałasz A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Suszka-Świtek A, Bacopoulou F, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Dutkiewicz A, Słopień A, Janas-Kozik M, Wilczyński KM, Filipczyk Ł, Bogus K, Rojczyk E, Paszyńska E, Wiaderkiewicz R. Longitudinal study on novel neuropeptides phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa - association with psychiatric symptoms. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:896-906. [PMID: 31736434 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1692494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is hypothesized that novel neuropeptides such as phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), and kisspeptin (KISS) are involved in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. The study presented here analyzed neuropeptide concentrations during the course of anorexia nervosa (AN) and aimed to correlate those values with anthropometric and psychometric measurements. METHODS A longitudinal study was carried outin 30 AN adolescent patients and 15 age-matched healthy female controls. Selected neuroprotein serum levels were analyzed in malnourished patients (accAN) and following partial weight recovery (norAN), and these values were compared with the control group. RESULTS In accAN patients, decreased serum PNX levels were detected while SPX serum concentrations were lower in the accAN and norAN patients. No differences were observed in KISS concentrations in all studied groups. CONCLUSIONS In malnourished adolescent inpatients with AN, serum PNX and SPX level were decreased. The partial weight recovery normalized PNX concentrations but failed to normalize SPX levels. Therefore these two neuropeptides might be crucial for the etiology and course of the AN. The KISS levels did not change in the course of AN. The PNX levels were associated with some symptoms of eating disorders which may indicate its potential contribution in the regulation of emotions and behaviors in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słopień
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janas-Kozik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M Wilczyński
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Rojczyk
- Department of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia Zabrze, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Paszyńska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Intracerebroventricular injection of phoenixin alters feeding behavior and activates nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in rats. Brain Res 2019; 1715:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. The role of phoenixin in behavior and food intake. Peptides 2019; 114:38-43. [PMID: 30953667 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered peptide phoenixin was initially implicated in reproduction as a regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary. Subsequently, various functions of phoenixin have been demonstrated including mediation of itching sensation, stimulation of vasopressin secretion, stimulation of white adipogenesis and hypothalamic nutrient sensing. Subsequently, additional actions of phoenixin have been described, namely effects on behavior. A systematic search of four data bases was performed and original articles selected accordingly. The present systematic review will present the current knowledge on the effects of phoenixin on different behaviors such as anxiety and food intake as well as cognition. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be mentioned to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Phoenixin participated in regulation of food intake and growth in spotted scat, Scatophagus argus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 226:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang M, Chen HP, Zhai Y, Jiang DN, Liu JY, Tian CX, Wu TL, Zhu CH, Deng SP, Li GL. Phoenixin: Expression at different ovarian development stages and effects on genes ralated to reproduction in spotted scat, Scatophagus argus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 228:17-25. [PMID: 30423433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin (Pnx), a recently discovered neuropeptide, has been implicated in reproduction. Pnx mainly exists in two active isoforms, phoenixin-14 (Pnx-14) and phoenixin-20 (Pnx-20). However, little is known about the functions of Pnx in teleosts. To determine the roles of Pnx in the regulation of reproduction in Scatophagus argus, the physiological characterization of the Pnx was analyzed. During ovary development, the expression of pnx in phase IV was higher than in phase II and III in the hypothalamus. In the pituitary, pnx expression was highest in phase IV, moderate in phase III, and lowest in phase II. When hypothalamus and pituitary fragments were cultured in vitro with Pnx-14 and Pnx-20 (10 nM and 100 nM) for 6 h, the expression of GnRHR (gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor), lh (luteinizing hormone) and fsh (follicular stimulating hormone) in the pituitary increased significantly, except GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) in the hypothalamus. Similarly, the expression of GnRHR, lh and fsh in the pituitary increased significantly after injecting S. argus with Pnx-14 and Pnx-20 (10 ng/g and 100 ng/g body weight (bw)), except GnRHR and fsh treated with 10 ng/gbw Pnx-20 in the pituitary and GnRHs in the hypothalamus. These results indicate that Pnx may not only stimulate the reproduction of the S. argus through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, but also directly through the pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hua-Pu Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dong-Neng Jiang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jian-Ye Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chang-Xu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Tian-Li Wu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chun-Hua Zhu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Si-Ping Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Guang-Li Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Phoenixin-14 stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1449-1457. [PMID: 30251651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of the small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20). Previous studies showed that PNX is involved in controlling reproduction, pain, anxiety and memory. Furthermore, in humans, PNX positively correlates with BMI suggesting a potential role of PNX in controlling fat accumulation in obesity. Since the influence of PNX on adipose tissue formation has not been so far demonstrated, we investigated the effects of PNX on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes using 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes. We detected Smim20 and Gpr173 mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as in rat primary preadipocytes. Furthermore, we found that PNX peptide is produced and secreted from 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes. PNX increased 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation and viability. PNX stimulated the expression of adipogenic genes (Pparγ, C/ebpβ and Fabp4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of PNX had increased lipid content. Stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by PNX was also confirmed in rat preadipocytes. PNX failed to induce AKT phosphorylation, however, PNX increased cAMP levels in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of Epac signalling attenuated PNX-induced Pparγ expression without affecting cell proliferation. Our data show that PNX stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes into mature adipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent pathway. In conclusion our data shows that phoenixin promotes white adipogenesis, thereby may be involved in controlling body mass regulation.
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Stein LM, Haddock CJ, Samson WK, Kolar GR, Yosten GLC. The phoenixins: From discovery of the hormone to identification of the receptor and potential physiologic actions. Peptides 2018; 106:45-48. [PMID: 29933026 PMCID: PMC6092957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a series of classical protein purification techniques, coupled with more modern molecular approaches, a family of neuropeptides, the Phoenixins, was identified to be produced in brain and heart, and to bind selectively in pituitary gland, ovary and brain. These same binding sites were revealed, using a novel receptor identification strategy, to express the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR173, the expression of which was required for the actions of phoenixin both in vivo and in vitro. In fact, studies using small interfering RNA molecules to compromise GPR173 expression revealed the physiologic relevance of the initially reported pharmacologic actions of the peptides. Those include not only the reproductive actions of the peptides in brain and pituitary gland, but also a CNS site of action in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Additional pharmacologic actions of the phoenixins have been described and the race is on to establish the physiologic relevance of those actions as well as the therapeutic potential of phoenixin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Christopher J Haddock
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Willis K Samson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States.
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Jiang J, Peng Y, Liang X, Li S, Chang X, Li L, Chang M. Centrally Administered Cortistation-14 Induces Antidepressant-Like Effects in Mice via Mediating Ghrelin and GABA A Receptor Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:767. [PMID: 30072893 PMCID: PMC6060333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortistatin-14 (CST-14), a recently discovered cyclic neuropeptide, can bind to all five cloned somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and ghrelin receptor to exert its biological activities and co-exists with GABA within the cortex and hippocampus. However, the role of CST-14 in the control of depression processes is not still clarified. Here, we tested the behavioral effects of CST-14 in the in a variety of classical rodent models of depression [forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and novelty-suppressed feeding test]. In the models of depression, CST-14 produced antidepressant-like effects, and does not altered locomotor activity levels. And, we found that CST-14 mRNA and BDNF mRNA were significantly decreased in the hippocampus and cortex after mice exposed to stress. Further data show that i.c.v. administration of CST-14 produce rapid antidepressant effects, and does not altered locomotor activity levels. Then these antidepressant-like effects were significantly reversed by [D-Lys3]GHRP-6 (ghrelin receptor antagonist), but not c-SOM (SSTRs antagonist). Meanwhile, the effects of some neurotransmitter blockers indicates that only GABAA system, but not CRF1 receptor, α/β-adrenergic receptor, is involved in the antidepressant effect of CST-14. The effects of the mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin), the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and the p-ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) suggesting that the ERK/mTOR or PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is not involved in the antidepressant effects of CST-14. Interestingly, intranasal administration of CST-14 led to reducing depressive-like behavior, and near-infrared fluorescent experiments showed the real-time in vivo bio-distribution in brain after intranasal infusion of Cy7.5-CST-14. Taken all together, the results of present study point to a role for CST-14 in the modulation of depression processes via the ghrelin and GABAA receptor, and suggest cortistation may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of depression disorders. Highlights:CST-14 and BDNF mRNA are decreased in hippocampus and cortex once mice exposed to stress. i.c.v. or intranasal administration of CST-14 produce rapid antidepressant effects. NIR fluorescence imaging detected the brain uptake and distribution after intranasal CST-14. Antidepressant effects of CST-14 were only related to ghrelin and GABAA system. Co-injection of CST-14 and NPS produce antidepressant effect, and do not impair memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - YaLi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - XueYa Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - LongFei Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. Phoenixin-A Pleiotropic Gut-Brain Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061726. [PMID: 29891773 PMCID: PMC6032287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a recently discovered brain peptide initially thought to be restricted to reproductive functions. The subsequent identification of phoenixin’s expression in peripheral tissues was accompanied by the description of several other actions of this hormone, such as effects on behavior, sensory perception, memory retention, the cardiovascular system as well as food intake, pointing towards a pleiotropic role of this peptide. The present review will discuss the present knowledge on phoenixin and the signaling involved as well as highlight gaps in knowledge to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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